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(28, '1AkjVaZo8B4RcSXHmGaFk1VTP', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Fashion Apparel Law.  Mahima Dhanhem Advocate', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fashion is a billion-dollar industry in different countries including the United States of America and India. It is a globalized industry and accounts for two percent (2%) of the world&rsquo;s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Fashion is one of the world&rsquo;s most creative and inventive industries around the world. Its major output of global business can be seen in the United States of America whose total profit is more than 200 billion dollars in a year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fashion industry is fragmented, fast paced and complex. Fashion houses annually, design, manufacture, showcase and sell spring/summer and autumn/winter collections. One of the main issues that a designer will face is that owing to the industry being extremely fast paced, there is often difficulty in protecting their designs from being replicated by rival designers or counterfeiters because of the short term around time between seasons. Fashion law (interchangeably referred to as law of fashion or apparel law) is a relatively new concept and is slowly emerging as a recognized and respected area of law in many jurisdictions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fashion law or Apparel law encompasses legal issues around the life cycle of a garment, brand protection, consumer advertising, commercial contracts and third-party collaboration. The rise of e-commerce, social media sites, digital fashion magazines, blogs and celebrity endorsements adds another layer of legal issue. Whether a stylist, reputable designer or fashion house; one should be equipped with the finest legal knowledge in order to benefit one&rsquo;s brand, ideas and business. In the field of legal realm and regime, the term fashion has been protected and secured under the shade of intellectual property.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;WHAT IS FASHION LAW?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Susan Scafidi, one of the pioneering founders of Fashion law, puts forward the following explanation:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;It is a field that embraces the legal substance of style including the issues that might arise throughout the life of a garment, starting with the designer&rsquo;s original idea and continuing all the way to the consumer&rsquo;s closet..&rdquo; A more comprehensive definition of fashion law consists of providing advice on intellectual property and commercial matters to fashion houses, designers, manufacturers, distributors, modeling agencies, retailers, and photographers. It covers everything from branding, protection, and enforcement of intellectual property rights to the non-contentious commercial side of the business, such as licensing, manufacturing, and distribution contracts and agency and franchising agreements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORIGIN OF FASHION LAW&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Historically, sumptuary law, trade restrictions and aspects of intellectual property, have all played their part in regulating the fashion industry. Fashion law gained momentum when, in 2000, a University of Geneva thesis entitled &ldquo;Le Droit International de la Mode&rdquo; covering the subject matter of fashion law was published. Annabelle Gauberti (French lawyer) was instrumental in spearheading the publication of a supplement entitled &ldquo;Droit du luxe&rdquo; featured in the renowned French legal magazine &ldquo;Revue Lamy Droit Des Affaires&rdquo; in May 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In 2006, Susan Scafidi an American lawyer and legal scholar was the first professor to recognize the importance of fashion law as a distinct legal field and offer a formal course on fashion law at the Fordham law school in New York city. Scafidi is now also the founder and president of the fashion law institute, non-profit organization helping designers, fashion houses and models. In 2005, when her first website counterfeitchic.com was launched Scafidi discussed examples of originality and copying in fashion, as well as doing a cultural analysis of fashion design protection. Her work on cultural appropriation and comments on fashion law were published in such magazines as the New York times, The Wall Street journal, Time, Forbes and many others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Subsequently fashion law courses were also introduced and offered to designers at the Fashion Law Institute of Technology and Parsons school of Design. In 2010, the world&rsquo;s first academic center of its kind (dedicated to fashion law), the Fashion Law Institute, launched with the support of the support of &ldquo;Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA)&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PIRACY IN FASHION INDUSTRY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fashion design piracy involves unauthorized copying of original fashion designs and such act can be classified into two categories:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Knockoffs: A knockoff is a close copy of original fashion designs, mimicking its elements, but is sold under a label different from the label of the original design. Thus, it is not sold in an attempt to pass as the original.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Counterfeits: A counterfeit is a copy of the original fashion design as well as brand logo or label of that design. Counterfeit apparel is sold as an attempt to pass off as the original product. Counterfeits may also involve piracy in fashion design besides piracy in logo or label of fashion brand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;SUBJECT MATTER IN FASHION LAW&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Articles designed by fashion designers can be protected under various categories of IP as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; The sketch designed can be registered as artistic work under Copyright Act 1957;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; The article design can be well protected under the Designs Act (under class 02, 03, 05, 10 and 11 of third schedule of Designs Rules, 2000);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; Color combination can also be protected under Copyright Act, 1957;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; Fabric or any other material used in the Article can also be protected under Designs Act, 2000 and Patents Act, 1970 (if involves inventive step and is novel);&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; Logo Designs can be protected under the Trademarks Act, 1999 when logo is part of design. For instance, Louis Vuitton handbags covered with a repeating pattern of the brand&rsquo;s well-known LV mark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;LEGISLATIONS PROTECTING FASHION DESIGNS IN INDIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The IPR Regime in India provides protection to the fashion design under four legislations i.e. The Designs Act, 2000, The Indian Copyright Act, 1957, The Trademarks Act, 1999 and GI Act, 1999. From the perspective of Fashion Industry, the Acts do not protect the entire garment as a whole; rather it protects the particular/individual aspects like shape, pattern, colour etc. of the garment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;PROTECTION UNDER DESIGNS ACT, 2000:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Designs Act only protects registered designs not the unregistered designs. Hence, fashion designers who have not duly registered their designs cannot get the benefits of the Act. It is pertinent to note that a fashion design, which is a trademark, cannot get protection under the Designs Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Further, the Designs Act 2000, is so drafted to permit protection of the non-functional aspects of an object, having visual appeal, such that design that include the features of shape configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colors applied to any two dimensional or three dimensional or on both forms. Such a design right remains in force for a period of ten years, extendable subject to conditions, for a total period of 15 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 22 of The Design Act states that in the case of piracy of a registered design, the infringer shall be liable to pay the registered proprietor of the design a sum not exceeding Rs 25,000 recoverable as a contract debt; if the proprietor elects to bring a suit for the recovery of damage for any contravention of the rights conferred to him and for an injunction against repetition of it, damages may be awkward may be awarded and the person may be restrained by injunction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROTECTION UNDER COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Copyright law is another legal protection under the intellectual property. In India, the Indian copyright Act, 1957 lays down the laws relating to copyrights. From the point of protection of designs in general and fashion design in particular, section 15 of the Copyright Act, 1957 is relevant. Section 15 clearly shows that Copyright Act, 1957 and Designs Act, 2000 overlap each other on the issue of design protection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 15 lays down the basic framework for design and copyright protection:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Designs capable of being registered under the Designs Act, 2000 and registered as per the provisions of the Act get protection under the Designs Act only. In this scenario, copyright in registered fashion design will subsist for a maximum period of fifteen years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Designs capable of being registered under the Designs Act, 2000 but not so registered get protection under the Copyright Act, 1957. Copyright in fashion design, in this context, will subsist up to fiftieth (50th) reproduction by an industrial process of the article to which design has been applied&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Designs not capable of being registered under the Designs Act, 2000, as they are original artistic works, get protection under the Copyright Act, 1957. Copyright in an original artistic work automatically subsists as soon as the work comes into existence and it remains during the lifetime of the author plus sixty years, when published during the lifetime of the author.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 15 of The Copyright Act, 1957 provides for special provisions stating that copyright shall not subsist in any design, which is registered or capable of being registered under The Design Act, 2000. Another important parameter of this provision is that copyright in the design shall cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied has been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or with his licence by any other person. This clause stymies the inherent protection accorded by copyright that a person enjoys merely by virtue of creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The original artistic work, as contrasted with the applied artistic work i.e. the design would continue to fall within the ambit of artistic work under copyright Act and shall be entitled to full period of copyright protection. The commercial/industrial manifestation of original work such as the design derived from and founded upon the original artistic work for the purpose of industrial production of furnishings would be covered by the limitations under Section 15 of the Copyright Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Hence, a fashion designer seeking to protect his/her creations under the Copyright Act, 1957, needs to prove:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. that his/her creation is an &ldquo;original artistic work&rdquo; within the meaning of the Copyright Act, 1957 and is not a &ldquo;design&rdquo; within the meaning of the Designs Act, 2000; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. that the article (e.g. garment), to which the design derived from the creation has been applied, has not been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or, with his license, by any other person.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROTECTION UNDER TRADEMARKS ACT, 1999:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A trademark is useful for a fashion design only in a situation where it is visibly integrated into design to such an extent that it becomes an element of the design. There is a growing tendency among fashion designers to incorporate a trademarked logo on the outside of the garment at the time of creation of clothing and accessory designs. In these circumstances, the logo becomes part of the design, thus trademark provides significant protection against design copying. Further, the brand names as such also become the subject matter of protection under the Trademarks Act, 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROTECTION UNDER GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS ACT, 1999:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The fourth schedule of the GI Act provides for a classification of goods protectable under the Act. The registration of geographical indications evidently depicts the protection of fashion apparel vis-a-vis the texture and artistic value in the fabric used to create apparels and accessories. Till now about, 15 kinds of GIs have been registered in respect of textiles in India like Kasuti Embroidery from Karnataka, Kutch embroidery from Gujarat, and Sujini embroidery works from Bihar, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CASE LAWS WITH RESPECT TO FASHION LAW&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The case of Ritika Apparels v BIBA (MANU/DE/0784/2016)is another case of significance, whereby one fashion brand lifted designs belonging to another fashion house and reproduced the same design in their product thereby causing loss to the original owner of the said design, Ms. Ritu Kumar. However in this case, the defendants, BIBA went scot-free using a lacunae of the copyright law (Section 15(2) of the Copyright Act which says if a creation which is eligible to be protected under the design law has not been registered with the design authorities and has been reproduced more than fifty number of times by industrial process, it will be considered that the copyright in the same product has been lost forever).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Since the same design was not registered under Designs Act, Ritika Apparels did not have any means of protecting the said design other than producing products having the same design less than fifty numbers of times. Thus, using the loophole existing in the IPR laws, BIBA escaped from any liability. The same case can be said to be a landmark one due to designer&rsquo;s lack of knowledge of the IPR laws of India. Had the said design be registered under the Designs Act, 2000 the same design would have been protected for a total period of 10 + 5 years. But perhaps the designer wanted to keep a monopoly on the same design for a longer period of time and thus used the copyright law which later on was turned against her thus leading to the BIBA becoming free of any liabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The case of Christian Louboutin v Mr. Pawan Kumar and others is a very important one, whereby a big brand famous for its highly stylized designer shoes dealt with the selling of counterfeited products at a lesser price causing loss both to the brand name and to the financial coffers of the company. Christian Louboutin&rsquo;s Red Sole shoes are quite popular among the celebrities and the red colored high heeled shoes are quite a rage among the customers who intend to copy their favorite celebrity&rsquo;s fashion sense and style.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Louboutin&rsquo;s products are protected under the trademark laws and the goodwill and reputation of the brand existed even before the brand&rsquo;s formal entry into the Indian market. The defendants started marketing counterfeits of the much-celebrated red sole shoe, however, with different colour schemes where the soles were red, but the other parts came in different color schemes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The plaintiff, Christian Louboutin moved to the court seeking a permanent injunction and compensation claims from the two stores (Kamal Footwear and Adara Steps) selling counterfeit products of Red Sole Shoes. The court in its judgment held the defendants liable to pay a total sum of Rs. 10.72 Lakhs, while they were injuncted permanently from selling the counterfeits again. The Judge in its judgment declared Christian Louboutin as a well-known mark, a much sought after tag for any brand owner. The infringement of Louboutin&rsquo;s mark and successful prosecution of the defendant shoe store owners are the best examples of how a designer, or a brand owner needs to protect his or her trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;India is world&rsquo;s largest and noisiest democracy. Indian textiles and apparels have always been one of the most sought after globally. Currently, the Indian textile industry is pegged at around US$ 120 billion, and is expected to reach US$ 230 billion by 2020. It contributes approximately 2 percent to the country&rsquo;s GDP and 14 per cent to overall Index of Industrial Production (IIP). The industry has also attracted FDI worth US$ 2.55 billion during April 2000 to June 2017. Just like Indian democracy the fashion industry in India is too diverse. It is thus more relevant today that such a huge sector is not trapped in complex web of laws functioning across domains.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Unlike countries like France, where the buyers are criminally liable for buying a counterfeit product, India, currently does not have any law for the same. In India, the owners of the original products have the right of moving to court of law of appropriate jurisdiction seeking permanent injunctions and thereby preventing the counterfeiters from selling counterfeit products. The owners of the original product(s) may also move to the court seeking compensation for their losses. Currently fashion industry is majorly regulated by Intellectual Property laws &ndash; Copyright Act 1957, The Trademarks Act, 1999, Designs Act 2000, and Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, however none of the them is sufficient to deal with the sector in entirety.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&Oslash; WEBSITES REFERRED&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://www.khuranaandkhurana.com/.../fashion-law-in-india/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://www.candcip.com/fashion--ip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://blog.ipleaders.in/ipr-laws-applicable-to-fashion.../&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://www.lawcrossing.com/.../Fashion-Law-An-Inside-Look/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://www.thebalancecareers.com/fashion-law-2164606&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; https://lawcorner.in/concept-of-fashion-law-and-its.../&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&Oslash; BOOK REFERRED&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&middot; Fashion law decoded (volume 1) &ndash; Dei Beverley&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 8px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mahima Dhanhem&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(5,=&quot;&quot; 5,=&quot;&quot; 5);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(255,=&quot;&quot; 255,=&quot;&quot; 255);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '32f6abfcc9a6130cc46d9a027b5e90e9.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-10-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-11-28 21:21:39', '2021-01-27 00:33:20'),
(31, 'YFDUysZbG8Xo4xKtGuoUkaBPb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Ambush marketing .  Mr. Sachin Nayal Intern ', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;&quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(228,=&quot;&quot; 230,=&quot;&quot; 235);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(36,=&quot;&quot; 37,=&quot;&quot; 38);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Meaning -Ambush marketing is the practice by which a rival company attempts to associate its products with an event that already has official sponsors. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;One of the most distinguishing features of ambush marketing is how unexpected it tends to be. For example, money is needed to host and broadcast sporting events, and companies enter into official sponsorships to help provide funding. While smaller companies cannot afford to contribute this level of funding, they still use creative tactics to get the crowd&#039;s attention. The more attention they garner, the better.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Bigger companies also engage in ambush marketing tactics to undermine official event sponsors.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Kodak Case &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Kodak&#039;s campaign during the 1984 Olympic Games. Though Fuji was the official sponsor of the games, Kodak ran an aggressive television ad campaign that created the perception that they were the official sponsors. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Types of Ambush Marketing&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Ambush marketing can be characterized into 3 types:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Direct Ambushing:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;When a brand intentionally wants to appear affiliated with an event for which it has no rights, directly attacking its rival and authorized brand, it is called direct ambush marketing. It is considered the most serious form of ambushing as it directly infringes upon the exclusive rights of usage of the aggrieved party. It may be through unauthorized use of symbols or other marketing elements by another company.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;For example, Sprints Communication Co. resorted to direct ambush marketing during the 1994 FIFA Football World Cup by using the event&#039;s official logo without permission of either FIFA (Football governing body) or Master Card who were assigned the exclusive rights for using the world cup logo.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Associative Ambushing:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;It means intentional use of such terms or imagery which portrays that the company has links to the event, without making any reference to the official sponsorship.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Incidental Ambushing:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The efforts of a brand to gain mileage out of an event simply through heavy media spend during the event, without making any direct or indirect references to the event is incidental ambushing. It is just an attempt to distract audiences from the event&#039;s official competitive sponsor, by bombarding them with their own ads.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;National Hockey League (NHL) V. Pepsi-Cola Ltd&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;National Hockey Services League, the licensing arm of NHL had entered into a contract with Coca- Cola to be the official sponsor of the NHL in 1989. Coca Cola, therefore, obtained the rights to use NHL symbols for its promotional events in Canada and USA. Through this agreement, however, Coke did not obtain &quot;any right to advertise during the broadcast, in Canada of any televised NHL games.&quot; The NHL, not the NHLS, controlled such television rights and it sold them to Molson Breweries of Canada Ltd. (Molson) in 1988 for a five-year period. Molson Breweries, in turn, sold them to Coca- Cola&#039;s main competitor Pepsi. After that, Pepsi launched a television advertising campaign that without using the NHL symbols or logos, promoted a hockey related contest. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;In deciding the case, the court noted that although the advertising done by Pepsi is aggressive, it is not unlawful according to the laws of Canada. The court noted that the NHL was, to some extent, the author of its own misfortune since its sale of the broadcast rights did not protect its official sponsor. Thus, the court found that Pepsi was not in violation of Coke&#039;s contract nor did its aggressive advertising campaign amount to the tort of passing-off under Canadian law or infringement on registered trademarks. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Indian case&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;ICC Development International Ltd v. Arvee Enterprises and Anr&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Equivalent citations: 2003 VIIAD Delhi 405, 2003 (26) PTC 245 Del, 2004 (1) RAJ 10&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The Delhi High Court had the occasion to deal with &ldquo;ambush marketing&rdquo; in the case ICC Development (International Ltd.) v. Arvee Enterprises &amp; Philips. International Cricket Council (ICC), through its event management arm, ICC (Development) International Ltd. (IDI), filed the suit seeking a permanent injunction along with an application for an interim injunction restraining Philips from publishing any advertisements associating itself with the plaintiff, passing off IDI&rsquo;s trademarks and indicia and indulging in unfair trade practice by misappropriating its publicity rights in the &ldquo;Cricket World Cup&rdquo; (&ldquo;the event&rdquo;). Philips was using the words &ldquo;Cricket World Cup&rdquo; and &ldquo;World Cup&rdquo; in its slogans and advertisement campaign offering World Cup ticket and travel packages to South Africa as prizes to customers purchasing Philips products. The plaintiff pleaded that such use, coupled with the pictorial representation of a ticket with an imaginary seat and gate number of the stadium, amounted to passing off, unfair competition and ambush marketing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Ticket Conditions&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The contention of IDI that Philips had breached the terms of sale of the tickets, which specifically prohibited use of the tickets for promotion or as prizes for competitions, was rejected by the court because Philips had purchased the travel packages from the Indian subagent of the official tour operator of IDI, and these terms were never brought to the notice of Philips.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Passing Off&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The court held that Philips&rsquo; slogans merely showed that the purchasers of its goods might win a ticket and travel package to see the World Cup and nothing more. Admittedly, Philips had not used IDI&rsquo;s logo or mascot. The campaign may have drawn the attention of the public to the event, but there was no likelihood of confusion in the mind of the purchasing public that Philips was a sponsor or licensee. Therefore, the basic criteria for a passing off action or for unfair trading were not met.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Court Observation&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The court observed that the phrase &ldquo;ambush marketing&rdquo; is used by marketing executives only and is different from passing off. In a passing off action, there is an element of overt or covert deceit, whereas ambush marketing is opportunistic commercial exploitation of the event. The marketer does not seek to suggest any connection with an event, but gives his own brand or other insignia a larger exposure to the people attached to the event, without any authorization of the event organizer. In such cases there is no deception; therefore the defendant&rsquo;s conduct cannot be categorized as wrongful or against public interest. The court held that commercial advertising is commercial free speech and protected under Article 19 (1) (a) of the Indian Constitution. An advertisement campaign without using the logo or mascot of the plaintiff cannot be held to be unlawful. Thus, it is for the legislature to decide how far to curtail the legitimate fair competition and freedom of speech. In India no statutory or common law prohibits such an activity and the World Cup is not protected by any international treaty or domestic law, unlike the Olympic Games and its trademarks, which are protected under the Indian Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;In view of the aforesaid, Justice S. K. Agarwal of the Delhi High Court declined to grant an interim injunction in favor of IDI, holding that Philips&rsquo; advertising campaign did not amount to passing off, unfair competition or ambush marketing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The value and importance placed on protecting the exclusivity of events like the Soccer World Cup and the Olympic Games are amply demonstrated by the fact that the governments have enacted specific statutes, such as the Sydney 2000 Games (Indicia and Images) Protection Act, to prevent ambush marketing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Law in India regarding Ambush Marketing&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Experiences from the past three decades have proven the fact that ambush marketing is unethical and how important is to have stringent intellectual property protection beside what is provided in for current regime At present, India has not enacted specific anti-ambush marketing laws and accordingly redress must be had to the Trade Marks Act, 1999, the Copyright Act, 1957, the Emblems and Names Act, 1950 and the common law notion of passing off.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;(1)  The Copyright Act, 1957&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The Copyright Act is a capable tool which provides a remedy in the limited set of instances of &quot;ambush marketing&quot; i.e. where logos or other original works of authorship are used without license by third parties. The Copyright Act, 1957 provides the owner of copyright privilege to enjoy the exclusive rights to reproduce, perform, publish adapt or translate, the copyrighted work and any such act undertaken without the license of the copyright owner would, generally, constitute copyright infringement. Now as per the Act infringement consist of two essential elements:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;There must be sufficient objective similarity b/w the infringing work and the copyright work,&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The infringing work must have been derived from the copyright work.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;(2)  The Emblems and Names (Prevention of improper use) Act, 1950&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The Act serves the purpose of preventing the improper use of certain emblems and names for professional &amp; commercial purpose, the restrictions provided under the Act are in regard to-&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The improper use of certain protected emblems and names; and&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The prohibition on registration of certain companies and other bodies, trademarks and designs as well as grant of patents that bear a title containing any protected emblem or name.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;In order to be protected under this legislation, an emblem or name must be notified in the official gazette and included in the schedule to the Act, while the only sports &ndash;related emblem and name currently notified and protected are &quot;the name and emblem of the international Olympic committee consisting of five interlaced rings&quot;. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;(3)  The Trademark Act, 1999&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The Trademark Act, 1999 provides that a trademark may be registered or unregistered, when the trademark is registered the registrant is granted certain privileges these are:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Title to mark established which enables the trademark owner to avoid proving his title against any infringement of the mark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;The exclusive right to use the registered trademark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which the trademark is registered&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Necessity of Legislation&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;As India is trying hard to bid for either 2028 or 2032 Olympics, the controversial practice of &#039;ambush marketing&#039; will come under scanner. No cricket lover can easily forget the instance of 1996 cricket world cup where Coca Cola was the official sponsor but its sponsorship was clearly overshadowed and ambushed by the cheeky and catchy slogan &quot;nothing official about it&quot; of Pepsi, although now times have changed and India has recently have organized the most successful cricket world cup ever both in monetary and popularity context and without any major controversy, but that is largely due to cricketing policies of I.C.C (International Cricket Council).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Today the stakes in sports are much higher for example the broadcasting rights of the cricket world cup of 1996 was bought for an nominal amount of $ 15 million but for 2011 and 2015 cricket world cup the amount increased up to $ 1.1 billion ,the sponsors are very much concerned about their rights and interests although protection provided under trademarks act, competition law seems to be enough to deal with every situation of ambush marketing but in reality they are not enough and are not sufficient for each and every situation, lets again discuss the &quot;nothing official about it&quot; campaign by Pepsi it was more or less a spoof or parody on the official sponsor but in reality it was a smartly done act of ambush marketing, the point of determination remains whether any business/official association with the event is implied indirectly, even today a smartly done act of spoof or parody like &quot;nothing official about it&quot; will not be attract the provisions provided to attract ambush marketing.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Over the years, the nature and role of sports sponsorship has changed dramatically from altruistic patronage to calculated spend money, the expectation of concrete measurable &#039;return&#039; on &quot;investment&quot; have become of paramount concern,the laws provided under trademark, copyright infringement, passing off or unfair competition can only be a stop gap arrangement and not a permanent solution.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Although the event organizers, sponsors, sportspersons do sign contracts of exclusive sponsorship before any major event so as to protect their rights and interests, like we have seen in recently concluded cricket world cup where the rules of I.C.C prohibited players from indulging in any sort of ambush marketing but these contracts limits each of their rights to interact or associate commercially with competitors of official sponsors in-stadia and in some cases for a period of time surrounding the event. As regards the world at large they have no rights other than trademark, passing off, false advertising and unfair competition laws, as a result, the contractual restraints described above in conjunction with existing law are of very limited use in curbing ambush marketing by opportunistic actors.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;If we look at the examples of countries which have organized major events Australia (Olympic 2000),China (Olympic 2008), Canada (Winter Olympic 2010), and U.K (Olympic 2012) all of them either have passed event&ndash;specific legislation or amended existing laws to contemplate protection of the official sponsors of their major sporting events. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;A major international sporting event plays a very significant role in developing economy and sports and also in promoting tourism, these major sporting events do require sponsors and no sponsor would invest their money at the risk of tribulations of ambush marketing. They also looks for return on their money and without proper legislation it will not be easy to attract sponsors so in order to promote sports and attract major sponsors there is an urge for proper legislation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Ambush marketing is not a new phenomenon but lately due to increase in sports events at the world level, ambush marketing has been making headlines. In order to avoid ambush marketing, organizers are making an effort to make such rules or guidelines which gives them the power to take action against the wrongdoer. It is now common to make legislation before any major event for example; the London Olympics Bill, published on 15 July 2005, debated in Standing Committee, and amended on 18 October 2005. It deals in particular with regulation of advertising activities and commercial exploitation in connection with the Games and protection of the Olympic intellectual property such as the Olympic symbol, motto, and associated words. This act shall cease to be in force on 31st December 2012. The objectives of doing so are to protect the financial investment made by official sponsors and maximize the return to organizers of the event which, without official sponsorship, would be unlikely to take place. Today an obnoxious amount of money is at stake, thus one can see the hard work involved to stop the ambushers. Therefore the time has come to implement a legislation which protects the rights of the official sponsors and also infringement of the intellectual property rights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'c3108379fc14b5646923e19caf1c8d99.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 19:28:29', '2020-12-23 03:06:45');
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(29, 'YLG4A96W0ViNiBfQk3sUxo37i', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Civil Procedure Code Using interrogatories effectively to aid cross examination.   Ajay J Nandalike Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;div class=&quot;WordSection1&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4&gt;In the aftermath of COVID-19, courts and arbitrations are beginning to adopt virtual&lt;br&gt;hearings as a means of justice dispensation. There is some debate about&lt;br&gt;conducting cross-examination online. A view that is possible is that&lt;br&gt;cross-examination can be conducted online, however, someone from the other side&lt;br&gt;is physically present in the same room as the witness to avoid tutoring. Another&lt;br&gt;view is to have a physical hearing in respect of cross-examination but restrict&lt;br&gt;the scope of cross-examination by encouraging the use of interrogatories. In&lt;br&gt;this background, this article explores how one can use interrogatories&lt;br&gt;effectively to aid cross-examination. The benefits of an effective use of&lt;br&gt;interrogatories include restricting the scope of cross-examination, creating more&lt;br&gt;effective cross-examination, reducing superfluous questions etc.&lt;br&gt;Instances where an Interrogatories are beneficial&lt;br&gt;1.Narrowing the scope of controversy: The opponent may not&lt;br&gt;refer to certain facts in the proof affidavit or be silent in respect of some information.&lt;br&gt;It does not mean that the opponent is denying the information. In this&lt;br&gt;situation, the scope of the dispute can be reduced by asking the opponent to&lt;br&gt;admit certain facts by way of interrogatories. These admissions may not harm the&lt;br&gt;case of the opponent but may aid another party&rsquo;s narrative or may be required for&lt;br&gt;the sake of completeness. This will reduce the necessity of cross-examination&lt;br&gt;on that issue.&lt;br&gt;2.Reducing the reliance of documentary evidence in relation to certain&lt;br&gt;aspects: The witness may be relying on some voluminous documents or it may&lt;br&gt;contain detailed technical specifications. In order to avoid the court /&lt;br&gt;Arbitral Tribunal to rely on complete document, one can ask interrogatories seeking&lt;br&gt;the witness to state the relevant procedure or provide technical details or as to&lt;br&gt;which page number of the Exhibit where the details are available. This will&lt;br&gt;ensure that the cross-examination will only be restricted to those page numbers&lt;br&gt;of the Exhibits. It may also so happen that a document produced by the witness&lt;br&gt;may not at all be relevant to the matter. In such a situation, one could seek&lt;br&gt;reasons for reliance on a particular document. This will restrict the scope of&lt;br&gt;cross- examination in relation to that document.&lt;br&gt;3.Excluding aspects which the witness does not have knowledge of:&lt;br&gt;If the Legal Manager of the Company files the proof affidavit on behalf of the&lt;br&gt;Company, it is possible that he is deposing entirely on the basis of records.&lt;br&gt;However, there may be several statements in the affidavit which may not be&lt;br&gt;based on records. These need to be carefully&lt;br&gt;gleaned out and the witness can be asked to identify the source of the&lt;br&gt;statement made in the affidavit. If the witness refers to a document, then if&lt;br&gt;the document is not produced or if the document does not depict the said fact,&lt;br&gt;the fact is not proved. If the witness refers to some information obtained from&lt;br&gt;other company personnel and names such a person, then without that person&lt;br&gt;stepping into the witness box, the fact is not proved. The reference to that fact&lt;br&gt;in the proof affidavit of the witness would be hearsay evidence and cannot be&lt;br&gt;accepted. There would be no need to cross-examine the witness on those facts in&lt;br&gt;the affidavit at all.&lt;br&gt;4.Identifying the source of the information: The witness may be&lt;br&gt;making certain assertions without stating the supporting facts or producing the&lt;br&gt;supporting documents on the basis of which such statements are made. If&lt;br&gt;questions are asked in cross-examination for the first time regarding the&lt;br&gt;source, the answers may surprise the cross-examiner and one may require more&lt;br&gt;time to prepare to cross-examine further in response to such answers. It may&lt;br&gt;also result in a situation where one is not able to fully cross-examine on that&lt;br&gt;issue because of an unexpected answer. Hence, interrogatories will provide an&lt;br&gt;opportunity to prepare for such surprises.&lt;br&gt;5.Establishing timelines and dates: It is also possible to utilize&lt;br&gt;the interrogatories to establish a timeline and to organize the information in&lt;br&gt;the affidavit if it has been put in a haphazard manner. If one is required to&lt;br&gt;connect facts stated in the opponent&rsquo;s affidavit in a manner which is suitable&lt;br&gt;for one&rsquo;s case, then it is possible to do so. If the affidavit omits a crucial&lt;br&gt;link, it is possible to bring out that information in the timeline by seeking&lt;br&gt;the opponent to confirm that particular fact. Similarly, one can ask the&lt;br&gt;witness to confirm certain dates and events. If the witness intends to deny the&lt;br&gt;timeline, it will help one focus the cross-examination on that specific aspect&lt;br&gt;in the timeline which is denied. This saves considerable time during cross-examination.&lt;br&gt;6.Getting more information / better particulars relating to&lt;br&gt;technical or procedural aspects: Answer to Interrogatories may be more complete&lt;br&gt;than cross examination. Unlike depositions, interrogatories may inquire not only&lt;br&gt;into the responding party&rsquo;s present recollection, but also into the collective&lt;br&gt;knowledge available to him or her, including knowledge of his or her agents and&lt;br&gt;attorneys. One may want certain undocumented details or technicalities about&lt;br&gt;some procedure on record. This information requires reference to certain&lt;br&gt;documents which may not be on record or may be just an undocumented business&lt;br&gt;practice of the company, then it is a good idea to ask it in interrogatories.&lt;br&gt;Witness cannot say that he does not have personal knowledge or that he needs to&lt;br&gt;examine records. For instance, one can ask a question regarding the procedure&lt;br&gt;followed internally for clearing an invoice, which departments are involved,&lt;br&gt;who needs to sign off etc. This information will provide a foundation for&lt;br&gt;cross-examination on whether an invoice was improperly cleared, whether there&lt;br&gt;was waiver etc.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;7.Evasive Witness: One of the&lt;br&gt;problems that is faced during cross-examination is the witness may not want to&lt;br&gt;reveal certain information despite being aware of the same. So, the witness may&lt;br&gt;say that the he does not have personal knowledge, he will need to refer to&lt;br&gt;document, he did not understand the question etc., or he may not deliver a&lt;br&gt;complete answer. However, in an interrogatory, he cannot say so. He will have&lt;br&gt;the benefit of looking at all relevant documents, seeking information from&lt;br&gt;other persons in the company, seeking advice from counsel, technical persons&lt;br&gt;etc. Although it is possible to give an evasive answer, if care is taken to identify&lt;br&gt;what relevant facts one wants the witness to state, the witness will have to&lt;br&gt;give a yes or no answer.&lt;br&gt;8.Pinning down the&lt;br&gt;opponent&rsquo;s case: It is possible that an opponent will have multiple defences&lt;br&gt;which are taken without prejudice to one another or case may be based on&lt;br&gt;multitude of facts. When the opponent is being cross- examined, it would be&lt;br&gt;possible to give contradictory answers or misconstrue the questions or provide&lt;br&gt;caveats in some manner. In construction arbitrations, interpretations of actions&lt;br&gt;of parties revolve around what constitutes general or best engineering /&lt;br&gt;construction practice. If one is able to pin the opponent&rsquo;s case on any&lt;br&gt;particular issue by eliciting in an interrogatory as to whether they would accept&lt;br&gt;xyz as the best engineering practice and if not, the reasons for the same, one&lt;br&gt;would have a foundation to cross-examination on that issue and elicit&lt;br&gt;appropriate responses. If you are able to rebut the case of the other side with&lt;br&gt;some new information / documents, then interrogatories are an excellent place&lt;br&gt;to pin down the witness. In cross, the witness may want to clarify his&lt;br&gt;statement or say that he misunderstood the question. However, a tightly worded&lt;br&gt;interrogatory requiring an absolute answer will ensure that the opponent is&lt;br&gt;pinned to that position. While cross-examining, one can rebut the case by&lt;br&gt;producing the information / document and create contradictions.&lt;br&gt;9.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Denied document &ndash; Before&lt;br&gt;the trial begins, parties exchange statement of admissions and denials of the&lt;br&gt;documents produced by the other party. Typically, one will deny the receipt of the&lt;br&gt;document or deny the contents of the document. If the receipt of the document&lt;br&gt;is denied, the attempt is to either to verify if the&lt;br&gt;document is referred in any other document which is admitted by the opponent or&lt;br&gt;proof of receipt is to be furnished. An interrogatory could focus on&lt;br&gt;referencing some event or action that would have been undertaken pursuant to&lt;br&gt;the denied letter so that portions of the letter can be admitted. If the content&lt;br&gt;of the document is denied, it would be beneficial to identify which portions of&lt;br&gt;the letter are admitted and which portions are denied so that the&lt;br&gt;cross-examination is restricted only to that portion. denial of basis of such&lt;br&gt;denial. If you have received the document, did you reply back to the letter and&lt;br&gt;details of the letter so replied back. You could ask under what circumstances&lt;br&gt;did you decide not to reply back to the letter. Document identification&lt;br&gt;interrogatory is useful if you intend to tie a document to a specific event.&lt;br&gt;10. Getting information not&lt;br&gt;obtainable from an individual deponent - When conducting discovery against&lt;br&gt;corporations, e.g., in a products liability case, the plaintiff may need to discover&lt;br&gt;information about every other person injured by the same product. Probably no&lt;br&gt;individual employee of the corporation would know the answer, because it would&lt;br&gt;require a search through records. An interrogatory would require the&lt;br&gt;corporation to search its records and conduct a reasonable investigation to gather&lt;br&gt;the information. It&rsquo;s often useful to have a corporate deponent designate the&lt;br&gt;person who&rsquo;s most qualified to testify on specified matters.&lt;br&gt;11. Breaking down the complex&lt;br&gt;claim &ndash; In construction arbitrations / claims, there may be complex claims&lt;br&gt;which are bunched together. For instance, idle charges may be bunched together&lt;br&gt;for the entire contract period. It would make sense to seek clarity on the&lt;br&gt;break-up of the claims, basis for the claims, what documents are being relied&lt;br&gt;on for what claim. Additionally, it would be possible to ask questions on&lt;br&gt;mitigation steps. The answers given by a witness can be tested in&lt;br&gt;cross-examination under a more thorough questioning. This will enhance the&lt;br&gt;value of the cross-examination.&lt;br&gt;12. Create contradictions &ndash;&lt;br&gt;One must bear in mind that the interrogatories are drafted with the aid of the&lt;br&gt;opponent&rsquo;s counsel. Hence it is possible that the counsel&rsquo;s thoughts and legal&lt;br&gt;correctness may gloss over the facts or assume facts which may not be true. If&lt;br&gt;the same question is asked in another context, the answer may be different in&lt;br&gt;the course of cross-examination. This is extremely risky as the witness may&lt;br&gt;stick to the counsel&rsquo;s stand. It is also advisable not to ask about incidents which&lt;br&gt;are based on personal knowledge as the counsel may add relevant details, make it&lt;br&gt;complete. Witnesses have imperfect recollections,&lt;br&gt;details of conversations may actually be different, but a counsel can bring a&lt;br&gt;sense of completeness by covering all loopholes.&lt;br&gt;Effective use&lt;br&gt;of interrogatories will not only aid the cross-examination, but also help the Arbitral&lt;br&gt;Tribunal / Civil Courts to focus on the relevant facts and reign in the cross-&lt;br&gt;examination. Interrogatories form part of the evidence of the parties and would&lt;br&gt;have a greater weightage than cross-examination. If strict time periods are&lt;br&gt;imposed on the cross-examination, then meandering around unnecessary questions can&lt;br&gt;be avoided, a lot of the necessary information can be gleaned out in interrogatories.&lt;br&gt;Typically, there is a need to establish certain background facts during cross&lt;br&gt;and this can be achieved in cross-examination. However, it is not being used effectively&lt;br&gt;due to lack of awareness of its benefits. One hopes that this article will aid&lt;br&gt;practitioners to use interrogatories effectively.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;(Ajay J Nandalike is an advocate practicing in Pragati&lt;br&gt;Law Chambers, Bangalore)&lt;/h4&gt;', 'cca4e999a46e179e7b6a5c2d9d784f31.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-11-30 00:17:31', '2020-12-23 03:08:31'),
(32, 'GZJAGsvvdPLUnDo4uagbSitho', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Article on Trademark.  Mr. Arko Sarkar. Mr. Devashish Kumar Sahu and Mr. Soupayan Sinha Roy', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;&quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(228,=&quot;&quot; 230,=&quot;&quot; 235);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(36,=&quot;&quot; 37,=&quot;&quot; 38);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. The Trademarks Registry was established in India in 1940 and presently it administers the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and the rules thereunder. It acts as a resource and information center and a facilitator in matters relating to trade marks in the country. The objective of Trade Marks Act, 1999 is to register trademarks applied for in the country and to provide for better protection of trade mark for goods and services and also to prevent fraudulent use of the mark. The main function of the Registry is to register trademarks which qualifies for registration under the Act and Rules.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. A good trademark, or logo, makes your particular product or service stand out. These are probably a number of trademarks which you choose to buy, just because you recognize them. A trademark is quite simply a way to create recognition for your customers. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Trademark protection gives you an exclusive rights, which means that no one else has the right to use the trademark for their goods or services, or their marketing. One of the main purposes of having a product trademarked is to protect the product from being used without permission of the source company. A trademark serves to exclusively identify a product or service with a specific company, and is a recognition of that company&rsquo;s ownership of the brand. Trademark products are generally considered a form of property.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;REGISTRATION OF TRADEMARK&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. The law considers a trademark to be a form of property. Proprietary rights in relation to a trademark may be established through actual use in the marketplace, or through registration of the mark with the trademark office of a particular jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, trademark rights can be established through either or both means. Certain jurisdictions generally do not recognize trademark rights arising through use. If trademark owners do not hold registrations for their marks in such jurisdictions, the extent to which they will be able to enforce their rights through trademark infringement proceedings will therefore be limited. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;5. A registered trademark confers a bundle of exclusive rights upon the registered owner, including the right to exclusive use of the mark in relation to the products or services for which it is registered. The law in most jurisdictions allows the owner of a registered trademark to prevent unauthorized use of the mark in relation to products or services which are identical or &ldquo;colorfully&rdquo; similar to the &ldquo;registered&rdquo; products or services, and in certain cases, prevent use in relation to entirely dissimilar products or services. The test is always whether a consumer of the goods or services will be confused as to the identity of the source or origin.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;6. Trademark needs proper registration and it follows a procedure as to who can apply and what are the basic requirements for the same.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Who can apply for Trademark?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;-As mentioned in Section 18 of the Act any person claiming to be proprietor of trademark used or proposed to be used by him can apply for registration.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;-Application must contain the name of the mark, goods or services, class in which goods and services fall, name and address of the applicant, period of use of Trademark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;-Any person here relates to partnership firm, association of a person, company whether incorporated or not, Trust, Central or State Government.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Steps for Registration of Trademark&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Search for name, mark and device logo intended to be applied for Trademark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Trademark application can be filed at one of the five Trademark Registration office having jurisdiction over the state or online.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Trademark registration must contain:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;A. Logo or the Trademark&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;B. Name of the trademark owner&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;C. Classification of trademark&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;D. Trademark used since date&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;E. Description of goods or services &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;PROTECTION OF TRADEMARK&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;A trademark protects a good or service offered by a company from infringement or damage of reputation by another company, and provides the owner legal recourse.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;A trademark protects a goods or service offered by a company from infringement or damage of reputation of another company. With a trademark, you have legal recourse to sue another company that uses your likeness to further their own business ventures. Thus includes both registered and unregistered trademarks. By using a sole trademark, the producer reaps the sole benefit of sales, while the consumer is satisfied.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Trademarks also protect four categories:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Generic trademarks&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Descriptive trademarks &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Suggestive trademarks&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Arbitrary trademarks or fanciful trademarks&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;This is referred to as a &ldquo;common law&rdquo; trademark. For small geographic locations, this works well. It doesn&rsquo;t work as well as in a national setting, as companies far and wide may have similar names or logos. If you haven&rsquo;t registered a trademark, you can still use the TM logo to show you have a stake to the trademark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;7. Dispute can arise based on TM logo. However, it&rsquo;s a good starting point until you have time to register your trademark with the U.S Patent and Trademark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;8. Although trademark protection by use gives you protection via common law, trademark by registration offers more protection. This includes:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Notice to public about the trademark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. The exclusive right to use the trademark nationwide to distribute goods and services.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. The ability to bring legal action in federal court for infringement. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. The ability to obtain a trademark in foreign countries.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;5. The ability to file with U.S. Customs to prevent mock goods from coming in the countr        &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;DILUTION OF TRADEMARK&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;9. The progressive development of intellectual property law over the last century has seen to an exponential increase in the commercial and economic importance of various intellectual property rights. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;10. For better protection of trade marks for goods and services and for the prevention of the use of fraudulent marks, parliament repealed the 1958 Act and replaces it by the Trade Marks Act, 1999. Under Trade Marks Act, 1999 Trademark Dilution was introduced. Trademark dilution is a trademark law concept giving the owner of a famous well-known trademark power to forbid others from using the mark in a way that would lessen its uniqueness. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;11. Dilution of Trademark is a surface of Trademark infringement, where the owner of a well-known trademark has the power to prevent others from using their mark on the ground that it kills their uniqueness or lessen their reputation. No one has the right to copy or to misuse the well-known trademark&rsquo;s reputation. Instead, dilution protection aims to protect sufficiently strong and well-known trademarks from losing their singular association in the public mind with a particular product.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;12. Thus, the doctrine of dilution comes directly in contact with consumers. The Doctrine of Dilution was not present in the old law i.e. the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958, as in the case of section 29(4) of the Trademarks Act, 1999 by which the doctrine of dilution has been first incorporated in a statute. But the doctrine of dilution was introduced by the court much before the Act having regard to internationally recognized status.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;13. The trademark under section 29(4) should be registered and should have a reputation in India. For the application of this section, the trademark should be well-known and should have a reputation in India. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;14. Infringement in form of dilution will occur only when the person uses the mark which is:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Identical or similar to the registered trademark which already has a reputation in India&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Use is on different goods or services than those covered by registration.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;15. Infringement which is occurred if it is found the use of offending mark produces the following results:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. When the person takes unfair advantage of the reputed mark or mark having a distinctive character.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. When the mark is harmful to the distinctive mark or reputed mark.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;16. The court has already used the doctrine of dilution prior to the act. One of the famous cases, where the court used the dilution prior to the act is Daimler Benz Akiegessellschaft &amp; Anr. V. Hybo Hindustan, in which the issue was with the mark BENZ along with a three pointed human being in a ring which the defendant used or his undergarment line. The High Court, in this case, granted the injunction to the plaintiff and stated that copying of mark such as Mercedes-Benz by anyone would result in the perversion of the trademark law in India.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;17. This is the first case in India where the court restrained the defendant from using the plaintiff well-known trademark on the sole ground to avoid confusion or deception into a picture&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Exceptions to Dilution of Trademarks&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;18. Any fair use, including a nominative or deceptive fair use, or facilitation of such fair use, of a famous mark by another person other than as a designation of source for the person&rsquo;s own goods or services, including use in connection with-&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Advertising or promotion that permits consumers to compare goods or services;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Identifying and parodying, criticizing, or commenting upon the famous mark owner the goods or services.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. All forms of news reporting and news commentary.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Any mark which includes parodies, criticism or comments. The exception of parodies was used in Louis Vuitton.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;19. Malletier S.A V. Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, where the defendant manufacture apparels for dogs under the mark &lsquo;Chewy Vuitton&rsquo; which was parody the plaintiff famous brand &lsquo;Louis Vuitton&rsquo; apparels. It was held by the court that &lsquo;Chewy Vuitton&rsquo; did not dilute the trademark &lsquo;Louis Vuitton&rsquo; because it was merely a parody of &lsquo;Louis Vuitton&rsquo;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;20. The Doctrine of Dilution is the power given to the well-known trademark owner. This doctrine will help in stopping the fraudulent activities that happen over time and to maintain the reputation of companies. These well-known companies do help in the growth of GDP of our country and it is the duty of the government to protect these companies from other competition and other fraudulent activities. Section 29(4) is provided as a remedy independent of the infringement action. The Doctrine of dilution works on the discretion of the courts and the tests given by the courts. If the trademark infringes the tests given by the court then it is not allowed in the market to avoid confusion.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;REMEDY AVAILABLE &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;21. Remedies for trademarks that have been diluted, either by means of blurring or tarnishment, typically only offer injunctions against the plaintiff. The plaintiff will have to cease using the trademark responsible for diluting another company.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;22. The judge may require a written statement be prepared and submitted by a future date, which should detail how the plaintiff plans to remove any illegal trademarks from their products or stores. It is rare that anything other than an injunction is placed on the defendant.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;23. The remedies for trademark infringement are bit harsher than dilution. However, it is important to note that if international dilution takes place, similar remedies to trademark infringement may be required to pay by the plaintiff.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;24. If the plaintiff can prove that the defendant willfully attempted to trade based on the reputation of the plaintiff, or willfully looked to bring down the reputation of the plaintiff by copying their trademark, trademark protection laws allow stricter penalties against plaintiffs. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;25. If these things can be proven collaboratively, monetary damages may be awarded to cover court costs, forfeit profits gained as a result of dilution, and help pay for any losses suffered by the plaintiff as a result of the dilution. Trademark protection laws typically do not allow any monetary damages to be awarded for state registered trademarks, only those that are federally registered.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;PASSING OFF AND INFRINGEMENT OF TRADEMARK&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;26. Passing off is a common law tort, which can be used to enforce unregistered trademark rights. The law of passing off prevents one person from misrepresenting his goods or services as that of another. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;27. The concept of passing off has undergone changes in the course of time. At first it was restricted to the representation of one person&rsquo;s goods as of those of another. Later it was extended to business and services. Subsequently it was further extended to professions and non-trading activities. Today it is applied to many forms of unfair trading and unfair competition where the activities of one person cause damage or injury to the goodwill associated with the activities of another person or group of persons.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;28. The three fundamental elements of passing off are Reputation, Misrepresentation and Damage to goodwill. The definition of infringement of a registered trademark is given in Indian Trademarks Act of 1999, section 29 whereby, a registered trademark is said to be infringed by any person, who not being registered proprietor of the Mark or being a person authorized by the owner for its use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical with, or deceptively similar to the mark in relation to goods and services in respect of which the trademark is registered.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;29. Infringement of a Trademark in India means violation of the exclusive rights granted to the registered proprietor under the Trade Marks Act, 1999 to use the same in relation to the goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered in Section 29 and Section 30of the Act.  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;30. Section 29 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 provides that a registered trademark and there is similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade mark in manner causing confusion to the general public;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Identify with Registered Mark and Similarity of goods/services&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Similarity with Registered Mark and Identity of Goods and Services&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Identity with Registered Mark having Reputation&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Similarity of Trade Name with Registered Trade Mark&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;5. Application of Registered Mark on Labelling or Packaging etc. With knowledge that such application is without Authorization&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;6. Use of Registered Trademark in Advertising, when such use takes unfair advantage, is detrimental or against the reputation of registered trademark.  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Certain things not amounting to infringement of Trademark has been mentioned in Section 30 of the Act and they are:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. Use of mark to indicate the kind, quality, quantity etc.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Use of mark, which is outside the scope of Registration&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Implied Consent for use&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Use of Registered Trademark in relation to parts and accessories etc.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;5. Use of Registered Trademarks identical or similar to each other.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;REMEDY FOR TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;31. A Court may grant relief of trademark infringement or for passing off .Trademark infringement relief can be provided through an injunction, damages or an account of profits, together with or without any order for the deliver-up of the infringing labels and marks for destruction or erasure.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Section 135 of the Trade Marks Act mentions the following relief of trademark infringement:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. The relief which a court may grant in any suit for infringement or for passing off referred to in Section 134 includes injunction and at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or an account of profits, together with or without any order for the delivery-up to the infringing labels and marks for destruction or erasure.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. The order of injunction under sub-section(1) may include an ex parte injunction or any interlocutory order of any of the following matters, namely:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;a. For discovery of documents&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;b. Preserving of infringing goods, documents or other evidence which are related to the subject-matter of the suit;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;c. Restraining the defendant from disposing of or dealing with his assets in a manner which may adversely affect plaintiff&rsquo;s ability to recover damages, costs or other pecuniary remedies which may be finally awarded to the plaintiff.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section(1),the Court shall not grant relief by way of damages or on account of profits in any case:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;a. where in suit for infringement of a trademark, the infringement complained of is in relation to a certification trademark or collective mark; or&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;b. Where in suit for infringement the defendant satisfied the Court:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. that at the time he commenced to use the trademark complained of in the suit, he was unaware and had no reasonable ground for believing that the trademark of the plaintiff was a registered user using by way of permitted use;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. That when he became aware of the existence and nature of the plaintiff&rsquo;s right in the trademark ,he forthwith ceased to use the trademark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which it was registered; or&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. Where in the suit of passing off, the defendant satisfied the Court:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. that at the time he commenced to use the trademark complained of in the suit he was unaware and had no reasonable ground for believing that the trademark of the plaintiff was in use;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. That when he became aware of the existence and nature of the plaintiff&rsquo;s trademark he forthwith ceased to use the trademark complained of. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Trademark becomes the face of the company, a company is first recognized by its consumer through its logo. In this era of brand competing against each other in an open market like India, it is important for one to be able to distinguish itself from other. Trademark also consist within itself the philosophical value upon which the company was founded and hence is a very sensitive asset of a company. A company should also be able to protect its trademark, as company earns goodwill through its operation in the market for ages and it directly gets associated with the trademark of the company, any unauthorized use of a trademark might bring down the &ldquo;face value&rdquo; of the company. Continuous breach of trademark might bring down the profits of a company. Indian law recognizes both registered and unregistered trademark and aims to protect them through enactment of Trademark act, 1999. Various remedy is available to a victim company of trademark infringement and a suit in court can be brought up to abstain others and also can claim compensation for the same.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Author:-&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Arko Sarkar, 3rd year student school of law, KIIT&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Devashish Kumar Sahoo, 3rd year student school of law, KIIT&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;Soupayan Sinha Roy, 3rd year student school of law, KIIT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '7100b206d851cf8f5ea1bd9a52b3e314.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 19:30:31', '2020-12-23 03:06:24');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(33, 'Zfowb2lpFHcXFas59QTUJ5Deb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' Child Custody Mother or Father.  Nadir Modi. Advocate. Mumbai.', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(228,=&quot;&quot; 230,=&quot;&quot; 235);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(36,=&quot;&quot; 37,=&quot;&quot; 38);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Article by Nadir Modi, Advocate, Mumbai. 1994 (3) SCC J-42&lt;br&gt;1. Custody of child after break-up of marriage &mdash; More often custody is given to the mother when the child is below 7 years &mdash; Modern tendency &mdash; Judges show understanding and compassion and moved away from earlier pattern of judgments &mdash; Reference made to a few Indian decisions wherein custody was given to the father even when the child was below 7 years &mdash; Welfare of the minor is the paramount consideration &mdash; A note on a movie in connection with the discussion &mdash; Conclusion &mdash; Whether the custody of a minor child is to be with the father or mother is a question of fact &mdash; Approach of the Indian courts to be welcomed.&lt;br&gt;2. When marriages break up, bitter and prolonged battles often follow over the custody of minor children.&lt;br&gt;3. More often than not, the custody of minor children particularly of children under 7, is given to the mother. Questions such as whether she is psychologically fit to rear the child or whether the psychological growth of the child will be better if the custody is given to the father, raise relevant factors to which more judicial attention could be usefully given.&lt;br&gt;5. The modern tendency in child custody cases is to avoid any decisions based on any a priori assumption that for the welfare of the child the custody should be given to the mother. Increasingly judges show understanding and compassion in their decisions and have moved away from the earlier pattern of judgments which unwittingly tended in the words of Dr Arnold A. Hutschnecker to be cruel, stereotyped and void of any genuine psychological awareness of the child&rsquo;s needs or interests.&lt;br&gt;6. A few Indian decisions show how the much spoken of paramount welfare of the child has been safeguarded by the custody of minors being given to the fathers and their families.&lt;br&gt;7. In Shoib @ Shebu v. Sabir Ali1 the Allahabad High Court while conceding the entitlement of the mother the custody of her male child until he has completed the age of seven years held that the welfare of the child would be kept in view before deciding the custody. In that case in fact the son who was only 4 years of age was allowed to remain with the father and the Court without arriving at any adverse conclusions regarding the mother&rsquo;s character or conduct decided that it was in the paramount interest of the 4 year old son to allow him to remain with the father and the father&rsquo;s family.&lt;br&gt;8. In Bilkis w/o Munne Khan v. Munne Khan2, a Mohammedan wife who was living separately from her husband filed a petition for custody of her minor son aged about 21/2 years. It was found that she was residing at a distance from the husband&rsquo;s home and neglecting the child even when their relations were cordial. On these facts the court held that it was not in the interest of the welfare of the child though the child was of tender years to give his custody to the wife. Custody of the child therefore was given to the father.&lt;br&gt;9. In Y. Varalakshmi v. Kanta Durga Prasad3, the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court gave custody of 5 year old boy to the father in the interests of the child. The child had been happily residing with the father  and his parents when the mother had applied for custody. The trial court refused custody to the mother and the appeal court upheld the refusal.&lt;br&gt;10. This decision contrasts favourably with the fictional decision in the much talked about movie, Kramer v. Kramer, where the father and not the mother was bringing up the son aged about 6 years. In the film, the husband, a young, ambitious vice-president of a company, is not aware of the emotional needs of his very attractive wife. In her quest for &rdquo;fulfilment&rdquo;, she chooses to leave her husband and her young child with seemingly no previous quarrel. She goes to California, sees a psychiatrist, enters fresh liaisons and after about two years returns to New York to sue for custody of her son. The Judge proceeds on the patently erroneous basis that it should be routine procedure to award the custody of a child to a mother, whether she is psychologically fit to rear the child or not.&lt;br&gt;11. The Judge awards the mother the custody of the child, a decision that is depicted in the film, as cruel and void of humanity. The mother is at first triumphant. But then comes a dramatic change of heart. Perhaps seeing the pain of the defeated ex-husband (or is it a flash of guilt or magnanimity), she allows the child to stay with the father.&lt;br&gt;12. This film as commented on by Dr Hutschnecker, reflects a modern trend that corrodes, if not the sanctity of marriage, then at least a deeper meaning of a commitment.&lt;br&gt;13. Why did this woman marry this particular man? His looks? His future that seemed secure? Did she use him for a start in her own life? And why did she not talk to him if she left dissatisfied? Both were educated people. Why, instead of trying to communicate and come to an understanding, did she, like an angry and irresponsible child, run away to satisfy her own selfish needs? Was it for survival or simply an ego tussle or a power play?&lt;br&gt;14. True, the man pursuing his own American dream was so busy building his career that he perhaps did not notice his wife&rsquo;s dissatisfaction. Evidently they did not communicate and thus were unaware of each other&rsquo;s needs and feelings.&lt;br&gt;15. It is the story of many people who thought they were in love, which dynamically means they move towards one another. But contrary to usual experience, when people begin to fall out of love, for whatever reasons, they move against one another. That is, they either fight or make adjustments. In the film they move away from each other &mdash; a breaking away or, symbolically death!&lt;br&gt;16. It is heartening to note that Indian Courts in many respects show a greater awareness of human needs and do not blindly or short-sightedly follow the &rdquo;mother first&rdquo; principle while deciding custody cases.&lt;br&gt;17. In Lekh Raj Kukreja v. Smt Raymon4, the Court was concerned with the question of the interim custody of a minor male child aged 11 years. The  trial court gave the custody to the mother on the ground that the minor son would then be in the company of his sister whose custody was with the mother.&lt;br&gt;18. In revision it was held that the father was the natural guardian and that the welfare of the child also demanded that he should be in the custody of his father especially as the child himself also showed an inclination to stay with the father.&lt;br&gt;19. On the same lines, in Tara Chand Mavar v. Basanti Devi5, the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court in appeal reversed the decision of the Family Court giving custody of a 7 year old minor son to his mother stating that sentimental considerations in favour of the mother ought not to prevail over the welfare of the minor where the father was a fit person to be a guardian and in the opinion of the Court it was in the interest of the minor son that he should be with the father and the father&rsquo;s family.&lt;br&gt;20. In Shailaja J. Erram v. Jayant V. Erram6 once again the same question was decided by a Bench of the Bombay High Court in the same manner. In this case the mother was a working woman and remained outside the home until 4 p.m. The minor &mdash; a son &mdash; expressed his desire to reside with his father. The Court found that the minor was getting his education properly and that the aged parents of the father were in a position to look after the minor for the whole of the day. In these circumstances the Court came to the conclusion that the welfare of the minor demanded that he should be with the father and his family and not with the mother.&lt;br&gt;21. It is not intended to suggest that in every case, or in most cases, it is in the interest of the minor that he should remain with the father and his family. Any such proposition would be as unjust and unsupportable as the opposite proposition viz. that in every case, or in most cases, the custody of the minor should remain with the mother.&lt;br&gt;22. There can be no general presumption to the effect either that the female of the species is deadlier than the male, or that she is more beneficient than the male when it comes to the question of the custody of these unfortunate minors.&lt;br&gt;23. In each case it is a question of fact, and should be a matter of anxious consideration for the Court as to where the welfare of the child lies. The Indian Courts&rsquo; approach has therefore to be welcomed.&lt;br&gt;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&lt;br&gt;1. 1986 (II) DMC 505 at 506 (All, HC)&lt;br&gt;2. 1987 (32) M.P.L.J. 430&lt;br&gt;3. (1989) 1 DMC 379&lt;br&gt;4. 1989 (38) DLT 137&lt;br&gt;5. 1989 (1) DMC 402 (Raj)&lt;br&gt;6. 1990 (2) Mah LR 492&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '548a7e156507390be6d5e97012b6c8d7.jpg', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 19:48:34', '2020-12-23 03:06:02');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(34, 'U3HdtnFtxMujU2Rndpfqs3Ytx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Comparative advertisement.  Mr. Pawan Kumar Pandey and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia ', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Article by Mr. Pawan Kumar Pandey, Asstt. Professor of Law, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. &ldquo;Comparative advertisement&rdquo; has brought vast opportunities and at the same time, tremendous challenges before the present day open economy. It is nothing but a keen sense of competition and the desire to capture markets which has resulted into comparative advertising. Broadly speaking a comparative advertising can be understood as an advertising of a product or service, by comparing or drawing an analogy with similar products or services of the competitors. Mostly, the products or services are advertised comparing it with other products or services and depicting itself to possess the characteristics which &ldquo;others lack&rdquo;. Sometimes, also boasting their product, and claiming how they are &ldquo;superior&rdquo; or &ldquo;best&rdquo;. An advertiser may use packaging, shape or a style distinctive to a particular brand, while in the same literature, give it an &ldquo;ordinary&rdquo; label. It basically involves an honest and true comparison of the factors of one trader&rsquo;s products and services with those of another, so as to make an impact upon the minds of the consumers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. There is a thin dividing line between comparative advertising rights and wrongs. Thus, one should be wary in his approach towards the same. If, on the one hand, comparative advertising can rightfully be used as an important business strategy for the successful promotion of the products and services of a trader. On the other hand, if proper precaution is not taken, it may inescapably result into various wrongs, to name a few, commercial disparagement, trade marks infringement, passing off, and unfair trade practices, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3. Unlike the UK, USA or China, India does not have in place a specific statute regulating the area of comparative advertising. Recently enforced, the Competition Act, 2002 also does not explicitly make a mention of comparative advertising. In the scarcity of a specific legislation on the subject, the law relating to comparative advertising in India seems to be scattered. Inevitably, the law on commercial torts, free speech, trade marks, unfair  competition and the guidelines laid in several leading judgments govern the present regime of comparative advertising litigation in India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Comparative Advertising as &ldquo;Commercial Speech&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4. An advertisement which tends to enlighten the consumer either by exposing the falsity or misleading nature of the claim made by the trade rival or by presenting a comparison of the merits (or demerits) of their respective products, is for the public good and hence cannot be taken to be an actionable wrong, unless it is motivated by malice and is also false. This is on account of the fact that a competitor is better equipped to make such an exposure than anyone else and hence the benefit that would flow to the society at large on account of such exposure would always outweigh the loss of business for the person affected.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5. If two trade rivals indulge in puffery without hitting each other, the consumer is misled by both, unless there is increased awareness or governmental intervention. On the other hand, if both are restrained from either making false representations/incorrect representations/misleading representations or issuing unintended warranties (as defined as unfair trade practice under the Consumer Protection Act), then the consumer stands to gain. Similarly, permitting two trade rivals to expose each other in a truthful manner, will also result in consumer education.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6. Supreme Court of India, way back in year 1995, in Tata Press Ltd. v. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd.1, recognised &ldquo;commercial speech&rdquo; to be included within the expression of &ldquo;freedom of speech and expression&rdquo;2. It was observed that:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;a. &ldquo;23. &hellip;.the public at large has a right to receive the &ldquo;commercial speech&rdquo;. Article (19)(1)(a) not only guarantees freedom of speech and expression, it also protects the rights of an individual to listen, read and receive the said speech. So far as the economic needs of a citizen are concerned, their fulfilment has to be guided by the information disseminated through the advertisements. The protection of Article 19(1)(a) is available to the speaker as well as to the recipient of the speech. The recipient of &ldquo;commercial speech&rdquo; may be having much deeper interest in the advertisement than the businessman who is behind the publication. An advertisement giving information regarding a life saving drug may be of much more importance to general public than to the advertiser who may be having purely a trade consideration.&rdquo;3&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7.  It was further observed that &ldquo;Commercial speech&rdquo; cannot be denied the protection of Article 19 (1)(a) of the Constitution merely because the same is issued by businessmen. The Supreme Court was categorical in stating, &ldquo;Advertising which is no more than a commercial transaction is, nonetheless, dissemination of information regarding the product advertised. Public at large is benefited by the information made available through the advertisement.&rdquo;4 It was also observed that &ldquo;in a democratic economy free flow of commercial information is indispensable. There cannot be honest and economical marketing by the public at large without being educated by the information disseminated through advertisements. The economic system in a democracy would be handicapped without there being freedom of &ldquo;commercial speech&rdquo;.5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8. Once it is accepted that free commercial speech is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a), then the curtailment of the same can only be by law that would fall under Article 19(2) imposing a reasonable restriction on such a right, in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Comparative Advertising under Trade Marks Law vis-&agrave;-vis Commercial Disparagement&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;9. As per Section 29(1) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, &ldquo;A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical with, or deceptively similar to the trade mark in relation to goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and in such manner as to render the use of the mark likely to be taken as being used as a trade mark&rdquo;. The expression &ldquo;in relation to any goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered&rdquo; in Section 29(1) makes it clear that there is no infringement of a mark unless the infringer uses the mark in relation to same goods covered by the registration. Therefore, sometimes, the defendant may take the following defences:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(a) that the defendant has not used plaintiff&rsquo;s trade mark and device on their products in the course of their trade nor in relation to any goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(b) that the defendant has not sold their merchandise goods under the  trade mark of the plaintiff;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(c) that the defendant has not advertised their products under the plaintiff&rsquo;s trade mark; and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(d) it is not disputed that comparative advertisements are permissible in law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;10. But it is fundamental principle of trade mark law that the function of a trade mark is to indicate the origin of the goods to which it is applied. The expression &ldquo;in the course of trade&rdquo; has a definite connotation. In order to constitute infringement, the use complained of must be a use in the course of trade. The defendants must be dealing or selling of in some other way trading in the goods bearing the offending mark. Possession of such goods for the purpose of comparison will not amount to infringement. The right conferred by registration is a right to use the mark in the course of trade and obviously this right is infringed only when the infringer also uses the mark in the course of trade. The use &ldquo;in the course of trade&rdquo; means in the course of business. It did not mean use as a trade mark. The purpose for which the mark was applied will not prevent it constituting an infringement provided it was used in the course of trade and was capable of indicating a connection in the course of trade between the goods and the proprietor of the registered trade mark.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;11. Section 30(1) of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 in effect permits comparative advertising, stating that &ldquo;Nothing in Section 29 shall be preventing the use of registered trade mark by any person with the purposes of identifying goods or services as those of the proprietor provided the use: (a) is in accordance with the honest practices in industrial or commercial matters; and (b) is not such as to take unfair advantage of or be detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark&rdquo;. Further, Section 29(8) of the said Act, discussing what form of advertising would amount to infringement, reads &ldquo;A registered trade mark is infringed by any advertising of that trade mark if such advertising: (a) takes unfair advantage and is contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters; or (b) is detrimental to its distinctive character; or (c) is against the reputation of the trade mark&rdquo;. In effect, the provisions read together allow comparative advertising as long as the use of the registered trade mark does not amount to infringement. If an advertiser makes a consumer aware of the truth, there is nothing wrong with it. The reason for this is that a party cannot be held liable for libel when all that has been stated is the truth, which is a complete defence against any assault or challenge regardless of whether any damage is sustained as a result of it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;12. Recently, in Paras Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Ranbaxy  Laboratories Ltd.6, the High Court of Gujarat was faced with a comparative advertising case in which the counsel for the appellant successfully contended that the respondents have used the mark without any license or permission from the appellant, therefore, as per the provisions of Section 29 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 the respondents are liable for infringement. It was held in this case that, &ldquo;since the appellant&rsquo;s product is much popular amongst the general public as a pain reliever, the respondent has tried to take unfair advantage which may amount to an infringement of the Trade Mark within the meaning of Section 29(8)(a) of the Act. By taking shelter of a non-existent product violet coloured pack, if the respondent tries to establish that its product is true pain reliever than the other product, it would certainly affect the reputation of the trade mark of the appellant and to this extent, clause (c) of Section 29(8) of the Act can also be invoked for the purpose of satisfying the Court that the respondent has infringed the trade mark of the appellant.&rdquo;7&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;13. The trade marks law also finds applicability to well known unregistered marks where action of passing off can be resorted to At this juncture the difference in approach in a passing off action and one for disparagement must also be understood. In a case of passing off, the question invariably is whether the trade mark or trade dress employed by A for his product is so deceptively similar to the established mark or trade dress of B&rsquo;s product that A&rsquo;s product could be confused by or passed off to consumers as B&rsquo;s product? Here the comparison is of rival products having a similar trade mark, get-up or trade dress. Familiarity with the established mark, trade dress or get-up is presumed. Because of this familiarity the person intending to pass off his goods as those of the famous or more popular, exploits. In the case of disparagement, the one who &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;14. disparages another&rsquo;s product does not seek to make his product similar to the disparaged product, but to distinguish it from the disparaged product. The object of disparagement is to make the disparaged product appear to be as near or similar to the competitor&rsquo;s product. The comparisons, therefore, in cases of passing off and in cases of disparagement are different. Consequently, the comparison must be from the perspective of an average person with imperfect recollection but, that person must be picked from the category of users of the product allegedly sought to be disparaged or slandered.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;15. It is otherwise where a trader does not limit himself to a comparison of his goods with those manufactured by another trader and a mere statement that they are inferior in quality to his own, but goes further and makes an  untrue statement of fact about his rival&rsquo;s goods, for example, where he states that they are rotten or unmerchantable. In a case like this, an action on the case will lie, provided it can be proved that such statement was published maliciously and that special damage has ensued.8 It is not malice if the object of the trader is to push his own business. To make the act malicious it must be done with the direct object of injuring the other person&rsquo;s business. Therefore, the mere fact that it would injure that other person&rsquo;s business is no evidence of malice.9&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;16. Walton J in De Beers Abrasive Products Ltd. v. International General Electric Co. of New York Ltd.10 has summarized the law point as, &ldquo;what precisely is the law on this point? It is a blinding glimpse of the obvious to say that there must be a dividing line between statements that are actionable and those which are not; and the sole question upon a dry point of law such as we are discussing here is: where does that line lie? On the one hand, it appears to me that the law is that any trader is entitled to puff his own goods, even though such puff must, as a matter of pure logic, involve the denigration of his rival&rsquo;s goods. Thus in the well-known case of the three adjoining tailors who, put notices in their respective windows reading: &ldquo;The best tailor in the world&rdquo;, &ldquo;The best tailor in this town&rdquo;, and &ldquo;The best tailor in this street&rdquo;, none of the three committed an actionable wrong.&rdquo;11&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;17. Where, however, the situation is not that the trader is puffing his own goods, but turns to denigrate those of his rival, and then the situation is not so clear cut. Obviously the statement: &ldquo;My goods are better than X&rsquo;s&rdquo; is only a more dramatic presentation of what is implicit in the statement: &ldquo;My goods are the best in the world&rdquo;. Accordingly, such a statement would not be actionable. At the other end of the scale, if what is said is: &ldquo;My goods are better than X&rsquo;s&rdquo;, because X&rsquo;s are absolute rubbish&rdquo;, then it is established by dicta of Lord Shand in the House of Lords in White v. Mellin12, which were accepted by Walton J as stating the law, this statement would be actionable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;18. The New International Websters&rsquo; comprehensive dictionary defines disparage/disparagement to mean, &ldquo;to speak of slightingly, undervalue, to bring discredit or dishonour upon, the act of deprecating, derogation, a condition of low estimation or valuation, a reproach, disgrace, an unjust classing or  comparison with that which is of less worth, and degradiation. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines disparage as under, to bring discredit on, slightingly of and depreciate. McCarthy on Trade Marks and Unfair Competition (Fourth Edition, Volume 4 at 27:38) explains &ldquo;Puffing&rdquo; to be exaggerated advertising, blustering, and boasting upon which no reasonable buyer would rely and is not actionable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;19. Finally, it is clear that between clear-cut cases of permissible comparative advertising and impermissible &ldquo;rubbishing&rdquo; of a rival&rsquo;s product there may yet be a wide field of cases and the dividing line in such cases would have to drawn based on the test whether a reasonable man would take the claim of the alleged slanderer seriously or take it with the proverbial &ldquo;large pinch of salt&rdquo; and dismiss it as mere puffery. If it is the former then, it is a case of disparagement and if it is the latter then, it is a case of mere puffery which is not actionable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Comparative Advertising and Unfair Trade Practices&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;20. The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) vide Section 36-A(1)(x) provides for &ldquo;disparagement of goods of another person&rdquo; as an unfair trade practice. The said Section 36-A provides that &ldquo;unfair trade practice&rdquo; means a trade practice which, for the purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply of any goods or for the provisions of any services, adopts any unfair method or unfair or deceptive practice including any of the following practices, namely, (1) the practice of making any statement, whether orally or in writing or by visible representation which, (x) gives false or misleading facts disparaging the goods, services or trade of another person.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;21. The definition of &ldquo;unfair trade practice&rdquo; found in Section 36-A(1) of the MRTP Act, 1969, is adopted in pari materia in Section 2(1)(r) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. But once Section 66 of the competition act, 2002 is notified and the MRTP Commission is dissolved, a manufacturer or a stockist or a dealer, cannot invoke the provisions of the MRTP Act. But he may be able to approach the competition commission. However, he cannot invoke the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, since that Act is intended only for the benefit of consumers and not for the benefit of manufacturers, marketers or service providers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;22. Answering the question regarding the bar on jurisdiction of the ordinary civil court the Delhi High Court in Reckitt Benckiser (India) Limited v. Hindustan Lever Ltd.13, has made it clear that:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;a.  &ldquo;in any event, a complaint under that the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 can only be qua a &ldquo;consumer dispute&rdquo; and that, too, by a consumer or a consumer association or the Government. It does not contemplate a complaint by a competitor. Furthermore, Section 3 of the Act also makes it clear that it shall not be in derogation of but in addition to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force. Thus, the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 does not stand in the way of the plaintiff from seeking remedies by way of this suit. Further, answering the similar question in reference to the MRTP Act, it was observed that the MRTP Act does not set-up any bar, either express or implied, to the institution of the present suit. The provisions of Section 9 of the Civil Procedure Code are clear. The plaintiff&rsquo;s right to seek the common law remedy in the civil courts has not been taken away by the enactment of the MRTP Act. The provisions of Section 4 as well as Section 12-B of the MRTP Act put the case beyond any doubt that the MRTP Act does not in any way bar the institution of a suit as the present one.&rdquo; 14&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Indian Judicial Pronouncements on Comparative Advertising&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;23. The vast majority of the viewer of the commercial advertisement on electronic media are influenced by the visual advertisements as these have a far reaching influence on the psyche of the people, therefore, discrediting the product of a competitor through commercial would amount to disparagement as has been held by the judiciary in India and abroad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;24. In Reckitt and Colman of India Ltd. v. M.P. Ramachandran15 a learned Single Judge of the High Court of Calcutta had considered the concept of negative campaigning. The learned Judge after considering several English decisions including White v. Mellin16; Hubbuck &amp; Sons Ltd. v. Wilkinson, Heywood &amp; Clark Ltd.17; and De Beers Abrasive Products Ltd. v. International General Electric Co.18 observed as under19:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(i) A tradesman is entitled to declare his goods to be the best in the world, even though the declaration is untrue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(ii) He can also say that his goods are better than his competitor&rsquo;s, even though such a statement is untrue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; (iii) For the purpose of saying that his goods are the best in the world or his goods are better than his competitor&rsquo;s he can even compare the advantages of his goods over the goods of others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(iv) He, however, cannot while saying his goods are better than his competitors&rsquo;, say that his competitors&rsquo; goods are bad.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(v) If there is no defamation to the goods or to the manufacturer of such goods no action lies, but if there is defamation, an action lies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;25. What is really relevant in context of such kind of advertising are conclusions (iv) and (v) mentioned above, which effectively mean that an advertiser can say that his goods are better than his competitors but he cannot say that his competitor&rsquo;s goods are bad because that would amount to slandering or defaming the competitor and its goods, which is not permissible. But if there is no derogatory reference at all to the goods or to the manufacturer, no action lies against that advertiser.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;26. The above decision of the Calcutta High Court was followed by a learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court in Reckitt and Colman of India Ltd. v. Kiwi TTK Ltd.20. It was held that &ldquo;the general principle is that the courts will injunct an advertiser from publishing or circulating an article if the dominant purpose is to injure the reputation of the plaintiff&rdquo;21. An advertiser is not entitled to say that his competitor&rsquo;s goods are bad so as to promote his goods. If an action lies for defamation, an injunction may be granted. It was further held that though a comparative advertisement is permissible, the same shall not, in any manner, be intended to disparage or defame the product of the competitor.22&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;27. In an interesting case of Dabur India Ltd. v. Wipro Ltd.23, the defendant Wipro Limited was airing a TV commercial in respect of its product &ldquo;Wipro Sanjivani Honey&rdquo; with a view to belittle the plaintiff&rsquo;s product &lsquo;Dabur Honey&rsquo;. In the impugned advertisement it was shown that one Mrs Paradkar was shown holding a bottle of honey, which was as alleged, in fact the plaintiff&rsquo;s bottle (without the label) and the voice over was to the effect that the bottle was purchased two years ago but it has remained the same (jaisi ki waisi). In comparison one Mrs Rao purchased Wipro Sanjivani Honey, which got consumed almost immediately. Honorable Delhi High Court held that &ldquo;facts of the case suggested that the intent of the commercial was to suggest that the product of the defendant was far superior to that of the  plaintiff. It was permissible for an advertiser to proclaim that its product was the best which automatically implied that all other similar products were inferior. In comparative advertising, a consumer may look at a commercial from a particular point of view and come to a conclusion that one product is superior to the other, while another consumer may look at the same commercial from another point of view and come to a conclusion that one product is inferior to the other&rdquo;.24 It further added that &ldquo;the degree of disparagement must be such that it would tantamount to defamation. In the present case, the overall audio-visual impact did not leave an impression that the message that was sought to be conveyed by it was that Dabur Honey was being denigrated, but rather that Wipro Sanjivani Honey was better.&rdquo;25 Having found no element in the commercial which could be disapproved, the application for injunction was dismissed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;28. Interestingly, the court suggested that a manufacturer of a product ought not to be hyper-sensitive in such matters. It is necessary to remember that market forces are far stronger than the best advertisements. If a product is good and can stand up to be counted, adverse advertising may temporarily damage its market acceptability, but certainly not in the long run.26&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;29. Again in Dabur India Ltd. v. Emami Ltd.27, where again an advertisement was attacked, the offending voice over of the advertisement was &ldquo;forget Chyawanprash in summers, eat Amritprash instead&rdquo; (Garmion mein Chyawanprash bhool jao, Himani Sona Chandi Amritprash khao). It was held that the aforesaid effort on the part of the defendant would be definitely a disparagement of the product Chayawanprash. It was clarified that &ldquo;even if there be no direct reference to the produce of the plaintiff and only a reference is made to the entire class of Chayawanprash in its generic sense, even in those circumstances disparagement is possible. For Dabur Chayawanprash is also a Chayawanprash as against which disparagement is made.&rdquo;28&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;30. The above decision can be further supported by Delhi High Court decision in Dabur India Ltd. v. Colgate Palmolive India Ltd.29, where learned single Judge took the view that the generic disparagement of a rival product without specifically identifying or pin pointing the rival product is equally objectionable. Clever advertising can indeed hit a rival product without  specifically referring to it. No one can disparage a class or genre of a product within which a complaining plaintiff falls and raise a defense that the plaintiff has not been specifically identified.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;31. In the above case, the advertisement showed a cine star stopping purchasers of Lal Dant Manjan powder and informing them of its ill effects by rubbing it on a pair of spectacles. The rubbing process left marks on the spectacles, which were termed as akin to sandpapering. The cine star was heard telling the purchaser that &ldquo;it is easy to change spectacles but not the teeth&rdquo;. The Delhi High Court found a fit case of commercial disparagement and injunction was granted. The learned Single Judge reiterated the principle that, while praising its product, an advertiser cannot describe the competitor&rsquo;s product as inferior, thereby damaging its reputation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;32. In Karamchand Appliances (P) Ltd. v. Shri Adhikari Bros.30, the Delhi High Court was concerned with mosquito repellents ALL OUT and GOOD NIGHT. The offending advertisement showed a lady removing the ALL OUT pluggy and replacing it with GOOD NIGHT with a background voice claiming that the latter&rsquo;s turbo vapour chases the mosquitoes at double the speed. While granting an injunction, the Delhi High Court held in Paragraph 19 as&mdash;&ldquo;two propositions clearly emerge from the above pronouncements, namely, (1) that a manufacturer or a tradesman is entitled to boast that his goods are the best in the world, even if such a claim is factually incorrect, and (2) that while a claim that the goods of a manufacturer or the tradesman are the best may not provide a cause of action to any other trader or manufacturer of similar goods, the moment the rival manufacturer or trader disparages or defames the goods of another manufacturer or trader, the aggrieved trader would be entitled to seek reliefs including redress by way of a prohibitory injunction.&rdquo;31&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;33. Again, in Godrej Sara Lee Ltd. v. Reckitt Benckiser (I) Ltd.32, the Delhi High Court was concerned with an advertisement in which an insecticide by name MORTEIN was shown to be more effective in destroying cockroaches and mosquitoes than the plaintiff&rsquo;s product HIT, which had two versions, one for mosquitoes and one for cockroaches. A.K. Sikri, J., of the Delhi High Court analysed in detail, the entire case law on the subject. However, he refused injunction on the ground that the plaintiff was guilty of concealment of material facts and also on the ground that the advertisement just highlighted the product of the defendant as better than that of the competitor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;34.  In another famous case,33 Pepsi filed suit against Hindustan Coca Cola. The impugned commercial showed that the lead actor asks a kid as to which is his favourite drink? The Kid utters the word &ldquo;Pepsi&rdquo;, which can be seen from his lip movement though the same is muted. The lead actor thereafter asks the boy to taste two drinks in two different bottles covered with lid and asks the question &ldquo;Bacchon Ko Konsi pasand aayegi?&rdquo; After taste the boy points out to one drink and says that that drink would be liked by the children because it is sweet. In his words he says. &ldquo;Who meethi hain, Bacchon ko meethi cheese pasand hai.&rdquo; He preferred the other drink which according to him tastes strong and that grown up people would prefer the same. And later the stronger one came out be &ldquo;Thums Up&rdquo;, and one which is sweet, word &ldquo;Pappi&rdquo; is written on the bottle with a globe device and the colour that of the &ldquo;Pepsi&rdquo;. It was further brought to the notice of the court that there are other commercials by the respondents where the lead actor said &ldquo;Wrong choice baby&rdquo;, and that the &ldquo;Thums Up&rdquo; is a right choice, and &ldquo;Kyo Dil Maange No More&rdquo; for the appellant&rsquo;s products. It was categorically held that by calling the Cola drink of the appellants &ldquo;Yeh Bachhon Wali Hai, Bachhon Ko Yeh Pasand Aayegi&rdquo; and &ldquo;Wrong Choice Baby&rdquo;, the respondents depicted the commercial in a derogatory and mocking manner. It can&rsquo;t be called puffing up. It was further observed that repeatedly telecasting this commercial will leave an impression on the mind of the viewers that product of the appellant i.e. &ldquo;Pepsi&rdquo; is simply a sweet thing nor meant for grown up or growing children. If they choose &ldquo;Pepsi&rdquo;, it would be a wrong choice. The message is that kids who want to grow should not drink &ldquo;Pepsi&rdquo;. They should grow up with &ldquo;Thums UP&rdquo;. Accordingly the court found disparagement of the appellant&rsquo;s product. It was held that in deciding the question of disparagement, the following factors have to be kept in mind: (i) intent of the commercial; (ii) manner of the commercial; and (iii) story line of the commercial and the message sought to be conveyed by the commercial. If the manner is ridiculing or the condemning product of the competitor then it amounts to disparaging but if the manner is only to show one&rsquo;s product better or best without derogating other&rsquo;s product then that is not actionable.34&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;35. In a free market economy, the products will find their place, as water finds its level, provided the consumers are well informed. Consumer education, in a country with limited resources and a low literacy level, is possible only  by allowing a free play for the trade rivals in the advertising arena, so that each exposes the other and the consumer thereby derives a fringe benefit. Therefore, it is only on the touchstone of public interest that such advertisements are to be tested. This is why the Supreme Court held in Tata Press case that &ldquo;Public at large is benefited by the information made available through the advertisement&rdquo;. As a matter of fact the very basis of the law relating to trade marks is also the protection of public interest only, since the courts think of an unwary purchaser, who may buy a spurious product on the mistaken impression that it was brand &ldquo;x&rdquo;. The same logic should form the basis for an action in respect of disparaging advertisements also.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;36. Effective advertising delivers a message that is remembered. It can change the way the world views a product or service and can generate sales. If the market for a service or product is well-defined, comparative advertising can held the products or services distinguish itself from the competition. Nothing seems to do this more efficiently than comparative advertising. In the electronic media the disparaging message is conveyed to the viewer by repeatedly showing the commercial everyday thereby ensuring that the viewers get clear message as the said commercial leaves an indelible impression in their mind. The Indian law nowhere renders comparative advertising as illegal; however, it defines a restrictive ambit. Statutes such as the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and the provision in the Constitution on the Freedom of Speech and Expression i.e. Article 19(1)(a), coupled with the limitations governing it, provide statutory support to the subject. In the absence of a statutory provision dedicated to comparative advertising, the jurisprudence on it is well developed through renderings and decisions of the courts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1 (1995) 5 SCC 139 : AIR 1995 SC 2438.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2 (1995) 5 SCC 139 : AIR 1995 SC 2438, 2448.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3 (1995) 5 SCC 139 : AIR 1995 SC 2438, 2448.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4 (1995) 5 SCC 139 : AIR 1995 SC 2438, 2448, 2447.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5 (1995) 5 SCC 139 : AIR 1995 SC 2438, 2448.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6 AIR 2008 Guj 94.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7 AIR 2008 Guj 94 at 105.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8 See Lyne v. Nicholls, (1906) 23 T.L.R. 86.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;9 see Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. v. Maison Talbot, (1904) 20 T.L.R. 579.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;10 (1975) 1 WLR 972 : (1975) 2 All ER 599 cited in Reckitt Benckiser (India) Ltd. v. Hindustan Lever Ltd., (2008) 38 PTC 139 (Del) at p. 157.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;11 (1975) 1 WLR 972 : (1975) 2 All ER 599 cited in Reckitt Benckiser (India) Ltd. v. Hindustan Lever Ltd., (2008) 38 PTC 139 (Del) at p. 157.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;12 (1895) AC 154 HL(E).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;13 (2008) 38 PTC 139 (Del).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;14 (2008) 38 PTC 139 (Del) at pp. 165, 166.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;15 (1999) 19 PTC 741.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;16 1895 AC 154.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;17 (1899) 1 QB 86.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;18 1975 (2) All ER 599.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;19 Reckitt and Colman of India Ltd. v. M.P. Ramchandran, (1999) 19 PTC 741 at p. 746.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;20 (1996) PTC 16 393.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;21 (1996) PTC 16 393 at p. 398.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;22 (1996) PTC 16 393 at p. 400.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;23 (2006) 32 PTC 677 (Del).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;24 (2006) 32 PTC 677 (Del) at p. 681.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;25 (2006) 32 PTC 677 (Del)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;26 (2006) 32 PTC 677 (Del) at p. 682.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;27 (2004) 29 PTC 1 (Del).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;28 (2004) 29 PTC 1 (Del) at p. 6.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;29 AIR 2005 Del 102.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;30 (2005) 31 PTC 1 (Del).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;31 (2005) 31 PTC 1 (Del) at 9, 10.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;32 (2006) 32 PTC 307.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;33 Pepsi Co. Inc. v. Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd., (2003) 27 PTC 305 (Del.) (DB).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;34 Pepsi Co. Inc. v. Hindustan Coca Cola Ltd., (2003) 27 PTC 305 (Del.) (DB) at 311.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '5bbd43ac01ea695bfb9f5a21df3403e0.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:18:58', '2020-12-23 03:05:28');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(157, 'rpOh3iUJXzkRhNkCApFqFWIwR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A note on Mareva Injunction', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;While a creditor is looking for judgment in one jurisdiction he may want to safeguard the debtor&#039;s assets located in a different jurisdiction so that at the end of the process he is able to enforce his judgment. To this end, he may want to obtain a Mareva injunction, also known as a freezing order, from the court of the jurisdiction where the assets are held. (Philip Jeyaretnam and Lau Wen Jin, (2016) 28 SAcLJ 503).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Historical Background:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The name &ldquo;Mareva Injunction&rdquo; owes its origin to a freezing order by the English court in Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Bulkcarriers SA [1980] 1 All ER 213]. An order of injunction is issued in favour of a creditor who has a right to be paid the debt owing to him, even before he has established his right by getting judgment for it. The test is; the debt is due and owing, and there is a danger that the debtor may dispose of his assets so as to defeat it before judgment. The court has jurisdiction in a proper case to grant an interlocutory judgment so as to prevent him disposing of those assets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;It is important to note that in the case of a Mareva, the court does not alter the substantive rights of the parties, but preserves the status quo until it has determined the action. Similar principle is reiterated by the Supreme Court in respect of temporary injunctions in Dalpat Kumar v. Prahlad Singh, (1992) 1 SCC 719 . The court held that the order of temporary injunction is in the nature of preventive relief to a litigant to prevent future possible injury. In other words, the court, on exercise of the power of granting ad interim injunction, is to preserve the subject matter of the suit in the status quo for the time being.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The objective of Mareva order is that a natural person should not step down from his living standards by reducing his assets just before the judgment or to avoid the payment. Polly Peck International Plc v Nadir AILII Citation Number: [1992] EWCA Civ 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Grounds for Mareva Injunction:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;There should be an evidence of the real risk of dissipating the assets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Any alleged dishonesty must have a &ldquo;real and material&rdquo; relation to the risk of dissipation such that the necessary inference of fact may be drawn. (Yves Charles Edgar v. Accent Delight International Ltd., [2015] 5 SLR 558)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Nature of the order. Once granted, a Mareva injunction has immediate effect on every asset of the defendant covered by the injunction. It is a method of attachment, which operates in rem in the same manner as the arrest of a ship and because any&amp;nbsp; authority which third parties may have to deal with the asset in accordance with the instructions of the defendant is revoked once such third parties have notice of the injunction. - Z Ltd vs A 1982 1 All ER 556 - referred to in Vidya Charan Shukla v. Tamil Nadu Olympic Association, 1991 SCC OnLine Mad 3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In India:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Civil Procedure Code - Section 38 says that a decree may be executed either by the Court which passed it, or by the Court to which it is sent for execution. Section 39 deals with transfer of decree. However, grant of Mareva injunction which is interlocutory in nature can be traceable to inherent powers of the court under Section 151.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mareva injunction and Attachment before judgment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Order 38 Rule 5 CPC empowers the courts to attach property of the defendant pending adjudication of the suit. Attachment before judgment and Mareva injunction are similar to each other. They are granted under similar circumstances on similar grounds. However, the fundamental difference is while Mareva injunction simply restrains the defendant by injunction, attachment before judgment is a lien on the property. It is an attachment of the property by the court.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Calcutta High Court in Popular Jute Exchange Limited vs Murlidhar Ratanlal Exports Ltd. 1998 2006 (4) CHN 381 has exhaustively explained the meaning. Mareva Injunction, the court says, is an established feature of English Law and the English Court has been categorical enough to record that there should not be any hesitation in the matter of such a grant where it appears likely that the plaintiff would recover judgment against the defendant for a certain or approximate sum and there is reason to believe that the defendant has the assets within the jurisdiction to meet the judgment but may deal with the same, so that they would not be available or traceable when the judgment is given against him.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The concept of grant of Mareva Injunction is not different from the power of the Court to grant interlocutory or final order of an injunction and under this general power of jurisdiction to grant an ex parte injunction the English Court has developed a principle that the Court has power to restrain the defendant from removing assets from the jurisdiction pending the trial of action whenever it was just and convenient to do so. This power was originally exercised when the defendant was out of the jurisdiction but has subsequently been extended so as to be available against a defendant even though he is based within the jurisdiction. Popular Jute Exchange Limited vs Murlidhar Ratanlal Exports Ltd. 1998 2006 (4) CHN 381&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In Mohit Bhargava v. Bharat Bhushan Bhargava, (2007) 4 SCC 795 the Supreme Court dealt with an order passed by the executing court that the documents produced by the third party be kept in safe custody of the court. The Supreme Court termed the order as within the jurisdiction of the court which passed the decree since they are only orders of restraint being issued to a person from handing over a property in his possession to the judgment-debtor along with the documents concerned and keeping the documents in safe custody. The court also termed the order as a &ldquo;freezing order&rdquo; or a &ldquo;Mareva injunction and an order akin to an Anton Piller order, that can be issued even if the property or the person concerned is outside the jurisdiction of the court.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note:&lt;/b&gt; An Anton Piller Order is a form of civil search warrant that displaces the normal rules on discovery of records. It enables the Applicant to attend at the premises of the Defendant, without notice, and take possession of the records of the Defendant Anton Piller v Manufacturing Processes Ltd: CA 8 Dec 1975.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A Mareva injunction freezes a party&rsquo;s assets to prevent it from dissipating the assets before the arbitral proceedings have concluded, and frustrating satisfaction of the eventual award if this goes against the dissipating party. A Mareva injunction also takes effect against third parties such as banks, to prevent them from assisting in the dissipation of the assets. Anton Piller orders allow a party to secure and preserve property by entering and searching the opposing party&rsquo;s premises. Such property could include documentary evidence, or items implicated in the dispute, such as counterfeit goods. Mareva injunctions and Anton Piller orders are usually sought under very urgent circumstances. For maximum efficacy, they are also typically sought ex parte without notice to the opposing party, to preclude the opposing party from pre-empting the orders by disposing of the assets or goods before the orders are granted. When such relief is sought therefore, the parties would have to approach national courts for assistance. Benoit Le Bars and Tejas Shiroor&amp;nbsp; &lsquo;Provisional Measures in Investment Arbitration: Wading through the murky waters of enforcement&rsquo; 6IJAL(2017)24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In conclusion, the power to grant Mareva injunction, though traceable to inherent powers of the Court, such power is guided by the sound judicial principles evolved in respect of similar orders i.e. attachment before judgment and temporary injunction. The purpose of the order, as explained by the Supreme Court is to preserve the subject matter of the suit in the status quo for the time being.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sumana Chamarthy, Advocate, Bengaluru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '00c71a06346a3e4717b832f55bee29d3.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-31 04:40:23', '2021-01-26 03:40:13'),
(35, 'vjkafcmBmterYBCnLLAwVOJES', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The Rafale Deal Official Secret Act vs Right to Information Act.  Mr. Raghunandan Sriram', '&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(228,=&quot;&quot; 230,=&quot;&quot; 235);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(36,=&quot;&quot; 37,=&quot;&quot; 38);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&rdquo;The debate on the use of the Official Secrets Act, 1923 to curb the flow of information continues to rage in the corridors of power.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;In September 2016, the historic arms deal for the procurement of 36 Dassault Rafale aircraft signed between the Governments of France and India, invited a lot of scepticism from various quarters. While some argued that it constituted a massive blow to the economy in terms of costs to the exchequer, others chose to focus on the revelations it would bring to the combat wing of the Indian Air Force. Doubts were raised regarding the discrepancies between the prior agreement under the UPA government, and the renegotiated agreement under the current administration. The primary bone of contention lay in the Union government&rsquo;s decision not to disclose the financial details of the agreement. The initial seeds of &ldquo;controversy&rdquo; has given way to a larger tussle between the government and the opposition, each backed by civil society organisations. The fundamental argument raised by the opposition is that the non-disclosure of information about the deal is in violation of the Right to Information Act, 2005. The government, on the other hand, has contended that such information may be legally withheld under the Official Secrets Act, 1923, in the greater interest of national security. At play here is the juxtaposition of the &ldquo;public interest&rdquo; principle and the &ldquo;protected interest&rdquo; principle.&lt;br&gt;The Official Secrets Act&lt;br&gt;The Official Secrets Act of 1923 (OSA) deals with the protection of information considered &ldquo;classified&rdquo; by the government, from being leaked to foreign powers, especially &ldquo;enemy states&rdquo;. To this effect, the Act contains numerous provisions enlisting punitive sanctions, details of trial etc. for government servants for divulging such &ldquo;official secrets&rdquo;.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;The OSA governs all matters of secrecy and confidentiality in governance. It largely deals with matters of security and provides a framework for dealing with espionage, sedition and other assaults on the unity and integrity of the nation.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;However, the OSA fails to define the terms &ldquo;secret&rdquo; or &ldquo;official secret&rdquo;. Therefore, an unfettered discretion has been handed over to public servants to decide what falls under the ambit of the Act. The Supreme Court in Sama Alana Abdulla v State of Gujarat held that the word &ldquo;secret&rdquo; in Clause (c) of Sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the OSA qualified official code or password and not any sketch, plan, model, article or note or other document or information, unless the latter was classified as an &ldquo;official secret&rdquo;.&lt;br&gt;The Right to Information Act&lt;br&gt;The Right to Information Act of 2005 defines the &ldquo;right to information&quot; as inclusive of the right to-&lt;br&gt;(i) inspection of work, documents, records;&lt;br&gt;(ii) taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;&lt;br&gt;(iii) taking certified samples of material;&lt;br&gt;(iv) obtaining information in the form of diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other device;&lt;br&gt;Although the Act covers a wide array of subjects, a few subjects have been exempted from its purview, including but not limited to issues &ldquo;which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, strategic interests of the State, relation with foreign States, information whose publication is expressly forbidden by a court of competent jurisdiction, or which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person etc.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;However, Section 22 of the RTI Act explicitly states that &ldquo;The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in the Official Secrets Act, 1923 (19 of 1923), and any other law for the time being in force or in any instrument having effect by virtue of any law other than this Act.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;The aforementioned provision has been given importance in Kali Ram v State Public Information Officer cum Deputy Excise and Taxation Commissioner, and Sat Pal Kansal v Estate Officer, wherein it was held that the RTI Act can derive its power from this provision and override the OSA.&lt;br&gt;This leads us to the premise that in case of a conflict between the RTI Act and the OSA, the former shall prevail, in case a harmonious reading of the statutes is not possible.&lt;br&gt;The RTI Act further goes on to say that a &ldquo;public authority may allow access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interests.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;THE CONTROVERSY&lt;br&gt;The war of words between the opposition and the ruling coalition began with the charge that the &ldquo;exorbitant&rdquo; amount spent on the procurement caused &quot;insurmountable loss&quot; of taxpayers&#039; money. The Congress alleged that the cost of each aircraft was thrice the amount that had been negotiated in the original deal.&lt;br&gt;The opposition took the matter to court, demanding the release of the information. The Supreme Court directed the Centre to provide in a sealed cover the &ldquo;details of the steps&rdquo; taken in the decision making process leading to the deal, but clarified that it did not want information on &ldquo;pricing&rdquo; and &ldquo;technical suitability&rdquo; of the fighter jets for the Indian Air Force.&lt;br&gt;This is in compliance with the powers granted to the Supreme Court and High Courts, over the functioning of the executive.&lt;br&gt;While Section 5 of the OSA was intended to deal with potential breaches of national security, the wording of the law and the colonial times in which it was implemented made it into a catch-all legal provision that converted practically every issue of governance into a confidential matter. This leads us to another pertinent contention that the opposition has tried to enunciate, that the government is arbitrarily and unilaterally taking the provision for granted and interpreting it for their own use. It is common knowledge that statutes that cater to the welfare of the masses should be liberally interpreted and this again places emphasis on the RTI Act and its provisions.  The Rafale Deal is a complex situation in this regard. The Government has used the ambiguity in the OSA provisions to portray the issue from a larger picture of national interest, thereby justifying its stance. However, the crux of the matter lies in the imperativeness of RTI having a higher say in this matter.&lt;br&gt;Precedents are an important source of validation in this regard. In the case of Union of India v Central Information Commissioner, the court held-&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;Relying on Section 22 of the Right to Information Act, the respondent has contended that the Right to Information Act overrides not only the Official Secrets Act but also all other acts which ipso facto includes Indian Evidence Act, 1872, by virtue of which no public authority can claim to deny any   information on the ground that it happens to be a &ldquo;privileged? document under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The respondent has sought the disclosure of the information as same would be in larger public interest, as well as, it would ensure the effective functioning of a secular and democratic country and would also check non-performance of public duty by people holding responsible positions in the future.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;Therefore, the legal question at hand is whether there is a limit to the secrecy over information held with the State. Although national security remains an issue of paramount importance, the issue in the Rafale Deal controversy pertains to financial details rather than information about the specifics and defence-related attributes of the aircraft procured. Hence, it is plausible that the Right to Information Act will prevail over the Official Secrets Act in this case. Making information about the cost of the deal public, falls well within the constraints imposed by national security concerns, and is more to do with transparency of public expenditure, which at the end of the day belongs to the people of India.&lt;br&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;A Brief History of Defence Scams in India&rsquo;. News18. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fa-brief-history-of-defence-scams-in-india-590770.html%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR13ZmZG75O8eg7qn_JOBvh3f06MOeMsipjbiHjRq0PlFmxg8N68MyqncBk&amp;h=AT1FmcnMmWZVHN-AewRCa0COdKlycRJrCp8eNJDB_gSr_lbx6Zs_bIXJcs1kYwcSzoKJOOEXRvYHD7tFz2DKoMmikNYktG4giRFBIScEU_7FroYP6Qq6STcJWBxsJ_faye9q&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.news18.com/.../a-brief-history-of-defence...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Can Narendra Modi Be Convicted of Corruption for the Renegotiated Rafale Deal?&rsquo; The Wire. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Flaw%2Fnarendra-modi-rafale-deal-corruption%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1N6dIWVDz6ZHNL9LGugIR-Ox_c354r9OFgc_O99VQuCK9T2hTAyb3XbO0&amp;h=AT3HjBItCBjpQD5jZPf0-iS81g1y6lwoTaj9YBRbaZrvchHDPa8vhOo3VK7TopQ9Xa9hydd70BBQa9wZ6Oh3FV8rohlxo5VmiuqAYAkEze8oIwT_2KEXezvrZeECs011JG5_&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://thewire.in/law/narendra-modi-rafale-deal-corruption&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Dassault CEO&rsquo;s Interview Digs Bigger Hole for Modi Government on Rafale&rsquo;. The Wire. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fsecurity%2Fdassault-ceos-interview-digs-bigger-hole-for-modi-government-on-rafale%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1iLHnrXp9mnnjcve7NnYFgQZBq66oMDOLxQewPLkMEzZmRNMR_wI0Qwt8&amp;h=AT1IEjwV4tqg2rOXnDWAojAqizojwoRJZK-rQi6WKSmJtkLdmCh8VZPsRORVYNsVhoypiR5TQQufRUs0OCLs3SIvtkLkb1N4iQ1y39L0mz3b5T7LhfdR5h6Nya6uWUINHO9l&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://thewire.in/.../dassault-ceos-interview-digs...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Limits of &ldquo;Secrecy&rdquo;&rsquo;. Frontline. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fcover-story%2Flimits-of-secrecy%2Farticle6951323.ece%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR3Ehu7vAhUpavU7DqzXDUDkld6Dq9NijhVhuUbMKwlXNxbejyS0x0afvDQ&amp;h=AT1zx8a5wYg7O6-_RIW68HeyU9mZwsYxriv-Pnp3qerCufUU4aHCjEWBEMV7FjJiE5px7nKrOlwWDYYdhB-u-7cUPWMWWk1cUKPyVzhQQwCy0i6ZXyhESemdQiFRZ_aZsUrZ&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.frontline.in/.../limits-of.../article6951323.ece&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Official Secrets Act Versus Right to Information Act - General Knowledge Today&rsquo;. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Fgk%2Fofficial-secrets-act-versus-right-to-information-act%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2nhPjbAJGYhvt-k3kqm32PHKtv70oHk0b_bHMhkzWpXWGS-pek45-RHCo&amp;h=AT2qUDzoqGwh7-S6Q4mSKGRv-0DrI3NAF9rbObFeiwzqupyHvo56IKamQsVONXIeYcZzxbk4kEZ8XH3QBxN_12hK1cGWd8MdYIgVY-yTJtY5RbvUUfr0e_-7OiF-8Knl4Chg&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.gktoday.in/.../official-secrets-act-versus.../&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Official Secrets Act Versus Right to Information Act - General Knowledge Today&rsquo;. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Fgk%2Fofficial-secrets-act-versus-right-to-information-act%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR148L6xrmJ6bAd8Q5qJlcvPKH4HBfGNrkL0k2-hRvvlDF1A96g5QPEX0FY&amp;h=AT2qUDzoqGwh7-S6Q4mSKGRv-0DrI3NAF9rbObFeiwzqupyHvo56IKamQsVONXIeYcZzxbk4kEZ8XH3QBxN_12hK1cGWd8MdYIgVY-yTJtY5RbvUUfr0e_-7OiF-8Knl4Chg&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.gktoday.in/.../official-secrets-act-versus.../&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;SC Gives Centre 10 Days to File Affidavit Saying Price of Rafale Deal Cannot Be Shared&rsquo;. The Wire. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Flaw%2Fsc-gives-centre-10-days-to-file-affidavit-saying-price-of-rafale-deal-cannot-be-shared%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1Qb3TJVCL-j8YW-PZDrVmG7580zTaJffhYPbaJSfQgxRMU95aJwi2bbRY&amp;h=AT15Jg1l_OFmXZhMVfvV4dhYU0W_TcVZHh9EziOU8nukaYzYNlwh0eUap-6eM75oHVINF9C3wDp3ykuIlORXGk-jJmbOsozxS5cQz2CYdTNWQu3pZTtmklqfoW9S8QztSFPp&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://thewire.in/.../sc-gives-centre-10-days-to-file...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;SC Is Over-Reaching On Rafale: It Is Now Party To The Weakening Of Institutions&rsquo;. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://swarajyamag.com/politics/sc-is-over-reaching-on-rafale-it-is-now-party-to-the-weakening-of-institutions?fbclid=IwAR0hGwyOHreUoEijp2uG95_TYnCLPt5YabbPMJpkDcExcPtYpTfbutBkXqs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://swarajyamag.com/.../sc-is-over-reaching-on-rafale...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;Staff, Scroll. &lsquo;Rafale Jet Deal: Supreme Court Asks Centre for Pricing and Strategic Details&rsquo;. Text. Scroll.in. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://scroll.in/latest/900334/supreme-court-asks-centre-for-pricing-details-in-rafale-jet-deal?fbclid=IwAR22KyKvnIpKRFMfbJ7rWMarRrB15bpZJYDOf4MDY9fd23hF0HNMUJe0qJY&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://scroll.in/.../supreme-court-asks-centre-for...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Timeline of Bofors Scandal&rsquo;. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2FNDTV.com%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0slgQe-eBMl7z7518K_InG2NQeHg0jn4mkp3Y7FZqUZ87OLR17SkXa-Bc&amp;h=AT0_JCSyrQ4RngfiQDt5QlmNXel0vXB7YxUKoAfFokRVrp_RraTKuZbZWmdPqx2GW0B9H01nRDggHmgnhGc2eEXt97yO9J6fXgIy1dhOidoDCGMFEXK3bw5nzrH1Clp7FteE&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;NDTV.com.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Ftimeline-of-bofors-scandal-443872%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0U37GG-Y7TDbDu2ywda_pETEhBbZLR33Z8RvDr8OW6CTrNBQRCoCTbY_0&amp;h=AT3h4tkc9qdKKqDWJ7UnRYJ3wKovnGaU4owac7s1lwXyHHr74tOBy5QCkE9k4pS3LRc6lnyYxPlDQoa5ioYsYesLxNqBVglkSoE12S0t3q7hD8Oh7qgXhww0rAKhL0RjClMR&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.ndtv.com/.../timeline-of-bofors-scandal-443872&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;What Is Rafale Deal Controversy? All You Need To Know&rsquo;. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2FNDTV.com%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0JAaT6pjfhNzkUUG-EUBm2JeJv9yeNOqNrJ_cIWt9Sdjk4L2fMLuC2ve0&amp;h=AT0_JCSyrQ4RngfiQDt5QlmNXel0vXB7YxUKoAfFokRVrp_RraTKuZbZWmdPqx2GW0B9H01nRDggHmgnhGc2eEXt97yO9J6fXgIy1dhOidoDCGMFEXK3bw5nzrH1Clp7FteE&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;NDTV.com.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fwhat-is-rafale-deal-controversy-all-you-need-to-know-1810706%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR23uJP8zGz9VQ53Y1V_-7KFndbJ8a_9COGXRM0-AvPdoLN3umn80eUpoM4&amp;h=AT3-RLD0bMS_XFx8hChyZp-XZNlv9cMGyjs3NuaU3okK-w3B6aoJGHIMEJ67Qf3SUjWE2llACfvqz2DHl6QDpnshtXNcxL0tlSTl2DOz-0O9baWYV8f0m-oL07M14ukEusYO&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT1WlsPG4zFe8mP9JMwJYxJSdobvm_zhmOaY3UGBe6TIlmgvAYpm4rsD6ojbdKyIXPmQ4nfknbQ5zAWs4x-vsERgstc1Q5k6bTPrC8R4JPKNKjAgDe-117lDKq4pJJo2ACZpeOn2ZV5OOaqOayWdRnj-uuFtH_kVV8c&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.ndtv.com/.../what-is-rafale-deal-controversy...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;With Its Big Little Lies on Rafale, the Modi Govt Is Treading a Treacherous Path&rsquo;. The Wire. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://thewire.in/law/rafale-deal-modi-government-defence-procurement-law?fbclid=IwAR3H3AwWjPPeBSQ3V6m3ET8yubBJeODhJPg6GgMAREv28fx9nNvbgoSIFvU&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://thewire.in/.../rafale-deal-modi-government...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;Yashwant Sinha, Arun Shourie, Prashant Bhushan Move SC Seeking FIR in Rafale Deal&rsquo;. The Wire. Accessed 5 November 2018. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://thewire.in/law/yashwant-sinha-arun-shourie-prashant-bhushan-sc-fir-rafale-deal?fbclid=IwAR24AeYvDEJbpCOLm52-G9oiDXdtwSuiPAALpNaJydghSlR20X1UN-P7ZL0&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://thewire.in/.../yashwant-sinha-arun-shourie...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '2d2a0db6ce213ea24f824e3c5fb88aa9.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:21:45', '2020-12-23 03:05:03');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(36, 'KtoFvsKgUcuiYyIUtFpztCah8', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Dr. Ambedkar last speech in the Constituent Assembly on adoption of the Constitution 25 November 1949.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore', '&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. The Honourable Dr. B.R. Ambedkar : Sir, looking back on the work of the Constituent Assembly it will now be two years, eleven months and seventeen days since it first met on the 9th of December 1946. During this period the Constituent Assembly has altogether held eleven sessions. Out of these eleven sessions the first six were spent in passing the Objectives Resolution and the consideration of the Reports of Committees on Fundamental Rights, on Union Constitution, on Union Powers, on Provincial Constitution, on Minorities and on the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. The seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and the eleventh sessions were devoted to the consideration of the Draft Constitution. These eleven sessions of the Constituent Assembly have consumed 165 days. Out of these, the Assembly spent 114 days for the consideration of the Draft Constitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. Coming to the Drafting Committee, it was elected by the Constituent Assembly on 29th August 1947. It held its first meeting on 30th August. Since August 30th it sat for 141 days during which it was engaged in the preparation of the Draft Constitution. The Draft Constitution as prepared by the Constitutional Adviser as a text for the Draft Committee to work upon, consisted of 243 articles and 13 Schedules. The first Draft Constitution as presented by the Drafting Committee to the Constituent Assembly contained 315 articles and 8 Schedules. At the end of the consideration stage, the number of articles in the Draft Constitution increased to 386. In its final form, the Draft Constitution contains 395 articles and 8 Schedules. The total number of amendments to the Draft Constitution tabled was approximately 7,635. Of them, the total number of amendments actually moved in the House were 2,473.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3. I mention these facts because at one stage it was being said that the Assembly had taken too long a time to finish its work, that it was going on leisurely and wasting public money. It was said to be a case of Nero fiddling while Rome was burning. Is there any justification for this complaint? Let us note the time consumed by Constituent Assemblies in other countries appointed for framing their Constitutions. To take a few illustrations, the American Convention met on May 25th, 1787 and completed its work on September 17, 1787 i.e., within four months. The Constitutional Convention of Canada met on the 10th October 1864 and the Constitution was passed into law in March 1867 involving a period of two years and five months. The Australian Constitutional Convention assembled in March 1891 and the Constitution became law on the 9thJuly 1900, consuming a period of nine years. The South African Convention met in October, 1908 and the Constitution became law on the 20th September 1909 involving one year&#039;s labour. It is true that we have taken more time than what the American or South African Conventions did. But we have not taken more time than the Canadian Convention and much less than the Australian Convention. In making comparisons on the basis of time consumed, two things must be remembered. One is that the Constitutions of America, Canada, South Africa and Australia are much smaller than ours. Our Constitution as I said contains 395 articles while the American has just seven articles, the first four of which are divided into sections which total up to 21, the Canadian has 147, Australian 128 and South African 153 sections. The second thing to be remembered is that the makers of the Constitutions of America, Canada, Australia and South Africa did not have to face the problem of amendments. They were passed as moved. On the other hand, this Constituent Assembly had to deal with as many as 2,473 amendments. Having regard to these facts the charge of dilatoriness seems to me quite unfounded and this Assembly may well congratulate itself for having accomplished so formidable a task in so short a time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4. Turning to the quality of the work done by the Drafting Committee, Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed felt it his duty to condemn it outright. In his opinion, the work done by the Drafting Committee is not only not worthy of commendation, but is positively below par. Everybody has a right to have his opinion about the work done by the Drafting Committee and Mr. Naziruddin is welcome to have his own. Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed thinks he is a man of greater talents than any member of the Drafting Committee. The Drafting Committee would have welcomed him in their midst if the Assembly had thought him worthy of being appointed to it. If he had no place in the making of the Constitution it is certainly not the fault of the Drafting Committee.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5. Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed has coined a new name for the Drafting Committee evidently to show his contempt for it. He calls it a Drafting committee. Mr. Naziruddin must no doubt be pleased with his hit. But he evidently does not know that there is a difference between drift without mastery and drift with mastery. If the Drafting Committee was drifting, it was never without mastery over the situation. It was not merely angling with the off chance of catching a fish. It was searching in known waters to find the fish it was after. To be in search of something better is not the same as drifting. Although Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed did not mean it as a compliment to the Drafting committee. I take it as a compliment to the Drafting Committee. The Drafting Committee would have been guilty of gross dereliction of duty and of a false sense of dignity if it had not shown the honesty and the courage to withdraw the amendments which it thought faulty and substitute what it thought was better. If it is a mistake, I am glad the Drafting Committee did not fight shy of admitting such mistakes and coming forward to correct them.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6. I am glad to find that with the exception of a solitary member, there is a general consensus of appreciation from the members of the Constituent Assembly of the work done by the Drafting Committee. I am sure the Drafting Committee feels happy to find this spontaneous recognition of its labours expressed in such generous terms. As to the compliments that have been showered upon me both by the members of the Assembly as well as by my colleagues of the Drafting Committee I feel so overwhelmed that I cannot find adequate words to express fully my gratitude to them. I came into the Constituent Assembly with no greater aspiration than to safeguard the interests of he Scheduled Castes. I had not the remotest idea that I would be called upon to undertake more responsible functions. I was therefore greatly surprised when the Assembly elected me to the Drafting Committee. I was more than surprised when the Drafting Committee elected me to be its Chairman. There were in the Drafting Committee men bigger, better and more competent than myself such as my friend Sir Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar. I am grateful to the Constituent Assembly and the Drafting Committee for reposing in me so much trust and confidence and to have chosen me as their instrument and given me this opportunity of serving the country. (Cheers)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7. The credit that is given to me does not really belong to me. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau, the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft of the Constitution for the consideration of the Drafting Committee. A part of the credit must go to the members of the Drafting Committee who, as I have said, have sat for 141 days and without whose ingenuity of devise new formulae and capacity to tolerate and to accommodate different points of view, the task of framing the Constitution could not have come to so successful a conclusion. Much greater, share of the credit must go to Mr. S.N. Mukherjee, the Chief Draftsman of the Constitution. His ability to put the most intricate proposals in the simplest and clearest legal form can rarely be equalled, nor his capacity for hard work. He has been as acquisition tot he Assembly. Without his help, this Assembly would have taken many more years to finalise the Constitution. I must not omit to mention the members of the staff working under Mr. Mukherjee. For, I know how hard they have worked and how long they have toiled sometimes even beyond midnight. I want to thank them all for their effort and their co-operation.(Cheers)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8. The task of the Drafting Committee would have been a very difficult one if this Constituent Assembly has been merely a motley crowd, a tasseleted pavement without cement, a black stone here and a white stone there is which each member or each group was a law unto itself. There would have been nothing but chaos. This possibility of chaos was reduced to nil by the existence of the Congress Party inside the Assembly which brought into its proceedings a sense of order and discipline. It is because of the discipline of the Congress Party that the Drafting Committee was able to pilot the Constitution in the Assembly with the sure knowledge as to the fate of each article and each amendment. The Congress Party is, therefore, entitled to all the credit for the smooth sailing of the Draft Constitution in the Assembly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;9. The proceedings of this Constituent Assembly would have been very dull if all members had yielded to the rule of party discipline. Party discipline, in all its rigidity, would have converted this Assembly into a gathering of yes&#039; men. Fortunately, there were rebels. They were Mr. Kamath, Dr. P.S. Deshmukh, Mr. Sidhva, Prof. K.T. Shah and Pandit Hirday Nath Kunzru. The points they raised were mostly ideological. That I was not prepared to accept their suggestions, does not diminish the value of their suggestions nor lessen the service they have rendered to the Assembly in enlivening its proceedings. I am grateful to them. But for them, I would not have had the opportunity which I got for expounding the principles underlying the Constitution which was more important than the mere mechanical work of passing the Constitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;10. Finally, I must thank you Mr. President for the way in which you have conducted the proceedings of this Assembly. The courtesy and the consideration which you have shown to the Members of the Assembly can never be forgotten by those who have taken part in the proceedings of this Assembly. There were occasions when the amendments of the Drafting Committee were sought to be barred on grounds purely technical in their nature. Those were very anxious moments for me. I am, therefore, specially grateful to you for not permitting legalism to defeat the work of Constitution-making.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;11. As much defence as could be offered to the constitution has been offered by my friends Sir Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar and Mr.. &lt;span class=&quot;pq6dq46d tbxw36s4 knj5qynh kvgmc6g5 ditlmg2l oygrvhab nvdbi5me sf5mxxl7 gl3lb2sf hhz5lgdu&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 1px; height: 16px; width: 16px; display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;16&quot; width=&quot;16&quot; alt=&quot;????&quot; src=&quot;https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t40/1/16/1f62d.png&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Krishnamachari. I shall not therefore enter into the merits of the Constitution. Because I feel, however good a Constitution may be, it is sure to turn out bad because those who are called to work it, happen to be a bad lot. However had a Constitution may be, it may turn out to be good if those who are called to work it, happen to be a good lot. The working of a Constitution does not depend wholly upon the nature of the Constitution. The Constitution can provide only the organs of State such as the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The factors on which the working of those organs of the State depend are the people and the political parties they will set up as their instruments to carry out their wishes and their politics. Who can say how the people of India and their purposes or will they prefer revolutionary methods of achieving them? If they adopt the revolutionary methods, however good the Constitution may be, it requires no prophet to say that it will fail. It is, therefore, futile to pass any judgement upon the Constitution without reference to the part which the people and their parties are likely to play.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;12. The condemnation of the Constitution largely comes from two quarters, the Communist Party and the Socialist Party. Why do they condemn the Constitution? Is it because it is really a bad Constitution? I venture to say no&#039;. The Communist Party want a Constitution based upon the principle of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. They condemn the Constitution because it is based upon parliamentary democracy. The Socialists want two things. The first thing they want is that if they come in power, the Constitution must give them the freedom to nationalize or socialize all private property without payment of compensation. The second thing that the Socialists want is that the Fundamental Rights mentioned in the Constitution must be absolute and without any limitations so that if their Party fails to come into power, they would have the unfettered freedom not merely to criticize, but also to overthrow the State.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;13. These are the main grounds on which the Constitution is being condemned. I do not say that the principle of parliamentary democracy is the only ideal form of political democracy. I do not say that the principle of no acquisition of private property without compensation is so sacrosanct that there can be no departure from it. I do not say that Fundamental Rights can never be absolute and the limitations set upon them can never be lifted. What I do say is that the principles embodied in the Constitution are the views of the present generation or if you think this to be an over-statement, I say they are the views of the members of the Constituent Assembly. Why blame the Drafting Committee for embodying them in the Constitution? I say why blame even the Members of the Constituent Assembly? Jefferson, the great American statesman who played so great a part in the making of the American constitution, has expressed some very weighty views which makers of Constitution, can never afford to ignore. In one place he has said:- &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    &quot;We may consider each generation as a distinct nation, with a right, by the will of the majority, to bind themselves, but none to bind the succeeding generation, more than the inhabitants of another country.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    In another place, he has said :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    &quot;The idea that institutions established for the use of the national cannot be touched or modified, even to make them answer their end, because of rights gratuitously supposed in those employed to manage them in the trust for the public, may perhaps be a salutary provision against the abuses of a monarch, but is most absurd against the nation itself. Yet our lawyers and priests generally inculcate this doctrine, and suppose that preceding generations held the earth more freely than we do; had a right to impose laws on us, unalterable by ourselves, and that we, in the like manner, can make laws and impose burdens on future generations, which they will have no right to alter; in fine, that the earth belongs to the dead and not the living;&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;14. I admit that what Jefferson has said is not merely true, but is absolutely true. There can be no question about it. Had the Constituent Assembly departed from this principle laid down by Jefferson it would certainly be liable to blame, even to condemnation. But I ask, has it? Quite the contrary. One has only to examine the provision relating to the amendment of the Constitution. The Assembly has not only refrained from putting a seal of finality and infallibility upon this Constitution as in Canada or by making the amendment of the Constitution subject tot he fulfilment of extraordinary terms and conditions as in America or Australia, but has provided a most facile procedure for amending the Constitution. I challenge any of the critics of the Constitution to prove that any Constituent Assembly anywhere in the world has, in the circumstances in which this country finds itself, provided such a facile procedure for the amendment of the Constitution. If those who are dissatisfied with the Constitution have only to obtain a 2/3 majority and if they cannot obtain even a two-thirds majority in the parliament elected on adult franchise in their favour, their dissatisfaction with the Constitution cannot be deemed to be shared by the general public.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;15. There is only one point of constitutional import to which I propose to make a reference. A serious complaint is made on the ground that there is too much of centralization and that the States have been reduced to Municipalities. It is clear that this view is not only an exaggeration, but is also founded on a misunderstanding of what exactly the Constitution contrives to do. As to the relation between the Centre and the States, it is necessary to bear in mind the fundamental principle on which it rests. The basic principle of Federalism is that the Legislative and Executive authority is partitioned between the Centre and the States not by any law to be made by the Centre but by the Constitution itself. This is what Constitution does. The States under our Constitution are in no way dependent upon the Centre for their legislative or executive authority. The Centre and the States are co-equal in this matter. It is difficult to see how such a Constitution can be called centralism. It may be that the Constitution assigns to the Centre too large a field for the operation of its legislative and executive authority than is to be found in any other federal Constitution. It may be that the residuary powers are given to the Centre and not to the States. But these features do not form the essence of federalism. The chief mark of federalism as I said lies in the partition of the legislative and executive authority between the Centre and the Units by the Constitution. This is the principle embodied in our constitution. There can be no mistake about it. It is, therefore, wrong to say that the States have been placed under the Centre. Centre cannot by its own will alter the boundary of that partition. Nor can the Judiciary. For as has been well said:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    &quot;Courts may modify, they cannot replace. They can revise earlier interpretations as new arguments, new points of view are presented, they can shift the dividing line in marginal cases, but there are barriers they cannot pass, definite assignments of power they cannot reallocate. They can give a broadening construction of existing powers, but they cannot assign to one authority powers explicitly granted to another.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The first charge of centralization defeating federalism must therefore fall.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;16. The second charge is that the Centre has been given the power to override the States. This charge must be admitted. But before condemning the Constitution for containing such overriding powers, certain considerations must be borne in mind. The first is that these overriding powers do not form the normal feature of the constitution. Their use and operation are expressly confined to emergencies only. The second consideration is : Could we avoid giving overriding powers to the Centre when an emergency has arisen? Those who do not admit the justification for such overriding powers to the Centre even in an emergency, do not seem to have a clear idea of the problem which lies at the root of the matter. The problem is so clearly set out by a writer in that well-known magazine &quot;The Round Table&quot; in its issue of December 1935 that I offer no apology for quoting the following extract from it. Says the writer :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    &quot;Political systems are a complex of rights and duties resting ultimately on the question, to whom, or to what authority, does the citizen owe allegiance. In normal affairs the question is not present, for the law works smoothly, and a man, goes about his business obeying one authority in this set of matters and another authority in that. But in a moment of crisis, a conflict of claims may arise, and it is then apparent that ultimate allegiance cannot be divided. The issue of allegiance cannot be determined in the last resort by a juristic interpretation of statutes. The law must conform to the facts or so much the worse for the law. When all formalism is stripped away, the bare question is, what authority commands the residual loyalty of the citizen. Is it the Centre or the Constituent State ?&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;17. The solution of this problem depends upon one&#039;s answer to this question which is the crux of the problem. There can be no doubt that in the opinion of the vast majority of the people, the residual loyalty of the citizen in an emergency must be to the Centre and not to the Constituent States. For it is only the Centre which can work for a common end and for the general interests of the country as a whole. Herein lies the justification for giving to all Centre certain overriding powers to be used in an emergency. And after all what is the obligation imposed upon the Constituent States by these emergency powers? No more than this &ndash; that in an emergency, they should take into consideration alongside their own local interests, the opinions and interests of the nation as a whole. Only those who have not understood the problem, can complain against it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;18. Here I could have ended. But my mind is so full of the future of our country that I feel I ought to take this occasion to give expression to some of my reflections thereon. On 26th January 1950, India will be an independent country (Cheers). What would happen to her independence? Will she maintain her independence or will she lose it again? This is the first thought that comes to my mind. It is not that India was never an independent country. The point is that she once lost the independence she had. Will she lost it a second time? It is this thought which makes me most anxious for the future. What perturbs me greatly is the fact that not only India has once before lost her independence, but she lost it by the infidelity and treachery of some of her own people. In the invasion of Sind by Mahommed-Bin-Kasim, the military commanders of King Dahar accepted bribes from the agents of Mahommed-Bin-Kasim and refused to fight on the side of their King. It was Jaichand who invited Mahommed Gohri to invade India and fight against Prithvi Raj and promised him the help of himself and the Solanki Kings. When Shivaji was fighting for the liberation of Hindus, the other Maratha noblemen and the Rajput Kings were fighting the battle on the side of Moghul Emperors. When the British were trying to destroy the Sikh Rulers, Gulab Singh, their principal commander sat silent and did not help to save the Sikh Kingdom. In 1857, when a large part of India had declared a war of independence against the British, the Sikhs stood and watched the event as silent spectators.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;19. Will history repeat itself? It is this thought which fills me with anxiety. This anxiety is deepened by the realization of the fact that in addition to our old enemies in the form of castes and creeds we are going to have many political parties with diverse and opposing political creeds. Will Indian place the country above their creed or will they place creed above country? I do not know. But this much is certain that if the parties place creed above country, our independence will be put in jeopardy a second time and probably be lost for ever. This eventuality we must all resolutely guard against. We must be determined to defend our independence with the last drop of our blood.(Cheers)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;20. On the 26th of January 1950, India would be a democratic country in the sense that India from that day would have a government of the people, by the people and for the people. The same thought comes to my mind. What would happen to her democratic Constitution? Will she be able to maintain it or will she lost it again. This is the second thought that comes to my mind and makes me as anxious as the first.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;21. It is not that India did not know what is Democracy. There was a time when India was studded with republics, and even where there were monarchies, they were either elected or limited. They were never absolute. It is not that India did not know Parliaments or Parliamentary Procedure. A study of the Buddhist Bhikshu Sanghas discloses that not only there were Parliaments-for the Sanghas were nothing but Parliaments &ndash; but the Sanghas knew and observed all the rules of Parliamentary Procedure known to modern times. They had rules regarding seating arrangements, rules regarding Motions, Resolutions, Quorum, Whip, Counting of Votes, Voting by Ballot, Censure Motion, Regularization, Res Judicata, etc. Although these rules of Parliamentary Procedure were applied by the Buddha to the meetings of the Sanghas, he must have borrowed them from the rules of the Political Assemblies functioning in the country in his time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;22. This democratic system India lost. Will she lost it a second time? I do not know. But it is quite possible in a country like India &ndash; where democracy from its long disuse must be regarded as something quite new &ndash; there is danger of democracy giving place to dictatorship. It is quite possible for this new born democracy to retain its form but give place to dictatorship in fact. If there is a landslide, the danger of the second possibility becoming actuality is much greater.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;23. If we wish to maintain democracy not merely in form, but also in fact, what must we do? The first thing in my judgement we must do is to hold fast to constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic objectives. It means we must abandon the bloody methods of revolution. It means that we must abandon the method of civil disobedience, non-cooperation and satyagraha. When there was no way left for constitutional methods for achieving economic and social objectives, there was a great deal of justification for unconstitutional methods. But where constitutional methods are open, there can be no justification for these unconstitutional methods. These methods are nothing but the Grammar of Anarchy and the sooner they are abandoned, the better for us.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;24. The second thing we must do is to observe the caution which John Stuart Mill has given to all who are interested in the maintenance of democracy, namely, not &quot;to lay their liberties at the feet of even a great man, or to trust him with power which enable him to subvert their institutions&quot;. There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men who have rendered life-long services to the country. But there are limits to gratefulness. As has been well said by the Irish Patriot Daniel O&#039;Connel, no man can be grateful at the cost of his honour, no woman can be grateful at the cost of her chastity and no nation can be grateful at the cost of its liberty. This caution is far more necessary in the case of India than in the case of any other country. For in India, Bhakti or what may be called the path of devotion or hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country in the world. Bhakti in religion may be a road to the salvation of the soul. But in politics, Bhakti or hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and to eventual dictatorship.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;25. The third thing we must do is not to be content with mere political democracy. We must make our political democracy a social democracy as well. Political democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy. What does social democracy mean? It means a way of life which recognizes liberty, equality and fraternity as the principles of life. These principles of liberty, equality and fraternity as the principles of life. These principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are not to be treated as separate items in a trinity. They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy. Liberty cannot be divorced from equality, equality cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things. It would require a constable to enforce them. We must begin by acknowledging the fact that there is complete absence of two things in Indian Society. One of these is equality. On the social plane, we have in India a society based on the principle of graded inequality which we have a society in which there are some who have immense wealth as against many who live in abject poverty. On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter into a life of contradictions. In politics we will have equality and in social and economic life we will have inequality. In politics we will be recognizing the principle of one man one vote and one vote one value. In our social and economic life, we shall, by reason of our social and economic structure, continue to deny the principle of one man one value. How long shall we continue to live this life of contradictions? How long shall we continue to deny equality in our social and economic life? If we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only by putting our political democracy in peril. We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible moment or else those who suffer from inequality will blow up the structure of political democracy which is Assembly has to laboriously built up.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;26. The second thing we are wanting in is recognition of the principle of fraternity. what does fraternity mean? Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians-if Indians being one people. It is the principle which gives unity and solidarity to social life. It is a difficult thing to achieve. How difficult it is, can be realized from the story related by James Bryce in his volume on American Commonwealth about the United States of America.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    The story is- I propose to recount it in the words of Bryce himself- that-&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;    &quot;Some years ago the American Protestant Episcopal Church was occupied at its triennial Convention in revising its liturgy. It was thought desirable to introduce among the short sentence prayers a prayer for the whole people, and an eminent  New England divine proposed the words `O Lord, bless our nation&#039;. Accepted one afternoon, on the spur of the moment, the sentence was brought up next day for reconsideration, when so many objections were raised by the laity to the word nation&#039; as importing too definite a recognition of national unity, that it was dropped, and instead there were adopted the words `O Lord, bless these United States.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;27. There was so little solidarity in the U.S.A. at the time when this incident occurred that the people of America did not think that they were a nation. If the people of the United States could not feel that they were a nation, how difficult it is for Indians to think that they are a nation. I remember the days when politically-minded Indians, resented the expression &quot;the people of India&quot;. They preferred the expression &quot;the Indian nation.&quot; I am of opinion that in believing that we are a nation, we are cherishing a great delusion. How can people divided into several thousands of castes be a nation? The sooner we realize that we are not as yet a nation in the social and psychological sense of the world, the better for us. For then only we shall realize the necessity of becoming a nation and seriously think of ways and means of realizing the goal. The realization of this goal is going to be very difficult &ndash; far more difficult than it has been in the United States. The United States has no caste problem. In India there are castes. The castes are anti-national. In the first place because they bring about separation in social life. They are anti-national also because they generate jealousy and antipathy between caste and caste. But we must overcome all these difficulties if we wish to become a nation in reality. For fraternity can be a fact only when there is a nation. Without fraternity equality and liberty will be no deeper than coats of paint.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;28. These are my reflections about the tasks that lie ahead of us. They may not be very pleasant to some. But there can be no gainsaying that political power in this country has too long been the monopoly of a few and the many are only beasts of burden, but also beasts of prey. This monopoly has not merely deprived them of their chance of betterment, it has sapped them of what may be called the significance of life. These down-trodden classes are tired of being governed. They are impatient to govern themselves. This urge for self-realization in the down-trodden classes must no be allowed to devolve into a class struggle or class war. It would lead to a division of the House. That would indeed be a day of disaster. For, as has been well said by Abraham Lincoln, a House divided against itself cannot stand very long. Therefore the sooner room is made for the realization of their aspiration, the better for the few, the better for the country, the better for the maintenance for its independence and the better for the continuance of its democratic structure. This can only be done by the establishment of equality and fraternity in all spheres of life. That is why I have laid so much stresses on them.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;29. I do not wish to weary the House any further. Independence is no doubt a matter of joy. But let us not forget that this independence has thrown on us great responsibilities. By independence, we have lost the excuse of blaming the British for anything going wrong. If hereafter things go wrong, we will have nobody to blame except ourselves. There is great danger of things going wrong. Times are fast changing. People including our own are being moved by new ideologies. They are getting tired of Government by the people. They are prepared to have Governments for the people and are indifferent whether it is Government of the people and by the people. If we wish to preserve the Constitution in which we have sought to enshrine the principle of Government of the people, for the people and by the people, let us resolve not to be tardy in the recognition of the evils that lie across our path and which induce people to prefer Government for the people to Government by the people, nor to be weak in our initiative to remove them. That is the only way to serve the country. I know of no better.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Assembly then adjourned till Ten of the Clock on Saturday, the 26th November 1949. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Compiled by &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Daksha Legal &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;+919845065416&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'a73de646d48eab5b99e99ed5e68c9130.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:23:56', '2020-12-23 03:03:10');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(37, '79GMdjXoxNZByeoRF59QKqI8U', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Cow slaughter Legal position and the Legislation in India.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1.Article 48 Constitution of India which deals with organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry says that &ldquo;The State shall endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2.The first enactment pursuant to Article 48 appears to be Bombay Animal Preservation Act, 1948. This Act prohibited slaughter of animals which were useful for milch, breeding or agricultural purposes. This Act was substituted by the Bombay Animal Preservation Act of 1954. In 1994, certain amendments in Section 5 of the said Act were introduced by Section 2 of the Bombay Animal Preservation (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1994. After the amendment, the Section provided that no person shall slaughter or cause to be slaughtered any animal unless he has obtained in respect of such animal a certificate in writing from the competent authority appointed for the area that the animal is fit for slaughter. No certificate was to be granted if in the opinion of the competent authority the animal, whether male or female, is useful or likely to become useful for the purpose of draught or any kind of agricultural operations; the animal, if male, is useful or likely to become useful for the purpose of breeding; the animal, if female, is useful or likely to become useful for the purpose of giving milk or bearing offspring. However, the exemption was granted to the slaughter of any animal above the age of fifteen years for bona fide religious purposes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3.The Gujarat Legislature enacted the Bombay Animal Preservation (Gujarat Extension and Amendment) Act, 1961 (hereinafter, 1961 Act) whereby the Bombay Act was extended to the State of Gujarat. The Act came into force on 6 May 1961. The significant aspect was that no certificate was be granted in respect of a cow and even for religious purposes, cow was not allowed to be slaughtered. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4.The 1961 Act was amended in 1979 by Bombay Animal Preservation (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1979. The amendment, while retaining the ban on cow &amp; calf of a cow slaughter, provided that the Certificate could be granted in respect of a bull and bullock below the age of sixteen years. However, exemption was granted for the slaughter of any animal above the age of fifteen years other than cow, bull or bullock and bull &amp; bullock above the age of fifteen years for bonafide religious purposes. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5.It may be noted that the Madhya Pradesh CP and Berar Animal Preservation Act 1949 imposed a total ban on the slaughter of cows and female calf of a cow. The Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter Act, 1955 imposed a total ban on the slaughter of cows and her progeny which included bulls, bullocks, heifers and cows. Bihar Preservation and Improvement of Animals Act, 1956 imposed a total ban on the slaughter of all categories of animals belonging to the species of bovine cattle. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6.The constitutional validity of the above amendment and also the Acts mentioned in paragraph 5 was upheld by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in Haji Usmanbhai Hasanbhai Qureshi v. State of Gujarat (1986) 3 SCC 12. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7.It is interesting to note that in Haji Usmanbhai Hasanbhai Qureshi one of the grounds of attack was that the total ban offended the religion of the Muslims as the sacrifice of a cow on a particular day is enjoined or sanctioned by Islam. This argument was negative by the Supreme Court by the following beautiful exposition:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;It is part of the known history of India that the Moghul Emperor Babar saw the wisdom of prohibiting the slaughter of cows as and by way of religious sacrifice and directed his son Humayun to follow this example. Similarly, Emperors Akbar, Jehangir and Ahmad Shah, it is said, prohibited cow slaughter. Nawab Hyder Ali of Mysore made cow slaughter an offence punishable with the cutting of the hands of the offenders. Three of the members of the Gosamvardhan Enquiry Committee set up by the Uttar Pradesh Government in 1953 were Muslims and concurred in the unanimous recommendation for total ban on slaughter of cows. We have, however, no material on the record before us which will enable us to say, in the face of the foregoing facts, that the sacrifice of a cow on that day is an obligatory overt act for a Mussalman to exhibit his religious belief and idea. In the premises, it is not possible for us to uphold this claim of the petitioners.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8.The Bombay Animal Preservation (Gujarat Extension and Amendment) Act, 1961 Act was further amended in 1994 by Bombay Animal Preservation (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 1994. By this amendment a total ban even on the slaughter of bull and bullock of any age was imposed.  Thus there was a total ban on the slaughter of progeny of cow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;9.The statement of objects and reasons for the 1994 amendment makes an interesting reading and reads thus: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The existing provisions of the Bombay Animal Preservation Act, 1954 provides for prohibition against the slaughter of cow, calf of a cow, and the bulls and bullocks below the age of sixteen years. It is an established fact that the cow and her progeny sustain the health of the nation by giving them the life-giving milk which is so essential an item in a scientifically balanced diet. The economy of the State of Gujarat is still predominantly agricultural. In the agricultural sector, use of animals for milch, draught, breeding or agricultural purposes has great importance. It has, therefore, become necessary to emphasise preservation and protection of agricultural animals like bulls and bullocks. With the growing adoption of non-conventional energy sources like biogas plants, even waste material has come to assume considerable value. After the cattle cease to breed or are too old to do work, they still continue to give dung for fuel, manure and biogas, and therefore, they cannot be said to be useless. It is well established that the backbone of Indian agriculture is, in a manner of speaking, the cow and her progeny and have on their back, the whole structure of the Indian agriculture and its economic system.  In order to give effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles laid down in Articles 47, 48 and clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 of the Constitution, it was considered necessary also to impose total prohibition against slaughter of progeny of cow.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;10.The constitutional validity of this amendment imposing total ban on the slaughter of slaughter of progeny of cow was challenged before the Gujrath High Court and the High Court struck down the amendment. The matter reached the Supreme Court in State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamat, (2005) 8 SCC 534. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the Gujrath High Court and upheld the validity of the 1994 amendment imposing the total ban. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;11.The Supreme Court relied on its earlier decision in State of W.B. v. Ashutosh Lahiri (1995) 1 SCC 189 to the effect that sacrifice of any animal by Muslims for the religious purpose on BakrI&rsquo;d does not include slaughtering of cows as the only way of carrying out that sacrifice. Slaughtering of cows on BakrI&rsquo;d is neither essential to nor necessarily required as part of the religious ceremony. The Court observed that an optional religious practice is not covered by Article 25(1) and that the cow and its progeny i.e. bull, bullocks and calves are worshipped by Hindus on specified days during Diwali and other festivals like Makar Sankranti and Gopashtmi. A good number of temples are to be found where the statue of &ldquo;Nandi&rdquo; or &ldquo;Bull&rdquo; is regularly worshipped. However, the Court did not delve further into the religious angle since none of the parries tried to build any argument either in defence or in opposition by placing reliance on religion or Article 25 of the Constitution.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;12.In the course of its judgment, the Supreme Court observed that no doubt, a cow ceases to be &ldquo;milch&rdquo; after attaining a particular age. Yet, the cow has been held to be entitled to protection against slaughter without regard to the fact that it has ceased to be &ldquo;milch&rdquo;. This constitutional position is well settled. So is the case with calves. Calves have been held entitled to protection against slaughter without regard to their age and though they are not yet fit to be employed as &ldquo;draught cattle&rdquo;. Following the same construction of the expression, it can be said that the words &ldquo;calves and other milch and draught cattle&rdquo; have also been used as a matter of description of a species and not with regard to age. Thus, &ldquo;milch and draught&rdquo; used as adjectives simply enable the classification or description of cattle by their quality, whether they belong to that species. This classification is with respect to the inherent qualities of the cattle to perform a particular type of function and is not dependant on their remaining functional for those purposes by virtue of the age of the animal. &ldquo;Milch and draught cattle&rdquo; is an expression employed in Article 48 of the Constitution so as to distinguish such cattle from other cattle which are neither milch nor draught.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;13.See the following exposition of the Court. It is estimated that a bull or bullock at every stage of life supplies 3500 kg of dung and 2000 litres of urine and whereas this quantity of dung can supply 5000 cubic feet of biogas, 80 MT of organic fertiliser, the urine can supply 2000 litres of pesticides and the use of these products in farming increases the yield very substantially. The value of the above contribution can be placed at Rs 20,000 per year to the owner. Production of various agricultural crops removes plant nutrients from the soil, they must be replenished with manures to maintain and improve fertility of the soil. There are two types of manures. The importance of organic manure as a source of humus and plant nutrients to increase the fertility level of soils has been well recognised. The organic matter content of cultivated soils of the tropics and sub-tropics is comparatively low due to high temperature and intense microbial activity. The crops remove annually large quantity of plant nutrients from soil. Moreover, Indian soils are poor in organic matter and in major plant nutrients. Therefore, soil humus has to be replenished through periodic addition of organic manure for maintaining soil productivity. Animals are the source of free availability of farmyard manure, which has all the three elements i.e. nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, needed in fertiliser and at the same time which preserve and enrich the fertility of the soil. In paucity of dung availability, the farmers have to depend upon chemical fertilisers. Investment in chemical fertilisers imposes heavy burden upon the economy. If there is availability of alternate source of organic manure from animals, it is required to be promoted. The recent scenario of ultramodern technology of super ovulation, embryo transfer and cloning technique will be of very much use to propagate further even from the incapable or even old animals which are not capable of working or reproducing. These animals on a large scale can be used for research programmes as well as for production of non-conventional energy sources such as biogas and natural fertilizers. At present, there are 19,362 biogas plants installed in the State during 1995-97. On an average, each adult cattle produces 4.00 kg of dung per day. Out of the total cattle strength of (1992 census) 67,85,865 the estimated dung produced is 99,07,363 tonnes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;14.On the argument of the butchers the court observed that they are doing their business since generations, but they are not doing only the slaughter of cow class of animals. They slaughter and trade the meat of other animals like buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs and even poultry. Beef (meat of cattle) contributes only 1.3% of the total meat groups. Proportion of demand for beef is less in the context of demand for pig, mutton and poultry meat. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;15.Shri D.P. Amin, Joint Director of Animal Husbandry, Gujarat State, filed an affidavit before the Supreme Court explaining the following. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;India is predominantly an agrarian society with nearly 3/4th of her population living in seven lakh rural hamlets and villages, possesses small fragmentary holdings (54.6% below 1 hectare 18% with 1-2 hectares). Draught/pack animal contributes more than 5 crore horsepower (HP) or 33,000 megawatt electric power and shares for/in 68% of agricultural operations, transport and other draught operations. In addition to draft power, 100 million tonnes dung per year improves the soil health and is also used as raw material for biogas plant. The dung is very valuable. An old bullock gives 5 tonnes of dung and 343 pounds of urine in a year which can help in the manufacture of 20 cartloads of composed manure. This would be sufficient for manure need of 4 acres of land for crop production. The right to life is a fundamental right and it can be basically protected only with proper food and feeding and cheap and nutritious foodgrains required for feeding can be grown with the help of dung. Thus the most fundamental thing to the fundamental right of living for the human being is bovine dung. (Reference Report of National Commission on Cattle, Vol. III, pp. 1063-64). The dung cake as well as meat of bullock are both commercial commodities. If one bullock is slaughtered for its meat (slaughtering activity) can sustain the butchers&rsquo; trade for only a day. For the next day&rsquo;s trade another bullock is to be slaughtered. But if the bullock is not slaughtered, about 5000-6000 dung cakes can be made out of its dung per year, and by the sale of such dung cake one person can be sustained for the whole year. If a bullock survives even for five years after becoming otherwise useless it can provide employment to a person for five years whereas to a butcher, bullock can provide employment only for a day or two. Even utility of urine has a great role in the field of pharmaceuticals as well as in the manufacturing of pesticides. The Goseva Ayog, Government of Gujarat had commissioned study for &ldquo;Testing insecticide properties of cow urine against various insect pests&rdquo;. The study was carried out by Dr. G.M. Patel, Principal Investigator, Department of Entomology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardar Krishi Nagar, Gujarat. The study has established that insecticide formulations prepared using cow urine emerged as the most reliable treatment for their effectiveness against sucking pest of cotton. The conclusion of the study is that dung and urine of even aged bullocks are also useful and have played a major effective role in the Indian economy.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conclusion: Considering the cow-slaughter issue purely from the religious angle is doing complete injustice to the economic issues. The studies have shown the importance of the cattle for the agrarian activities and the overall grown of the farming sector. The focus of the present generation shall be free from the shackles of religious, parochial and fundamentalism. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Legislation in India. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ANDHRA PRADESHTHE ANDHRA PRADESH PROHIBITION OF COW SLAUGHTER AND ANIMAL PRESERVATION ACT, 1977. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Cow&rdquo;- includes heifer, or a calf, whether male or female of a cow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Calf&rdquo;- age not defined.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of &ldquo;Cow&rdquo; prohibited&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bull, bullock allowed on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate, to be given only if the animal is not economical or is not likely to become economical for the purpose of breeding or draught/agricultural operations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Penal provisions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences: cognisable&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE ASSAM CATTLE PRESERVATION ACT, 1950&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo; Cattle&rdquo; means `Bulls, bullocks, cows, calves, male and female buffaloes and buffalo calves.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Calf&rdquo; not defined.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of all cattle allowedon &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate, to be given if cattle is over 14 years of age or has become permanently incapacitated for work or breeding due to injury, deformity or any incurable disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Penal provisions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offence:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cognisable only&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE BIHAR PRESERVATION AND IIMPROVEMENT OF ANIMALS ACT, 1955&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bull &ndash; uncastrated male of above 3 years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bullock - castrated male of above 3 years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Calf - male or female below 3 years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cow - female above 3 years.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow and calf totally prohibited&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bull or bullock of over 15 years of age or has become permanently incapacitated for work or breeding due to injury, deformity or any incurable disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offence:Cognisable only&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Export of cows, calves, bulls and bullocks from Bihar is not allowed for any purpose.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE GOA , DAMAN &amp; DIU PREVENTION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1978&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cow includes cow, heifer or calf.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Age of calf not defined.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Total ban on slaughter of cow except when cow is suffering pain or contagious disease or for medical research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Prohibition of sale of beef or beef products in any form.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to 2 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Both cognisable and non-bailable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE GOA ANIMAL PRESERVATION ACT, 1995 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Applicable to bulls, bullocks, male calves and buffaloes of all ages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;All the animals can be slaughtered on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate which is not given if the animal is likely to become economical for draught, breeding or milk (for she/buffaloes) purposes&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Prohibition of sale of beef obtained in contravention of above provisions, except beef imported from other States.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE DELHI AGRICULTURAL CATTLE PRESERVATION ACT, 1994&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Agricultural Cattle- cows of all ages, calves of cows of all ages, bulls and bullocks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of all agricultural cattle is totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Transport or Export for slaughter is also prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Export for other purposes permitted on declaration that cattle will not be slaughtered. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Export to a State where slaughter is not banned by law will not be permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment upto five years and fine upto  Rs. 10,000, provided that normally imprisonment should not be less than 6 months and fine not less than Rs 1,000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Burden of proof is on the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Both cognisable and non-bailable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE BOMBAY ANIMAL PRESERVATION ACT, 1954 (APPLIED TO GUJARAT )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Applicable to bulls, bullocks, cows, calves and male/female buffalo calves.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow, calf, bull or bullock totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of buffaloes permitted on certain conditions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE PUNJAB PROHIBITION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1955 (APPLICABLE TO HARYANA)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE PUNJAB PROHIBITION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1955&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;(APPLICABLE TO THE STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;JAMMU &amp; KASHMIR - THE RANBIR PENAL CODE, 1932&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Voluntary slaughter of any bovine animal such as ox, bull, cow or calf shall be punished with imprisonment of either description which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Fine may extend to five times the price of the animals slaughtered as determined by the Court.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Possession of flesh of killed or slaughtered animals is also an offence punishable with imprisonment up to 1 year and fine up to Rs 500.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE KARNATAKA PREVENTION OF COW SLAUGHTER AND CATTLE PRESERVATION ACT, 1964&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Animal - means bull, bullock, and all buffaloes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cow &ndash; includes calf of a cow, male or female.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow, calf of a cow or calf of a she-buffalo totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bulls, bullocks and adult buffaloes permitted on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate provided cattle is over 12 years of age or is permanently incapacitated for breeding, draught or milk due to injury, deformity or any other cause.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Transport for slaughter to a place outside a state not permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Sale purchase or disposal of cow or calf for slaughter not permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months or fine of up to Rs1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Kerala Panchayat (Slaughter Houses and Meat Stalls) Rules, 1964&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Panchayat laws provide for prohibition of slaughter of useful animals in Panchayat (non-municipal) areas in the State. Under the Kerala Panchayat (Slaughter Houses and Meat Stalls) Rules, 1964, no certificate shall be granted under Rule 8 in respect of a bull, bullock, cow calf, he-buffalo or she-buffalo or buffalo calf unless the animal is over 10 years of age and is unfit for work or breeding or the animal has become permanently incapacitated for work or breeding due to injury or deformity. In 1976, the Kerala Government issued an executive order banning the slaughter of useful animals in the Municipal areas as well.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE MADHYA PRADESH AGRICULTURAL CATTLE PRESERVATION ACT, 1959.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Agricultural cattle means cows of all ages, calves of cows, bull, bullocks and all buffaloes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow, calf of cow, bull, bullock and buffalo calf prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;However, bulls and bullocks are being slaughtered in the light of Supreme Court judgement, provided the cattle is over 15 years or has become unfit for work or breeding.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Transport or export for slaughter not permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Export for any purpose to another State where cow slaughter is not banned by law is not permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Sale , purchase, disposal of cow and its progeny and possession of flesh of cattle is prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to 3 years and  fine of Rs.5,000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Normally imprisonment shall not be less than 6 months and fine not less than Rs 1,000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Burden of proof is on the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE MAHARASHTRA ANIMAL PRESERVATION ACT, 1976&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Cow&rsquo; includes a heifer or male or female calf of a cow.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; Slaughter of cow totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bulls, bullocks and buffaloes allowed on fit-for-slaughter certificate, if it is not likely to become economical for draught, breeding or milk (in the case of she-buffaloes) purposes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months and fine of up to Rs1,000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Burden of proof is on the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;MANIPUR- PROCLAMATION BY MAHARAJA - DARBAR RESOLUTION OF 1936&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;According to Hindu religion the killing of cow is a sinful act.  It is also against Manipur Custom.  I cannot allowed such things to be committed in my State.  So if any one is seen killing a cow in the State he should be prosecuted.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;MEGHALAYA- No legislation&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Nagland &ndash; No legislation &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE ORISSA PREVENTION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1960&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bull, bullock on fit-for-slaughter certificate if cattle is over 14 years of age or has become permanently unfit for breeding, draught.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 2 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE PONDICHERRY PREVENTION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1968&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Cow&rsquo; includes heifer or calf.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bull or bullock permitted on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate provided it is over age of 15 years or has become permanently unfit for breeding or draught.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Prohibition on sale, transport of beef.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 2 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cognisable and non-bailable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE PUNJAB PROHIBITION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1955&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Cow&rdquo; includes bull, bullock, ox, heifer or calf.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; Slaughter of cow (and its progeny) totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Export for slaughter not permitted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Sale of beef prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 2 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Burden of proof is on the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable and non-bailable&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE RAJASTHAN BOVINE ANIMAL (PROHIBITION OF SLAUGHTER AND REGULATION OF TEMPORARY MIGRATION OR EXPORT) ACT, 1995.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Bovine&rsquo; - means and includes cow, calf, heifer, bull or bullocks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Bull&rsquo; - means uncastrated male above 3 years&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Bullock&rsquo; - means castrated male above 3 years&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Calf&rsquo; - means castrated or uncastrated male of 3 years and below.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Cow&rsquo; - means female above 3 years; &lsquo;Heifer&rsquo; is female of 3 years or below. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of all bovine animals prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Possession sale, transport of beef and beef products is prohibited.  Export of bovine animal for slaughter is prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Custody of seized animals to be given to any recognized voluntary animal welfare agency failing which to any Goshala, Gosadan or a suitable person who volunteers to maintain the animal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Rigorous imprisonment of not less than 1 year and up to maximum of 2 years and fine up to Rs 10,000. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Burden of proof is on the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE TAMIL NADU ANIMAL PRESERVATION ACT, 1958&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Animal&rsquo; means bulls, bullocks, cows, calves; also, buffaloes of all ages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;All Animals can be slaughtered on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Certificate given if animal is over 10 years of age and is unfit for work and breeding or has become permanently incapacitated for work and breeding due to injury deformity or any incurable disease.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Penal Provisions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment of up to 3 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE UTTAR PRADESH PREVENTION OF COW SLAUGHTER ACT, 1955.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Beef&rsquo; means flesh of cow and of such bull or bullock whose slaughter is prohibited under the Act, but does not include such flesh contained in sealed containers and imported into U.P.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Cow&rsquo; includes a heifer and calf. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of cow totally prohibited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of bull or bullock permitted on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate provided it is over the age of 15 years or has become permanently unfit for breeding, draught and any agricultural operations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Transport of cow outside the State not permitted for slaughter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Prohibition on sale of beef. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Penalty provisions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Rigorous imprisonment up to 2 years or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;THE WEST BENGAL ANIMAL SLAUGHTER ACT, 1950&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;bullocks, cows calves and buffaloes of all types/ages. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ban on Slaughter :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Slaughter of all animalspermitted on &lsquo;fit-for-slaughter&rsquo; certificate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Certificate given if animal is over 14 years of age and unfit for work or breeding or has become permanently incapacitated for work and breeding due to age, injury, deformity, or any incurable disease. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Penal provisions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment up to maximum of 6 months   or fine up to Rs 1,000 or both.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Offences Cognisable only.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;S. BASAVARAJ,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Daksha Legal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Advocates&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Unit No.1, 2nd floor, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;No.11, Jeevan Buildings (new block)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Kumara Park East,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Bangalore 560001&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ph: +91 080 41138502 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Cel: 9845065416&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;email: raj@dakshalegal.com&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'a6bbcb63015c29a4108ff19bd7cc6e64.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:29:27', '2020-12-23 03:01:43');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(39, 'cjSBOM8Wfo9oFVQhX9Yah3QL1', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'SOCIAL SECURITY IN UNORGANISED SECTOR.  Mr. Vishnu Vinayak C.R ', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;By Mr. Vishnu Vinayak C.R, 3 year LLB, Seshadripuram Law College.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Ofttimes, individuals cannot be identified by a universal definition, but can be described in a very eccentric method. These people incapable of entering the mainstream employment or organised sector due to assorted factors such as illiteracy, ignorance, establishing small size establishments which cannot be fed with sufficient capital, etc. It is estimated that three-fourth of the world population suffers from poverty, absolute insecurity in their jobs, illiteracy, and unemployment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Security, as the name itself suggests, is a protection given by the State or certain members of the society to its people. Contingencies are inevitable in life. If people fail have a proper social security, then they will be feeble when they face adversaries. In order to avoid this situation, social security has become an important facet of every individual&rsquo;s life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;What is an Unorganised Sector?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Whenever an enterprise is owned by individuals/ workers who are less than ten in number and who are engaged in the production of goods or providing services in any sector, then such sector can be called as an unorganised sector. A sector can be called as unorganised/informal when the Government has made no rules and regulations to govern a sector. Entry into such sectors are not restricted at all and similarly, there exists no security with respect to employment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Definition by Kenneth King- &ldquo;Their unorganisedity derives from their being unrecognised in government employment statistics and operating in the main act of the make shift shelters on urban waste lands, roadsides and forest fringes.&rdquo; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector provides definition of unorganised sector as: &ldquo;The unorganised sector consists of all unincorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale and production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis with less than ten total workers&rdquo;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Hawkers, street vendors, fishermen, cobblers, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters, building construction workers, sweepers, and scavengers, etc. are few of the many individuals who work in unorganised sectors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Origin&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Historically, people used to confide in their families, tribes, communities and certain authorities such as kings, lords, and church for their social security. After the industrialization era swept in, the concept of social security has changed throughout the world. The modern concept of social security dates back to the 19th century in Europe. But it was only after the World War II, that social security augmented. The Communist government was established and had a radically different economic and political ideologies. Most of the assets were in State&rsquo;s control. After the fall of the Communist Governments in Europe, there was a huge transition in the political and economic ideologies which also had a gigantic impact on the system of social security. Slowly the concept of welfare state crept in and the world started giving importance to the reduction / elimination of poverty and inequality. One such example is the implementation of United States Social Security Act, 1935.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Security (Informal Sectors) in Developed Nations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The social security can be categorised into two:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. Social Insurance&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. Social Assistance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Insurance refers to the contributory and sometimes mandatory programmes that cover the workers in the formal/informal sector and their dependants. The cover is given against major adversaries such as health issues, old age, and unemployment. Beneficiaries are required to contribute specified wages to receive the benefit of these insurances. Social insurance primarily focuses on the formal sector. However, in developed countries, the informal sector is also covered to a certain extent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Assistance is a non-contributory and voluntary programme that focusses on covering the risks of people working in the informal sector. Technically, the beneficiaries in this sector receive help and not cover against the risks. A cover for a risk is given only in case of an insurance wherein the beneficiary contributes to be protected by contingencies. The objective of social assistance is to relieve poverty.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The social security in developed countries progressed rapidly post World War II. Social security systems in developed economies are dynamic, complex and huge, ranging from approximately 15% of GDP in the United States to almost 30% of GDP in Sweden. Countries such as U.K., Germany, and France fall under the category of &lsquo;High Spending Nations&rsquo; for social assistance whereas Ireland, Australia, Canada, Japan, and U.S.A fall under &lsquo;Medium Spending Nations&rsquo;. Singapore, Hong Kong, China and South Korea are rapidly developing economies and are equalling the developed nations. In heavily insured and assisted countries, poverty has reduced to approximately 70%, whereas in the United States it has reduced by 28%. In European countries, poverty is reduced by 40%. Belgium currently holds the highest rate of poverty reduction (74%). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Security (Unorganised Sectors) in Developing Nations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The social security system in most of the developing nations is very diverse as there is a huge variation in the economic, social and political setup. The colonial authorities were the first to introduce social security in many of the Asian and African countries.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;A number of developing nations claim to have developed a comprehensive scheme for the general population, which lays great emphasis on the informal sector. Almost 13 countries in Africa claim to provide social security to people in the unorganised sector. Similarly, several Asian and Latin American countries claim to provide social health insurance schemes.  An organisation called the &lsquo;Instituto Politecnico Tomas Katari (IPTK)&rsquo; is providing health insurance scheme to the informal sector workers from 1996 in Bolivia.  Mexico has formulated a scheme wherein workers in the informal sector get to access health insurance protection in exchange for a nominal annual fee. Tanzania has also started a micro health insurance scheme for its people in informal sectors. In India, numerous organisations are working to cover and protect the workers in informal sectors. Similar scenario exists even in Bangladesh, Philippines, and Sri Lanka.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The preeminence till date is only on sickness benefits. The other benefits such as social insurance pension, disability insurance is still a myth in developing countries. Unemployment is still a plague which needs to be eradicated, but no social assistance exists. There are instances wherein India has given a social assistance with respect to unemployment such as the &lsquo;Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme&rsquo;, but the implementation is extremely poor.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Micro-financial institutions have been playing a dominant role in trying to cover and protect the informal sector within their limited expenditure. However, in all these years the States have not actively participated in protecting the informal sector through legislations or funding. The micro financing institutions are bound by their own limitations. In such circumstances, the informal sector is still gloomy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Social Security (Unorganised Sector) in India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Constitution of India in its Directive Principles of State Policy state- &ldquo;State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.&rdquo;  The Centre, as well as the States, shall have the power to frame relevant legislations, schemes/programmes and establish funds as the relevant item- &ldquo;Social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment&rdquo;   is listed in the Concurrent list.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector (NCEUS) estimates that approximately 90% of the workforce are present in the informal sector. It also estimated that to cover the entire informal sector, the Central Government needs to shell out around 20,500 crores whereas the State Governments are to contribute around 4,100 crores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Since the majority of our country&rsquo;s population lie under the informal sector, there is a constant thought process involved in trying to bring in new effective mechanisms or improve the existing ones to reduce the rate of unemployment, poverty and other social contingencies that exist in the unorganised sector. Post economic liberalization in 1991, the Central Government is constantly attempting to cover the informal sector under social insurance. The second approach taken by the Governments is by establishing social security funds.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Though insurance is an old and expeditiously growing market, the insurance companies including the state-owned companies are not targeting the informal sector. Many times, the insurance companies were unwilling to participate in the social insurance schemes. The General Insurance Corporation (GIC), once gave a statement in the media, &ldquo;this section of society (the economically poor), is not much attracted to the concept of insurance which has its base the element of probability. The weaker section looks forward to immediate benefits and does not depend on deferred ones.&rdquo; After the formation of new Government at the Centre in 2014, the Prime Minister announced two social insurance schemes- Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana wherein the beneficiaries have to contribute a very nominal amount but the benefit they would earn would be huge in case of happening of specified event/s. These schemes were introduced to cover the people in the unorganised sector and were a huge success.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The National Social Assistance Programme covers (i) National Old Age Pension Schemes, (ii) National Family benefits schemes, (iii) National Family benefits scheme and (iv) National Maternity Benefit Scheme. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) provides employment opportunities in rural areas. There are also rural schemes such as the Indira Gramin Awas Yojana and Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana. The Central Government launched the Krishi Sharmil Samajik Suraksha Yojna to cover approximately ten lakh agricultural workers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Ministry of Labour has framed various legislations such as: The Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Rules, 1984, The Cine Workers&rsquo; Welfare Fund Act, 1981, The Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines &amp; Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976, The Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976, The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946 and has thereby established welfare funds for Bidi-workers, limestone&rsquo;s, and dolomite mineworkers, iron ore; chrome ore and manganese ore mine workers, mica mine workers and cine workers. People working in Posts and Telegraph, Ports and Dockyards also have special welfare funds. The State Governments have also passed various legislations and have established funds depending on the type of informal sector present in their states. The local authorities such as the Municipal Corporations, Panchayats are delegated with the power to make relevant provisions for the benefit of the workers working in their jurisdiction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role in safeguarding the people in the unorganised sector. It is estimated that around one lakh households are covered by various NGOs throughout the country. NGOs have till now largely focussed on providing health related support. The next in line would be disability reliefs and then maternity benefits. However, in the recent years, the Governments are trying to strictly monitor the NGOs due to suspected money laundering activities but it cannot be negated that genuine NGOs contribute significantly to protect the people in informal sector voluntarily.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Unorganized Workers&rsquo; Social Security Act, 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Government of India&rsquo;s decision to pass the legislation was a giant leap in the social security system for the unorganised sector. The Central Government can formulate welfare schemes for the unorganised workers on matters relating to:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;a) Life and disability cover;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;b) Health and maternity benefits;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;c) Old age protection;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;d) Provident fund;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;e) Employment injury benefit;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;f) Housing;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;g) Educational schemes for children;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;h) Any other protection as deemed necessary by the Central Government. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Any scheme notified by the Central Government may be completely funded by the Central Government or partly by the Centre and State Governments or partly by the Centre, State, and the beneficiaries or the employers in unorganised sectors.  By virtue of this Act, the Central Government and the State Government can establish a Board known as the National Social Security Board and [Name of State] Social Security Board respectively to perform the functions stated in the Act and Rules. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Every worker in the unorganised sector will be eligible to register and obtain benefits under this Act provided he/ she has completed fourteen years of age and he/she gives a self-declaration that he/she is an unorganised worker.  Schedule I of the Act contains a list of social security schemes for the unorganised sector whereas Schedule II contains a list of legislations which can be extended to the unorganised sector.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Constraints in Developing Countries&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Developing countries face a large-scale setback when it comes to implementation of social assistance programmes to the unorganised sector. Whenever a scheme is developed, the State cannot depend on partial contributions given by the beneficiaries since the majority are unemployed and poverty stricken. The situation in India is comparatively better than African countries and other South Asian Countries. However, every developing nation faces certain other constraints such as:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. Fiscal Constraints&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The developed countries largely depend on their taxing regime to support social insurance and social assistance schemes. Their GDP is much higher compared to the developing nations. Also, the taxing is much higher in many developed countries which help in accumulating sufficient funds for the social security programmes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Some of the major problems faced by people in developing nations are unemployment and poverty. In such circumstances, there is no minimum income which people in the unorganised sector are earning for them to pay taxes to the Government. Also, the taxing percentage is much lower compared to developed countries. The GDPs are yet to improve to a great extent in developing countries for the Governments to finance the social security mechanisms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. Political and Administrative Issues&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Most of the developing countries have a cash dominated economy wherein the record keeping is very difficult for the Governments. Black money is another major issue that the developing countries are dealing with. Even if a social security programme is introduced, it suffers from corruption and misuse by the non-poor. The implementation is not effectively designed and therefore, it fails to reach the grass root level.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Concluding Thoughts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;It is undisputable that the developed nations are way ahead with respect to the formulation and implementation of social security programmes for the unorganised sector. The developing nations are the ones who are yet suffering from problems such as tax evasion, money launderings, oppression by the powerful and inadequate financial institutions to serve the social security segment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;However, it is high time for the developing nations, especially a country like India, which has aspirations to attain the status of &lsquo;super power&rsquo; and &lsquo;developed nation&rsquo; to move towards a universal social security mechanism. As stated earlier, many developing nations depend on general taxes to finance the social security segment. To achieve higher tax income, the problem of tax evasion should be eliminated. Also, general taxing is bound by political discussions and differences. In India, it is a nightmare where 29 states have their respective State Governments and in matters of social security, the State Governments largely depend on the Central Government to finance the schemes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The objective of any social security scheme for the unorganised sector should not merely be to shield the people in the informal sector. The larger objective should be to eradicate poverty and unemployment so that the beneficiaries can significantly contribute to the social security schemes and enjoy its benefits. The developing nations need a transformation of their economy, thereby increasing their GDP which automatically facilitates a higher percentage of public spending on social security. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;In bringing out this article, I have read through and utilized the contents of the following. However, the language and expression used in the article is solely mine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. Ministry of Labour, Government of India available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.nic.in%2Flabour-welfare%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2tlwyj-wxFqXYQMgE-pU0VkLaCD6IkbS51QIl1DORuS7co_Tx19YvP3sY&amp;h=AT3nYndNABoV034jjGs2K66pnxyCk3xoavMCl7yYOOCaKHogdJJRf6SkW4iQodnlYgzHSaNgP2hvp3n0_mrp9YoaH2QGCmZknyGTdgbNDHDZbjhWCcXPpswv46iJEqqv-0vJ&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT0vNZFU2fDT7hMirxwwonFcv62rAmPFUOf2iM2crHF4WT2km18WU9mJyMqlm5MgO2rtz6WSmmccL62AFRvKcP2wAoibBgip0MrJlvshxwYnShzQtPbHhuKGFUVkZSrEQK_MbnCH-AuvriHQq0KAO6115zL34r8wmiE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://www.labour.nic.in/labour-welfare&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector, (Ministry of Small Scale Industries, Government of India) available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nceuis.nic.in%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2esELZaZ2DyMECX-WOfOTEVFEFhWwHfy7eYd7xz5QnoNkLQ_ELNzV0_IQ&amp;h=AT2HJpKtJAHTxw_Aw65GNL1DNWrz7GyvkXn3QYnhVysDBCiuBYWMyAEOrMkawt0t3NQL1rNDgnj9exHwOFd4rQDmUjYHa7dK2H4ofuJsydRVD0xJuIzG93_28T8y0WgV-pIP&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT0vNZFU2fDT7hMirxwwonFcv62rAmPFUOf2iM2crHF4WT2km18WU9mJyMqlm5MgO2rtz6WSmmccL62AFRvKcP2wAoibBgip0MrJlvshxwYnShzQtPbHhuKGFUVkZSrEQK_MbnCH-AuvriHQq0KAO6115zL34r8wmiE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://www.nceuis.nic.in/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3. Patricia Justino, Social Security in Developing Countries: Myth or Necessity? Evidence From India, University of Sussex available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F6301572.pdf%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0afV2tLNKP1WtBxycHk33vSFfdcFm4bA_7EvG9MRMskISHDIvqAvv1g4s&amp;h=AT08e8OlA-QORCaduIho5_8KWI_99fFK4ixraX3r9YOJtBEMwq6twouHWeb479GPP_q_4NrTU7LhQ7vzcbyF7472ja3Qj5VOwKT2SvH1eJEYlbIQagVlIynSpPuLPxViHBeA&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT0vNZFU2fDT7hMirxwwonFcv62rAmPFUOf2iM2crHF4WT2km18WU9mJyMqlm5MgO2rtz6WSmmccL62AFRvKcP2wAoibBgip0MrJlvshxwYnShzQtPbHhuKGFUVkZSrEQK_MbnCH-AuvriHQq0KAO6115zL34r8wmiE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6301572.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4. Jean-Jacques Dethier, SOCIAL SECURITY- What Can Developing Countries Learn from Developed Countries?, International Food Policy Research Institute available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fconferences.ifpri.org%2F2020chinaconference%2Fpdf%2Fbeijingbrief_dethier.pdf%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2XJ_uGp_3v_0TBIa8WymMGeF0ql7NaQFMHyg7IyWZxPm1Ehk2hdz8ANl0&amp;h=AT0c93qw3FgVVZylVBXCOBjxpVOndjn-CC9UJgU7-YC9hC8i1E7b1NebDc_LF1-QtM_mlQmEyaeOHdAofDe9TtElQp3W4v94yURezOYMIlBSfBocvGz84JglBPJD-EX5M6uH&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT0vNZFU2fDT7hMirxwwonFcv62rAmPFUOf2iM2crHF4WT2km18WU9mJyMqlm5MgO2rtz6WSmmccL62AFRvKcP2wAoibBgip0MrJlvshxwYnShzQtPbHhuKGFUVkZSrEQK_MbnCH-AuvriHQq0KAO6115zL34r8wmiE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://conferences.ifpri.org/.../beijingbrief_dethier.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5. World Labour Report 2000: Income security and social protection in a changing world, International Labour Office(Geneva), November 2000 available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb279/pdf/esp-7.pdf?fbclid=IwAR367vR6HWFqs25zrNqnuNeaChCg2GbgamoNUh4pqh_TW7q6YX1afIh2IWw&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://www.ilo.org/.../relm/gb/docs/gb279/pdf/esp-7.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6. Dharam Ghai, Social security priorities and patterns: A global perspective, International Institute For Labour Studies Geneva available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D366081%26fbclid%3DIwAR1NDV7dGgMbx0YMGDwUNolWr6wjafz-51O-N0fPOIUwoNsfktm7vur74wU&amp;h=AT1fBrseQ15VzK1Oq3O79HOsvjATZ2QKLpYagdGi0x18WOkAebw9PPR9mYbh_l70cPsuMx98Kr8E5IxUPBtqQvUVnteUaVvbAnAJ_YmNRpAq74P45mB8dHDNsbywSm7RS7Z1&amp;__tn__=-UK-R&amp;c[0]=AT0vNZFU2fDT7hMirxwwonFcv62rAmPFUOf2iM2crHF4WT2km18WU9mJyMqlm5MgO2rtz6WSmmccL62AFRvKcP2wAoibBgip0MrJlvshxwYnShzQtPbHhuKGFUVkZSrEQK_MbnCH-AuvriHQq0KAO6115zL34r8wmiE&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=366081&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7. Sudharshan Canagarajah and S.V. Sethuraman, Social Protection and the Informal Sector in Developing Countries: Challenges and Opportunities, Social Protection Unit- Human Development Network- The World Bank, December 2001, available at &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0130.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2OTU3ljSTuFPdQoPaxSarRhFv9FjW8WIGEEkTmeZ8MFfzIH3QoqPGvVCo&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://siteresources.worldbank.org/.../Labor.../0130.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8. Miscellaneous Internet Articles&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/71638/12/12_chapter%205%20social%20security%20and%20unorganized%20sector.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3-QhM7VloXSpo60vey6xMVwd-4ZHV9dh702qKI83_sfXLGloU0eDW8l7M&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/.../12_chapter%205...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;b) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;oajrlxb2 g5ia77u1 qu0x051f esr5mh6w e9989ue4 r7d6kgcz rq0escxv nhd2j8a9 nc684nl6 p7hjln8o kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x jb3vyjys rz4wbd8a qt6c0cv9 a8nywdso i1ao9s8h esuyzwwr f1sip0of lzcic4wl py34i1dx gpro0wi8&quot; href=&quot;http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/76677/12/12_chapter%205.pdf?fbclid=IwAR30N8eCiBr4l0FE1OHUQZPolZKCCcpn0IEH7Kb9eqzvBUR2YhT7YICVEAs&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow noopener&quot; role=&quot;link&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;color: var(--blue-link); cursor: pointer; outline: none; list-style: none; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; padding: 0px; margin: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; text-align: inherit; display: inline; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/.../12/12_chapter%205.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '916e9755c23931f612f611eb4bdfcc95.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:36:27', '2020-12-23 03:00:37'),
(70, 'sTtJCxdq8DjmqUz6ROJEq9AF0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Collapse of a system called Higher Judiciary in India. S. BASAVARAJ. Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Whole system is collapsing,&rsquo; said the Supreme Court of India almost few months ago about vacancies in high courts, while hearing a Public Interest Litigation on backlog of cases. The number of vacancies of High Court judges has grown to 478 out of the sanctioned strength of 1079. In other words over 45 per cent of the positions of High Court judges are vacant. Root of the problem, as we all know, is the clause in the Memorandum of Procedure (which outlines the modus operandi to be followed in appointment of judges) that gives the government the right to reject names suggested by the Supreme Court Collegium system.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Against the approved strength of 1079 judges, the 24&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;high courts are functioning with 609 judges.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Allahabad High Court has the maximum of 82&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;vacancies against the sanctioned strength of 160 judges.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The Punjab and Haryana High Court with 39 (sanctioned strength of 85) and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Madras High Court with 37 (against sanctioned strength of 75) vacancies each&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;come second and third respectively.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad, which at the moment functions as High&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Court of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, has 36 vacancies as against the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;sanctioned strength of 61 judges. Karnataka High Court has the sanctioned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;strength of 62 judges. It has to manage three benches with the existing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;strength of just 25 judges. It has now 37 vacancies.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The judiciary and the government have also been engaged in a tug of war over&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the number of vacancies at the lower courts and its impact on the backlog of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;cases.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;In a pending matter the Supreme Court expressed unhappiness over Centre&rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;failure to implement the collegium&rsquo;s decision on transfer and appointment of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;judges and chief justices of high courts, observing &ldquo;why there is mistrust&rdquo;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;and asked the Attorney General to seek instruction from the government.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;In a public interest litigation regarding backlog of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;cases a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice T S&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Thakur with Justice A M Khanwilkar and Justice D Y Chandrachud said observed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;that the collegium has cleared 75 names of high court judges (for transfer/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;appointment) but they have not been approved. Supreme Court wondered where&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;these files were stuck. The bench asked &ldquo;Why there is mistrust? Judges who have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;been transferred by the collegium have not been transferred. We don&rsquo;t want all&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;this.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The elevation process which consists of members from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the bar and the lower courts has come to a complete standstill due to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;hitherto shadow boxing now a open fight between the judiciary and the central&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government. Added to this, the decision of Justice Chalameshwar not to attend&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the collegium meetings has only worsened the scenario beyond comprehension.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The poorest of the poor litigants who are waiting for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;years together to get their cases decided at the earliest, whether it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;eviction of a tenant or recovery of property, compensation etc have to wait for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;another decade given the present stautsquo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The high court judges are under the tremendous&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pressure to hear the urgent matters at the admission stage and at the same time&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to dispose the old matters. The public opinion against pendency of cases in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;courts does not take into account the inaction on the part of the Government in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;extending active co-operation. The judiciary is facing the onslaught on all the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;sides, by the general public, the central government and from within.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The situation will only get worse in the coming days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Few more senior judges of the Karnataka High Court have retired and due to retire&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in the coming months. The strength will be reduced to such level that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;benches of Gulburga and Dharwar have to be closed temporarily.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Bar Council of India, the State Bar Councils and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Advocates&rsquo; Associations across the country are helplessly watching the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;drama being unfolded.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;For a common man, the temple of justice is the Courts&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of law. If the Courts are choked to the hilt, speedy justice becomes a mirage.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;That&rsquo;s the tragedy of our time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;S. BASAVARAJ, Daksha Legal Advocates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Unit No.1, 2nd floor, No.11, Jeevan Buildings (new block) Kumara Park East,Bangalore 560001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ph: +91 080 41138502&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cel: 9845065416&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;email: raj@dakshalegal.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '676a0bed8ee5439703320ac7088998d4.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 0, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:53:28', '2021-02-01 22:13:51');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(71, 'nY2t3qlkTn22YV49WSFIlYg3e', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'CONCEPT OF MEDIATION.  Justice Anand Byrareddy. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by Justice Anand Byrareddy (rtd), Karnataka High Court.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(Member, Daksha Legal Social Network Groups)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;1. What is mediation ?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mediation is a process in which the mediator, an external neutral to the dispute , works with the parties to find a solution which is acceptable to all of them . The most important aspect of mediation is that the mediator cannot impose a decision on the parties. The mediator controls the process, but the outcome is always in the hands of the parties. Mediation is completely voluntary, both in the decision to try it as well as to continue with it. This is best illustrated by saying that a party is free to leave the mediation table, without being needed to give reasons, at any time if it feels that it is not being served well by the process. In its focus on non-coercive and consensual processes , mediation is , thus, radically different from the formal adversarial system. Mediation creates an atmosphere of confidentiality and enables the participation of parties , with their legal counsel or just by themselves. And while attention is paid to the law in so far as it impacts on the matter, the object is to arrive at a solution acceptable to the parties which will end the dispute. It is in essence an assisted negotiation process.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. A mediator opens up communication , focuses parties&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on their long-term interests, gets them to be realistic about their case and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;its prospects , encourages them to come up with options for settlement and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;helps them to refine those options to yield an agreement that both parties see&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as a fair and proper end to the dispute . The mediator is a facilitator :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;moving parties from the extreme ends of the disputing spectrum to the common&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ground of settlement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In essence, it involves moving parties from a &ldquo; me vs. you&rdquo; approach and an &ldquo;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;am right you are wrong&rdquo;, attitude to a joint search for solutions to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;dispute. The process consists of joint and separate meetings. Joint meetings&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;enable parties to give their versions of the dispute , and the opportunity to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;listen to that of the other side. Separate meetings with the mediator enable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;parties to speak openly examine their strengths and weaknesses, voice fears and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;concerns &ndash; so as to enable forward movement to exploring options for settlement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Conflict places blocks on communication and freedom to explore options for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;settlement; when these blocks are removed , creative problem solving is often&amp;nbsp;the result.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;3. When does one opt for mediation ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The first step is the decision to try mediation. This would primarily be based&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on the nature of the dispute. Assuming that mediation looks attractive or at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;least feasible, since :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a) it is largely a risk-free process,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;b) you know fairly early on whether it can work, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;c) it is usually better to explore consensual methods before adversarial ones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. The next step is to find out whether the other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;party to the dispute is also willing. Most times , one party to a dispute is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reluctant to suggest a settlement process to the other, for fear of being taken&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to have a weak case . This need not be a stumbling block . An institute of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mediation can be approached which will contact the other party . If mediation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is built into a contract, that makes recourse to it almost automatic. And as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;awareness of mediation grows there will be no devaluation of negotiating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;positions in suggesting its use.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;5. Where a court directs parties to mediation ,in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pending case, it becomes a mandate which must be tried.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Categories of cases suitable for reference to mediation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;All cases of a civil nature in particular the following categories, whether&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pending before a civil court or other special tribunal or fora and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pre-litigation , are suitable for the mediation process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;i) Disputes relating to trade, commerce and contracts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ii) Disputes arising from strained matrimonial, familial and other personal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;relationships;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;iii) Civil disputes between neighbourers, employer-employee, organisations such&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as societies, associations, clubs and its members ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;iv) All consumer disputes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cases which would not be suitable for reference to mediation :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;i) Disputes which are raised in a representative capacity, involving public&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;interest or involving the interest of a large unknown number of persons;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ii) Disputes involving the grant of authority by the Courts after an enquiry,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;such as grant of probate or letters of administration;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;iii) Disputes involving serious fraud, forgery and other such circumstances;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;iv) Disputes requiring the protection of courts during pendency and thereafter;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;v) Cases involving prosecution for criminal offences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The above enumeration is not exhaustive. It is only&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;illustrative and is subject to just exceptions or addition &ndash; at the discretion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the Court concerned.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;6. Mediation however, cannot displace the adversarial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;system, which has been built up over centuries, and is based on &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;logic, argument&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;impartiality and subject to a hierarchy of appellate corrective opportunity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;For a large body of cases only the standard format of litigation with its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;substantive laws and procedural rules , alone is suitable. However, many cases&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;are not about rights or injustice, they are more about parties who have fallen&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;into conflict, caused by friction in relationships- what such parties need is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to be brought out of conflict and that is possible through mediation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;7. Qualifications of Mediators :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There is no legislation governing Mediation in India. The Supreme Court of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India in Salem Advocates Bar Association v. Union of India , (2005) 6 SCC 344,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;had approved the Model Civil Procedure Mediation Rules prepared by the Commission&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;headed by Hon. Justice M.J. Rao, the then Chairman, Law Commission of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;These Rules have already been adopted by most of the High Courts with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;modifications according to the requirements of each State. According to those&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Rules, which are made part of the Mediation Training Manual of India, prepared&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by the Mediation and Conciliation Project Committee , Supreme Court of India,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the following persons are qualified and eligible for being enlisted as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mediators, subject to a mandatory 40 hour training programme and participation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in a minimum number of mediations prescribed : -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(a) Retired Judges of the Supreme Court of India;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(b) Retired judges of the High Courts;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(c) Retired Judges of the lower judiciary;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(d) Legal Practioners with atleast 15 years standing at the Bar ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(e) Experts or other professionals, retired senior bureaucrats and senior&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;executives;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(f) Institutions which are themselves experts in mediation and have been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;recognized as such by the High Court , provided the names of its members are approved&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by the High Court initially or whenever there is a change in the membership.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;8. Selection of a mediator could be by consent of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;parties. Or institutions conducting mediation, can either appoint or offer a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;panel of names. It is preferable that both parties concur in the choice of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mediator. What is needed in a mediator is integrity and competence apart from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the necessary training and experience.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The service is offered free of cost at Centres established by the High Courts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A fixed fee based on the time spent on the case is charged by other&amp;nbsp;institutions. The fee is borne by the two disputing parties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;9. Participants in the process&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;As the emphasis is on the participation of the parties they should certainly be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;present. The presence of legal advisers is often preferred by the parties. A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;lawyer attuned to the mediation process can help in advising his client and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;focusing on solutions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The parties play the key role in the mediation process. They are encouraged to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;explain the factual background of the dispute, identify issues and underlying&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;interests, generate options for agreement and make a final informed decision&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;regarding settlement. Mediation is not governed by the rules of evidence and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;formal rules of procedure. But it is not a casual process . It is structured&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and formalized, with clearly identifiable stages . However, there is a degree&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of flexibility in following those stages.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In mediation , the mediator assists the parties in resolving their dispute. He&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is a guide who helps parties find their own solution. He does not sit in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;judgment. The mediator&rsquo;s personal opinion, preferences or perceptions do not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;have a bearing on the dispute resolution process.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;10. Court referred or Pre- litigation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A case pending in court could be referred to mediation, either at the instance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the court, or at the request of the parties.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A party or both the parties could seek mediation of a dispute that has not been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;taken to court. There is no law on pre-litigation mediation in India. Based on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;international experience, pre-litigation mediation is the most likely to result&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in a settlement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mediation conducted out of the court system is with the consent of the parties&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and is to be deemed to be governed by the provisions of the Part III of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Arbitration and Conciliation Act , 1996, in the absence of legislation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;governing mediation in India. The expression &ldquo; conciliation&rdquo; as employed in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Act, is to be read as &ldquo;mediation&rdquo;, and can be referred to as private mediation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A Settlement reached at such a mediation is treated as a &ldquo;Settlement Agreement&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under the Act and is thus enforceable.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Section 442 of the Companies Act, 2013 prescribes that the Central Government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;shall maintain a Mediation and Conciliation Panel for conducting mediation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;between parties , during the pendency of any proceedings under the Act ,before&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Central Government or the National Company Law Tribunal. Rules have also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;been framed, inter-alia, prescribing the procedure for empanelment,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;qualifications of the mediators and the fees payable to such mediators or conciliators.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There is an urgent need for a comprehensive law on mediation in India. There is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;some movement in that direction in the Justice SriKrishna Commission having&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;recommended such enactment , recently.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;11. Confidentiality:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mediation is a private process, which is not open to the public. Mediation is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;also confidential in nature, which means that statements made during mediation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cannot be disclosed in civil proceedings or elsewhere without the written&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;consent of all parties. Any statement made or information furnished by either&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the parties , and any document produced or prepared for the purpose of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mediation , is inadmissible and non-discoverable ( cannot be called for ) in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;any other proceeding. Any concession or admission made during mediation cannot&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;be used in any proceeding . Further any information given by a party to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mediator during the mediation process, is not disclosed to the other party,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;unless specifically permitted by the first party. No record of what transpired&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;during mediation is prepared.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;12 Settlement:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Any settlement reached in a case that is referred for mediation during the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;course of litigation is required to be reduced to writing , signed by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;concerned parties and filed in Court for the passing of an appropriate order.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;13. In the event of failure to settle a dispute, referred through Court, the report of the mediator will never indicate the reason for failure , nor as to what transpired at the mediation. The mediator cannot also be called upon to testify in any proceeding, as to what transpired at the mediation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;( The above note has drawn liberally from his books&amp;nbsp;&ldquo;Mediation Practice &amp;amp; Law&rdquo; and &ldquo; Settle for More &ndash; The why, How and When of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mediation &ldquo; by Shri Sriram Panchu, Senior Advocate &amp;amp; Mediator )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3cd13049074c7f1cde63e43536d072da.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:54:32', '2021-01-30 23:10:57');
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(72, 'oPAOLYk08q9aQywAVyXKdXeU2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Constitutional Morality Through the Lens of the Sabarimala Review Petition.  Sebin Sebastian P M. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by Sebin Sebastian P M, Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;To construe or not to construe: Dwelling&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;into the realm of Constitutional Morality through the lens of the Sabarimala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;review petition.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;We the people of India give to ourselves&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;this constitution and we the people are its only keepers.&rdquo;&ndash; Nanaboy Ardeshir&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Palkhivala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Abstract:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitutional Morality, its true meaning, definition&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and above all the extent of its applicability has in the modern scenario as one&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;could say has stirred forth an already unclear pond of it its constituents. One&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would beg to question as a common man how the constitution in itself whose&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;fundamental values borrowed in majority from various declaration of rights,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;whose values were in turn borrowed from the intrinsic values of various&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religions themselves has aroused questions in terms of its interpretation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;these principles over the other religious principles. The paper in no way&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;attempts to impress upon an individual that a particular school of thought&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would prevail over the other however it does attempts in all integrity to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;highlight the possible setbacks and advantages the common man, the poorest and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;most helpless of the lot may face in light of the various lessons that history&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in its kind tutelage has taught us. The Sabarimala review petition in such&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;light also presents an ample ground to foster such questions of constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;importance on a matter that needs to be assessed primarily on the first principle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;basis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Introduction:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In the recently adjudicated review petition in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Honourable Supreme Court in the case of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kantaru Rajeevaru vs Indian Young&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Lawyers Association&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; a constitution bench presided by the Chief Justice of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India Ranjan Gogoi the majority bench decided to keep the matters pending in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;view of the of the possibility of other questions touching upon other religious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;practices could be later decided by a Constitution Bench. Whilst this remains&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the background of this controversial topic the crux of this analysis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;particularly lies in an issue that was virtually framed by the majority bench&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to be adjudicated upon by the larger bench of the Supreme Court. Issue number&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(iii) states: The expression &lsquo;morality&rsquo; or &lsquo;Constitutional morality&rsquo; has not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;been defined in the Constitution. Is it over arching morality in reference to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;preamble or limited to religious beliefs or faith? There is need to delineate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the contours of that expression, lest it becomes subjective.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Paragraph 2 the judgement quite clearly highlights the plurality of a nation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;like India and further goes on to dwell on a subject that is rather quite&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;opposed to this plurality in some aspects, the concept of constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality and the question as to whether it must be considered similar to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality as defined under articles 25 and 26 in part III of the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In light of such statements and events it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;beneficial to wind the clock backwards in this debate on constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality and to look into a situation that arose during the passing of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hindu Code bill by Dr B R Ambedkar; during the initial barricade the Hindu code&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bill in the assembly and the rather questionable conduct of the upper caste&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hindus at the time Dr Ambedkar remarked that India lacked the constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;morality to function as a democracy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;This&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;scathing remark for him was substantiated by the idea that India would not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;achieve the equality a true democracy deserves unless the only &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;holy-book&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for India remains the Indian Constitution and true morality being one that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;flows from this Constitution. Thus, Ambedkar&rsquo;s anguish towards this reaction of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the assembly of choosing religious morality over constitutional morality is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;more so vindicated when one looks back at the history of Athens and that Athens&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was not truly overthrown by spears or conquerors but by its own citizens who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;had no regard for constitutional morality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The historian Grote defines constitutional morality&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;calling it a paramount reverence for the forms of the constitution, enforcing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;obedience to authority and acting under and within these forms, yet combined&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;with the habit of open speech, of action subject only to definite legal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;control, and unrestrained censure of those very authorities as to all their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;public acts combined, too with a perfect confidence in the bosom of every citizen&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;amidst the bitterness of party contest that the forms of constitution wall not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;be less sacred in the eyes of his opponents than his own. Despite the rampant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;use of these two rather unusually poetic words, the true meaning and extent of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitutional morality in the Indian scenario still remains a matter of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;question for various constitutional experts, and with fairly good reason; the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;supreme court itself has rarely ventured into this abstract realm up until a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;few years ago with The Constitution itself making no direct reference to any&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;standard of morality that can be applied it had a passing mention in some of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Constituent assembly debates and some certain specific speeches of Dr B R&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ambedkar. However, this concept has recently been put to the test while&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;deciding upon various matters such as the reading down of section 377 of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Indian Penal Code, in the Triple Talaq judgement, in K S Puttaswamy vs Union of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India, the adultery judgement and as aforementioned, the Sabarimala: Right to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;entry of women judgement in 2018.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Subsequently as the supreme court attempts to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;calibrate the meaning of two undefined words in the constitution it helps to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;put into perspective as to what other democracies perceive of this notion of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitutional morality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Constitutional Morality and the First&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amendment in the United States&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The US constitutional set up, under the auspices of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Supreme Court of the United States has in many a time held societal and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subservient to the intrinsic values of the constitution, It is not at all unusual&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for the Supreme Court to declare that moral preferences, based upon private&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ethical values, cannot be the basis of government policy if the effect or the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;intent is to seek to impose those preferences upon other parts of society that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;do not share them. Examples of such situations have been when the court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;outlawed the restrictions on couples of different races from getting married&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and on unmarried couples from getting access to birth control.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn4&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court in the case of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Lawrence v Texas &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;outlawed the restriction&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;on homosexual couples from engaging in mutual consensual sexual acts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Justice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sandra Day O&rsquo;Conor later commented on the moral aspect of this debate saying&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;moral disapproval of homosexuality is insufficient to satisfy even the lowest&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;level of constitutional scrutiny. We have never held that moral disapproval,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;without any other asserted state interest, is a sufficient rationale under the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Equal Protection Clause to justify a law that discriminates among groups of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;persons&rdquo; while this does not explicitly mention the term constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality, the phraseology of this opinion may be found similar to that of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;opinion of the majority bench in the case of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Navtej Singh Johar vs Union of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; wherein the topic of public morality and constitutional morality were&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;discussed at length.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn6&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The stand of the US system on the religious rights of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;persons has waxed and waned over the years, while the US Constitution ensures&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;an absolute right to believe it draws an ever so uncertain line of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reasonability when it comes to the right to profess. The US Supreme Court in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the case of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Reynolds v United States&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; stated that while the laws of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;state may not interfere with religious beliefs and opinions they may so with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious practices, in the interest of the Constitution a view that was later&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;affirmed by the view of the court in &lt;i&gt;Employment Division v Smith&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn7&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn8&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;It is also pertinent to note that various cases of the US Supreme Court also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;set reasonable restrictions on religious denominations in practice of their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religion while also in a sense respecting certain beliefs of religious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;denominations so long as they do not hinder the functioning of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitutional machinery as seen from the case of Bowen v Roy. However,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;inasmuch as a strict position on the term constitutional morality is concerned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the line remains blur, however on a case to case basis adherence to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitution has been dealt with, possessing much care. Furthermore, as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mentioned in the dissenting judgement there have been various occasions where&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;certain principles of liberty have triumphed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn9&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn10&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Constitutional morality in the UK&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Justice Krishna Iyer once said: Not the Potomac, but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Thames, fertilises the flow of the Yamuna, this expression was used by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;justice Krishna Iyer to highlight the level of bearing and Influence the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;English justice system has had on the Indian Constitution. Much of the noble&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;principles thereof found in the Constitution find its earliest origins in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Magna Carta thus in such spirit it is also necessary to examine the similarity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of application of the principle of constitutional morality. Historically, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;standard was insisted upon in seeking behaviour consistent with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;longstanding acceptable norms limiting the exercise of sovereign power by its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;agents in a society ruled by law. This was true in the English environment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;where the contours were left largely unwritten but determined by institutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;arrangements like &lsquo;Constitutional conventions&rsquo;, from which derogations were&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;frowned upon. This was invoked to address the conscience of these agents of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;sovereign in the absence of legally binding obligations requiring them to act&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in any particular way. Since they were sensitive to such peer pressure,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;compliance to the non-binding conventions and norms could be ensured.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn11&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Hence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for the reasons aforementioned the Indian Constitution in its application of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitutional morality is more so similar to that of the US Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Dipak Mishra&rsquo;s definition; Do definitions suffice?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Justice Deepak Mishra in the case of Government of NCT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;of Delhi v Union of India and Ors attempted to draw the borders of this term by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;stating that &ldquo;Constitutional morality, appositely understood, means the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;morality that has inherent elements in the constitutional norms and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;conscience of the Constitution. Any act to garner justification must possess the potentiality to be in harmony with the constitutional impulse. We may give an example. When one is expressing an idea of generosity, he may not be meeting the standard of justness. There may be an element of condescension. But when one shows justness in action, there is no feeling of any grant or generosity.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;That will come within the normative value. That is the test of constitutional justness which falls within the sweep of constitutional morality. It advocates the principle of constitutional justness without subjective exposition of generosity.&rdquo; On the basis of which, reliance was placed while construing morality in article 25(1) of the constitution in the case of Indian Young Lawyers Association v State of Kerala. However, such principle is open to the scrutiny of subjectivity and uniform application cannot be ensured and it is subject to such factors that the majority opinion in the review petition tries to question whether morality in article 25(1) can be construed as constitutional morality, and if so to what extent with constitutional morality and the rigidity with which it enforces the principles in the constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The possible perils&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;As one observes, there happens to be a sharp&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;difference in the opinion of jurists from Dr Ambedkar to Grote as to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;rigidity of application of Constitutional morality and thus the question does not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;end at merely defining such terms. Thus, just like the philosophy of natural&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;law goes, insofar as there persists a disagreement in terms of the restrictions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;placed thereof the topic of Constitutional morality shall and will remain in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the abstract realm. To substantiate such a rather explicit conclusion in terms&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the opinion of the court in terms of &lsquo;reasonable restrictions&rsquo; within the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitution I would like place reliance on a the overruling of the Habeas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Corpus case basing it on the principles of Constitutional morality wherein what&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was once construed as constitutionally acceptable as a reasonable restriction&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was considered to be an erroneous reading of the constitution later on, thus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;one could ask what is the assurance that while the meaning of the term&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitutional morality remains defined, the principles it contains maybe be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;construed differently at different occasions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn12&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Therefore, inasmuch as Ambedkar and Grote&rsquo;s views may differ, opinions of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;interpretation may differ from Justice Chandrchyud to Justice Chandrachyud from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;generation to generation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;This difference of interpretation of the constituents&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of constitutional morality can be seen from the dissenting opinion of Justice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Indu Malhotra in the very same judgement justice Dipak Mishra set out the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;applicability of which for &ldquo;Constitutional Morality in a secular polity would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;imply the harmonisation of the Fundamental Rights, which include the right of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;every individual, religious denomination, or sect, to practise their faith and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;belief in accordance with the tenets of their religion, irrespective of whether&amp;nbsp;the &lt;/span&gt;practice&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is rational or logical. While such flexibility, essentially, maybe&amp;nbsp;the nature of law in itself it is imperative for one to question that does such&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a nature apply to the precepts and statutes of religion? Thus, as many jurists&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;opine constitutional morality may be less used as a tool, rather an excuse to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;expand its mandate of functioning merely through vast interpretation. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;application of constitutional morality might not limit to such interpretation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to that of article 25 but might even essentially place the relationship between&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the court and the legislature at peril. Therefore, the statements made by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Attorney General of India, KK Venugopal stating that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The use of constitutional morality can be very, very&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;dangerous, and we can&#039;t be sure where it will lead us to. I hope constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality dies. As a powerful weapon that surpasses all the powers conferred on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Supreme Court by the Constitution, Article 142 merely permits the court to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pass such decrees or orders as to do complete justice in any cause or matter&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pending before the court. But the article is treated as a &#039;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kamadhenu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&#039;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;from which unlimited powers flows to the apex court of the country.&rdquo; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Does not all of a sudden become so much of an exaggeration after all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The undeniable prospects:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Even with the possible perils off in the distance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;there lies a glimmer of hope, that this interpretation of Constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morality may in turn vindicate the rights of so many, while its application&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;remains highly subjective, it is hard for one indeed to argue that the interpretation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the supreme court in cases such as that of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Navtej Singh Johar v Union of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt; has brought meaning to the life of so many whose fundamental rights&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;were inherently oppressed by moral standards that deserve no stand in society,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it also to brings to light the various other judgements like the KS Puttaswamy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;judgement wherein the rights of persons were further vindicated calling forth a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;right to privacy that they have. The court in this case laid stress on the fact&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that the use of Aadhar for commercial exploitation of data is impermissible and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;thereby reiterated and upheld the primacy of the right to privacy of its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;citizens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn14&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;It&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is thus in this case noteworthy to remark certain statements made by Gautam&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bhatia a learned constitutional law scholar saying &ldquo; the constitutional process&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is an abstract one, its value is hard to communicate and clearly we have not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;done a good enough job of communicating it. But then again, I&rsquo;m not sure how to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;communicate it, because it seems to me that this is one of those things whose&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;meaning you only truly realise after you have lost it. Should keep trying,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;though. Generations change in surprising ways.&rdquo; It is also necessary for one to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reiterate in ones mind the liberation that the Instant triple talaq judgement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;brought to the lives of various Muslim women who were prisoners of this age-old&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;custom that vilified them. Should there be an involvement of the supreme court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in such cases? While a strict affirmative is hard to be substantiated, it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;also hard to argue otherwise. J Sai Deepak an advocate of the Supreme Court who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;also argued in the Sabarimala case said and affirmed in a Rajya Sabha&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;television debate on Constitutional morality saying &ldquo;assuming for a moment that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;this situation is not an aberration, and this is indeed something that has a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;scriptural basis and is an essential part of the religion, that is when you&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;test the limits of the constitutional powers of the supreme court in terms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;its intervention, assume for a moment that a particular religion says that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;punishment for adultery is stoning and this is an essential aspect of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religion as far as retaining the sanctity of marriage is concerned and it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;established that it has a scriptural basis and there is no distortion over a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;point of time is the Supreme Court expected to sit back and endorse this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;practice in the name of article 25(1) no I am so sorry I beg to disagree&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Thus, while subjectivity remains a question certain prospects of its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;interpretation may never be denied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Based on the facts and merits of the circumstance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;while assessing issue three that was framed in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kantaru Rajeevaru v Indian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Young Lawyers Association &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it suffers from an error apparent and an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;undeniable and inalienable paradox, being, an attempt to make the definition of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;morals a non- subjective matter, whose principles the court shall rely upon to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;deliver further judgements. Thus, the question as to construe or not to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;construe with all due respect to its abstract nature shall remain unanswered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Satyameva Jayate.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref1&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Kantaru Rajeevaru vs Indian Young Lawyers Association, 2019, MANU 1565.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref2&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Vineeth Krishna E, &lt;i&gt;can you be a true democracy &amp;amp; let go of caste,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ambedkar asked Indians. We are yet to reply, &lt;/i&gt;CAD India Blog, (April 30, 2018),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionofindia.net%2Fblogs%2Fcan_you_be_a_true_democracy___let_go_of_caste__ambedkar_asked_indians__we_are_yet_to_reply%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR23Zax4JuBrzv0HE8KtOuCtSgcjdqz1Z6VeXnYLvBmDDjnv32-d7YFVN3M&amp;amp;h=AT0PeD7SWUA00vnh7CEL0kGAV6nripk_dlKP0t92zaR2gs4pdgm8zwZmRmVKl6KeJbLsXL7mpQrOdYkz8Qf6pE02ifdaSnB69zv5XvfW9ucg3771sFJUwYOcUyhrLeyNCdMNwifYlamlh0EU7GVrGw&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;https://www.constitutionofindia.net/blogs/can_you_be_a_true_democracy___let_go_of_caste__ambedkar_asked_indians__we_are_yet_to_reply&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref3&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;William D Guthiere, &lt;i&gt;Constitutional Morality,&lt;/i&gt; 196The North American&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Review154,154-155, 1912.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionofindia.net%2Fblogs%2Fcan_you_be_a_true_democracy___let_go_of_caste__ambedkar_asked_indians__we_are_yet_to_reply%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR23Zax4JuBrzv0HE8KtOuCtSgcjdqz1Z6VeXnYLvBmDDjnv32-d7YFVN3M&amp;amp;h=AT0PeD7SWUA00vnh7CEL0kGAV6nripk_dlKP0t92zaR2gs4pdgm8zwZmRmVKl6KeJbLsXL7mpQrOdYkz8Qf6pE02ifdaSnB69zv5XvfW9ucg3771sFJUwYOcUyhrLeyNCdMNwifYlamlh0EU7GVrGw&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref4&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Lyle Denniston,&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Constitution Check: Does the Constitution protect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;private moral convictions, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution Daily Blog, (February 17, 2012),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-does-the-constitution-protect-private-moral-convictions?fbclid=IwAR1Zm4KPlAX16cGb46Gh5QMWsoaE_en174qb68_yt5-dA4dEjZEcqobEYp8&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-does-the-constitution-protect-private-moral-convictions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/constitution-check-does-the-constitution-protect-private-moral-convictions?fbclid=IwAR1Zm4KPlAX16cGb46Gh5QMWsoaE_en174qb68_yt5-dA4dEjZEcqobEYp8&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref5&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Lawrence v Texas, 2003 U.S LEXIS 5013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref6&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018)10SCC1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref7&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Employment division v Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 878 (1990).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref8&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 166 (1879).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref9&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Brown vs Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref10&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Kantaru Rajeevaru v Indian Young Lawyers Association, 2019, MANU, 1965.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref11&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Balakrishnan K, &lt;i&gt;Constitutional Morality in India: the new kid in the block, &lt;/i&gt;Bar and Bench, (February 5, 2019),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fbarandbench.com%2Fconstitutional-morality-india-new-kid-block%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1FzmRn19Wsa5ymSynbu93_9qpzFiG3H1KphCCjtfSrKI37_cvVYAw-zso&amp;amp;h=AT0hgHI5RZWCsZPtB2HbcAVau-MwC65wVs05YsxiNtKJcgAaJNJv4DxkYOV7V0O0AesZTk9otLBBlfUTlsnZB3r-MSOdUbNow9soSPnZkQNqz3ZX1by3rD1EwhKVcTddM_7MJ8M-LoEtz7NZACIUiA&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;https://barandbench.com/constitutional-morality-india-new-kid-block/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fbarandbench.com%2Fconstitutional-morality-india-new-kid-block%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR1FzmRn19Wsa5ymSynbu93_9qpzFiG3H1KphCCjtfSrKI37_cvVYAw-zso&amp;amp;h=AT0hgHI5RZWCsZPtB2HbcAVau-MwC65wVs05YsxiNtKJcgAaJNJv4DxkYOV7V0O0AesZTk9otLBBlfUTlsnZB3r-MSOdUbNow9soSPnZkQNqz3ZX1by3rD1EwhKVcTddM_7MJ8M-LoEtz7NZACIUiA&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref12&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;ADM Jabalpur v Shivkant Shukla&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Constitutional morality can be very dangerous&#039;: Attorney General KK Venugopal fears SC may become third Parliament chamber, &lt;/i&gt;FirstPost, (December 9, 2018),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftnref13&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.firstpost.com/india/constitutional-morality-can-be-very-very-dangerous-attorney-general-kk-venugopal-fears-sc-may-become-third-parliament-chamber-5698851.html?fbclid=IwAR2DVfy0SklPHwvTCnUsFECqOUKbv_jdFRuA2yGqwEaXMaJ8ZmkHe6PgnwU&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;https://www.firstpost.com/india/constitutional-morality-can-be-very-very-dangerous-attorney-general-kk-venugopal-fears-sc-may-become-third-parliament-chamber-5698851.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'e71583261a2715c684cfcf62c2fbc24b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:55:47', '2021-01-30 00:32:20');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(41, '4nBcns0VleRHqEvIWQgynstVy', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Exposition of ‘Next Friend’ in law.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Synopsis: This article talks about the concept of next friend in law. It highlights its meaning, advantages and powers a next friend enjoys in law along with how it is different from a &lsquo;guardian&rsquo;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;Introduction&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The term &lsquo;next friend&rsquo; is derived from the French words &lsquo;prochein ami&rsquo; which means &lsquo;to stand as a representative for the person who is not in a position to stand for their own&rsquo; like minor, unsound, disabled etc. This concept of next friend is a very vital part of the minor&rsquo;s life or in the lives of the unsound and disabled to bring justice for them and help them stand in the world and in courts.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Difference between &lsquo;guardian&rsquo; and &lsquo;next friend&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The terms guardian and next friend are very similar. Both represent the minor and act as sui juris, which means &lsquo;the one who does not suffer from a legal disability and can manage one&rsquo;s own affairs&rsquo;. A next friend is a person who represents the minor when the minor initiates the suit. A guardian is appointed by the court for the minor when he/she is sued.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case of Nagaiah &amp; Anr v. Smt.Chowdamma (dead) By Lrs. &amp; Anr, 2018 (2) MLJ 242 (SC), the Court clearly explained the difference between guardian and next friend which was summed up as:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The only practical difference between a &ldquo;next friend&rdquo; and a &ldquo;guardian ad litem&rdquo; is that the next friend is a person who represents a minor who commences a lawsuit; guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to represent a minor who has been a defendant in the suit.&nbsp; &nbsp;Before a minor commences suit, a conscious decision is made concerning the deserving adult (next friend) through whom the suit will be instituted. The guardian ad litem is appointed by the court and whereas the next friend is not. The next friend and the guardian ad litem possess similar powers and responsibilities. Both are subject to control by the court and may be&nbsp; &nbsp;removed by the court if the best interest of the minor so requires.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;When is a next friend preferred?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The concept of next friend is used in India in various laws. One of such direct use is in Civil Procedural Code,1908 (CPC).&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Order 32 of CPC&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Order 32 of CPC deals with the suit filed by or against a minor or an unsound person. Rule 1 of Order 32 provides that every suit by a minor shall be instituted in his name by a person who in such suit shall be called the next friend of the minor who does everything for the minor till the end of the litigation. According to Order 32 Rule 2A of the CPC, the court may, at any phase of the suit, request the next friend to give security for all the costs incurred or which is to be incurred by the Respondent. Rule 4(1) of Order 32 describes the qualification of a next friend for a minor. This rule says that:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Any person who is of sound mind and has attained majority may act as next friend of a minor or as his guardian for the suit: Provided that the interest of such person is not adverse to that of the minor and that he is not, in the case of a next friend, a defendant, or, in the case of a guardian for the suit, a plaintiff.&rdquo;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;As per Order 32 Rule 9 of CPC, a next friend can also be removed when his interest is adverse to the minor and starts being connected with the Defendant. He can also be removed if he is not staying in India during the pendency of the case.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;A similar view was taken by judges in various matters like Sambhoo v. Kanhaya, AIR 1922 All 332(2)(B) and Venkata Chandrasekhara Raja v. Alakarajamba Maharani, 22 Mad 187 (C) holding that only one representative must be there starting from the trial court to the highest court in order to avoid confusion by different representatives in every stage.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Though a case by minor is represented by his next friend, the next friend cannot be brought into the terms of &lsquo;Petitioner&rsquo; under Section 95 of CPC, however, the Defendant can recover damages from the next friend. The minor only remains the &lsquo;Petitioner&rsquo; as observed in Marti Satyanarayana v. Gujavarti Anjareddi, (1941) 1 MLJ 765.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Legislature, through its foresight, has ensured additional safeguards under such circumstances and by way of Order 32 Rule 6 - Receipt by next friend or guardian for the suit of property under decree for minor and Rule 7- Agreement or compromise by next friend or guardian for the suit , which prohibits the next friend from releasing money under a decree or compromise without the leave of the court.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Next friend explained in relation to contract law&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;A contract always needs free consent as per Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo;), but a minor does not have the full presence, ability or capacity to give a free consent. Therefore, a contract with a minor is void-ab-initio. Hence, a next friend or a legal guardian will represent them till the minor becomes a major who is competent to contract according to Section 11 of the Act.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This has first cited in the case of Mohiri Bibi v. Dharmodas Ghosh, ILR (1903) 30 Cal 539, where the Plaintiff was a minor who mortgaged his property to the Defendant. Plaintiff later repaid only a few amounts and refused to pay the rest of the amount. So, the Plaintiff&rsquo;s next friend (his mother) instituted a suit against the Defendant that the Plaintiff had entered into a contract when he was a minor. Hence, it is not a valid contract.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The next friend can enter into any contract which is beneficial for the minor. An early case that upheld this was Great American Insurance v. Madan Lal, (1935) 37 BOMLR 461, the next friend entered a contract for insurance to protect the minor&rsquo;s property which was destroyed by fire. When the insurers told that they cannot give the money as the agreement with the minor was void, the next friend sued the insurer for recovery of the insurance money and the court held that the next friend can claim the insurance. Here the contract is beneficial to the minor; the next friend did not cheat the minor or did not take it for his own benefit.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Legal ramification and appeal in cases represented by the next friend&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The next friend has the power to take a decision on behalf of the minor until he is removed or on his death. If the next friend becomes unsound during the pending case, any other person looking after the benefit of the minor can move the application to be next friend. Instituting a suit on behalf of the minor is the biggest power given to the next friend by the Supreme Court.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;On January 15, 2018, the Supreme Court in the case of Nagaiah and Anr v. Chowdamma(dead) By Lrs., Civ. App. No. 22969 of 2017, held that there is no particular legal procedure or necessary permission to be taken for the appointment of the next friend for a minor. The Court held that the next friend need not take any permission of the court to institute a suit on behalf of the minor.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case of Raj Behari Lal &amp; Ors. v. Dr. Mahabir Prasad &amp; Ors., AIR 1956 All 310 the Court held that an appeal on behalf of the minor can be filed by the guardian appointed by the court. When the appeal is filed by the minor as Plaintiff in the previous suit, then the next friend can file the appeal on behalf of the minor. The provisions in Order 32 of the CPC shall apply in such suits. Every suit by a minor must be instituted in his name by his next friend.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#212529&quot; face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The concept of next friend is to protect the interest of minor and bring justice to the minor or unsound person. The concept of next friend has many more advantages than a guardianship. A next friend need not take any kind of permissions or appointments unlike guardian from the court. The duty of the next friend is same as if he individually instituted the suit for himself but in the interest of the minor. The next friend has the power to move an appeal, institute a suit and has all the powers like any other individual on behalf of the minor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; color: rgb(33, 37, 41); text-align: justify; font-family: MyWebFont !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1be312c3396ee7c4a8a91b5cc47698df.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-22', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:42:10', '2020-12-23 02:58:49'),
(42, '7G5HwmLYY9b3TYQAcUKRpABZb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Prefixing alias to accused in FIRs Does it violate right to reputation guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.  S. Basavaraj. Advoca', '&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;S.Basavaraj, advocate, Daksha Legal, Bangalore.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Few years ago, a Police Officer told me how Police add &ldquo;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;alias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&rdquo; against names of few troublemaking petty criminals just to project them as anti-social elements hoping that bail would be refused by courts. It is also a fact that using&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;alias&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;by accused themselves enhances notoriety. However, law enforcing agencies deliberately using alias in first information reports would certainly add notoriety to the accused. Flipside of the coin is violation of fundamental right to reputation which is considered in this write-up.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Usage of alias in FIR is often not supported by any documentary evidence such as change of name etc. Many a times, alias name is added to an ordinary person just to make him look notorious. The Karnataka High Court has recently called upon the Police to explain how and under what circumstances &lsquo;alias&rsquo; was used against accused in a criminal case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;3.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Wharton&rsquo;s Law Lexicon 15th Edition defines &lsquo;alias&rsquo; as a&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;second name applied to a person where he has been styled or has styled himself by more names than one&rdquo;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11thedition defends &lsquo;alias&rsquo; as a &ldquo;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;a false or assumed identity.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lsquo;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Alias&rsquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;in crime world.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;Criminals use aliases, fictitious business names and dummy corporations (corporate shells) to hide their identity, or to impersonate other persons or entities in order to commit fraud. Aliases and fictitious business names used for dummy corporations have become extremely complex. However, usage of alias by persons involved in criminal activities undoubtedly enhances their notoriety. Many who became famous/notorious in Bangalore underworld had weird alias names which served their purpose for decades. Few were S Krishnamurthy alias&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Korangu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, Vijay Kumar alias&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kavala&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, Soma alias&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Deadly Soma&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;(&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;names as shown in FIRs &ndash; persons already dead&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The above maybe cases where accused themselves used alias or did not object to usage of alias by their henchmen or Police. However, affixing alias by Police in FIRs without there being any justifiable reasons i.e. accused himself using alias or other documentary evidence such as change of name document, passport etc would be highly objectionable. Branding accused with prefix alias would seriously affect his reputation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;6.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Right to reputation &ndash; Fundamental right.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&ndash; Fundamental right&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.The right to one&rsquo;s reputation is a fundamental right traceable to Article 21 of the Constitution of India. In&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India, (2016) 7 SCC 221&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, at para 144 the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court reaffirmed the legal position that reputation is an inextricable aspect of right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution and that the right to reputation is a constituent of Article 21 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court relied on the its earlier judgment in&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Charu Khurana&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;v.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Union of India&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(2015) 1 SCC 192&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;which held that dignity is the quintessential quality of a personality since it is a highly cherished value and that right to honour, dignity and reputation are the basic constituents of right under Article 21. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;relied on several judgments, the reference to which is unnecessary here. Suffice it to say individual reputation is part of Article 21 of the Constitution of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;7.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;There are more than 800 judgments of the Supreme Court where accused name contain alias. It is not clear as to whether these accused really had alias or names added by Police. Few reported judgments are;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;1.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pratap Singh alias Pikki v. State of Uttarakhand, (2019) 7 SCC 424.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;2.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mohmed Riyaz alias Goru (Criminal Appeal No. 144 of 2012)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;3.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tabrez Khan alias Guddu v. State of U.P., (2019) 4 SCC 615&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;4.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;State of H.P. v. Vijay Kumar alias Pappu (2019) 5 SCC 373&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;5.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kishan Singh alias Actor v. State of Uttaranchal, (2019) 11 SCC 807&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;6.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Manish Solanki alias Bansi v. State of Rajasthan, (2019) 4 SCC 340&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;7.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mohd. Akhtar alias Kari v. State of Bihar, (2019) 2 SCC 513&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;8.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Thangela Narendra alias Chinnu v. State of Karnataka (2019) 14 SCC 709&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;9.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Jitendra alias Kalla v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2019) 13 SCC 691&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;10.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;State of U.P. v. Anil Kumar alias Badka (2018) 9 SCC 492&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;11.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;State of Maharashtra v. Bandu alias Daulat (2018) 11 SCC 163&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;12.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Harpal Singh alias Chhota v. State of Punjab, (2017) 1 SCC 734&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;13.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Harpal Singh alias Deputy v. State of Punjab (2017) 1 SCC 734&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;8.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;All these are cases involving heinous crimes. Branding accused with alias appears to be well-established rule for the Police/prosecution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;9.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Examined from this angle and having regard to the notoriety it has gained in crime world, prefixing &lsquo;alias&rsquo; to accused by Police in FIRs certainly tarnish reputation. This is so especially when accused has no such recorded pseudo name. In their eagerness to brand accused as a notorious criminal or anti-social element, if the Police were to prefix, it would destroy reputation of the accused for all time to come since FIRs are public documents. Even if the case foisted on accused ends in acquittal or quashed by higher courts, the damage done is irreversible. It is absolutely necessary for the Police to verify antecedents of accused before affixing alias. Even if the accused discloses his name with alias, Police must verify veracity of such a claim since few want to gain notoriety by proclaiming to have alias names. Self-branding is equally dangerous. Hence the courts at the very first instance, when accused is produced, must call upon the Police to explain reason/need for usage of alias. This will prevent violation of accused&rsquo;s fundamental right to reputation protected under Article 21 of the Constitution of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;S.Basavaraj&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Advocate,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Daksha Legal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;bi6gxh9e&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8px; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1.3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; font-size: 0.9375rem; color: var(--primary-text); word-break: break-word; font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Member, Karnataka State Bar Council&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '1fb05040401057ec3fdc820342f3d9df.jpg', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:44:29', '2020-12-23 02:58:34');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(43, 'QBRMgBOfdbPk8k0WgsMfuXZx7', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'G7 Summit and its fallouts.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Article by a Daksha Legal member&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Second week of June 2018 was full of hectic activities in the international arena, across the geographical spectrum around the world. On the one side, Mr Kim and Mr Trump were preparing to reach a deal, on other, SCO member countries were holding their annual session. In between, annual G7 summit in Canada also ended with a huge noise when Mr Trump used certain verbiage which are considered not appropriate in the diplomatic parleys and throwing the G7 summit into disarray. Mr Trump&rsquo;s reluctance to attend the G7 meeting is coincided with his insulting the Canadian hosts, snubbing the final communiqu&eacute; and leaving the Summit abruptly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;What is G7?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;G7 (the Group of Seven) is a group of countries composed of the seven wealthiest and the world&rsquo;s advanced economies consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Also, both the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission represent the EU at G7 summits. The forum offers an opportunity for G7 Leaders, Ministers and policy makers to come together each year to build consensus and set trends around some of today&rsquo;s most challenging issues like - global economic governance, international security, and energy policy, environmental issues and so on.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conceptualized as G4, in response to the 1973 oil crisis , it become G6 in 1975 (with the inclusion of Canada). It was primarily to provide a venue for the non-Communist powers to address pressing economic concerns in the wake of oil crisis. In 1998, G7 turned into G8 with the induction of Russia into the esteemed Group. Then U.S. President Bill Clinton thought that admitting Russia to the exclusive club would lend international prestige and encourage its first post-Soviet leader, Boris Yeltsin, to consolidate democratic gains and hew more closely to the West. However, in 2014, over the issue of annexation of Crimea by Russia, the latter was suspended from the G8 and the Russia planned G8 Summit of 2014 was cancelled.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Status of G7&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Unlike the United Nations or the NATO, the G7 is not a formal institution with a charter and a secretariat nor does it have a budget or permanent staff. Instead, the presidency, which rotates annually among member states, is responsible for setting the agenda and arranging logistics. Ministers and envoys, known as sherpas , hammer out policy initiatives at meetings that precede the annual summit of national leaders . &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Importance of G7 Summits&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Over the past 40 years, the G7 has strengthened international economic and security policy, mainstreamed climate change and gender equality, brought donors together and supported disarmament programs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The G7 has been proven to provide global leadership and play a powerful role in impacting world issues. For example, the issue of women&rsquo;s and children health were championed by Canada during the 2010 G7 presidency. The Muskoka Initiative committed G7 members to mobilize $5 billion of additional funding between 2010-2015 toward maternal, newborn, and child health. At the end of each ministerial meeting and the Leaders&rsquo; Summit, the host country publishes an outcomes document. This document can be delivered as a communiqu&eacute;, declaration, or chair&rsquo;s statement .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2018 Summit&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;This year, 44th G7 meeting took place during 8-9 June in the Charlevoix region of Quebec, Canada. The G7 host normally invites country leaders and representatives from international organizations to have a frank and practical discussion about a pressing challenge facing the global community. This year, Canada invited 12 countries including Bangladesh and there international organizations viz., UNO, World Bank and OECD.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Controversies surrounding G7 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Summit of 2018 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Steel &amp; Aluminum tariff issue: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Mr Trump&rsquo;s unilateral imposition of steel and aluminium tariffs were the flashpoint in the G7 Summit. In March 2018, Mr Trump signed two proclamations that levied a 25 per cent tariff on steel and a 10 per cent tariff on aluminum imported from all countries except EU, Canada and Mexico, to protect domestic producers that were vital to US security. However, this exemption to three countries was ended on 31 May.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Canada is the single largest supplier of steel and aluminum to the United States. The Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, in an immediate tit-for-tat response, announced tariffs of up to 25% on US imports equivalent to C$16.6bn, the total value of Canadian steel exports in 2017. The tariffs would cover steel and aluminium as well as orange juice, whiskey and other food products, which understandably angered Mr Trump.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;In the G7 Summit, Mr Trump, following his &ldquo;America First&rdquo; policy, tweeted defending his imposition of tariffs. He tweeted &ldquo;Fair trade is now to be called fool trade&rdquo;; &ldquo;Based on Justin&rsquo;s false statements at his news conference, and the fact that Canada is charging massive Tariffs to our U.S. farmers, workers and companies, I have instructed our U.S. Reps not to endorse the Communique as we look at Tariffs on automobiles flooding the U.S. Market!&rdquo;; &ldquo;Sorry, we cannot let our friends, or enemies, take advantage of us on Trade anymore. We must put the American worker first!&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Iran&rsquo;s nuclear programme&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;G7 leaders pledged in the Summit to ensure Iran&rsquo;s nuclear program remains peaceful. However, Mr Trump&rsquo;s decision to pullout from an internationally-agreed accord was not agreed by the other G7 leaders. The G7 group including Germany, France and Britain who - along with the US - were all signatories to the 2015 nuclear accord which allowed for the lifting of sanctions on Iran, had the goal of denuclearizing Iran.By taking a contra stand, US remained isolated on this issue too.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Demand to readmit Russia to G7 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Mr Trump said that Russia should be allowed to again attend meetings with the G7. When there is no improvement in the relation between the EU countries and Russia, the suggestion of the US President was disregarded. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The US refused to sign a G7 communique &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;When the Canadian Prime Minister released the joint communiqu&eacute;, noting it had been agreed to by all seven countries, Mr Trump refused to sign it. He tweeted &ldquo;Based on Justin&rsquo;s false statements at his news conference, and the fact that Canada is charging massive Tariffs to our U.S. farmers, workers and companies, I have instructed our U.S. Reps not to endorse the Communique as we look at Tariffs on automobiles flooding the U.S. Market!&rdquo;.  He called the Canadian Premier &ldquo;dishonest and weak&rdquo;. Finally the US did not sign the joint communiqu&eacute;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Parris accord&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Mr Trump didn&rsquo;t commit on honouring the Paris Accord, which was the strenuous initiative of France. However, he tweeted &ldquo;I will make my final decision on the Paris Accord next week!&rdquo;. During the meeting, the other heads of state pressed Trump to commit to remaining in the agreement, in an attempt to come to a consensus before the end of the event. The US&rsquo;s absence in the consensus shows a stark divide between the US and the other nations.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI Historic&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(228, 230, 235); font-size: 15px; background-color: rgb(36, 37, 38);&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Overall, the 2018 G7 Summit exposed the US policies and selfish attitude of the US Government. Mr Trump once again proved that his self interests are paramount and nothing stands before it. Interestingly in a photo which went viral in the media  shows the tendency of the US hegemony. It is unfortunate that the countries like the US is resorting &ldquo;protectionist&rdquo; approach but at the same time want to retain the hegemony of &ldquo;world leader&rdquo; title.  The events unfolded in the G7 summit also showcase the bad diplomatic gestures and talks which are not only unhealthy, but also unfamiliar in the international relations. World order is seeing turbulence in the economic sphere and in terms of hostility ever since Mr Trump assumed office. Rather than marking his name in the world history as a President contributing to world peace and stability, Mr Trump, as international analysts opine, destroying them, which is certainly not in the interest of any country.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'b6bd0045ba39038c18b40606f1825b31.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:47:22', '2020-12-23 02:55:49'),
(44, 'ror8dA40M37FTDFF0jE1uTzkD', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A brief note on Constitution of India.   S.Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;26:1:1950 Constitution of India came into force.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;1950-51 &ndash; Several land reforms laws were enacted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThese laws challenged in UP, MP, Bihar High Courts. Bihar Act struck down.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;10:5:1951 - 1st Amendment to the Constitution of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;31-A. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nestates, etc.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n31-B. Validation of certain Acts and Regulations (Ninth Schedule to save&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nagrarian laws)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; The 1st amendment came up for challenge before the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nConstitution bench in Shankari Prasad Singh Deo vs Union of India. &ndash;( Hon&#039;ble&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt Judges Chief Justice Harilal Kania, Justice Patanjali Sastri, Justice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMukherjea, Justice Das and Justice Chandrasekhara Aiyar)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 5:10:1951 - Supreme Court rejected the contention&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat amendment to Constitution violates Article 13(2) of the Constitution of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndia. Amendment is not a &ldquo;Law&rdquo; within Article 13(2). AIR 1951 SC 458&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 20:6:1964 - 17th Amendment to Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; The amendment added 43 enactments into Ninth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSchedule.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; One such Act was challenged in Sajjan Singh vs State&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof Rajasthan (Hon&#039;ble Judges Chief Justice Gajendragadkar, Justice K.N.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWanchoo, Justice M. Hidayatullah, Justice Raghubar Dayal and Justice J.R.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMudholkar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 30:10:1964 &ndash; Judgment in Sajjan Singh case. Supreme&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt again rejected the contention that amendment was &ldquo;Law&rdquo; within Article&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n13(2) of the Constitution of India. However Justice J.R. Mudholkar and Justice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHidayatullah expressed doubt over Parliament&rsquo;s power to amend basic &ldquo;features&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the Constitution&rdquo;. AIR 1965 SC 845&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; The doubt expressed in Sajjan Singh resulted in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncreation of 11 bench of the Supreme Court in I. C. Golaknath &amp; Ors vs State&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof Punjab &amp; anr., (Hon&#039;ble Judges - Chief Justice K. Subba Rao Justice K.N.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWanchoo, Justice M. Hidayatullah, Justice J.C. Shah, Justice S.M. Sikri,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice R.S. Bachawat, Justice V. Ramaswami, Justice J.M. Shelat, Justice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBhargava, Justice Vishishtha, Justice G.K. Mitter, Justice C.A. Vaidyialingam)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 27:2:1967 - Supreme Court upheld 1st, 4th and 17th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\namendment - AIR 1967 AIR 1643. Shankari Prasad overruled. &ldquo;Law&rdquo; in Article 13(2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nincludes amendment to Constitution of India. However using prospective&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noverruling, earlier amendments to the constitution saved.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 4:8:1971 Parliament introduced 24th Amendment to the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nConstitution. Article 13 and Article 368 amended to include the following.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;13(4) Nothing in this article shall apply to any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\namendment of this Constitution made under Article 368.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n368 (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, variation or repeal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin this article.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n368 (3) Nothing in Article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; 20:4:1972 - 25th Amendment to the Constitution. Article 31-C was added.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;31-C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndirective principles.&mdash;Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngiving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nspecified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Art. 39 shall be deemed to be void on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrights conferred by Article 14, Article 19 or Article 31 and no law containing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nquestion in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npolicy:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Provided that where such law is made by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLegislature of a State, the provisions of this Article shall not apply thereto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas received his assent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n31:7:1971 &ndash; 26th Amendment to Constitution. Privy Purse abolished&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n24:5:1972 &ndash; 29th Amendment to Constitution. Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAct, 1969 and the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 added to 9th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSchedule.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; All the above amendments challenged in Kesavananda Bharati vs State Of Kerala&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(Hon&#039;ble Judges Chief Justice Sikri, S.M. Justice Shelat, J.M., Justice K.S.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHegde, Justice Grover, Justice A.N., Ray, Justice P.J. Reddy, Justice Palekar,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice H.R. Khanna, Justice K.K. Mathew, Justice M.H.Beg, Justice S.N.Dwivedi,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice B.K.Mukherjea, Justice Y.V. Chandrachud)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; 24:4:1973 - Judgment in Kesavananda Supreme Court&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nheld that even though 13 may not apply to constitutional amendment, there are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nimplied limitations to amendment in the form of &ldquo;basic structure&rdquo; of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconstitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;31-C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndirective principles.&mdash;Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngiving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nspecified in clause (b) or clause (c) of Art. 39 shall be deemed to be void on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrights conferred by Article 14, Article 19 or Article 31 and no law containing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nquestion in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npolicy:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Provided that where such law is made by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLegislature of a State, the provisions of this Article shall not apply thereto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas received his assent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Article partially upheld in Kesavananda Bharati v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nState of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225. Doctrine of basic structure asserted .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;3:1:1977 - 42ndAmendment to Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Article 31-C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndirective principles.&mdash;Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngiving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprinciples laid down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nit is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby Article 14 or Article 19 (remaining portion already struck down in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nKesavananda Bharati.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Provided that where such law is made by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLegislature of a State, the provisions of this Article shall not apply thereto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas received his assent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Article 368 (4) No amendment of this Constitution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(including the provisions of Part III) made or purporting to have been made&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunder this article [whether before or after the commencement of Section 55 of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976] shall be called in question&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin any court on any ground.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nArticle 368 (5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nshall be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby way of addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunder this article.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&bull; Highlighted and underlined portion in Article 31-C&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand entire sub-article (4) of Article 368 challenged in Minerva Mills Ltd. v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnion of India, (Hon&#039;ble Judges Chief Justice Y.V.Chandrachud, Justice P.N.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBhagwati, Justice A.C. Gupta, Justice N.L. Untwalia, Justice P.S. Kailasam)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;31:7:1980 Judgment in Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndia (1980) 3 SCC 625. The portion in Article 31-C and portions in Article 368&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstruck down.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;13:11:1980 - In Waman Rao And Ors vs Union Of India&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAIR 1981 SC 271 again Article 31-B was called in question. Hon&#039;ble Judges Chief&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice Y.V. Chandrachud, Justice P.N. Bhagwati, Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice V.D. Tulzapurkar and Justice A.P. Sen. Matter again led to constitution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof 9 judges&rsquo; bench.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;11:1:2007 - Judgment in I.R. Coelho v. State of T.N.,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(Hon&#039;ble Judges Chief Justice Y.K. Sabharwal, Justice Ashok Bhan, Justice Dr.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nArijit Pasayat, Justice B.P. Singh, Justice S.H. Kapadia, Justice C.K. Thakker,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJustice P.K. Balasubramanyan, Justice Altamas Kabir and Justice D.K. Jain)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Held. Acts included in 9th schedule can be challenged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\non the ground of violation of basic structure of the constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Compiled by:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nS.Basavaraj&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDaksha Legal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd5c3abbb987a72262087df820687d27e.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:50:23', '2020-12-23 02:55:00');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(45, 'RpZpKGiysG8ovG4tu6ia5htKX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A brief note on Design Act 2000 with relevant case laws.   S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;At the outset it is to be seen that the &ldquo;design&rdquo; does&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot include a trade mark under the Trademarks Act or property mark or an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nartistic work under the Copyright Act. Design means only the features of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;shape&rdquo;, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplied to any article whether in two dimensional or three dimensional or in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nboth forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nchemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\njudged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconstruction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanical device. (Section&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2(d), Design Act, 2000.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The Design Act, 2000 protects only the designs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered under the Act. Section 2(c) defines copyright to mean the exclusive&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nright to apply a design to any article in any class in which the design is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered. Only those designs which are new and original deserve registration&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunder the Act. (Section-3). Hence the common law test of &lsquo;passing off&rsquo; which is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\navailable under Section 27 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999, will not apply in case&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof design. Please also note the tests are three dimensional unlike two&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndimensional in case of a trademark.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The word &lsquo;original&rsquo; is also defined as originating&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfrom the author of such design and includes the cases which though old in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthemselves yet are new in their application. (Section 2(g)). Later portion of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe definition shows that even those designs which were created long ago but&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplied recently are also considered as original.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Registration gives protection to the owner. During the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexistence of copyright in any design it shall not be lawful for any person (a)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor the purpose of sale to apply or cause to be applied to any article in any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nclass of articles in which the design is registered, the design or any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfraudulent or obvious imitation thereof, except with the license or written&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsent of the registered proprietor, or to do anything with a view to enable&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe design to be so applied; or (b) to import for the purposes of sale, without&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe consent of the registered proprietor, any article belonging to the class in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhich the design has been registered, and having applied to it the design or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany fraudulent or obvious imitation thereof, or (c) knowing that the design or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany fraudulent or obvious imitation thereof has been applied to any article in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany class of articles in which the design is registered without the consent of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe registered proprietor, to publish or expose or cause to be published or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexposed for sale that article. (Section 22)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;If there is any contravention, the owner can bring a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsuit for recovery of damages and the court can award the maximum damages of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nRs.50,000/-. The owner is also entitled for injunction against the repetition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the contravention.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Any person interested can seek cancellation of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration before the Controller on any of the following grounds, namely:-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(a) that the design has been previously registered in India; or (b) that it has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbeen published in India or in any other country prior to the date of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration; or (c) that the design is not a new or original design; or (d)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the design is not registrable under this Act; or (e) it is not a design at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nall. The Controller can decide the issue either by himself or refer the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npetition for cancellation to the High Court, and the High Court shall decide&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany petition so referred.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;When a suit is filed before the District Judge seeking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndamages and injunction, the defendant can take every ground on which the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration of a design may be cancelled by the Controller. Where such a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndefence has been availed of as a ground of defence the suit shall be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntransferred to the High Court for decision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Needless to say, the High Court can not only dismiss&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe suit, it can even cancel the registration of the plaintiff on the grounds&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmentioned above. When the High Court makes such a decree, it shall send a copy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the decree to the Controller, who shall cause an entry thereof to be made in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe register of designs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;RELEVANT CASE LAW&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;KARNATAKA HIGH COURT: Metal Impacts Private Limited v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nImpact Metals Private Limited, 2011 SCC OnLine Kar 3985: ILR 2014 KAR 6639:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(2012) 2 AIR Kant R 549: (2012) 2 KCCR 853.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;10. The purpose of the Act is protection of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nintellectual property right of the original design for a period of 10 years or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhatever further period extendable. The object behind this enactment is to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbenefit the person for his research and labour put in by him to evolve the new&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand original design. This is the sole aim of enacting this Act. Certain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprohibitions have been engrafted in the Act so as to protect the original&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nperson who has created a new design by virtue of his own efforts by researching&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor a long time. The protection given by the law relating to designs to those&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwho produce new and original designs, is primarily to advance industries, and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nkeep them at a high level of competitive progress. The object of design&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration is to see that the originator of a profitable design is not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndeprived of his reward by others applying it to their goods. The purpose of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDesigns Act is to protect novel designs devised to be applied to particular&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticles to be manufactured and marketed commercially. It is not to protect&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprinciples of operation or invention which, if profitable at all, ought to be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmade the subject matter of a patent. Nor is to prevent the copying of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndirect product of original artistic effort in producing a drawing. Indeed the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhole purpose of a design is that it shall not stand on its own as an artistic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwork but shall be copied by embodiment in a commercially produced artefact.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThus, the primary concern is, what the finished article is to look like and not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwith what it does and the monopoly provided for the proprietor is affected by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccording not, as in the case of ordinary copyright, a right to prevent direct&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreproduction of the image registered as the design but the right, over a much&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmore limited period, to prevent the manufacturer and sale of article of a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesign not substantially different from the registered design. The emphasis,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntherefore, is upon the visual image conveyed by the manufactured article.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;11. Russel-Clarke&rsquo;s Copyright and Industrial Designs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(1951) Edition at page 162 reads as under:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;It is said that protection will be given to any design which is new or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noriginal. As to what distinction, if any, is to be drawn between the words new&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand original is doubtful. It may be that &lsquo;new&rsquo; means different from what has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngone before and that &lsquo;original&rsquo; has the same meaning as in the Copyright Act,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ni.e., originating from the author. It is also possible that the view advanced&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby Buckley, L.J. In Dover Ltd. v. Numberger Celluloid Waren Fabrik, (1910) 27&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nRPC 498 is the correct one. There he said that &lsquo;new&rsquo; referred to cases where&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe shape or pattern was completely new in itself whilst &lsquo;original referred to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncases where, though old in itself it was new in its application to the article&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin question.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;He said (at page 503): &lsquo;If the design be new it may be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered under that expression. But the act of Section 49 seems to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncontemplate that it may be registered, even if it not be new, provided that it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbe original. The explanation of this lies possibly in the fact that the novelty&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmay Consist not in the idea itself but in the way in which the idea is to be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrendered applicable to some special subject-matter. The Word &lsquo;original&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncontemplates that the person has originated something that by the exercise of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nintellectual activity he has started an idea which had not occurred to any one&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbefore, that a particular pattern or shape or ornament may be rendered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplicable to the particular article to which he suggests that should be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplied&hellip;&hellip;&rsquo; &hellip;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Whether a design is novel is a matter of fact to be decided&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby the eye. As already indicated, if the same shape or pattern, or one&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsubstantially similar, has previously been thought of in connection with any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle of manufacture and the idea published, or registered, then the design&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwill be deprived of its novelty. The previous idea or design, will act as an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nanticipation of the later design, and will be a bar to its protection. That the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\neye, and the eye alone, is to be the judge of Identity, and is to decide&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhether one design is or is not an anticipation of any, has been laid down time&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand time again in numberless cases. Whether a design is more useful than other&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesigns which have gone before is not to be considered. It is simply the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngeneral impression gathered by the eye that counts, and it is, therefore, impossible&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto lay down any hard and fast rule which can be followed. &hellip;&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;According to Black&rsquo;s Law Dictionary:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;in order that there may be novelty so as to sustain a patent, the thing must&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot have been known to any one before; mere novelty of form being insufficient&rdquo;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAccordingly, mere novelty of form or shape is insufficient. Novelty involves&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe presence of some element or new position of an old element in combination,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndifferent from anything found in any prior structure. Secondly, even in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncylindrical shape, there may be different shapes. The test is to consider and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlook at the design with an instructed eye and say whether or not such a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndifferent between the which has been published previously, and the registered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesign as to entitle the proprietor.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;12. In Dover v. Nurnberger Celluloid Wares Fabrik&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nGebruder Wolff 1, Buckley L.J, said as under:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;Design means, therefore a conception or suggestion or idea of a shape or of a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npicture or of a device or of some arrangement which can be applied to an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle by some manual, mechanical or chemical means. It is a conception,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsuggestion, or idea, and not an article, which is the thing capable of being&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered. It is a suggestion of form or ornament to be applied to a physical&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbody.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;13. LEGAL CONCEPTS DESIGN. The concept of design is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat a particular figure conceived by its designer in his mind and it is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreproduced in some identifiable manner and it is sought to be applied to an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle. Design means, therefore a conception or suggestion or idea of a shape&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor of a picture or of a device or of some arrangement which can be applied to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nan article by some manual, mechanical or chemical means. A design is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnecessarily part and parcel of the article manufactured while a trade mark is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot necessarily so. Therefore, both the things are required to go together,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ni.e., the design and the design which is to be applied to an article. The idea&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis that the design has to be registered which is sought to be reproduced on any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle. Registration of design is not a defence if the impugned design has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbeen published by others prior to date of registration.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;14. NOVELTY Novelty so as to sustain a patent, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthing must not have been known to any one before. Mere novelty of form is not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsufficient. Novelty involves the presence of some element or new position of an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nold element in combination, different from anything found in any prior&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstructure. If the same shape or pattern, or one substantially similar, has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npreviously been thought of in connection with any article of manufacture and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe idea published, or registered, then the design will be deprived of its&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnovelty. Protection will be given to any design which is new or original. &lsquo;New&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmeans different from what has gone before and that &lsquo;original&rsquo; has the same&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmeaning as in the Copyright Act, i.e., originating from the author. &lsquo;New&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreferred to cases where the shape or pattern was completely new in itself,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhilst &lsquo;original referred to cases where, though old in itself, it was new in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nits application to the article in question. The expression that &lsquo;new&rsquo; or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lsquo;original&rsquo; has to be construed in the context Where this design has ever been&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreproduced by any other Company earlier. It is only the new and original design&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhich is new and which has not been available in the country or has not been&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npreviously registered or has not been published in India or in any other&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncountry prior to the date of registration shall be protected for a period of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nten years. It is in the nature of protection of the intellectual property&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nright.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;15. ORIGINAL The word &lsquo;original&rsquo; refers to design&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhich no previous designer had created for any purpose and &lsquo;new&rsquo; as referring&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto a design which was not in this sense original but was newly and for the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfirst time applied to the particular kind of article with reference not to the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nclassification in the third schedule of the Designs Rules, 1908 but to the kind&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof article having regard to its general character and use. The word &lsquo;original&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncontemplated that the person had originated something that by the exercise of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nintellectual activity he has started an idea which had not occurred to anyone&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbefore, that a particular pattern or shape or ornament may be rendered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplicable to the particular article to which he suggests that it shall be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplied. &ldquo;New or original&rdquo; involve the idea of novelty either in the pattern,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nshape or ornament itself or in the way in which an old pattern, shape, or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nornament is to be applied to some special subject matter. There must be the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexercise of intellectual activity so as to originate, that is to say, suggest&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor the first time, something which had not occurred to anyone before as to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplying, by some manual, mechanical, or chemical means, some pattern, shape,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor ornament to some special subject matter to which it had not been applied&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbefore.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;16. Generally, the test for integrity and originality&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis dependent on determining the type of mental activity involved in conceiving&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe design in question. If the design is original, then the designer must have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconceived something new. If the design is a mere trade variation of a previous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesign, then the designer could be said to have merely keep an existing design&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin view and made some changes in its. The introduction of ordinary trade&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nvariants into an old design cannot make it new or original. The working world,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nas well as the trade world, is entitled at its will to take, in all cases, its&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nchoice or ordinary trade variants for use in any particular instance and no&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npatent and no registration of a design can prevent an ordinary workman from&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nusing or not using trade knowledge of this kind.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Design is an ideal or conception as to features of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nshape, configuration, pattern or ornament applied to an article. Although that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nidea, while still in the author&rsquo;s head, may be potentially capable of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration, in fact it must be reduced to visible form to be identifiable,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand until it is so reduced there is nothing capable or registration. It may be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nso rendered either by its being embodied in the actual article, or by its being&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nplaced upon a piece of paper in such a way that the shape or other features of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe article to be made are clear to the eye. Whenever the means of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nidentification (under some of the old Acts, provision was made whereby a mere&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nverbal description could in some cases be accepted as sufficient), as soon as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe idea is reduced to a form which is identifiable, there is something which&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis a &ldquo;design&rdquo;, and which, if new or original, may be registered.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;In the case of Ampro Food Products v. Ashoka Biscuit&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWorks AIR 1973 ANDHRA PRADESH 17, it is held a: under:&mdash;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;A design is necessarily part and parcel of the article manufactured while a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrade mark is not necessarily so. In fact, the definition of &ldquo;design&rdquo; in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSection 2(5) of the Designs Act expressly states that it does not include any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrade mark as defined in Section 2(1)(v) of the Trade and Merchandise Marks&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAct, 1958. That is why the certificate of registration of the design contains a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnote which recites. &ldquo;The novelty in the design resides in the ornamental source&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npattern which appears only on the side of the biscuit as illustrated. No claim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis made by virtue of this registration to any right to the use as a trade mark&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof what is shown in the representation or to the exclusive use of the letters&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nappearing in the design&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court in the case of Bharat Glass Tube&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLtd. v. Gopal Glass Works Ltd. (2008) 10 SCC 657 : AIR 2008 SC 2520, held that:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;The concept of design is that a particular figure conceived by its designer in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhis mind and it is reproduced in some identifiable manner and it is sought to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbe applied to an article. Therefore, whenever registration is required then&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthose configuration has to be chosen for registration to be reproduced in any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle. The idea is that the design has to be registered which is sought to be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreproduced on any article. Therefore, both the things are required to go&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntogether, i.e., the design and the design which is to be applied to an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narticle.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The Delhi High Court in the case of Rotela Auto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nComponents (P) Limited v. Jaspal Singh 2002 (24) PTC 449 (DEL), held that:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;The design is a conception, suggestion or idea of a shape and not an article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIf it has already been anticipated, it is not new or original. If it has been&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npre-published, it cannot claim protection as publication before registration&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndefeats the proprietors rights to protection. Registration of design is not a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndefence if the impugned deign has been published by others prior to date of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The Calcutta High Court in the case of Western&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nEngineering Co. v. Paul Engineering Co., AIR 1968 CALCUTTA 109 it is held that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe underlying principles behind the law of infringement or design is that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhile the commercial exigencies require that a specific design which is novel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand original should be protected, the monopoly of a trade in respect of a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncommon design with no special skill or originality should not be encouraged.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The Delhi High Court in the case of Glaxo Smithkline&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nConsumer Health Care v. Amigo Brushes Private Limited 2004 (28) PC 1 (DEL), was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsidering the question whether the handle of the toothbrush could be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered as a &lsquo;new&rsquo; or &lsquo;original&rsquo; design under the Act. The Court held that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmaking a handle thick or thin or with sharp tapering at the end of the grip&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npart can by no stretch of reasoning be considered as &lsquo;new&rsquo; or &lsquo;novel&rsquo; design.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThey are mere trade variants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Again the Delhi High Court in the case of Hello&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMineral Water Private Limited v. Thermaking California Pure 2000 (20) PTC 177&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(DEL), held that insofar as the cylindrical shape is concerned, there is no&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnovelty for the novelty does not lie in just shape of this kind or the other,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nit is something more.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Again the Delhi High Court in the case of National&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTrading Company v. Monika Chawla AIR 1994 DEL 309, held that the design will be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndeemed to be pre-published if the design is disclosed to any individual member&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof public who is not under an obligation to keep it secret. Disclosure to such&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nperson is sufficient to constitute publication of design.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;1. Bharat Glass Tube Ltd. v. Gopal Glass Works Ltd.,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(2008) 10 SCC 657, at page 676&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n40. The question of eye appeal came up for consideration in Interlego AG v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTyco Industries Inc (1989 AC 217 : (1988) 3 WLR 678 : (1988) 3 All ER 949&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(1988) 16 RPC 343 (PC)). In that case Their Lordships have laid down important&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntest in the matter of visual appeal of the eye. It was observed as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(All ER pp. 959g-960a)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;In relation, however, to an assessment of whether a particular shape or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconfiguration satisfies the former and positive part of the definition, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfact that an important part of the very purpose of the finished article is to appeal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto the eye cannot be ignored. That factor was one which was conspicuously&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nabsent from the articles upon which the courts were required to adjudicate in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTecalemit Ltd. v. Ewarts Ltd. (No. 2) (1927) 44 RPC 503, Stenor Ltd. v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWhitesides (Clitheroe) Ltd., 1948 AC 107 : (1947) 2 All ER 241: (1948) 65 RPC 1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(HL) and Amp Inc. v. Utilux Pty. Ltd., 1972 RPC 103 (HL) and in the more recent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIrish case of Allibert S.A. v. O&mdash;Connor (1981) FSR 613 in all of which the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nclaim to registration failed. It was one which was present in Kestos case,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhere the claim to the validity of the design succeeded. It is present in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninstant case. One starts with the expectation of eye appeal, for part of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nvery purpose of the article is to have eye appeal. That was aptly expressed by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWhitford, J. in relation to the same subject-matter as in this appeal in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nInterlego AG v. Alex Folley (Vic) Pty. Ltd. (1987) FSR 283 (FSR at p. 298): &lsquo;I&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwould have expected a designer designing toys to have the question of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nappeal of the toy to the eye, even in the case of a functional toy, in mind. Mr&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nRylands who gave evidence for the defendants said that when designing a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfunctional toy it is necessary to have regard not only to suitability for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npurpose but to overall appearance. You have to design so that the article in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nquestion will make an immediate visual appeal to a child or to the parent or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nother person buying for a child.&rsquo; &rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n41. One has to be very cautious, unless two articles are simultaneously&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproduced before the court then alone the court will be able to appreciate. But&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin the present case no design reproduced on glass sheets was either produced&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbefore the Assistant Controller or before the High Court or before us by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nappellant to appreciate the eye appeal. The appellant could have produced the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesign reproduced on glass sheet it manufactured in the United Kingdom or&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nGermany. That could have been decisive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;42. Our attention was invited to Dover Ltd. v.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nN&uuml;rnberger Celluloidware Fabrik Gebr&uuml;der Wolff(1910) 27 RPC 498 (CA) This was a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncase in which the question was of the pattern or ornament of handgrip for cycle&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhandles (sic and the plaintiffs had) brought an action for infringement against&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na German firm of manufacturers, and against their London agents. The defendants&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadmitted that they were selling cycle handles with the design resembling the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nplaintiffs&rsquo; registered design but pleaded that the plaintiffs&rsquo; registered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndesign was not a new or original design not previously published in the United&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nKingdom and alleged that it was commonly known for many years prior to the date&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the registration. Though the Single Judge held that the design was new and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noriginal having regard to the kind of article for which it was registered and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat it had been applied by the defendants to the cycle handles sold by them,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbut the Court of Appeal held that the design was not new or original within the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndefinition of the Patents and Designs Act, 1907 and that the defendants had not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninfringed. Therefore, this case was decided on the question of fact and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevidence led by the parties. In this case, Buckley, J. observed as follows:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;In my opinion, there is in this no originality. If, however, the respondents&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncounsel are right in saying that the design is the whole thing as shown in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npicture, then, it seems to me, that the defendants have not infringed. Their&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhandle is not divided into six panels but into nine panels. Their grooves are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nso much more shallow than the plaintiffs&rsquo; grooves as to be easily&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndistinguishable from them. Fraudulent imitation there was certainly none;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nneither was there obvious imitation either.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIn my judgment, this Act was intended to protect designs which really have some&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmerit by way of novelty or originality and not to give colour to such paltry&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand trivial claims as have been set up in this case. The appeal must, I think,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsucceed and the action be dismissed with costs.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nKennedy, L.J. also took the similar view and observed as follows:&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;In the present case, as I have already said, if I rightly appreciate the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevidence, a panelled handgrip with grooved divisions was not new, nor was the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nengine-turning of surfaces as an ornamentation of those surfaces new, for it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhad been applied to what I may, I think, fairly call the kindred surfaces of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nknife handles and penholders, where the hand grips them. I cannot find either&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnovelty or originality in the plaintiffs&rsquo; design by reason of such a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncombination.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;43. Our attention was also invited to King Features&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSyndicate Incorporated v. O. &amp; M. Kleeman Ltd. 1941 AC 417 : (1941) 2 All&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nER 403 : (1941) 58 RPC 207 (HL) In this case also, action was brought for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nalleged infringement of certain copyright in certain drawings. It was contended&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby the defendants that they had not manufactured or imported and sold as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nalleged by the plaintiffs and there was no infringement. Leave was granted. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt of Appeal allowed the appeal. The plaintiffs appealed to the House of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLords and the appeal was allowed. There also much turned on the question of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevidence.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n44. Our attention was invited to Gammeter v. Controller of Patents &amp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDesigns AIR 1919 Cal 887. Their Lordships discussed the concept of new and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noriginal. In that context, it was observed as follows: (AIR p. 887)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;A design in order to be new or original within the meaning of the Act, need&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot be new or original in the sense of never having been seen before as applied&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto any article whatever, there might be a novelty in applying an old thing to a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnew use, provided it is not merely analogous. Where the design of a metal band&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncalled the &ldquo;Novelty band&rdquo;, intended to attach a watch to the wrist, was similar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin shape and configuration to a bracelet previously manufactured for ornamental&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npurpose.&rdquo; Their Lordships further held as follows: (AIR p. 887)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;&hellip; Though the shape of the &lsquo;Novelty band&rsquo; by itself could not be said to be new&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand original, the application of it to a watch to be worn on the wrist was for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na purpose so different from and for a use so similar to the purpose and use of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe bracelet that the design in question might be said to be original.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;?S. BASAVARAJ,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDaksha Legal&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAdvocates&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnit No.1, 2nd floor,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNo.11, Jeevan Buildings (new block)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nKumara Park East,&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBangalore 560001&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPh: +91 080 41138502&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCel: 9845065416&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nemail: raj@dakshalegal.com&lt;br&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dakshalegal.com%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR2UpjpH3CJrXXfmR06QUR08CaRF8Iog1E5JrT3CeU5OrPUpHuQO0zvhpto&amp;h=AT3i8imZS3tP6QLFKSGmEXwYqFYjc60Nq6oB03oS_gksCJi7Qh5I256m7JWqpAaXrTujFVjJ_5P2xJOUh1IOT-XPKoNXnR7igzTL3yOiyo3PnOZMNgz-QWzit99IuzTfcsk9qBbXnj-DMNeJTtk81WqSRHkEtcKS1w&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;www.dakshalegal.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '533426acb99944fda19cefa6cabe082b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:55:16', '2020-12-23 02:53:59');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(46, 'Hzr7SwGmUg07ZUoiZG42JRC1A', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A Brief Note on Real Estate Regulatory Act.   Ms. Rahisha Sinan', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ms. Rahisha Sinan, Intern, Daksha Legal-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. The real estate regulatory act was brought in by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Union Parliament to regulate this sector. The State Governments are liable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto notify the Rules under this Act within a statutory period of six months&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhich was stipulated in Section 84 of the Act. Measures were brought in to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbring in transparency and accountability to the real estate sector. The Act has&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbrought in new features that primarily seek to protect the interest of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsumers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. Real Estate Regulatory Authorities are to be set up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin the state level to regulate commercial and residential transactions. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nRegulatory Authorities must dispose of the complaint within 60 days and the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAppellate Tribunals will adjudicate disputes within 60 days. The disputes are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto be settled within 120 days.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. Registration of Real Estate Projects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMandatory registration of real estate projects where the land is over 500 sq.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmt. or where there are more than eight apartments, was brought in through the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAct. The registration of properties includes those properties that have not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbeen completed or have not received its completion certificate. Developers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncannot sell before registration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe application for registration must either be approved or rejected by the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregulatory authority within 30 days from the date the application was filed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nFailure to register with the regulatory authority will lead to a penalty of up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto 10% of the project cost or three years imprisonment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIn order to register a property, the builders are required to set aside 70% of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe funds collected from buyers and place it in a separate bank account.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. Penal Interest Rate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBuilders and customers are now liable to pay interest in case of delay of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncompletion of project or payment. This will ensure timely delivery of property&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto consumers and will ensure that developers are paid in due time. The penal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninterest rate will be determined by SBI&rsquo;s Marginal Cost of Lending Rate plus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;5. Pricing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nA distinct feature of the Act is that builders can now only quote prices based&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\non the carpet area, not the super-built up area which serves the interest of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe buyers. The term &lsquo;carpet area&rsquo; has been defined in the Act as the usable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narea of an apartment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. Developer&rsquo;s Duties and Liability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe liability of developers in case of structural defects has been increased&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfrom 2 years to 5 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe Act has made it mandatory for developers to publicly disclose all the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproject details including project plan, its layout, government approvals, land&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntitle status, sub-contractors to the project, schedule for completion and so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nforth with the State Regulatory Authority. This information must then in effect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbe passed onto the buyers. Additionally, developers are handicapped from making&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany changes to a plan that has been sold. Changes may only be made after&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwritten consent is obtained from the buyer. In case of lack of after sales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nservices, buyers have been given 1 year to approach the builders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;7. Mandatory Registration of Real Estate Agents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nReal estate agents who facilitate selling or purchase of properties must take&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprior registration from the regulatory authority in order to facilitate a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntransaction. Such agents will be issued a single registration number for each&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nState or Union Territory, which must be quoted by the agent in every sale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfacilitated by him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;8. Impact on property transactions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; The implication of the Act is a decline in the projects that were set up in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe real estate sector. The Act has the potential to weed out those projects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat do not meet the standards and requirements. Stringent measures enacted&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwill ensure that the real estate sector is regulated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nA Cushman and Wakefield report discloses that project launches have declines 8%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsince RERA was enacted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; Under RERA, all property brokers will have to register with real estate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregulators in their states, thus sieving out the small-time players and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsolidating major ones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; RERA has curbed the inflow of black money in the real estate sector by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nputting certain measures in place.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n', '3dd8fdd9ebb439e5fa4a790e65dd9acc.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:56:29', '2020-12-23 02:53:12');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(47, 'huxq4DTFUcd6g0fHTK30yrHGr', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A Legal Perspective on Extra Territorial Counter terrorist operations with specific reference to the Pulwama Episode and its impact on India Pakistan ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Sumukh B Ram, Intern, Daksha Legal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Lakeerain buhat ajeeb hoti hai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;khaal pe khich jaye to khoon nikal deti&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;zameen pe khich jaye tu Sarhadain bana&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndeti hai&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;[Lines are very strange, when they are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndrawn on the skin, they draw blood and when they are drawn on land they make&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nborders.]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;India-Pakistan Relations has been a visual representation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the David-Goliath skirmishes of the yore Biblical accounts. Both the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncountries were part of one large subcontinent which was administered by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nColonial British authorities by way of either Direct rule by Conquest or by an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninstrument known as Doctrine of Lapse where 565 princely States were in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsuzerainty with the British Empire . Of these Princely States, some of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsignificant States were the Princely States of Mysore, Travancore, Hyderabad,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBhopal, Jodhpur and Kashmir &ndash; the last of which turned into a messy succession&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbattle and still forms a crux of the problem to this day. The Movement for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndependence of the Indian Subcontinent strictly began in 1926 in the Lahore&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSession of the Indian National Congress where &ndash; Purna Swaraj, was declared for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe first time following the draconian Rowlatt Act of 1919 and the infamous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919. Following this there were frequent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncommissions set up by the Colonial British Empire which included the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncontroversial Simon Commission of 1929. By this movement of Independence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstarted to develop from other corners as well. The most noteworthy ones&#039; were&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Indian National Congress Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNehru and Quaim-e-azad Movement led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah who headed the All&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndian Muslim League. Successive conferences were set up by the British Empire&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnotably the Round Table Conferences of 1931. 1932 and 1933 and this was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npossible due to the British Prime Minister, Sir Clement Attlee who was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncommitted to British-Indian Independence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Perhaps the turning point of the Indian Freedom&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstruggle was the Quit India Movement of 1942 which was supplemented by Lord&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLinlithgow Conference of 1941 and followed by The Cripps Mission of 1944 and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLord Wavell&rsquo;s plan of 1945. By the failure of the Cripps Mission it was clear&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the subcontinent was headed towards Partition along Sectarian Lines. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAIML demanded a separate nation for itself known as Pakistan which was stated&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto be a Theocratic Republic and a Dominion of India which was purported to be a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSecular Democratic Republic.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;India-Pakistan relations refer to diplomatic bilateral&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexchanges between the sovereigns of the Republic of India and Islamic Republic&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof Pakistan. A key point to note here is the difference between the term &lt;b&gt;Indo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand &lt;b&gt;India&lt;/b&gt; when referring to bilateral or international relations. It has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof late become a trend to interchange the usage between India and Indo but the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndistinction is that while using &lt;b&gt;India&lt;/b&gt; we would be referring to relations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbetween india and another nation in the eyes of international law and the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nauspices of diplomacy but in the case of &lt;b&gt;Indo&lt;/b&gt;we would be referring to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe entire &lt;b&gt;Indo-Oceanic Plateau along with the Group of Nations &lt;/b&gt;and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntheir relations with the respective nation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;India-Pakistan relations for the past 7 decades have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbeen Laodicean, while the former is a flourishing democracy and home to 1.3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbillion people of all walks of life, the latter has seen rogue militarism and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nautocratic governance. Pakistan over the past 70 years doesn&rsquo;t have a single&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPrime Minister who has completed his/her 5 years tenure as mandated by its&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nConstitution. It has seen 4 totalitarian military coups with martial law in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nplace: namely 1953 coup by Ghulam Mohammed, 1958 coup by Ayub Khan, 1977 coup&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby Zia-ul-Haq and the 1999 coup by Pervez Musharraf. India on the other hand is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe world&rsquo;s largest democracy with 900 million voters as per the ECI rolls of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe 2019 General Assembly Elections. India and Pakistan have conflicted&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnumerous including 4 full-fledged wars of 1947,1965,1971 and 1999, the third&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\none being the most devastating for Pakistan as it lost half of its territory&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand resulted in the liberation of East Pakistan and led to the creation of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBangladesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Legality of Extra-Territorial Counter Terrorism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAttacks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Operation Neptune Spear : Killing of Osama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBin Laden in Abottabad, Pakistan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;On May 2, 2011, U.S. forces entered Pakistanwithout&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Pakistani government&rsquo;s consent to capture or kill Osama Bin Laden. In the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwake of the successful U.S. military operation, the Pakistan Government&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nobjected to the unauthorized unilateral action by the United States and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncautioned that the event shall not serve as a future precedent for any state.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nFormer President Musharraf complained that the operation violated Pakistan&rsquo;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsovereignty. The episode implicates a host of important legal and political&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nissues.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;This &lt;i&gt;paper &lt;/i&gt;focuses on of them:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; When may one state use force in another&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate&rsquo;s territory in self-defence against members of a non-state armed group?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; What constraint does the principle of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsovereignty impose on that action?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Non-state actors, including terrorist groups,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregularly launch attacks against states, often from external bases. When a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate seeks to respond with force to those attacks, it must decide whether to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nuse force on the territory of another state with which it may not be in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconflict. Absent consent from the territorial state or authorization from the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnited Nations Security Council, international law traditionally requires the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate that suffered the armed attack to assess whether the territorial state is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunwilling or unable to unilaterally suppress the threat. Only if the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nterritorial state is unwilling or unable to eliminate the threat may the victim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate lawfully use force. This &lt;i&gt;paper &lt;/i&gt;explores the scope of that test and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsiders what types of factors the United States might have taken into account&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin concluding that Pakistan was unwilling or unable to address the threat posed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby Bin Laden.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Both the Bush and Obama Administrations have taken the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nview that the United States is in an armed conflict with al Qaeda. In the U.S.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nGovernments view, al Qaeda undertook an armed attack against the United States&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\non September 11, 2001, which triggered the U.S. right of self-defence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsistent with Article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Perhaps the most controversial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naspect of this position is the U.S. argument that this conflict can and does&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nextend beyond the hot battlefield of Afghanistan to wherever members of al&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nQaeda are found. For the United States (and others that adopt this position),&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nonce a state is in an armed conflict with a non-state armed group, that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconflict follows the members of that group wherever they go, as long as the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngroup&rsquo;s members continue to engage in hostilities against that state (either on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe hot battlefield or from their new location).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Those who support the view that armed conflicts have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngeographic limits as a matter of international law usually begin with the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproposition that one must determine the existence of an armed conflict based on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe facts on the ground in a particular state. The hostilities there between a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate and an organized non-state actor must be protracted and intense for an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narmed conflict to exist. If the level of violence is sporadic or the non-state&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nactors lack a certain level of organization, no armed conflict exists, and any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate wishing to address the threat posed by those non-state actors must use&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlaw enforcement tools.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;These contrasting positions come into high relief in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Bin Laden case. If the U.S. conflict with al Qaeda is limited to the hot&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbattlefield of Afghanistan (and possibly Yemen, Iraq, and the border regions of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPakistan), then the United States could not lawfully have targeted Bin Laden as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na belligerent in an armed conflict. If, alternatively, the U.S. conflict with&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nal Qaeda is not limited to hot battlefields then the United States could make a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndetermination that Bin Laden was a lawful target under the laws of armed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconflict, even when unarmed and at home in his compound in Abbottabad. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnited States clearly made the latter determination. However, this does not end&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe inquiry about whether using force in Pakistan against Bin Laden was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninternationally lawful.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;International law restricts the situations in which a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate may use force in the territory of another state. There are three&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsituations in which such an act is lawful: pursuant to U.N. Security Council&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nauthorization under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter; in self-defence; or (at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nleast in some cases) with the consent of the territorial state. Once a state&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconcludes that it has a right of self-defence, it must assess what specific&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntypes of actions it can take in response, including whether it can use force.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe standard inquiry has three elements:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Whether the use of force would be &lt;i&gt;necessary&lt;/i&gt;;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Whether the level of force contemplated would be &lt;i&gt;proportionate&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto the initial armed attack (or imminent threat thereof);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Whether the response will be taken at a point&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsufficiently close to the armed attack (&lt;i&gt;i.e.&lt;/i&gt;, whether it would be &lt;i&gt;immediate&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;In determining whether it is necessary to use force&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nagainst a non-state actor operating in another state&rsquo;s territory, the victim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate must consider not just whether the attack was of a type that would&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrequire force in response, but also the conditions within the state from which&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe non-state actor launched the attacks. In this latter evaluation, states,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nabsent consent, employ the unwilling or unable test to assess whether the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nterritorial state is prepared to suppress the threat. If the territorial state&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis either unwilling or unable, it is reasonable for the victim state to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsider its own use of force in the territorial state to be necessary and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlawful (assuming the force is proportional and timely). If the territorial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstate is both willing and able, the victim state&rsquo;s use of force would be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunlawful. Thus, if the United States located a senior member of al Qaeda in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nStockholm, it almost certainly would be unlawful for the United States to use&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nforce against that individual without Sweden&rsquo;s consent, because there is no&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreason to believe that the Swedish government would be unwilling or unable to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntake appropriate measures against that al Qaeda member.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Although the test is easy to state, international law&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngives the United States (or any state in a similar position) little guidance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nabout what the unwilling or unable test requires. Considerable state practice&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsupports the existence of the test and reveals its historical roots in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nneutrality law, but neither states nor scholars have discussed what the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstandard means. What facts should the United States have considered when&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevaluating Pakistan&rsquo;s willingness or ability to suppress the threat Bin Laden&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nposed to the United States, NATO and Afghan forces, and the security of other&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstates that have suffered al Qaeda attacks? Does international law require the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnited States to ask Pakistan to take measures itself before the United States&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlawfully may act? If so, how much time must the United States give Pakistan to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrespond? What if Pakistan proposes to respond to the threat in a way that the United&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nStates believes may not be adequate?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Based on an examination of state practice, it is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npossible to ascertain a few key principles that the international community&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmight expect a state using force to follow. The principles might include&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrequirements that the acting state:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Ask the territorial state to address the threat and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprovide adequate time for the latter to respond;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Reasonably assess the territorial state&rsquo;s control&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand capacity in the region from which the threat is emanating;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Reasonably assess the territorial state&rsquo;s proposed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmeans to suppress the threat;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&middot; Evaluate its own prior interactions with the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nterritorial state.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;However, an important exception to the requirement&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the acting state request that the territorial state act arises where the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nacting state has strong reasons to believe that the territorial state is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncolluding with the non-state actor, or where asking the territorial state to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntake steps to suppress the threat might lead the territorial state to tip off&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe non-state actor before the acting state can undertake its mission.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;In an August 2007 speech, then-Presidential candidate&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBarack Obama asserted that, if elected, his Administration would take action&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nagainst the leadership of al Qaeda in Pakistan if the United States had&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nactionable intelligence about al Qaeda targets in Pakistan and then-President&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMusharraf failed to act. Obama later clarified his position, stating,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&ldquo;What I said was that if we have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nactionable intelligence against bin Laden or other key al-Qaida officials . . .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand Pakistan is unwilling or unable to strike against them, we should strike&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthem instead&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Based on the facts that have come to light to date,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe United States appears to have strong arguments that Pakistan was unwilling&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor unable to strike against Bin Laden. Most importantly, the United States has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na reasonable argument that asking the Government of Pakistan to act against Bin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLaden could have undermined the mission. The size and location of the compound&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand its proximity to Pakistani military installations has cast strong doubt on&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPakistan&rsquo;s commitment to defeat al Qaeda. The United States seems to have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsuspected that certain officials within the Pakistani government were aware of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBin Laden&rsquo;s presence and might have tipped him off to the imminent U.S. action&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nif they had known about it in advance. Further, it would have been reasonable&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor the United States to question Pakistan&rsquo;s capacity to successfully raid Bin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nLaden&rsquo;s compound, given that he was known to be a highly sophisticated and likely&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwell-protected enemy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Pakistan might argue that it would have been able to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstage an effective mission against the compound, or that the United States at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nleast should have constructed the mission as a joint operation, given that the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntwo countries work closely together in other intelligence and military&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncontexts. It also could point to the fact that it conducted searches for al&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nQaeda leaders in Abbottabad in 2003 and in subsequent years, and that it passed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\non information about the 2003 search to U.S. officials. On balance, however,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPakistan&rsquo;s defence of its sovereignty in this case, while understandable from a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npolitical perspective, seems weak as a matter of international law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The facts and politics in this case make it unlikely&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat Pakistan&rsquo;s defence of its sovereignty will find significant international&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsupport. Nevertheless, it would be useful as a matter of international law for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstates to agree that the unwilling or unable test is the correct test for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsituations such as the U.S. raid against Bin Laden in Pakistan and to provide&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadditional content to that test. Doing so potentially could serve international&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlaw&rsquo;s interests by minimizing legal disagreements at times when political and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfactual disagreements are running high.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Balakot Air Strikes : India&rsquo;s response to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPulwama Attack&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;On 14 February 2019, a dastardly terrorist attack was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncarried out on India&rsquo;s security personnel, in the Pulwama district of Kashmir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), a United Nations (UN) designated terrorist&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\norganization, claimed responsibility for the attack. The Pulwama attack is the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlatest in a long list of attacks, attempted or executed, by the same terrorist&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noutfit against Indian soldiers and civilians in Kashmir and elsewhere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;On the morning of 26 February 2019, the Foreign&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSecretary, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India issued a statement&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nclaiming that a &lt;b&gt;&ldquo;non-military pre-emptive action&rdquo; &lt;/b&gt;was undertaken by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndian Air Force against a military camp of the JeM located in Balakot,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPakistan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;India&rsquo;s actions have infused life into several debates&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrelating to &lt;i&gt;jus ad bellum &lt;/i&gt;as well as&lt;i&gt; Jus in Bello&lt;/i&gt;, especially&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwith respect to South Asia and non-state actors (NSAs), which hitherto were&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmerely academic in nature. This paper seeks to analyse India&rsquo;s official&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstatement, released shortly after the strikes on the JeM camp in Balakot, and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntackles two broad points of discussion arising from the wording of the official&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstatement :-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Firstly,&lt;/i&gt; the concept and relevance of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nterminology &ldquo;non-military preemptive action&rdquo; employed by India in its official&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstatement;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Secondly&lt;/i&gt;, a state&rsquo;s right of self-defence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nagainst non-state actors, operating out of the territory of another state, and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndia&rsquo;s legal position on the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Non-military Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The use of the term &ldquo;non-military&rdquo;, in India&rsquo;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nofficial statement deserves some attention. After careful scrutiny, it can be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsupposed that such terminology seeks to serve three purposes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Firstly,&lt;/i&gt; it seeks to clarify that the target&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the attacks was an NSA, and not the military or the civilian population of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPakistan. This clarification manifests India&rsquo;s position that the air strikes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsought to simply destroy the terror camps of JeM, without delving into&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nquestions of attribution and state responsibility of Pakistan for the acts of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe NSA operating from within its territory.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Secondly, &lt;/i&gt;the terminology seeks to pre-empt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand counter any arguments on the initiation of an international armed conflict&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbetween India and Pakistan through the argument that there was no engagement&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbetween the armed forces (or militaries) of the two States.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;- &lt;i&gt;Finally,&lt;/i&gt; irrespective of the initiation of an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninternational armed conflict, declaring the specificity of the attack in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nofficial statement (&ldquo;this non-military pre-emptive action was specifically&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntargeted at the JeM camp&rdquo;), and focusing on avoiding civilian casualties tries&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto reflect India&rsquo;s compliance with the Geneva Conventions, specifically the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprinciple of discrimination.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The phrase immediately succeeding &ldquo;non-military&rdquo; i.e.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;preemptive action&rdquo;, however, raises issues of its own.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Pre-emptive Action&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;The genus of the inherent right of self-defence under&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nArticle 51 is not devoid of its own species. There are three possible scenarios&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin which the right of self-defence may get triggered. These scenarios may be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunderstood in the form of a continuum. On the restrictive end, is the literal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunderstanding of Article 51 which relies upon the phrasing&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&ldquo;&hellip;if an armed attack occurs&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;and triggers a State&rsquo;s right of self-defence only&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nafter an &lsquo;armed attack&rsquo; has already been carried out against it. This restricts&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nself-defence to merely a reactive right.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;In the middle lies the concept of &lsquo;anticipatory&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nself-defence&rsquo; which states that the right is not just reactionary in nature,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbut also exists in the face of palpable and imminent danger. On the other end&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the continuum is the right of &lsquo;preventive self-defence&rsquo;, which may even be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninvoked to prevent vague future attacks. There exists a crucial line of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndistinction between the two concepts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;While anticipatory self-defence recognises the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexistence of the right in the face of a manifestly specific and imminent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nattack. The concept of preventive self-defence does not seek to rely on any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconcrete threat of an armed attack, and operates in the realm of contingency&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand conjecture (eg. Japan&rsquo;s attack on Pearl Harbour). It is beyond debate that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreactionary self-defence or self-defence simpliciter has a firm grounding in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninternational law. The right of &lsquo;anticipatory self-defence&rsquo; has also, over&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntime, received recognition to some extent. However, &lsquo;preventive self-defence&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas found few supporters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Interestingly, the phrase &lsquo;pre-emptive self-defence&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas also been employed by multiple States and publicists. The phrase has seen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninconsistent application through synonymous and interchangeable usage with both&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lsquo;anticipatory&rsquo; &lt;i&gt;(Brownlie&rsquo;s Principles of Public International Law, ed. James&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCrawford, p. 750-752)&lt;/i&gt; as well as &lsquo;preventive&rsquo; self-defence. Such&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnon-uniform use of &lsquo;pre-emptive self-defence&rsquo; by international actors further&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncomplicates an already complex understanding of self-defence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;India&rsquo;s official statement mentions that the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;pre-emptive&rdquo; strikes were undertaken &ldquo;in the face of imminent danger&rdquo;, which&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwas based on credible intelligence that the JeM was planning another terror&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nattack against the country. It is argued that the usage of the phrase&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&ldquo;pre-emptive strikes&rdquo; hovers between two variations of the right of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nself-defence &ndash; anticipatory and preventive. Such phraseology seems to conflate&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe right of &lsquo;anticipatory self-defence&rsquo; with the arguably unrecognised&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lsquo;preventive right of self-defence&rsquo;, and begets ambiguity regarding India&rsquo;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nofficial legal stance on the Balakot strikes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif&quot;&gt;Furthermore, solely relying on the phrase &ldquo;imminent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndanger&rdquo;, in the absence of any concrete evidence of the imminent threat, not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nonly leaves the lawfulness/legality of the air strikes in doubt, but also fails&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto clear the confusion highlighted in the previous paragraph.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&', '0027fa27bb49baed74783852500fc127.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 20:59:03', '2020-12-23 02:52:32');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(48, 'M4i6fY8qXEjkJ04YNaMT9KJXp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A note on Triple Talaq.   Mr. Mushtaq K.Lodi.  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;By Mr. Mushtaq K.Lodi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Professor of Law, Legal practitioner and author of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;book &lsquo;Islam and The West - lodi_mk@yahoo.co.in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. The country is currently embroiled over the triple&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Talaq controversy with the matter now reaching the apex level at the Honourable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Supreme court and is slated to be resolved one way or the other finally. What&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;exactly is the issue all about? And why has it reached its present level of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;frenzy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;To understand this one must have an understanding of the system of marriage and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;divorce in Muslim Law and also take a brief peek at pre-Islamic history of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Arabia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;2. The Muslim system of marriage and divorce is very&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;different from the secular system of marriage and divorce as also other systems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;of marriage and divorce of other religious communities world-wide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. In the first place marriage in Muslims is a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;contract and not a sacrament unlike other religious communities. The marriage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;document or &lsquo;Nikahnama&rsquo; contains the essential elements of a marriage contract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;according to Muslim Law to make it valid: Offer and acceptance (in one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;sitting), consent, dower and witnesses from both sides.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;4. The problem is not with the marriage system as such&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;but with the controversial divorce system, in particular, the Talaq system of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;ending a marriage. There are 5 types of Talaq and presently in the Supreme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Court only 4 types of Talaq are being mentioned of which only the triple Talaq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;is the subject-matter of dispute. Let us examine the Talaq system for a proper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;understanding of it in Muslim Law and practice. The Talaq is a unilateral&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;divorce which operates from the husband to the wife and not the other way&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;around.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;5. Secondly, the husband need not give any reason for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the Talaq. It is his power to do so at any time and without ascribing any reason&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;for it. All that he needs to do is to pronounce it. Thirdly, he need not say it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;in the presence of the wife. It can be uttered even in her absence and is valid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;from the time it is brought to her notice. Finally, no witnesses are required&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;for issuing Talaq.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;6. With all the above ingredients it is easy to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;understand that the Talaq gives unfettered rights to a Muslim husband over the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;wife which is not available to any other husband of any other faith or secular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;7. The first type of Talaq is the Talq-e-Ahsan in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;which the husband utters Talaq once which is followed by mediation by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;representatives of the wife and husband. At the end of three months(three&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;menstrual cycles)if the mediation does not succeed and if there is no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;resumption of cohabitation, the marriage ends automatically and the wife stands&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;divorced without the intervention of the Court. This is also known as the &lsquo;most&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;approved&rsquo; form of Talaq.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;8. The second form of Talaq is the Talaq-e-Hassan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(&lsquo;approved&rsquo; form of Talaq). In this form of Talaq, the husband utters Talaq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;three times, each pronouncement being made after a gap of one month with the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;usual mediation by both parties to abort the Talaq and at the end of the third&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Talaq, if the mediation does not work, the marriage ends, provided there is no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;resumption of cohabitation. But the difference is that the couple cannot now&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;re-marry after the third Talaq. And to remarry the original husband, the wife&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;has to undergo a rather horrendous practice of marrying another man, getting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the second marriage consummated and then getting divorced from the second&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;husband, waiting for the mandatory three-month iddat period and then only can&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;she re-marry the original husband. This system is called &lsquo;Nikah Halala&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;9. The third type of Talaq is the odious triple Talaq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;which is the subject-matter of the dispute. In this form of Talaq the husband&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;utters Talaq three times in one session and the marriage ends immediately&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;without any mediation and without any waiting period. Remember, this he can do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;even in her absence and without offering any reason. The other type of Talaq is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the Talaq-e-Tafweez or the delegated Talaq in which the husband delegates the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;power to issue a Talaq on his behalf to someone else, even ironically, to his&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;wife, who can then exercise it and divorce herself from her husband!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;There is yet another type of Talaq which has not even been mentioned in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;dispute before the Supreme Court, and that is the conditional Talaq. In this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;form of Talaq the husband attaches a condition, which, if fulfilled, renders&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the Talaq effective immediately. The condition may be one over which the wife,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;or even the husband, may have no control over, and yet the wife becomes a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;victim to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;10. Thus, these are the 5 types of Talaq that a Muslim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;husband enjoys the right to invoke at his whim. Now let us examine the arguments in defense of such antediluvian practices put&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;forth by the AIMPLB (All India Muslim Personal Law Board): They argue that such&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;practices are part of the Shariah, the Islamic legal system that, according&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;them, is ordained by God and therefore, according to Islamic beliefs, no mortal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;can change it. This is a smoke screen and not based on historical facts. All&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the above systems of Talaq, including the notorious triple Talaq and the other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;forms of divorce, including &lsquo;Khula&rsquo; and the other much maligned practice &lsquo;Nikah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Halala&rsquo; have been in practice in pre-Islamic Arabia in several tribes in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;period termed as the &lsquo;Jahiliyah&rsquo; (age of ignorance) by the Islamists before 620&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;A.D. These practices, quite understandably, were incorporated by Islam in its&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;nascent stage. This view is also stated by the noted scholar of Islamic Studies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Dr.Zeenat Shoukat Ali, among others. Unfortunately, for the serious historian,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;there is very little information and very few sources available in Arabia on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the pre-Islamic period or &lsquo;Jahiliyah&rsquo;. One has to ferret out information from&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;the few sources available to cull this information.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;11. Therefore, if such practices were present in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Arabia in the pre-Islamic period and the Shariah merely incorporated them they&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;are not of Divine origin as argued by the AIMPLB. And therefore, they can be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;modified, amended, even banned as deemed fit by the current generation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Moreover, the Shias do not allow it. If one sect of Muslims can ban it and yet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;remain Muslims then it obviously is not so sacrosanct that it cannot be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;removed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;12. Even the much touted system of divorce&mdash;the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Khula,&rsquo; which the Islamist apologists vociferously argue that it gives Muslim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;women the right to divorce, is actually misleading. Khula is a form of divorce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;initiated by the wife no doubt, but then it becomes effective only if the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;husband accepts her offer. And to induce the husband the wife has to offer a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;consideration in the form of foregoing her dower in part or fully for him to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;find it acceptable. Otherwise the Khula does not operate. It is actually a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;system of divorce in which the Muslim wife purchases her freedom. Thus, even&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;here, the husband holds the key.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;13. In conclusion, as can be seen the scales are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;tilted heavily in favour of the husband in the Muslim legal system. Such&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;unfettered power to divorce a wife under any form of Talaq is directly an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;assault on Article 14, in particular, against exercise of arbitrary action as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;enunciated by the Supreme Court in E.P.Royappa vs. The State of Tamil Nadu in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1974. Muslim women are in urgent need of help to deal with such patriarchal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;systems. More so, since they are not likely to get help from within the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;community, as can be seen in the stance taken by the AIMPLB and their ilk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Therefore the onus shifts onto the State and the social community at large to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;help restore parity between the genders in the Muslim community.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;14. In fact there already a readymade remedy available&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;for the Supreme Court in the form of the Delhi High Court judgment in Masroor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Ahmed Vs State of Delhi, 2007 in which the Honourable Judge decreed that the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;tripe Talaq, if uttered, is to be treated as a single Talaq to be followed by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;mediation and it becomes effective only after the mandatory 3-month waiting&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;period. All that the Supreme Court needs to do, is to uphold this judgment and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;give it its stamp of approval and the matter of the tripe Talaq can be resolved&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;in a simple and expeditious manner. However, the larger issue of gender parity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;remains. A system in which the husband enjoys unfettered rights of divorcing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;his wife without ascribing any reason or cause, and worse still, even in her&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;absence has to be done away with.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;15. Does the Government and the Judiciary have the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;courage to ban the iniquitous, unfair, arbitrary, capricious and gender-biased&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;system of Talaq itself?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '32a22cd04c415b6dd93026f2dc3f310e.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:00:26', '2020-12-31 04:46:41');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(49, 'PnFr1GHnBDzKibgJGL7zDwaND', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' A STUDY OF THE HINDU CODE BILL WHETHER UCC SHOULD COME INTO EXISTENCE OR NOT.  C.Sai.Sumana.  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;By- C.Sai.Sumana, 2nd Year BBA-LLB, Symbiosis Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSchool, Hyderabad.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;ABSTRACT:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThere were several Hindu laws which got codified from the Hindu personal laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin 1950&rsquo;s. as there were different views from various Hindu politicians and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmany Hindu politics. They have come to a concept of the Hindu code bills. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthen rulers have tried to implement a one single law Uniform Civil Code for all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe personal laws, but Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, while safeguarding the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npresentation of the Hindu Code Bill rather than a uniform common code, in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nParliament in 1954, said &quot;I don&#039;t imagine that at the present minute the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntime is ready in India for me to attempt to implement it&quot;. So the Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlaw only got codified during that time. This paper would focus on the various&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHindu code bills like adoption act, succession act, Hindu marriage act, etc.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthis paper would also further discuss about the difference between other&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npersonals laws and Hindu codified law and its comparative analysis. This paper&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwould also showcase the need for Uniform Civil Code as some personal laws are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncodified and some are not. It would also explain how hindu law is better than&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nother personal laws. It would also give a conclusion with self opinion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; The scope and objective of this paper is to analyze the different Hindu Code&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBills.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; To further discuss about the other personal laws in comparison with the Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCode Bills.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&bull; A brief discussion on Uniform Civil Code&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThere are two types of methods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\no Primary data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\no Secondary data.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;To study this project I have used both primary and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsecondary data where, the primary data is the direct source and secondary data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis by internet source, books, journals etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\no I have used the class room teaching ideas as my primary source Matter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncollected from web and books is my secondary source.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;RESEARCH QUESTIONS:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThis paper would answer the questions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. How better is a codified law from other personal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlaws? Example, Hindu codified law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. Whether there is a need for uniform civil code or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHow better is a codified law rather than other personal laws?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;The personal law framework has for a considerable&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlength of time been, and remains, a particular distinctive form of pluralist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIndian legitimate culture. Personal laws involve an extraordinary position in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntoday&#039;s age and assume essential part in keeping the general public inside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngood, civil and moral limits . The Hindu personal law is one of the best laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nas it is now codified for four major religions like Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand Hindus. the Hindu Law established as it is on Vedas and Smrti writings, is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsidered by many individuals as of divine origin holy and unchanging and not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto be deliled by sacriligious hands. The hindu code bills are a combine of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nseries of laws which were passed in 1950&rsquo;s. The formers of these laws are the then&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. B.R.Ambedkar. during the British times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthere was committee formed to prepare a bill which abolished joint family&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproperty, polygamy etc., from the society. Later after 1948 the law commission&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas drafted a bill with eight parts in it, which spoke about: who is a Hindu,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarriage, adoption, guardianship, join family property which included property&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto women, succession and maintenance. all these contained 55 clauses together&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand they named it as one bill that is the &lsquo;Hindu code bill&rsquo; but when national&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncongress party has won Nehru split this hindu code bill into various bills and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npassed them as succession act, hindu marriage act, hindu adoption act, hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nguardianship act, Hindu maintenance act etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThere was a great deal of restriction to this hindu code bill and an Anti-Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCode Bill board was framed in 1949. The Anti-Hindu-Code-Bill Committee was&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngiven support by many lawyers and by moderate ministers. Through 1950 and 1951,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNehru and Ambedkar made a few endeavors to get the Hindu Code Bill go into law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBut still, the restriction was extensive, both inside Parliament and outside&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;At present: till today only the Hindu law only the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHindu law is codified among all the personal laws. Hindu codified law says that&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nist is applied only for Hindus and a Hindu is other than a Muslim, parsi and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJews . The Hindu marriage act explains the details who is a Hindu, Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarriage, nullity of marriage and divorce, jurisdiction and procedures about&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe family courts. The Hindu adoption act deals about: adoption, maintenance,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndependants, maintenance when to be a charge. The Hindu minority and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nguardianship act contains about who is a guardian, natural guardian,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntestamentary guardian, minor, de facto guardian, welfare of minor. The Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsuccession act contains, who is a successor, who can get the property, who will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot inherit the property etc. there are several upcoming laws Hindu joint&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfamily, family courts etc. on comparison of these laws with Muslim, parsi and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nChristian laws, till today those laws are not codified and there are some back&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndraws in them. The Christian law has 88 sections but still does not cover all&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe laws. The muslim law is not a codified law, when compared with the Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlaw it has got most of the diffical provisions and discriminatory provisions in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nit. the muslim law is different for sunni and shia . Bigamy, polygamy are still&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexists in muslim law, which is not a fair provision. This also disturbs or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndegrades the social and moral behaviors of other religions. This law is a kuran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadopted and is still being continued as a religious law. The Christian does not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhave the provisions of succession and marriages, it only has the procedure for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarriage. For any such disputes, they rely upon Indian succession act, Indian divorce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nact, special marriage act, etc. therefore these laws prove that a codified law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis much better than all other personal laws. The Hindu law is applicable to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthose who have no religion. It considers such a person as a Hindu as Hindu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreligion is the major religion in the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Whether there is a need for Uniform Civil Code or not?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe appropriation of a uniform civil code is a constitutional and goal . Every&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nState which has any claim to acculturated statute has or plans to have a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nuniform Civil Code to oversee its natives. Such a Code is the anger of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncircumstances and the mold of present day majority rules systems. Be the sort&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe American, the European or the Asiatic, each illuminated Government looks to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrearrange and blend its laws of individual and property into an example of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nuniformity and harmony which can stand the test of time and fulfill the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrequests of equity and justice. In a nation like India which amid a progression&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof hundreds of years had come to be the home of various groups of various&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nraces, statements of faith and culture, the populace now comprises of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nheterogenous areas whose personal laws, religion and feelings are so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexceptionally unique that unless each endeavor is made strenuously and without&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na moment&#039;s delay to find and accentuate the purposes of agreement between them,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nonly then they can form a uniformity. In India the main problem arises when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthere is different law for different people. the criminal always wants to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncommit crime by changing religions and committing fraud, he may commit polygamy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhen he gets converted into Islamic religion, therefore there must be only one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsingle law for all the religions. Uniform civil code is also the best&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadvantaged weapon to resolve the dispute between communities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Other than having one single law this uniform civil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncode will develop a consciousness among the societies and individuals. All the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwomen who have discriminatory laws as per their own respective personal laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwill get a uniform platform where equity is shown. The uniform civil code is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe better codified law for all the personal laws as we have already seen the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbenefits of a codified law . there are some other cases which indicates the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrequirement of uniform civil code like, in the case of Sayeda Khatoon&rsquo;s case :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;', '41d3c2e2b1af44ac3813dc2e7416f977.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 0, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:01:23', '2020-12-30 17:15:30');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(73, 'Fmbzn5USSwiFE4o7tLNroGvHs', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Creamy Layer.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Is it a real war between forward and well-educated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;SC/ST vs poor and less fortunate SC/ST? Who will protect the really backward&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;SC/ST against their own superiors?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;refer to the relatively forward and better educated members of the backward&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;community who are not eligible for government-sponsored educational and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;professional benefit programs and jobs. This test was hitherto not extended to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes. This means howsoever economically&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;well-off, howsoever politically powerful, howsoever forward and better educated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;they may be, the persons/children/family members of Scheduled Caste and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Scheduled Tribe were eligible to claim reservation. The resultant position is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;among the SC/ST category only the rich, well educated members would take all&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the opportunities depriving their poor and less educated brothers/sisters. A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;SC/ST from village could never ever compete with SC/ST from urban elite. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;urban candidates are taking all the opportunities. This is the unproclaimed war&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;between rich &amp;amp; powerful SC/ST vs poor and less fortunate SC/ST.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bench judgment of the Supreme Court in Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India, (2008)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;6 SCC 1. The relevant para says;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;principle is introduced merely to exclude a section of a particular caste on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the ground that they are economically advanced or educationally forward. They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;are excluded because unless this segment of caste is excluded from that caste&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;group, there cannot be proper identification of the backward class. If the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;creamy layer&rdquo; principle is not applied, it could easily be said that all the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;castes that have been included among the socially and educationally backward&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;classes have been included exclusively on the basis of caste.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Court in Jarnail Singh &amp;amp; ors vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta and others, Special&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Leave Petition 30621/2011 decided on 26 September 2018 held that the Creamy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;layer test must be applied to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled tribe also the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;reason is as follows.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;backward classes of citizens move forward so that they may march hand in hand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;with other citizens of India on an equal basis. This will not be possible i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;they always were.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;only promotion or it applies to initial appointment also. There is also some&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;doubt as to if by applying creamy layer test if forward SC/ST are eliminated,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the posts will go to general category (which according to me should not happen)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in arms against Supreme Court judgment, seeking review or another&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;constitutional amendment to remove the basis of the Judgment. When I asked few&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;members of the Community will this move not actually against the poor and less&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;fortunate SC/ST brethren, they are silent. Our intellectuals and those who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;support creamy layer must realise that it is not SC/ST war against the General&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;category, it is the fight by rich and powerful SC/ST against poor and less&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;fortunate SC/ST.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The poor and less fortunate SC/ST brethren have finally got a chance to compete&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;with forward, powerful SC/ST. They must also be protected. Unfortunately there&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;is no one to educate and explain the situation let alone support them in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;forthcoming legal fight.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Creamy Layer is the word used in Indian politics to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, this principle was upheld by the constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;170. It is to be understood that &ldquo;creamy layer&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, another Constitution Bench of the Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The whole object of reservation is to see that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There is some doubt as to whether the judgment applies&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;As expected, the Cream Layer of SC/ST members are up&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;', '62404045d47fed60757d04874c3431e9.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:57:52', '2021-01-29 00:18:50'),
(74, '1qSnNNlMjDHYs0GX09squ3lNu', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Cryptocurrencies and their Regulation in India.   Dishan Srinivasa Rao.', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dishan Srinivasa Rao, J.D. Candidate, Class of 2020&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;University of California, Davis School of Law, USA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;being talked about in the news. But what exactly is a cryptocurrency? And why&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;are countries like India starting to curb down on their use? Through this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;article, I will try to touch upon these questions. For that purpose, I have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;divided this article into three parts. In the first part, I have described what&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cryptocurrency and their functionality is. In the second part, I shall analyze&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the pros and cons of using cryptocurrencies. And finally, in the third, I will&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;discuss the intended regulation of cryptocurrencies in India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;state all over the globe. India has currently created a government committee to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;finalize on a law regarding the cryptocurrencies [also referred as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;crypto&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in this article]. And the draft bill by the committee indicates some serious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;punishments for the trade or use of cryptos. Therefore, I intend this article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to introduce the reader to some important facts to determine for themselves the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;appropriateness of the suggested regulations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;blockchain technology. Therefore, by understanding the functionality of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;blockchain, one can understand its application as a cryptocurrency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ledger. This means, that the ledger exits [digitally] without any one person or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;an entity controlling or maintaining it. A centralized ledger, on the other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;hand, would be a bank. The bank makes sure that the transactions are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;authenticated to be processed and carried out.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;your bank becomes the middle man between the two parties and authenticates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;whether you have sufficient savings in your account to transfer the money to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the restaurant. As one knows, for using the account in the first place there&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;are some transactional costs that bank pushes on you, as a transaction fee.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;These fees could be in different forms, but, usually, the transaction fees are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;collected for the bank to run smoothly and conduct its duties as the middle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;man.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;gets rid of the middle man. The blockchain does the duties of the middleman,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and wherein the people who use the cryptocurrency (and who are on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;blockchain) automatically verify each such transaction that takes place.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Therefore, the name decentralized ledger.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;digital information stored in a public database, a.k.a. the chain. To&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;illustrate further, a blockchain is the ledger, and the blocks are like ledger&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;entries. Each block holds thousands of verified transactions. And each block&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;has its own unique identification.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the transaction is verified. Since it is a digital currency, millions of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;computers rush in to check and confirm the details of the purchase, including&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the transaction&rsquo;s time, dollar/rupee amount, etc. After verification, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;transaction will join hundreds of others like it in the block.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;verified, the block is given a unique, identifying code called a hash. Once&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;hashed, the block can be added to the blockchain.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;becomes publicly available for anyone to view.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfont-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Cryptocurrencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Impossible&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to conduct fraudulent transactions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;protocols that make transactions secure and almost impossible to fake.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Benefits&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of decentralized currency&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;cryptocurrencies are not controlled by any central authority, like RBI or the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government. Therefore, the decentralized nature of the cryptocurrencies makes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;them immune to the old ways of government control and interference.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;No&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;transaction fees&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;transactions, for transfers are simplified through the use of public and private keys for security and privacy purposes. These transfers can be done with minimal processing fees, allowing users to avoid the steep fees charged by traditional financial institutions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Removal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of Dollar as the global currency&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;global crypto is that it could replace the use of Dollars in international transactions. money back home would lose out around 7% in the transfer. The same transaction would cost fractions less when the transfer would take place through a cryptocurrency. One has to keep in mind that the amount saved would be 7% of $80 billion dollars, which is the total amount of remittances that are sent to India. transactions, the global dominance of the US would get distributed worldwide. It would, therefore, an important agenda for governments worldwide to consider and act upon with solidarity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Highly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;speculative&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;instability in their values. During December 2017, Bitcoin was trading at almost 20,000$/coin, but, soon the price dropped down to almost 10,000 $/coin within the matter of few months. Since the crypto is not linked to any fiat currency and since there are a limited number of bitcoins, the trading and using it as a short term investment has become highly risky. cryptocurrencies are now being used. Libra is a stable cryptocurrency soon to be introduced by Facebook. Libra like other stable currencies is linked to multiple currency investments around the world, for the purposes of maintaining a predictable and stable value of the crypto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top:0cm&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Cryptocurrency&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;used for money laundering&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;one of the major concerns indicated by the Indian governments and others globally. Firstly, as I mentioned above, no party is anonymous is conducting transactions through Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies as the ledger is available for the public to view. The conversion of black money to a crypto would be available for the authorities to view if they decide to. All they have to do is to match the user&rsquo;s identification in the block to the digital wallet that is owned by the user locally. Obviously there are more sophisticated in washing the black money through cryptos. I have attached the link below for anyone interested in reading about such a process. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.facebook.com/groups/1004611326222954/#_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 14.98px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;India&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;started to regulate the free trade of cryptocurrencies. These regulations are to mitigate the dangers mentioned above. Indian government is shaping up its regulations to restrict almost all transactions of cryptocurrencies. This is myopic in my opinion. exchanges that buy and sell cryptocurrencies. In that way, the government can keep a track on what kind of money is being used to buy the cryptocurrency.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;framework for cryptocurrencies, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has advised&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;caution on their use and has issued three notifications that &ldquo;cautioned users,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;holders and traders on the risk of these currencies and clarified that it has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;not given any license or authorization to any entity or company to operate such&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;schemes or deals.&rdquo;. RBI has held that cryptocurrencies are not considered legal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;tenders in India. Cryptocurrency exchanges where one can exchange their Rupees&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to cryptocurrency like bitcoin are legal; however, the government has made it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;very difficult for them to operate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cryptocurrencies in India&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;tax status of cryptocurrencies, the chairman of the Central Board of Direct&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Taxation has said that anyone making profits from Bitcoin will have to pay&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;taxes on them. Other Income Tax Department sources have suggested that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cryptocurrency profits should be taxed as capital gains.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;grown increasingly harsh. While technically legal, in April 2018 the Reserve&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Bank of India (RBI) banned banks and any regulated financial institutions from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;dealing with or settling virtual currencies&rdquo;. The sweeping regulation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;prohibited the trade of cryptocurrencies on domestic exchanges &ndash; and gave&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;existing exchanges until 6 July 2018 to wind down.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in implementing the banning of cryptocurrency bill- the source of money being&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;used to trade in cryptocurrencies and regulations of cryptocurrencies to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;protect the common man. For that purpose, an interdisciplinary committee,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;chaired by the Special Secretary (Economic Affairs), was established in April&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2017.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;legislation called The &quot;Banning of Cryptocurrency and Regulation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Official Digital Currency Bill 2019&quot;. The bill has still not been made&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;public, however, multiple news agencies through verified sources have stated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;that the bill would include 10 years jail for anyone trading, selling, buying or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;dealing in cryptocurrency. Furthermore, the bill makes holding cryptocurrencies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%; font-size: 16px;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b4f4f15e53e503cc4bf90fd37886e89f.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:00:27', '2021-01-29 00:09:24');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(75, 'oias9rXmG3sizzgOQo3hHsvGu', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Online cyber stalking Critical Study.    S.Selvakumari. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Online/cyber stalking: Critical Study&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Stalking is any repeated and unwanted contact with you that makes you feel unsafe. You can be stalked by a stranger, but most stalkers are people you know even an intimate partner. Stalking may get worse or become violent over time. Stalking may also be a sign of an abusive relationship.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Someone who is stalking you may threaten your safety by clearly saying they want to harm you. Some stalkers harass you with less threatening but still unwanted contact. The use of technology to stalk, sometimes called &ldquo;cyber stalking,&rdquo; involves using the Internet, email, or other electronic communications to stalk someone. Stalking is against the law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cyberstalking is stalking or harassment carried out over the internet. It might target individuals, groups, or even organizations and can take different forms including slander, defamation and threats. Motives may be to control or intimidate the victim or to gather information for use in other crimes, like identity theft or offline stalking. While blame shouldn&rsquo;t be placed on cyber stalking victims, the current online landscape lends itself to creating &ldquo;easy targets.&rdquo; For example, nowadays, many social media users think nothing of publicly posting personal information, sharing their feelings and desires, publishing family photos and more.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is cyberstalking?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;As mentioned, cyber stalking can take many different forms, but in the broadest sense, it is stalking or harassment that takes place via online channels such as social media, forums or email. It is typically planned and sustained over a period of time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cases of cyber stalking can often begin as seemingly harmless interactions. Sometimes, especially at the beginning, a few strange or perhaps unpleasant messages may even amuse you. However, if they become systematic, it becomes annoying and even frightening.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;For example, if you&rsquo;ve received a few negative comments on Facebook and Instagram, it may upset or annoy you, but this isn&rsquo;t cyber stalking yet. For some people, such as semi-celebrities looking for attention, negative comments are actually welcomed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;However, once you start receiving unwanted and annoying messages repeatedly and feel harassed, then the line has likely been crossed. Cyber stalkers might terrorize victims by sending unpleasant messages systematically, perhaps even several times a day. It is especially unnerving when such messages come from different accounts managed by the same person. It is probably a good idea to report this to both the website owners and law enforcement agencies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cyber stalking doesn&rsquo;t have to involve direct communication, and some victims may not even realize they are being stalked online. Perpetrators can monitor victims through various methods and use the information gathered for crimes like identity theft. In some cases, the line between cyberspace and real life can become blurred. Attackers can collect your personal data, contact your friends and attempt to harass you offline.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Examples of cyber stalking include:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sending unwanted, frightening, or obscene emails, text messages, or instant messages (IMs)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Harassing or threatening you on social media&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Tracking your computer and internet use&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Using technology such as GPS to track where you are&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;How to avoid cyberstalking?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As with many things in life, it&rsquo;s better to be proactive than reactive when it comes to cyber stalking. Becoming a victim will be far less likely if you follow our five simple tips below. These guidelines will enable you to enjoy all the benefits of online communication while remaining completely safe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1) KEEP A LOW PROFILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Keeping a subdued online existence is tough for some people, especially those who need to use online platforms for self-promotion or business-related activities. However, many users could benefit from toning things down a little. You should always avoid posting personal details such as your address and phone number, and think carefully about revealing real-time information such as where you are and who you&rsquo;re with.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In an ideal world, you would avoid using your real name in online profiles. While this is difficult for anything work-related, it&rsquo;s quite feasible for things like forums, message boards and certain social media accounts. For example, you can use a nickname on Instagram or Twitter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If you must maintain your real name and photo, be very wary about whom you accept connection requests and messages from. If it&rsquo;s not a friend, relative or colleague, do some checks before moving forward.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In some cases, it&rsquo;s almost impossible to avoid revealing personal information and connecting with people you don&rsquo;t know, for example, on dating websites. Unfortunately, these are popular with scammers, and you may even end up chatting with a potential cyberstalker. For this reason, it&rsquo;s best to stick with reputable sites, do some research about a suitor before revealing personal information or meeting in person and report any activity that makes you feel uncomfortable to the site&rsquo;s administrators.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2) UPDATE YOUR SOFTWARE&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Keeping your software up-to-date may not be the first thing that springs to mind when you think about cyber stalking prevention. However, regular software updates are crucial when it comes to preventing information leaks. Many updates are developed to patch security vulnerabilities and help ensure your information remains safe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;They are especially important for mobile devices which contain valuable data and track your exact location. There are numerous cases in which cyberstalking begins when an attacker pays someone to hack your email or phone and uses the gathered information against you. Such, protecting yourself from hackers is key to cyber stalking prevention.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3) HIDE YOUR IP ADDRESS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many applications and services reveal your IP address to the person with whom you&rsquo;re communicating. This may seem unimportant, but this information is directly related to your personal data. For example, your IP address is linked to the internet bill that is sent to your home and which you pay with your credit card. Cyber stalkers can begin with your IP address and use it to find your credit card data and physical address.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To mask your IP address you can use a Virtual Private Network (VPN). This hides your real IP address and replaces it with from a location of your choice, so you could even appear to be in a different country. It also encrypts all of your internet traffic, keeping it safe from the prying eyes of hackers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Another option is to use the Tor browser. This also encrypts your traffic, although it may raise flags for law enforcement agencies as it&rsquo;s commonly used by criminals themselves. For the ultimate in privacy and anonymity, you can combine Tor and a VPN. Note that it&rsquo;s not recommended you use a web proxy or a free VPN service, as these can often harm your online security more than they help it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4) MAINTAIN GOOD DIGITAL HYGIENE&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Digital hygiene&rsquo; is a new term but represents a very important topic, especially with regard to social networks. Maintaining good digital hygiene helps protect you from cyber harassment, cyber bullying and cyber stalking.Adjusting privacy settings is one of the first steps you can take to &ldquo;clean up&rdquo; your accounts. Most social media platforms and some other types of online accounts will let you adjust who can see your profile and contact you.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It&rsquo;s also a good idea to keep things like your timelines, feeds and message threads free from negative comments. Aside from potentially fueling more negativity from others, these can have a significant emotional impact when you re-read them. For example, psychological support is regularly provided to website moderators, as they seriously suffer from reading aggressive messages, even those that aren&rsquo;t sent to them personally.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Social media hygiene is especially important for girls and women. Studies show that although the majority of internet attacks are aimed at men, cyber stalking, in particular, is mostly aimed at women.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5) AVOID DISCLOSING SENSITIVE INFORMATION&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Surprisingly, many people constantly share personal information about themselves, even outside of social media platforms. By filling out questionnaires or submitting applications for coupons, you are increasing the likelihood of someone getting their hand on your personal data and possibly making cyber stalking more accessible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What to do in case you are being cyber stalked&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Block the person&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Don&rsquo;t hesitate to apply all measures permitted by law, especially those offered by web services. If the tools are there, block anyone who you wish to stop hearing from, even if these messages are just annoying and not yet threatening. Only you can decide when this boundary has been passed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Report to the platform involved&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If someone is harassing or threatening you, you should block them immediately and report their behavior to the platform involved. Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn,and many other platforms have created easy-to-use buttons to quickly report abusive behavior.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Even if you think you are rid of the perpetrator, they may come back or pursue more victims. Law enforcement agencies do not always have the technical ability to protect you from cyberstalking, but platform moderators usually respond quickly and delete attackers&rsquo; profiles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Call the police&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;If you believe their behavior is illegal or you fear for your safety, then you should contact the police and report the cyber stalker. Even if you don&rsquo;t have enough information or evidence for them to prosecute immediately, the report will go on record and the police can offer advice about what to do if the perpetrator persists.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;LEGAL PROVISIONS ON CYBER STALKING AND ONLINE HARASSMENT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;PUNISHMENT FOR CYBER STALKING AND ONLINE HARASSMENT UNDER THE INDIAN PENAL CODE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 354 D of the Indian Penal Code which was added by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013 specifically proscribes the act of stalking as Whoever follows a person and contacts, or attempts to contact such person to foster personal interaction repeatedly, despite a clear indication of disinterest by such person, or whoever, monitors the use by a person of the Internet, email or any other form of electronic communication, or watches or spies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm or distress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of such person, commits the offence of stalking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; The victim can also additionally file a case of defamation (Section 499, IPC) against the offender. The section has bailed out those acts of stalking which are performed for the purpose of preventing and detecting crime by a person who has been entrusted with such responsibility by the state. Also, instances where pursuing such conduct was reasonable or where the person was authorized under any act cannot allude to the offence of stalking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 354A of IPC punishes offence of sexual harassment with 3 years of imprisonment and/or fine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 354C criminalises the offence of Voyeurism. It is defined as the act of capturing the image of a woman engaging in a private act, and/or disseminating said image, without her consent. The section prescribes 3 years of imprisonment for the first conviction and 7 years of imprisonment on second conviction along with fine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 503 punishes criminal intimidation as threats made to any person with injury to her reputation, either in order to cause alarm to her, or to make her change her course of action regarding anything she would otherwise do/not do. The offences under S. 499 and S. 503 are punishable with imprisonment which may extend to two years, and/or fine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 509 of IPC comes to your rescue if someone is constantly bugging you with derogatory verbal abuse because of your gender. The section provides that any person who utters any word or makes any sound or gesture, intending that such word, sound or gesture be heard or seen by a woman and insult her modesty, shall be punished with one-year imprisonment and/or fine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Section 507 punishes criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication with a term which may extend to two years of imprisonment. Vengeful posting of images or videos of rape victims is punishable with imprisonment which may extend to two years and fine under section 228a of IPC.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2008&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The IT Act of 2008 does not directly deal with the offence of stalking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Section 72 of the Act is used to deal with the offence of stalking which reads as follows: Any person who, in pursuant of any of the powers conferred under this Act, rules or regulations made thereunder, has&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; secured access to any electronic record, book, register, correspondence, information, document or other material&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; without the consent of the person concerned&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Discloses such electronic record, book, register, correspondence, information, document or other material to any other person shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees, or with both.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Section 67 prohibits and punishes with imprisonment extending up to three years and fine for the first conviction and to five years and fine upon second conviction, the publication, transmission and causing of transmission of obscene content.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Section 67A has culled out a special category called material containing a &lsquo;sexually explicit act&rsquo;. The publication, transmission or causing of transmission of such material is punishable with imprisonment extending up to five years and fine for first conviction and to seven years and fine upon second conviction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;HOW TO LODGE A COMPLAINT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Information Technology Act provides that notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, any police officer, not below the rank of a Deputy Superintendent of Police, or any other officer of the Central Government or a State Government authorized by the Central Government in this behalf may enter any public place and search and arrest without warrant any person found therein who is reasonably suspected or having committed or of committing or of being about to commit any offence under this Act. (Section 80) Cybercrimes do not have a jurisdiction as these crimes committed without any barrier of boundaries. So, you can report a cybercrime to the cybercrime units of any city irrespective of the place where it was committed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Cyber Cells: Cyber Cells have been established to provide redressal to the victims of cybercrime. These cells function as a part of the criminal investigation department and specifically deal with internet related criminal activity. If you do not a cyber-cell at your place of residence, then you can file an F.I.R in a local police station. You can also approach the commissioner or the judicial magistrate of your city, if by any reason you are unable to file an F.I.R. Any police station is bound to register an F.I.R., irrespective of its jurisdiction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Online Grievance Redressal: Police is the most notorious law enforcement agency in India when it comes to dealing with women victims. Even when women have easy access to a police station, they hesitate in reporting the incident to them, under the fear of being harassed and being made to suffer additional ordeal. As a result, such crimes committed against women remain swept under the rug and women continue to bear the brunt of harassment. So, women who do not want to come out in the open can file a complaint against stalking at the National Commission for Women. The Commission takes up the matter with the police and expedites the investigation. In cases of serious offences, the commission can set up an inquiry committee to probe into the matter and conduct spot inquiry, collect evidence, and examine witnesses, summon accused and police records, etc to further the investigation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Report to the websites: Most of the social media websites where users make their accounts provide a reporting mechanism. These websites are obliged under the IT (Intermediary Guidelines) Rules, 2011 to act within 36 hours to disable information related to offending content. The intermediary shall have to preserve such information and associated records for at least ninety days for investigation purposes. The affected person can bring to the knowledge of the intermediary, any offending content which is hosted, stored, or published on his computer system, in writing or through email signed with electronic signature.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Report to CERT: The Information Technology Amendment Act 2008 has designated the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN) as the national nodal agency for tackling the issues occurring in tow with computer security threats. They issue guidelines on the procedure, prevention, reporting, and response to cyber incidents, among other functions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;WHAT CAN BE REPORTED TO CERT?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Both the users and System Administrators can approach CERT-IN to report about computer security incidents and vulnerabilities. CERT-IN is at your disposal to provide technical assistance if the users experience any the following violations:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Email related issues viz. mail bombing, spamming etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Processing and storing data by unauthorised use of a system&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Making changes into the software characteristics, system hardware or firmware without obtaining the consent of the owner or without the knowledge or instruction of the owner&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Attempt to obtain unauthorised access to a system or data contained therein. Attempt includes both successful and failed attempt&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Disruption or denial of service&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;HOW TO REPORT INCIDENTS TO CERT-IN&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;You can report an incident to CERT by sending them an electronic mail, calling them, or filling up a form available on their website, or by fax.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Through Website: You can also report the incident on the website of CERT-IN by filling up an incident-reporting form. Try to fill all the details as it will help CERT to understand the gravity and nature of the incident and assist in recovery as desired by you.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Through Electronic Mail: The CERT-IN email address for reporting incidents is incident@cert-in.org.in?. For all other inquiries and correspondence, write to info @cert-in.org.in?.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Through Telephone and Fax: Contact CERT-In on +91-11-24368572. Incident report can be faxed to CERT-In at +91-11-24368546.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Postal Address: Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN), Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India, Electronics Niketan, 6, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cases of Cyberstalking:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Seema Khanna (name changed), an employee with an embassy in New Delhi, know that web surfing would lead to an invasion of her privacy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In an apparent case of cyber stalking, Khanna (32) received a series of e-mails from a man asking her to either pose in the nude for him or pay Rs 1 lakh to him. In her complaint to Delhi Police, the woman said she started receiving these mails in the third week of November.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The accused threatened Khanna that he would put her morphed pictures on display at sex websites, along with her telephone number and address. He also allegedly threatened to put up these pictures in her neighborhood in southwest Delhi. &ldquo;Initially, she ignored the mails, but soon she started receiving letters through post, repeating the same threat. She was forced to report the matter to the police,&quot; said an officer with cyber-crime cell That, however, was not the end of her ordeal. The accused mailed the woman her photographs. The woman claimed these were the same photographs which she had kept in her mail folder. The police said the accused had hacked her e-mail password which enabled him to access the pictures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the Vinupriya case, the victim was a 21-year-old student from Salem who had finished her BSc in chemistry. A person had posted morphed nude and semi-nude photographs of Vinupriya on Facebook. On June 23, 2016, when the first obscene photograph appeared, she informed her parents, who then lodged a complaint with the Cyber Crime Cell. The police, either lacking the investigative skills to trace the origin of the photograph or lacking interest, told Vinupriya&rsquo;s father that they would nab the culprit in two weeks. On June 26, another obscene photograph was posted on Facebook, leaving Vinupriya traumatised. The investigating officer assumed that she must have sent those pictures to someone and now they were being posted, perhaps by a jilted lover. The questioning of Vinupriya was along those lines. It humiliated her and on June 27, she hanged herself.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To prevent being a victim of cyber-crime, a person should quickly take action against the criminal. She should make a complaint to the Cyber Crime Investigation Cell, a branch of the Criminal Investigation Department. These cells exist in Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Gurgaon, Pune, Lucknow, and other major cities. As women are mainly victims of this crime, it is necessary to improve the investigative mechanism for cyber-crimes. Then only will women feel safe and empowered.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;DOs and DON&rsquo;Ts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; As cyber-crimes are committed in a virtual world, it becomes difficult to collect evidence against the offender. So, do not immediately delete the photos, mails, or any other information sent by the stalker as this can help the investigators to trace the trail of his online activities and track him.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Cyber stalkers can easily hide evidence of their online activity, so preserving his evidence via printouts or screenshots can come very handy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Report the incident to the website in question.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;File a First Information Report to enable commencement of the investigation of the cyber-crime.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Suggestions to avoid becoming a victim of cyberstalking.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Avoid Posting Personal Data on Your Social Media Accounts&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Conduct an Internet Search of Your Name Regularly&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Be Mindful of Your Passwords&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Beware of Emails, Texts, Phone Calls that Asks for your Personal Information&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Change all Account Security If You Are Leaving a Relationship&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Seek Professional Help If You Are Being Cyber stalked&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Written by: Adv. S.Selvakumari, Bombay High Court&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'fbebc94358ebfacc15bf211f8bb99d43.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:01:37', '2021-01-28 23:00:04');
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(56, 'olt9qWakaGtxzGfwT8ZcFCg08', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Article and Trademark.  Devashish Kumar Sahu and Soupayan Sinha Roy', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1. The Trademarks Registry was established in India in 1940 and presently it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadministers the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and the rules thereunder. It acts as a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nresource and information center and a facilitator in matters relating to trade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarks in the country. The objective of Trade Marks Act, 1999 is to register trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplied for in the country and to provide for better protection of trade mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor goods and services and also to prevent fraudulent use of the mark. The main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfunction of the Registry is to register trademarks which qualifies for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistration under the Act and Rules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2. A good trademark, or logo, makes your particular product or service stand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nout. These are probably a number of trademarks which you choose to buy, just&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbecause you recognize them. A trademark is quite simply a way to create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrecognition for your customers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n3. Trademark protection gives you an exclusive rights, which means that no one&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nelse has the right to use the trademark for their goods or services, or their&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarketing. One of the main purposes of having a product trademarked is to protect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe product from being used without permission of the source company. A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrademark serves to exclusively identify a product or service with a specific&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncompany, and is a recognition of that company&rsquo;s ownership of the brand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTrademark products are generally considered a form of property.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;REGISTRATION OF TRADEMARK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n4. The law considers a trademark to be a form of property. Proprietary rights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin relation to a trademark may be established through actual use in the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmarketplace, or through registration of the mark with the trademark office of a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nparticular jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, trademark rights can be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nestablished through either or both means. Certain jurisdictions generally do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot recognize trademark rights arising through use. If trademark owners do not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhold registrations for their marks in such jurisdictions, the extent to which&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthey will be able to enforce their rights through trademark infringement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproceedings will therefore be limited.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n5. A registered trademark confers a bundle of exclusive rights upon the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered owner, including the right to exclusive use of the mark in relation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto the products or services for which it is registered. The law in most&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\njurisdictions allows the owner of a registered trademark to prevent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunauthorized use of the mark in relation to products or services which are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nidentical or &ldquo;colorfully&rdquo; similar to the &ldquo;registered&rdquo; products or services, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin certain cases, prevent use in relation to entirely dissimilar products or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nservices. The test is always whether a consumer of the goods or services will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbe confused as to the identity of the source or origin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. Trademark needs proper registration and it follows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na procedure as to who can apply and what are the basic requirements for the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsame.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWho can apply for Trademark?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n-As mentioned in Section 18 of the Act any person claiming to be proprietor of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrademark used or proposed to be used by him can apply for registration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;-Application must contain the name of the mark, goods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor services, class in which goods and services fall, name and address of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplicant, period of use of Trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n-Any person here relates to partnership firm, association of a person, company&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhether incorporated or not, Trust, Central or State Government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSteps for Registration of Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1. Search for name, mark and device logo intended to be applied for Trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2. Trademark application can be filed at one of the five Trademark Registration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noffice having jurisdiction over the state or online.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTrademark registration must contain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nA. Logo or the Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nB. Name of the trademark owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nC. Classification of trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nD. Trademark used since date&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nE. Description of goods or services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;PROTECTION OF TRADEMARK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nA trademark protects a good or service offered by a company from infringement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor damage of reputation by another company, and provides the owner legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrecourse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nA trademark protects a goods or service offered by a company from infringement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor damage of reputation of another company. With a trademark, you have legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrecourse to sue another company that uses your likeness to further their own&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbusiness ventures. Thus includes both registered and unregistered trademarks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBy using a sole trademark, the producer reaps the sole benefit of sales, while&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe consumer is satisfied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTrademarks also protect four categories:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1. Generic trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2. Descriptive trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n3. Suggestive trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n4. Arbitrary trademarks or fanciful trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThis is referred to as a &ldquo;common law&rdquo; trademark. For small geographic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlocations, this works well. It doesn&rsquo;t work as well as in a national setting,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nas companies far and wide may have similar names or logos. If you haven&rsquo;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered a trademark, you can still use the TM logo to show you have a stake&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto the trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n7. Dispute can arise based on TM logo. However, it&rsquo;s a good starting point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nuntil you have time to register your trademark with the U.S Patent and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nTrademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n8. Although trademark protection by use gives you protection via common law,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrademark by registration offers more protection. This includes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1. Notice to public about the trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2. The exclusive right to use the trademark nationwide to distribute goods and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nservices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n3. The ability to bring legal action in federal court for infringement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n4. The ability to obtain a trademark in foreign countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n5. The ability to file with U.S. Customs to prevent mock goods from coming in&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe countr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;DILUTION OF TRADEMARK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n9. The progressive development of intellectual property law over the last&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncentury has seen to an exponential increase in the commercial and economic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nimportance of various intellectual property rights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n10. For better protection of trade marks for goods and services and for the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprevention of the use of fraudulent marks, parliament repealed the 1958 Act and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreplaces it by the Trade Marks Act, 1999. Under Trade Marks Act, 1999 Trademark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDilution was introduced. Trademark dilution is a trademark law concept giving&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe owner of a famous well-known trademark power to forbid others from using&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe mark in a way that would lessen its uniqueness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n11. Dilution of Trademark is a surface of Trademark infringement, where the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nowner of a well-known trademark has the power to prevent others from using&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntheir mark on the ground that it kills their uniqueness or lessen their&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreputation. No one has the right to copy or to misuse the well-known&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrademark&rsquo;s reputation. Instead, dilution protection aims to protect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsufficiently strong and well-known trademarks from losing their singular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nassociation in the public mind with a particular product.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n12. Thus, the doctrine of dilution comes directly in contact with consumers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe Doctrine of Dilution was not present in the old law i.e. the Trade and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nMerchandise Marks Act, 1958, as in the case of section 29(4) of the Trademarks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAct, 1999 by which the doctrine of dilution has been first incorporated in a statute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nBut the doctrine of dilution was introduced by the court much before the Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhaving regard to internationally recognized status.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;13. The trademark under section 29(4) should be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregistered and should have a reputation in India. For the application of this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&', 'd51046c3c3b80b8a613f52340b3cd88e.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:17:33', '2020-12-23 02:50:16');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(57, 'Ky58yOy5JsmSti6Ujuh1TD0B4', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Arvind Kejriwal Delhi issue. Mr. Pavan K. Varma. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article by Mr. Pavan K. Varma, former Indian Foreign&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Service officer and was an adviser to the Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kumar, with cabinet rank. With effect from June, 2014 he was a Member of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Parliament until July 2016.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;have now ended their &lsquo;dharna&rsquo; in the office of the Lieutenant Governor. Even by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the standard of vaudeville shows usual in Indian politics, the sight of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;chief minister on strike presented an amazing spectacle. Was this just another&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of Kejriwal&rsquo;s histrionics, or something more, with which the interests of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people of Delhi are deeply connected?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;million. It is, by this numerical count, larger than 180 countries in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;world. Nearly 9 million people voted in the last elections for the Delhi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;assembly, the highest so far. Delhi is the world&rsquo;s fastest growing city, with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;an economy the size of Hungary or Kuwait.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, the elected CM is virtually a cipher. He has no powers with regard to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;public order, police, and land. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under him; it is a separately elected body with its own mayor. The Delhi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Development Authority (DDA) is not under him; it reports through the LG&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;directly to the Union urban development ministry.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;instructions of the Union home ministry. The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is not under him; it is governed by a chairperson appointed by the central&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government. Kejriwal claims that the citizens of Delhi pay Rs 1.5 lakh crore in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;income tax, more than any other city; but Delhi is not even mentioned in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;states with whom this revenue is shared.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;swept the elections, the Union home ministry issued a further notification,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;making the LG the sole authority in the transfer and posting of bureaucrats. It&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;also took away the powers of the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) of the Delhi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government with respect to officials, employees and functionaries of central&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government services.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;powers in matters of public order, police and services, but he was required to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;exercise them in consultation with the CM. In case the CM was not consulted,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the LG had to record reasons in writing on why he did not do so. The 2015&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;notification removed even this requirement.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;expected to function? Undoubtedly, Sheila Dikshit did, and for 15 years. That&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is a tribute to her diplomacy and administrative acumen. But she was lucky on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;two counts: the LG was not relentlessly in confrontation mode with her, as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;certainly appears to be the case now; and, she had far more powers over her&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bureaucrats &ndash; including the power to write their annual confidential reportsn&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(ACRs) that all babus value.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;misbehavior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;of AAP MLAs with the chief secretary of Delhi. Politicians cannot&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;behave like hoodlums, and the fact that this incident allegedly took place at&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;midnight in the CM&rsquo;s house &ndash; and in his presence &ndash; makes it even more&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;condemnable. The matter is currently in court, and the guilty must be punished&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under the law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Delhi be governed? The irony &ndash; and the hypocrisy &ndash; is that both BJP and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Congress have otherwise categorically endorsed the demand of AAP for full&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;statehood for Delhi. Then BJP CM, Madan Lal Khurana, asked for this as far back&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as 1998. BJP put this demand in its manifesto in the 1999 Lok Sabha elections.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Vajpayee government prepared a State of Delhi Bill in 2003 which, after&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;being introduced in the Lok Sabha, was referred to a standing committee, where&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it has since languished.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In 2013, CM Sheila Dikshit publicly complained about the &lsquo;multiplicity of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;agencies and authorities&rsquo; operating in Delhi. The party asked for full&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;statehood for Delhi in its manifesto for the 2015 assembly elections. How then&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;can Congress, or BJP, not support the demand being made by AAP today?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;optimally in the current situation. The Supreme Court is seized with some&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;aspects of this matter, but clearly the only solution is to give Delhi full&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;statehood. This will require an amendment to the Constitution, and all parties&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;must, in the interests of the people of Delhi, work towards this goal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a small area, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament, the PM&rsquo;s residence,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and important federal offices located largely in Lutyens&rsquo; Delhi, can be put&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under a separate authority. This is the pattern, for instance, in London, where&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a powerful mayor runs the Greater London Authority (GLA), administering 607&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;square miles of the city and 8 million people, while a much smaller authority,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the City of London, administers a two-square mile area of just about 10,000&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;But when political parties cynically work only for immediate political gain,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and deliberately forsake a long-term vision, the larger good suffers, and that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is precisely what is happening with the people of Delhi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Arvind Kejriwal and his senior ministerial colleagues&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Consider the facts. The population of Delhi is 19&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Delhi police is not under him; it works on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Moreover, in May 2015, after the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Under a previous notification of 1998, the LG did have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In such a situation, how is the elected CM of Delhi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;None of this can even remotely condone the alleged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, the real issue still remains: How should&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Congress party has shown similar double standards.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The truth is that no elected CM of Delhi can function &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Since Delhi is also the seat of the Union government,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Solutions are possible if the political will is there.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;published in Times of India 23 June 2018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;', 'd7fa0c9f16cfffc4392d2e087ffb30f3.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:18:27', '2021-02-04 00:10:53'),
(160, '5YLfsKMqMMYHAJ5jZezxMxqGD', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Three State Organs in 1950 and 2020 – Losses and Gains.', '&lt;h4&gt;Three State Organs in 1950 and 2020 &ndash; Losses and Gains.&lt;br&gt;Mr. B.V. Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka Article Image&lt;br&gt;Constitution of India is hailed as one of the best federal Constitutions in the World. It has adopted parliamentary system of Government based on British model. It provides for three organs of the State viz., Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. It recognize separation of powers, though not with all rigidity. The Constitution has specified the powers, duties and responsibilities of each of the organs. Though each of the organs is equal; by its very nature, functions and power, the judiciary occupies a pre-eminent position. It has the responsibility to see that the other two organs function within the sphere earmarked to them under the Constitution. It has the power to invalidate any legislative or executive action if the same is unauthorized. However, if the judiciary and in particular the Supreme Court acts in excess of authority, there is no remedy available.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Since the Constitution has been in force for the last 70 years, it may be worthwhile to consider the relative status and powers of these organs as it existed&amp;nbsp; at the commencement of the Constitution and as on today.&lt;br&gt;Legislature Let us first consider the position of the Legislature. By legislature, I mean the parliament, as there is not much of a change so far as State legislatives are concerned. Under the Constitution, the Parliament is empowered to legislate on subjects earmarked in List-I (Central List) and List-III (concurrent List). There has been no noticeable change in the power of the parliament in this regard.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;However, in addition to the power to legislate as stated above, the parliament is also authorized to amend the Constitution as provided by Article 368 of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the coming into force of the Constitution the parliament and State legislatures had enacted certain legislations by way of Land Reforms as also providing for reservation in service and admission to educational institutions for schedule castes and tribes and other backward classes. As these enactments were invalidated&amp;nbsp; by the judiciary as unconstitutional being violative of fundamental rights, the parliament with a view to validate them, brought about constitutional amendments.&amp;nbsp; These amendments to the Constitution were unsuccessfully challenged as the Supreme Court upheld the power of the parliament to amend the Constitution without any limitation on such power.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;This position continued till about the year 1967 when, for the first time Supreme Court in the case of Golaknath ruled that the parliament had no power to amend Part-III of the Constitution which provided for Fundamental Rights. In the year 1973, in the case of Keshavananda Bharathi Vs State of Kerala (1973 (4) SCC 225) 13 Judge Bench of the Supreme Court considered the question of validity of the Kerala Land Reforms Act as also certain Constitutional Amendments effected by the parliament. The correctness or otherwise of the decision of the Court in Golaknath&rsquo;s case also came up for consideration. The controversy in the case centered round the power of the parliament to amend the Constitution. For the petitioners it was contended that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution was not unlimited and that there were implied limitations on such power.&amp;nbsp; The plea forcefully put forth was that the power does not include authority to amend the constitution which alters the basic structure / framework of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp; Respondents strongly refutedthis contention and urged that the power to amend conferred by Article 368 is without any limitation or restriction, and implying any such limitation will be doing violence to the language employed.&lt;br&gt;The court after hearing the matters for about 68 days delivered a split verdict. Seven out of 13 judges (forming the majority) ruled in favour of the petitioners and held that the power does not empower the parliament to effect such amendment which will alter the basic structure of the constitution. It in fact also struck down latter part of Section 31-C (which precluded judicial review of legislationwhich was enacted in furtherance of any of the directive principles of State Policy) on the ground that it altered the basic structure of the constitution as power of judicial review is part of it. Six of the Judges, however, strongly maintained that the power of the parliament to amend any part of the constitution is without any limitation or restriction and that it is a constituent power vested with the parliament. Naturally majority decision angered the executive so much that soon thereafter the Government deviating from the convention, passed orders appointing Justice A.N.Ray as the Chief Justice of India, superseding 3 judges senior to him viz., Justice J.M.Shelat, Justice K.S.Hegde and Justice A.N.Grover. This decision of the Government evoked strong protest from the public and in particular legal fraternity. The three superseded judges resigned, which had no effect on the firm decision of the Government.&amp;nbsp; After Justice A.N.Ray assumed office of the Chief Justice of India an attempt was made to get the majority decision in Keshavananda Bharati case reviewed and a 13 judge was constituted for the said purpose.&amp;nbsp; However, the attempt proved futile on account of strong objection by team of Advocates led by late Sri N.A.Palkhivala and on the second day,&amp;nbsp; as hearing of the review was in progress, the Chief Justice of India simply dissolved the Bench without any formal order.&amp;nbsp; Thus the majority view in Keshavananda&rsquo;s case became law of the land and continues to be so even now.&amp;nbsp; Yet another attempt to curtail Supreme Court&rsquo;s power of judicial review was thwarted by the judgment in Minerva Mills case. The net result is, the power of parliament to amend the constitution stood restricted and subsequently few amendments also stood invalidated on the basis of doctrine of basic structure.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Though purely on a point of law the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Keshavananda was considered erroneous by a section of the legal experts, the public in general welcomed the decision as it was felt that such a check on the power of the parliament to amend the constitution was quite necessary and imperative. It is widely believed that, but for this decision, by now the parliament would have amended the constitution many times and to such an extent that to-day we would not have had this constitution. In fact this decision virtually saved the constitution and in-turn the country. To-day we have this constitution only because of the decision in Keshavananda Bharati.&lt;br&gt;For the purpose of this articles, suffice it to say that w.e.f. 1973 parliament was deprived of its very important power of amendment of the constitution without any limitation on account of the decision in Keshavananda Bharati.&amp;nbsp; This is a case of loss of power of parliament and gain for the judiciary as will be explained later.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '6c1bf7a22e866d0c182af19a75ec124a.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-02-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-02-04 23:51:05', '2021-02-04 12:21:18'),
(76, 'WSP7tdRpFTvQYKAW55uWJlmYO', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Difference between waiving off and writing off loans.   Surendra Naik.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;-Surendra Naik. BankingSchool.Co.in.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;sum of Rs.10000/-from you, but he was unable to repay because of his unusual&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;financial difficulties. You have realized the situation of your friend that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;repayment of loan is beyond his control; so you forgave the loan amount given&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to him and informed him that you have absolved him from the debt. Here you have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;voluntarily cancelled the loan amount receivable from your friend. This is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;called waiver of loan. Let us take example of another friend who have borrowed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(say a sum of Rs.10000/-) from you but he was not repaying the money borrowed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;from you. After all avenues of your recovery efforts are exhausted, you felt&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that there is no meaning in pursuing him further for repayment because the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;chances of recovery are remote. You gave up your recovery efforts. In the other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;words you have written-off the money receivable from that friend. Though&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;technically, you have lost the money in both the above cases, Loan written-off&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is not the same as loan waiver. You can understand this by taking examples of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bank loans.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;banks is provisioning for NPA. When all avenues of recovery are exhausted and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;chances of recovery seem bleak, a bank would use the provisions made on bad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;loans over the years or a part of bank&rsquo;s profit, to remove such bad loans from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the assets side of its balance sheet. This process of corrective action of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;banks to clean up their balance sheet is known as &lsquo;written-off&rsquo;. Here, we have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to remember that the loan written-off does not mean that the borrower is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;pardoned or got exempted from payment of his dues. If a bank is still be able&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to recover money from written off accounts at a future date same will be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;directly credited back into profit account of the bank.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as it is the cancellation of recovery or permanently refraining from claiming&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the dues. In this case, banks will completely give up on such loans and no&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;recovery will be made. Whenever &lsquo;Loan waiver&rsquo; relief schemes are declared by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Governments, usually to the farmers who are in severe distress due to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;abnormal conditions such as crop failures, poor monsoon, floods, earthquake,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;draught etc. that are considered as natural calamities, wherein borrowers are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;unable to pay back to the banks. However, banks are not put to bear the losses&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;due to loan waiver. The local Governments which announced the loan waiver&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;scheme would fully or partially compensate the loan amount waived by the banks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to enable them to liquidate the outstanding entries of loans from their books.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Let us take an example, one of your friends borrowed a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In India, the major corrective action on bad loan of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Loan waiver is quite different from writing off a loan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '006557d7ec459f5914c3cb49f76521b6.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:05:03', '2021-01-28 22:58:57');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(77, '8zLV2FLKSypbRimuR9NsNPXOT', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'DNA Test as evidentiary value A critical analysis. Sophiya Chhabra and Siddardh Solanki.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Sophiya Chhabra - 2nd year Law&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp; Siddardh Solanki 4th year BA.LLB,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;- O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Vishwanath R Kabadagi, 1 year Law, KLE Law College, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Interns &ndash; Daksha Legal&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA is proving to be a very helpful resource in the modern Indian Judiciary. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;fact, it is considered to be one of the most reliable evidence when it comes to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;adjudication with respect to paternal disputes, land disputes and rape cases as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;well. Modern science has developed a very powerful tool but is it too powerful&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;for our own good? DNA data banks are established in countries like US and UK&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;where DNA samples and DNA profiles are accessible for investigation purpose but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;how far is this kind of data protected? Is it an intrusion to privacy? Further,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;even though DNA has been used as a conclusive proof in many cases in India but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;how accurate is DNA evidence in the first place? This paper will try to answer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;these questions and will also focus on the circumstances where DNA can or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cannot be used along with various provisions laid down in Indian Law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a self-replicating material which is present in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;carrier of genetic information. The fundamental and distinctive characteristics&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;or qualities of someone or something, especially when regarded as unchangeable.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;This is permanent till the person&#039;s death. &lsquo;A DNA test is a test in which someone&#039;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA is analyzed. For example - To see if they have committed a crime or are the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;parent of a child. They take the samples of his/her hair for DNA testing. DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;can be extracted from a wide range of sources, including samples of hair,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cigarette butts, blood, razor clippings or saliva. Thus, it is relatively easy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to obtain samples which can then be tested in a laboratory to determine any&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;genetic relationships that may be present&rsquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Parental, forensic and genetic testing look for similarities in the genetic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;markers between two biological samples. Because all cells in the body contain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the same DNA, samples can be taken from almost anywhere in the body, including&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;skin, hair follicles, blood and other bodily fluids. A forensic scientist might&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;be asked to compare DNA from skin cells found underneath the fingernails of an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;attack victim, with the DNA from a blood sample taken from a potential suspect.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;First, the DNA is isolated from the cells and millions of copies are made,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;using a method called &#039;polymerase chain reaction&#039;, or PCR.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;PCR uses a naturally occurring enzyme to copy a specific stretch of DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;repeatedly. Having lots of DNA makes the genetic code easier to analyze. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA molecules are then split at particular locations to separate them into&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;known &#039;chunks&#039; and the code at those specific points is analyzed to create a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA fingerprint. The fingerprints from the two different samples are then&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;compared to see if they match&rsquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Evidence plays a crucial role in both criminal and civil cases. In civil cases&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff where he/she needs to prove his/her&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;case by preponderance of the evidence. In civil cases, for instance, relating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to determining the paternity of a child, DNA test are being heavily relied on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in the recent times as it provides scientifically based information. But how&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;far is this information analysed through DNA tests reliable? What if a parent&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;refuses to undergo this medical examination or what if neither of the parents&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;is alive at the time when such kind of information regarding the paternity of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;child is needed? Research shows DNA paternity tests can be carried out both&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;vertically, that being among the father or mother and horizontally on blood&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;relatives including siblings, grandparents, uncles and aunts . Which means,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;even when either of the parent is absent for DNA testing, in order to determine&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the paternity of the child DNA testing can be carried out on the blood&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;relatives as well. However, great caution should be taken with this alternate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;pool for DNA testing as this type of testing can be used to determine paternity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of a child with a great degree of accuracy but at the same time it is not as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;accurate as the traditional father-child testing method&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and national context&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Under the forensic database of DNA, the DNA profiles generated from an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;individual&rsquo;s biological samples are electronically stored in this repository&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;for comparison with profiles generated from samples obtained either from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;scene of a crime, or from the body of a suspect. One of the main objective of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;such database is to link individuals to the offences that are unsolved by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;means of DNA profiling where their profiles can be used to detect the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;individuals who might have committed the crime. In civil proceedings, DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;profiling can be used for instance in the matters related to missing person or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;unidentified dead bodies, parentage testing and so on.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;profiles but in countries like UK and USA, the national DNA database retains&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;both DNA profiles as well as the DNA samples. It has been a key investigating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;strategies in these countries in the recent times but at the same time great&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;caution is performed while using information obtained through such databases.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;However, such data banks have not yet been established in India but a bill&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;known as the DNA profiling bill was proposed by the Centre for DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, autonomous organization funded by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Government of India. This bill seeks to legalise DNA data banks for the benefit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of public good. The bill is still pending in parliament and has been elaborated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;upon as it concerns with the privacy issues of the citizens.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India gives an individual protection not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to be a witness against himself or deny to answer any question which would lead&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to self-incrimination. Taking finger print of a person for investigation purposes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;was contested to be of self-incriminatory nature under Article 20(3) of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Constitution in the case of State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad. It was held in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;this case that &quot;to be a witness&quot; is not equivalent to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&quot;furnishing evidence&quot; in its widest term and significance. Giving&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;thumb or finger impression or exhibiting parts of the body by way of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;identification are not included in the expression &quot;to be a witness&quot;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Being a witness has been interpreted to mean imparting some sort of knowledge&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in testimony. Therefore, as according this landmark judgement, providing DNA or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;blood test by an individual for investigation purpose cannot be amount to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;self-incrimination under Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;samples goes back to 1993 where in the case of Gautam Kundu v. State of W.B , &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the wife of the appellant conceived while she was away from the husband, at her&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;matrimonial home. On her return to her husband&rsquo;s house, she was treated with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cruelty due to pregnancy and was ultimately sent back home where she gave birth&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to a female child. Later, she filed a petition under Section 125 of Cr.PC for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;maintenance. The appellant requested for a blood test to determine paternity of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the child. It was held that the court should very carefully examine as to what&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;would be the consequence of such a blood test: whether it will have the effect&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of branding the child as a bastard and the mother as an unchaste woman.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;However, in the present case, the application was merely to avoid maintenance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cost and therefore, the court allowed for the blood test. It was also held that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the courts cannot order blood test as matter of course/routine. Moreover,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;wherever applications are made for such prayers in order to have roving inquiry,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the prayer for blood test cannot be entertained. Furthermore, there must be a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;strong prima facie case and the husband must establish non-access in order to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;dispel the presumption arising under Section 112 of the Evidence Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;born to a woman out of wedlock i.e. during the subsistence of a valid marriage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;is fathered by the husband of the concerned woman. This presumption under the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;law is rebuttable and such defence can be taken in a way by either of parties&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to prove their case. Although the court recognizes the accuracy of the DNA test&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;results but at the same time DNA evidence does not find a place under any of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the provisions of the Indian Evidence act, not even under section 45 of the act&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;that elaborates upon the admissibility of expert evidence. However, the apex&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;court in the case of Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik v. Lata Nandlal Badwaik resorted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to DNA evidence over a well-established law under section 112 of the Indian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;evidence act. This case took DNA test results in the paternity dispute&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;addressed in this case as a conclusive proof over the presumption under section&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;112 of the evidence act. The Court has acceded that &ldquo;where there is a conflict&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;between a conclusive proof envisaged under law and a proof based on scientific&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;advancement accepted by the whole community to be correct, the latter must&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;prevail over the former&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of Kuhiraman v Manoj, relied upon Gautam Kundu&rsquo;s case and gave permission of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA test. This was a case of determining paternity. The respondent was alleged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to be the father of the child, conceived by the appellant and him for which the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;respondent was in denial. The Hon&rsquo;ble Judge held, &ldquo;I am of the view that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;result of DNA test by itself could be taken as conclusive in deciding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;paternity. It is useful in other areas also like hair, semen, teeth, dead&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;bodies, etc. But I used it only for tilting the balance in accepting the other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;acceptable evidence which may not in themselves be cent per cent conclusive.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;proof&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;substantial tool in the field of forensic science. However, the validity of its&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;application in certain cases have been questioned therefore further questioning&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;its reliability. Although it is claimed that DNA patterns are &lsquo;unique&rsquo;, at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;same time scientists acknowledged that there was chance that &lsquo;one individual&#039;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;DNA pattern may have similarities with another&#039;s DNA pattern&rsquo; , and in some&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cases DNA pattern is identical, for instance, in case of identical twins. As&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;illustrated above, the Supreme Court in the case of Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik v.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Lata Nandlal Badwik &amp;amp; Anr took existence of the fact, fact being the DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;results, as a conclusive proof over the presumption under section 112 of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;evidence act. As ruled in the Supreme Court case of Smt. Dukhtar Jahan v.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Mohammed Farooq , that the presumption can only be displaced by a strong&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;preponderance of evidence . The same has been done in the case of Nandlal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Wasudeo Badwaik v. Lata Nandlal Badwik &amp;amp; Anr where DNA results have been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;used to rule over the presumption under section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;In my opinion, taking DNA results, as held in the case of Nandlal Wasudeo Badwaik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;v. Lata Nandlal Badwik &amp;amp; Anr, as preponderance evidence to rule over a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;presumption should not be taken as a conclusive proof while adjudicating a case&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;as it may lead to unfair means of justice because the accuracy of these DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;tests is still being questioned. Although the probability of a person having a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;same or identical pattern with someone else is rare but at the same time there&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;still exits a chance. Rather, DNA tests should be used as corroborative and not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;conclusive evidence.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;profiles which can be used in the analysis of genetic diseases, genetic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;fingerprinting for criminology, or genetic genealogy. DNA databases may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;public or private, the largest ones being national DNA databases.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The whole mechanism of obtaining a person&rsquo;s DNA is very controversial; it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;raises a lot of questions. Firstly, let&#039;s consider the bargain about right to&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;privacy guaranteed by our Constitution. The right to privacy has been developed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;by the Supreme Court over a period of time. With the expansive interpretation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of the phrase &ldquo;personal liberty&rdquo;, this right has been read into Article 21.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;The right of privacy of citizens was dealt with by the Supreme Court in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;following terms: -&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The right to privacy is implicit in the right to life and liberty guaranteed to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the citizens of this country by Article 21. It is a &quot;right to be let&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;alone&quot;. A citizen has a right to safeguard the privacy of his own, his&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;family, marriage, procreation, motherhood, childbearing and education among&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;other matters. None can publish anything concerning the above matters without&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;his consent &mdash; whether truthful or otherwise and whether laudatory or critical.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;If he does so, he would be violating the right to privacy of the person&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;concerned and would be liable in an action for damages. Position may, however,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;be different, if a person voluntarily thrusts himself into controversy or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;voluntarily invites or raises a controversy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;any publication concerning the aforesaid aspects becomes unobjectionable if&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;such publication is based upon public records including court records. This is&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;because once a matter becomes a matter of public record, the right to privacy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;no longer subsists and it becomes a legitimate subject for comment by press and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;media among others. We are, however, of the opinion that in the interests of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;decency [Article 19(2)] an exception must be carved out to this rule, viz., a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;female who is the victim of a sexual assault, kidnap, abduction or a like&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;offense should not further be subjected to the indignity of her name and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;incident being publicized in press/media&rsquo;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Right to Privacy because we already know that DNA contains a lot of information&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;about a person&#039;s health. So, this information can be misused by people who are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in possession of the DNA samples. Mostly these types&rsquo; things may happen to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;celebrities. Some celebrities might have health problems, so if the DNA banks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;have the samples of their DNA then they may blackmail the celebrities for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;money. There are many other ways in which it violates the rights given to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;citizens. There are cases in which even after the case is dismissed or the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;judgment is passed these DNA samples are not disposed of, instead they are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;preserved.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;some countries is not being found violative of their right to privacy. In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;case of Sharda v Dharampal[3], the Supreme Court relied upon the Privacy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Commissioner of Canada&rsquo;s response to the Department of Justice Consultation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Paper where obtaining and banking of DNA Forensic Evidence was in question. He&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;said that &ldquo;DNA evidence should not be collected from a suspect unless the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;information relevant to a specific crime is in question. For Example, it would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;be appropriate to obtain a DNA sample from a suspect where DNA evidence is left&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;at the scene of the crime and the suspect&rsquo;s DNA is needed to prove the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;suspect&rsquo;s involvement. DNA evidence should not be collected from suspects as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;matter of routine. As well, there should be reasonable grounds for suspecting&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;that the person committed the offense, before taking the DNA sample.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The learned judge, in this case, ruled that the right to privacy is subject to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;such action, lawfully taken for the protection of rights of others. He also&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;held that Human Rights Law justifies carrying out of compulsory and mandatory&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;medical examination. Although, this may be bodily invasive but the right to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;privacy is not an absolute right and can be reasonably curtailed. Furthermore,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;if there were a conflict between the fundamental rights of two parties, that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;right which advances public morality would prevail.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;circumstances, the courts order for a medical examination. The courts through&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the years have developed the doctrine of &lsquo;eminent need.&rsquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;In the case of Bhabhani Prasad Jena v. Convenor Secretary, Orrisa State&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Commission for Women and Another[4], The appellant treated his wife with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;cruelty when she got pregnant and claimed that he was not the father of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;child. Hon&rsquo;ble Justice R.M. Lodha, while dealing with the issue of privacy,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;said that the said right is not an absolute right and also held that &ldquo;when&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;there is an apparent conflict between the right to privacy of a person who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;denies submitting himself forcibly to medical examination and duty of the court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to reach the truth, the court must exercise its discretion only after balancing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the interests of the parties and on due consideration whether for a just&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;decision in the matter, DNA test is eminently needed and whether it is not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;possible for the court to reach the truth without the use of such a test.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Conclusion: In conclusion we can quote the judgment of the Karnataka High Court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in Sri. Hanumappa vs Yallakka, Writ Petition 8815 of 2014 (GM-CPC)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;decided on 3 September, 2014, delivered by Justice Anand Byrareddy. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;judgment summarises the scenario as hereunder.:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;court, it may be said that the following legal position emerges:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;a) That parties to a civil suit cannot be subjected to DNA Analysis as a matter&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of course;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;b) Whenever applications are made with a prayer for such a test or analysis, by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;way of a roving enquiry the same should not be entertained; It is for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;parties to place evidence in support of their respective claims and it is only&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in deserving cases that such a measure can be resorted to;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;c) In cases where the father denies paternity, he must establish a strong prima&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;facie case of &quot;non access&quot; in order to dispel the presumption arising&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;under Section 112 of the Evidence Act, 1872.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The burden of proof in that regard should be higher than the standard of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;preponderance of probabilities - it need not however, be proof beyond&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;reasonable doubt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;d) The Court must examine the possible consequence of such a test, especially&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in cases involving disputed paternity, having the effect of branding a child as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;a bastard and the mother as an unchaste woman;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;e) A party to a civil case cannot be compelled to subject himself or herself to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;a test or analysis;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;f) An order by a court directing a party to submit to a test would not however,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;be in violation of the right to personal liberty under Article 21 of the&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution of India;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;g) If on consideration of all aspects, if a court has passed an order against a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;party to submit himself to medical examination and such party refuses to so&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;submit himself - the court may draw an adverse inference against him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp; Siddardh Solanki 4th year BA.LLB,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;- O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Vishwanath R Kabadagi, 1 year Law, KLE Law College, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Interns &ndash; Daksha Legal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Process of DNA Test&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Proving the relationship in a civil suit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Forensic database of DNA: scenario in International&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The database of this nature generally stores DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Evidentiary value of DNA testing in India&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In Indian judiciary, the conflict of obtaining blood&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Section 112 of the Evidence Act presumes that a child&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Further, the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Kerala in the case&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Implications of taking DNA evidence as conclusive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;DNA profiling and evidence has been proved to be a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;DNA databanks leading to invasion of privacy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A DNA database or DNA databank is a database of DNA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The aforesaid rule is subject to the exception, that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Now we can say that yes it sometimes violates the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Collecting a sample from the suspects for DNA tests in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The question that arises is that under what&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;6. In the light of the above decisions of the apex&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Sophiya Chhabra - 2nd year Law&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '91754333982d37237c738c57c5a1a40a.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:06:43', '2021-01-28 22:51:35');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(127, 'oKVnFyZZHt3FB5YOfubBnaJn1', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Predatory Pricing explained.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore. ', '&lt;h4&gt;When a dominant firm in the relevant market reduces the prices of its products below the cost and thereby incurs losses, in order to eliminate the existing competitors and prevent entry of new players in the relevant market. When the firm succeeds in driving out the competitors, it can then increase the prices and recoup the losses.5 This is known as Predatory Pricing. Section 4(2)(a)(ii) of the Competition Act, 2002 expressly provides that&nbsp; predatory pricing shall constitute an abuse of dominant position under Section 4(1) of the act. Explanation (b) of section 4 defines predatory price as &ldquo;the sale of goods or provision of services, at a price which is below cost as may be determined by regulations, of production of the goods or provision of services, with a view to reduce competition or eliminate the competitors.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;Pre-requisites of Predatory Pricing&lt;br&gt;There are two phases in Predatory pricing (a) Sacrifice or Predation Phase: when the enterprise suffers heavy losses due to low prices; (b) Recoupment Phase: when the enterprise recovers the losses suffered during sacrifice phase by increasing the cost products.6 There are several pre-requisites of predatory pricing. According to the Issac and Smith experiment, these are (conditions conducive to producing predation).&lt;br&gt;(a) Dominant position in the relevant market under Section 4 as defined in explanation (a);&lt;br&gt;(b) Deep pockets requirement to bear the brunt of heavy losses in sacrifice phase7;&lt;br&gt;(c) Excess production capacity to meet the increased demand8;&lt;br&gt;(d) Certain level of entry barriers to prevent new players in the market when the prices increase.&lt;br&gt;Entry barriers exist when the entrant has to bear costs that the dominant firm need not bear or no longer bears such as fixed cost investments. These sunk or non-recoverable costs burden the entrants along with the under-pricing by dominant form and thereby acting as an entry barrier.9 There may be some entry barriers due to statutory or regulatory requirements.&lt;br&gt;Elements of Predatory Pricing&lt;br&gt;A number of issues are relevant in determination of prevalence of Predatory Pricing. Three major issues out of them13 have been discussed below:&lt;br&gt;(a) Pricing Below Cost&lt;br&gt;Assessment of Pricing below cost involves a three prong approach14&lt;br&gt;(a) Assessment of relevant time period over which the alleged predatory prices prevailed or could reasonably be expected to&nbsp; &nbsp; prevail. This depends on the case at hand.&lt;br&gt;(b) Assessment of relevant revenues generated and hence the relevant price which depends on the case at hand.&lt;br&gt;(c) Assessment of Relevant Cost Benchmark out of:&lt;br&gt;(i) Variable costs: the costs that vary directly with output.&lt;br&gt;(ii) Avoidable costs: the costs which could be avoided if the undertaking were to cease the activity in question over relevant time period.&lt;br&gt;(iii) Incremental costs: Additional cost of increasing output beyond a benchmark level of output by some pre-specified amount (the increment) In India, The Competition Commission of India (Determination of Cost of Production) Regulations, 200915 determines the cost benchmark. As per Regulation 3(1) of the said regulations, Cost as referred to in explanation to Section 4 must be taken as average variable cost. The proviso to the same provides that in specific cases, the Commission may, depending on the nature of the industry, market and technology used, consider any other relevant cost concept such as avoidable cost, long run average incremental cost, market value.&lt;br&gt;However, the reasons for doing so must be recorded by the Commission.&lt;br&gt;Important Terms for Cost Assessment&lt;br&gt;Regulation 2 of the Competition Commission of India (Determination of Cost of Production) Regulations, 200916 defines important terms of cost assessment as follows:&lt;br&gt;1. &ldquo;total cost&rdquo; means the actual cost of production including items, such as cost of material consumed, direct wages and salaries, direct expenses, work overheads, quality control cost, research and development cost, packaging cost, finance ant administrative overheads attributable to the product during the referred period;17&lt;br&gt;2. &ldquo;total variable cost&rdquo; means the total cost referred to in clause (i) minus the fixed cost and share of fixed overheads, if any, during the referred period;18&lt;br&gt;3. &ldquo;average variable cost&rdquo; means total variable cost divided by total output during the referred period;19&lt;br&gt;4. &ldquo;total avoidable cost&rdquo; means the cost that could have been avoided if the enterprise had not produced the quantity of extra output during the referred period;20&lt;br&gt;5. &ldquo;average avoidable cost&rdquo; is the total avoidable cost divided by the total output considered for estimating &ldquo;total avoidable cost;21&lt;br&gt;6. &ldquo;long run average incremental cost&rdquo; is the increment to long run average cost on account of an additional unit of product, where long run cost includes both capital and operating costs;22&lt;br&gt;7. &ldquo;market value&rdquo; means the consideration which the customer pays or agrees to pay for a product which is sold or provided or can be sold or provided, as the case may be;23&lt;br&gt;8. &ldquo;Marginal cost&rdquo; is the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced changes by one unit.24&lt;br&gt;Cost Tests for Predatory Pricing&lt;br&gt;1. Areeda-Turner Test: In 1975, Areeda and Turner proposed a test under which a price lower than reasonably anticipated Short Run Marginal Cost is considered predatory.25 &ldquo;Reasonably anticipated&rdquo; implies that conduct of firm should not be judged ex-post facto. Since, SRMC cannot be possibly computed, AVC is used as an alternative.&lt;br&gt;According to this test, a price at or above reasonably anticipated AVC should be conclusively presumed lawful and vice versa. However, predatory conduct is possible even when price is below ATC and above AVC. In AKZO Chemic BV v. Commission of the European Communities26 the European Court held that when the prices are below ATC but above AVC and the intent to drive out the competitor can be established, the conduct can be regarded as predatory.&lt;br&gt;The Competition Commission of India has adopted this test as the appropriate measure of cost.27&lt;br&gt;2. Price below Average Total Cost: An alternative to the Areeda-Turner test was suggested by Greer in 1979. According to this test, Pricing below Average Total Cost should be considered predatory only if there is substantial evidence of predatory intent. Intent is fundamental in these cases. A number of legitimate commercial reasons for decreasing the price below average total cost are permitted under this test such as-unanticipated shocks, economies of scale and new product, short run promotions, loss leading etc.&lt;br&gt;3. Price below Average Avoidable Cost: Baumol proposed this predation rule based on average avoidable cost. The theory behind this test is similar to average variable cost test. Even if the price of a product or service is above average avoidable cost but their combination does not generate enough revenue to cover average avoidable cost.29&lt;br&gt;(b) Intention to eliminate the competitors&lt;br&gt;In EC and UK laws for Competition, following factors are considered relevant for assessment of intention of an enterprise to eliminate competitors:&lt;br&gt;(1) Direct evidence of intention: e.g. evidences in form of documents especially internal documents that demonstrate the intention of the enterprise to use low prices in an attempt to drive the competitors out of the relevant market.&lt;br&gt;(2) If the conduct of the enterprise makes no commercial sense apart from harm to competition, it shall be considered as the enterprise&rsquo;s intent to indulge in predatory pricing. It must be noted that pricing below AVC leads to presumption of abuse. In fact, even when the prices are above AVC but the enterprise prices below AAC, it is intentionally incurring a loss when it could have earned more profits. This is indicative of its intent to eliminate competition.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;(3) Other behavioral evidence of intention: e.g. when an enterprise targets price cut against a competitor, maintaining higher prices in other markets, a predatory intent is evident.&lt;br&gt;In India, there is no jurisprudence available as to determination of intent in the cases of predatory pricing. Even the act is silent on this point. MCX Stock Exchange Ltd. v. National Stock Exchange of India Ltd.32, which dealt with the&nbsp; question of predatory pricing, was decided by CCI without any proper discussion on the issue of determination of &ldquo;intention&rdquo;. CCI merely stated that the mala fide intent was clearly manifested through the abusive conduct of NSE. Thus, it is yet to be seen how CCI will determine the intention of the enterprise behind any kind of price reduction. Nevertheless, the question of intent is relevant in determining whether the behavior of an enterprise is predatory or not.&lt;br&gt;(c) Feasibility of recouping losses&lt;br&gt;The Supreme Court of US in Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown &amp; Williamson Tobacco Corpn.34 held that in order to prove predatory pricing the plaintiff must also prove that the competitor had reasonable prospect of recouping its investment in below-cost prices. This is an important element of predatory pricing theory and evidence of below cost pricing alone is not enough to infer probable recoupment and injury to competition. In absence of sufficient evidence of power of the enterprise to raise the prices in recoupment phase, no inference as to feasibility or sustainability of recoupment can be drawn.&lt;br&gt;However, the European Court in Tetra Pak International SA v. Commission35, held that whenever there is a risk that the competitors will be eliminated; there is no need to prove the possibility of recoupment. This is because the weak state of competition in the relevant market in which the enterprise holds dominant position will by itself ensure that the losses are recouped.&lt;br&gt;Extracts from the Article &ldquo;Ola Cab case: The tale of predatory pricing in the Radio Cab market&quot;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;by Garima Nagpal and Akshita Gupta, Members, Society for Excellence in Competition Law (SECL), Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow&lt;br&gt;Reported in (2015) PL (Comp.L) Supreme Court Cases&lt;/h4&gt;', 'f18e82834a817560067b7bf65fed93fc.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-02 20:56:58', '2020-12-23 01:38:16'),
(61, 'MlJYDZ4fdpi370e8qw6E6KPBw', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'BASIC STRUCTURE AN ILLUSTRATION OF JUDICIAL CRAFTSMANSHIP.  Mahesh H', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Mahesh H. from Hospet,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Karnataka. Completed LL.B from Karnataka State Law University, Hubli and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;enrolled as an advocate in 2018. Presently pursing masters at National&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;If angels were to govern men, we would require no constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;If men were to govern men, we must have the Constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Constitutional framers have rightly pointed out that the purpose of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution is not merely to create the organs of the State but to limit their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;authority, because if no limitation was imposed upon the authority of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;organs, there will be complete tyranny and complete oppression. The legislature&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would be free to make any law, the executive free to take any decision, and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court free to give any interpretation of the law. It would result in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;utter chaos. Therefore, it is quintessential to have a Constitution. By its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;very nature, Constitution is counter-majoritarian. The organs of the State has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to exercise their powers without transgressing the Constitutional limits but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for which it would be declared void. The legal system in Kelsen&#039;s view consists&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of heirarchy of norms. The constitution being the highest norm and the other&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;norms derive their authority from the Constitution. The validity of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution can never be tested as it emantes from the Supreme authority. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;law has to keep pace with the changing needs of the Society, Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cannot be a stagnant instrument. Therefore, as it is rightly said that one of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the essential charcteristics of a Written Constitution is the provision for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;amendment. Generally, every written Constitution will necessariy contain a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;provision for amendment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The question arises as to what extent can the Constitution be amended and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;nature of amending power thereof. The cardinal question would be regarding the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;existence of limitations on the amending power and this question was answered&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in affirmative in the celebrated Keshavananda Bharati case in the year 1973. I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;intend to analyse the said judgment in the light of nature of amending power&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and the limitations on the amending power.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of Written Constitution. Jurisprudentially, analytical positivism asserted that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Sovereign is not susceptible for limitations as the soverign is beyond the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;legal system and people were part of the of the State. The power was vested&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;with the determinate human superior who received the habitual obedience from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the people. The Natural Law theory identified the sovereign political power&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;with the people so as to ensure that the State is ruled according to the will&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the ruled and to avoid arbitrariness of those in power. It emaphasized the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;vesting of soverign political power on the poeple which connotes that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people are supreme. It is in this background, the idea of written constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;came into existence as the power was transferred from the ruler to the ruled.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution is a document which regulates the relationship between ruler and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the ruled. In other words, it came in as an instrument to limit the State&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;action. The American Constitution came into being with the influence of Natural&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Law Theory and Social Contract theory.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;frame the Constitution. Thus, Constitution came into force. Constitution is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;fundamental law of the Country. The organs of the State must exercise their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;powers in consonance with the Constitution. A Constitution is not an end in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;itself. It is a means for ordering the nation. The Constitution being a living&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;instrument, it has to keep pace with the Changing needs of the Society. Elapse&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of time and change in the social economic and political cause changes in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;legal system.Thus, amendment becomes a necessity, the dichotomy lies in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;balancing the demands of continuity, stability and change and flexibility. It&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is in this backdrop, one must understand the basic structure doctrine.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under Aricle 368. The amendment can be effected in three ways depending upon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the provision which is purported to be amended.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; Amendment by Special Majority&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; Amendment by Special Majority with ratification by half of the States&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constituent power is not ordinary legislative power.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hence, the question of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;limitations on amending power assumes due importance as Justice Sikri rightly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;said,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;I need hardly observe that I am not interpreting an ordinary statute, but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a Constitution which apart from setting up a machinery for government, has a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;noble and grand vision &quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;like the source and nature of amending power, inherent limitations which were&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;answered by Supreme Court in Keshavananda Bharati case.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;has pointed that the Indian Constitution is a social document which embodies&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the objectives of social revolution. . Article 39 of the Constitution which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mandates that material resoures cannot be vested with few hands of the society&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was in furtherance of socialist principles. To implement the socio economic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reforms, land reforms legislations were enacted. Right to property then was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;fundamental right and thus the land reform legisltions came to be challenged in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;different High Courts. One of the renown being Kameshwar singh v. State of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bihar which struck down some of the provisions of Bihar Land Reforms Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Pandit Nehru was anxious as he felt it woould hinder the implementation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;preambular objective of socialism and thus remarked that &quot; somehow we have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;found that the magnificient Constitution that we have framed was kidnapped and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;purioned by the lawyers&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 31A,31B and the ninth schedule through first amendment of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution. The Ninth schedule of the Constitution provided immunity for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;legislations inserted into it from the judicial review even if it is in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contravention of the fundamental rights.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Prasad v. Union of India and the Supreme Court held that the Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;amendment is not law within the ambit of Artice 13 and hence is not susceptible&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for judicial reveiw. Justice Patanjali Shastri distinguished between&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constituent power and legislative power in the following words,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;There is clear demarcation between ordinary law which is made in exercise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of legislative power and constitutional law which is made in exrcise of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constituent power.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sajjan Singh case in the year 1965. Nevertheless, Justice Mudholkar and Justice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hidayatullah expressed serious reservations over the proposition that the power&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to amend the Constitution is unimited in the following words,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the word &quot;law&quot;&#039; in the article but it is significant thatthe&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;definition does not seek to exclude Constitutional amendments which it would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;have been easy toindicate in the definition by adding &quot;but shall not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;include an amendment of the Constitution&quot;. would require stronger reason&amp;nbsp;than those given in Sankari Prasad&#039;s case to make me accept &lt;/span&gt;the view&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;that&amp;nbsp;Fundamental Rights were not really fundamental but were intended to be within&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the powers of amendment in common with the other parts of the Constitution and&amp;nbsp;without &lt;/span&gt;the concurrence&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;of the State.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constituting of 11 judge Bench in Golaknath v. State of Punjab The major&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;takeaways of the decison are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution is derived from Articles 245, 246 and 248 of the Constitution and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;not from Article 368 thereof which only deals with procedure. Amendment is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;legislative process.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; Amendment is &#039;law&#039; within the meaning of Article 13 of the Constitution and,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;therefore, if it takes away or abridges the rights conferred by Part III thereof,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it is void.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; The Fundamental Rights are outside the amendatory process if the amendment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;seeks to abridge or take away any of the rights.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;decision of Golaknath and to assert the supremacy of Pariament. The 24th, 25th&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and 29th amendments were challenged in Keshavanda Bharati v. State of Kerala.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The petitioner approached the Supreme Court under Article 32 for enforcement of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;his fundamental rights and challenged the validity of the Kerala Land Reforms Act,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1963 as amended by the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act 1969. The case was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;heard by the 13 Judge Bench. The Supreme Court displayed the judicial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;craftsmanship by propouding the doctrine of basic structure on the basis of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;theory of implied limitations thereby asserted that the parliament&#039;s amending&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;power applies to whole of the Constitution but it cannot take away the basic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;structure of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the nature of amending power and the term &quot;amendment&quot; him Article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;368.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The expression &lsquo;constituent power&rsquo; denotes &ldquo;the ability to frame or alter a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;political constitution&rdquo;. It is to be noted that the power to amend the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution is constituent in nature. It connotes the power to make, remake an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;unmake the Constitution. Necessaily, it conveys that the power to amend the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution is not placed within the Constutituion rather outside the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution. This view is in conformity with the Kelson&#039;s theory of Grund&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;norm.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The other view emphasizes that the power to amend the Constitution under&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 368 is not similar to that of Constituent power of Constituent assembly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as the Parliament is the creature of the Constitution and hence the power to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;amend the Constitution is derivative in nature and is susciptibe for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;constitutional limitaions. In other words, the power to amend the Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;has to be exercised in consonace with the Constitutional Philosphy. The Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Court held that the power to amend the Constituiton though a power higher than&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the legislative power is within and not outside the Constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that the power of amendment does not encompass the one to destroy or repeal or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;abrogate the Constitution or to frame a new one. In other words, the power&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cannot be exercised to destroy the identity of the Constitution. The Judges&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;named them as the basic structure, basic elements or fundamental features or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the essential features of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Constitution&rsquo; as used in Article 368 must be such which accords with the true&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;intention of the Constitution makers as ascertainable from the historical&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;background,&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;emasculate the basic elements or the fundamental features of the Constitution.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as used in Article 368 does not connote a plenitude of power&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;till Keshavananda Bharati that there can only be procedural limitations on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;power of amendment as pointed out by Hans Kelson that there is no super constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;norms to test the validity of the consitutional provisions as the question of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;validity remains outisde the legal system. Validity of the Constitution lies in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the social acceptance of it. In case of validity of constitutional amendments,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the only test can be the compliance of stipulated proceudure. There cannot be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;substantive limits as such.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The minority judges have taken the above view. The only limitation can be that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it cannot be repealed. Justice Ray held that the power to amend the Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is unlimted. He asserted that,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;never be invalid. It is self validating. An amendment is made if the procedure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is complied with Once the procedure is complied with it is a part of the Constitution.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the criterion of validity. He held that,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;in the social fact of its being accepted by the community and for the reason&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;that its norms have become efficacious. Its validity is meta-legal.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Constitution connotes that the parliament is a creature of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;This being the situation, Parliament to have unlimited amending power is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Constitutional absurdity. Hence, I am of the opinion that the decision of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;majority was in tune with Constitutional philosophy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the power and the procedure to amend the Constitution. The cardinal question&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;arises as regarding the extent to which amednment can be effected. The Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Court in Keshavanda Bharati analysed the term amendment in order to read in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;theory of implied limitations and held that the Power to amend the Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;is not unlimited.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The term amendment connotes that to change, modify, add. Thus, the Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Court held that the Indian Cnstitution is a social document and is based upon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the socio-economic ideals of the freedom struggle that the various promises&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;were made for bringing about a social revolution and these principles are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;indispensable and our Constitution is based on these principles which are the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;identity of our Constitution. Therefore, the power of Parliament cannot take&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;away the identity of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Constitution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;held that our Constitution is based on social philosophy and every social&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;philosophy like every &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;religion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;has two main features namely basic and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;circumstantial. Former remains constant and the latter is subject to change. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;other words, there are some provisions in the Constitution which are immutable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;and transcendental. One of the criticism levelled against this proposition is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;that even if we accept the proposition of some provisions being immutable and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;enduring forever. The only eternal thing seems to be the law of change. Certain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;basic features are nothing but our projection of our wish for permanence. This&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;view was taken by Justice Mathew in his well researched &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;judgment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;wherein he quotes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;from different classics starting from Nehru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;and as permanent as we can make it. Nevertheless, there is no permanence. If&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;you make anything rigid, you stop a national growth, the growth of living vital&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;argue,.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There should be an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;opportunity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;to make another experiment if one fails . As&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Thomas Jefferson rightly said that the generation of yesterday might not know&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the needs of today, and, &#039;if yesterday is not to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;paralyze&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;today&#039;, it seems best&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;to permit each generation to take care of itself. This thought was seconded by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Dr. B.R.Ambedkar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The author disagrees with the proposition as it was a necessity of time that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the power of Parliament had to be limited considering the sociological&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;situations which was in existence at that point of time necessitated the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;limiting of amending power.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;propounded in the Keshavananda Bharati was a necessity of time as it came as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;tool to safeguard the identity of the Constitution as against the despotic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Parliament. The criticism levelled against the basic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;structure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;was that there&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;was no consensus as regarding what constitutes as basic structure. The Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Court in Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain , wherein the Article 329A was challenged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;and ironically four of the minority judges in Keshavansda Bharati were hearing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;the case. They categorically asserted that the impugned amendment is against&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;democracy and fair elections which is part of the basic structure and this case&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;assumes more important as it was first case which was no way connected with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;right to property. The doctrine was further crystallised in the case of Minerva&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mills v. Union of India wherein the court held that the limited &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;amenability&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;basic structure of the Constitution. Since then the doctrine of basic structure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;has been used in plethora of cases to test the validity of constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;amendments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;', '3adf72b1c97d37de4df8434675d94959.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:26:32', '2021-02-03 23:39:26');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(163, '6mO5eOb92l0txNieyCoLO4LuG', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'CBSE and ICSE Schools. Karnataka Government Order regarding fee cut and effect on CBSE and ICSE Schools in the State of Karnataka.  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. The Karnataka State Legislature, in the year 1983 passed an Act called&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Karnataka Education Act 1983 [hereinafter, the Act]. The Act was sent to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;President of India for his assent and the President in 1993, after the lapse of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;ten long years, granted his assent to the Act in its original form. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Government of Karnataka on 20:1:1995 published the Act in Official Gazette and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;finally on 1st June 1995 enforced it throughout the State of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Karnataka.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. The constitutional validity of the Karnataka Education Act was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;challenged before the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court by the managements of educational&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;institutions in Writ Petition 27432-33/1995. The matter was heard and later was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;referred to the Division Bench. The Division Bench of upheld the validity of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the Act by its judgment dated 11:10:1996. Special Leave Petition was presented&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;before the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court and the same was admitted as Civil Appeal No.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;366-368 of 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Subsequently, after the Hon&rsquo;ble Court upheld the constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;validity of the Karnataka Education Act, the State Legislature thought it fit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;to exclude the educational institutions affiliated to CBSE &amp;amp; ICSE from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;purview of the Act. Accordingly Section 1 of the Act was amended by Act 8 of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1998 by inserting sub-clause (iii-a) to sub-section 3 of Section 1. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;resultant position has been that the educational institutions affiliated to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;CBSE &amp;amp; CISCE were left to be regulated by the Boards/Council concerned.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;After amendment, section 1 of the Act reads as hereunder;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1.This Act may be called the Karnataka Education Act, 1983&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(3) It applies to all educational institutions&hellip;in the State except:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(iii-a) Educational Institutions affiliated to or recognized by the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Central Council of IndianSchool Certificate Examination or Central Board of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Secondary Education respectively.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The relevant portion of the statement of objects and reasons for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Amendment Act 8 of 1998 read thus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;When the Karnataka Education Bill, 1983 was pending for assent of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;President of India, the Government of India sought clarifications from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;State Government on certain matters. By way of response, the State Government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;proposed certain amendment certain amendments to the said Bill and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;simultaneously a draft of the Karnataka Education (Amendment) Ordinance was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;also sent to the Government of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Government of India, while conveying the assent of the President to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the said Bill also conveyed previous instructions of the President to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ordinance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Karnataka Education Bill which had received the assent of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Present was published as an Act on 20th January, 1995 and all the provisions of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the Act were brought into force with effect from 1st day June, 1995&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As the Amendment Ordinance could not be promulgated, it is proposed to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;introduce a Bill incorporating all the amendments contained in the Ordinance,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;which are as below;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1) Amendment of Section 1 to include in sub-section (3) certain&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;educational institutions affiliated to Council of IndianSchool Certificate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Examination or Central Board of Secondary Education so as to exclude them from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the application of the Act;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. As can be seen from the above statement of objects and reasons, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;amendment to the Act was in consonance with the instructions of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Government of India and the President of India. The consent was thus accorded&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;to the Karnataka Education Act with the instructions which are later complied&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;with by the State Legislature in amending the Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Thereafter, during the pendency of the Civil Appeal before the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court, a Constitutional bench of the Supreme Court rendered the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;landmark judgment in T.M.A. Pai Foundation &amp;amp; Others V State of Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp; Ors. Relevant portions from the judgment are extracted below;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;48. Private education is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;one of the most dynamic and fastest growing segments of post-secondary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;education at the turn of the twenty -first centuries. A combination of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;unprecedented demand for access to higher education and the inability or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;unwillingness of government to provide the necessary support has brought&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;private higher education to the forefront.&amp;nbsp; Private institutions, with a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;long history in many countries, are expanding in scope and number, and are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;becoming increasingly important in parts the world that relied almost entirely&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;on the public sector.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;50.The right to establish and administer broadly comprises of the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;following rights:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) to admit student&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) to setup reasonable fee structure :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) to appoint staff (including and non-teaching ) :and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d) to take action if there is dereliction of duty on the part of any&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;employees.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Subsequently, Civil Appeals 366-368/2004 filed by the managements of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the educational institutions questioning the validity of the Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Education Act, came up for hearing before the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court passed the following order on 26:2:2004;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Having looked at the Karnataka Education Act, 1983, it prima facie&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;appears to us that the Government requires to reconsider various provisions of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the Act in light of the Judgment of this Court in the case of T.M.A Pai&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Education v State of Karnataka, reported in&amp;nbsp; (2002) 8 SCC481. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Government is directed to do so within a period of four months from today. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Appellants are at liberty to make their suggestions to the Government. We are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;sure that the Government, in taking a decision, will keep those suggestions in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;mind&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. The State Government seldom did not comply with the order of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court for next 6 years.&amp;nbsp; Ultimately, the Supreme Court by its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;judgment dated 11:2:2010 remanded the matter to Karnataka High Court to decide&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the writ petitions afresh in the light of the judgment in T.M.A. Pai. The said&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;order of the Supreme Court reads;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;This Court in similar cases in State of Karnataka vs Dr. T.M.A.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Foundation and others 2003 (6) SCC 790 disposed of the appeals in the following&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;manner:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;The several questions raised in these matters are covered by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;decision of a Constitution Bench of this Court in T.M.A. Foundation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;v. State of Karnataka and the connected batch of cases decided on 31.10.2002.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Since larger questions have been decided by this Court, it become necessary for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the High Court to re-examine the matters which have been decided and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;which are in appeal before this Court. The orders of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the High Court are, therefore, set aside without expressing any opinion on merits&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;and the matters are remitted to the High Court for fresh consideration in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;accordance with law.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Following the said judgment these appeals also are disposed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;of setting aside the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;impugned order with a request to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;High Court to re-examine the matter. We do not express any opinion whatsoever&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;on the merits since the High Court is required to consider the matter afresh in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;accordance with law. Liberty to the parties to amend their pleadings.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. In the middle of these developments, a writ petition was filed by a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;teacher in W.P. 24654/2005 challenging the constitutional validity of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Karnataka Act 8 of 1998 insofar as it purports to exclude the application of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the Karnataka Education Act to educational institutions affiliated to Council&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;of Indian School Certificate Examination or Central Board of Secondary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Education. The primary challenge to the constitutional validity of Section 1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(3) (iii-a) was based on the ground that the exclusion of the schools in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;question from the application of the Act is not consistent with the objects&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;underlying the Act and that the classification suffers from hostile&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;discrimination and there is no intelligible differentia supporting the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;classification.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9. State of Karnataka strongly defended the constitutional validity of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the Karnataka Act 8 of 1998 on various grounds. It was contended by the State&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;in para 4 as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4. It is humbly submitted that education was in the State list in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7th Schedule of the Constitution. Subsequently, by the Constitutional 42nd&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;amendment dated 3:1:1977, education was brought under the Concurrent list.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Hence, both Central Government as well as State Government can enact the law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Once the Central Government enacts the Rules or Regulations for the management&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;of the institutions, State Government cannot frame the Rules which is repugnant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;to the Central Act and Rules framed by the Central Government. Since the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;schools affiliated to CISCE or the CBSE are governed by Rules framed by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Central Government or the said autonomous institutions, State Government thought&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;it fit to give exemption of application of the Education Act. Such exemptions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;cannot be termed unconstitutional.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10. The learned single judge by the order dated 10:1:2011 declared Karnataka Act 8 of 1998 &amp;amp; consequently Section 1 (3) (iii-a) as unconstitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp; violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. The reasoning of the learned single judge was based on the principal ground that the classification between the schools coming under the purview of the Karnataka Education and those excluded from its purview is violative of Article 14.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11.The Managements of Independent CBSE Schools Association Karnataka and Management Association of Schools Karnataka and others filed writ appeals in WA. 660/2011 the division bench of the Karnataka High Court. The Division Bench by its order dated 18:4:2011 stayed the operation of learned single judge&rsquo;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;order.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12. When the things stood thus, the Karnataka Legislature, after almost 20 years, amended the Karnataka Education Act again by enacting the impugned Amendment Act. The relevant portion of the amendment is extracted below.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Amendment of section 1.- In the Karnataka Education Act, 1983 (Karnataka Act 1 of 1995) (hereafter referred to as the principal Act), in section 1, in sub-section (3), for clause (iiia), the following shall be substituted, namely:- &quot;(iiia) Educational Institutions affiliated to or recognized by the Council of Indian School Certificate Examination or Central Board of Secondary Education respectively but subject to condition that the provisions of section 5A, 48, 112A and 124A of this Act shall continue to apply to these institutions.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The sections that are made applicable to petitioners educational&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;institutions i.e. 5A, 48, 112A and 124A read as hereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5A. Safety and security of students.- Every educational institution and an employee of such educational institutions shall take such measures to ensure safety and security of students including protection from sexual offences, in the manner as may be prescribed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;48. Fees.- (1) Subject to any other law for the time being in force, no Governing Council of a recognised educational institution shall levy or collect any fees or charges or donations or other payments, by whatever name called, save such and at such rate and in such manner as may be prescribed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(2) The amounts levied or collected under sub-section (1) shall be utilised by the educational institution in accordance with such rules as may be prescribed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;112A. Penalty for contravention of section 5A.- (1) Any employee or member of the management of an educational institution who contravenes section 5A shall on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a minimum term of six months and with a fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. (2) Whenever any educational institution is found to be in contravention of section 5A in an enquiry conducted, after giving an opportunity of being heard, by the District Education Regulatory Authority, it shall impose a penalty which may extend to ten lakh rupees. (3) The District Education Regulatory Authority after such enquiry has found that any educational institution has contravened the provisions of section 5A shall also recommend to the competent authority or concerned authority for withdrawal of recognition or affiliation to such institution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;124A. Penalty for contravention of section 48.- Any educational institution is found guilty of contravention of provisions of section 48 in an enquiry conducted, after providing an opportunity of being heard, by the District Education Regulatory Authority, it shall impose a penalty which may extend to ten lakh rupees and also direct for refund of amount so collected by the institution in excess of the amount prescribed under section 48.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;125A. Penalty for contravention of sections 88, 89 and 90.- Any educational institution is found guilty of contravention of either of sections 88, 89 and 90 in an enquiry conducted, after giving an opportunity of being heard, by District Education Regulatory Authority, it shall impose a penalty which may extend to five lakh rupees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The main problems for the schools was Sections 48 of the Karnataka Education Act, 1983 and the newly inserted Section 124-A to the said Act. The Managements of Independent CBSE Schools Association Karnataka and Management Association of Schools Karnataka have filed Writ Petition 6185/2019 challenging the constitutional validity of the amendment by which CBSE/ICSE schools were included within the Karnataka Education Act. The High Court of Karnataka heard the matter at length and passed the following order on 7 February 2019;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In these petitions is challenged the Vires of Karnataka Second Amendment at 2017 whereby Section 124-A is introduced into the Karnataka Education Act 1983 bringing into the clasp of the act on the private unaided educational institutions for certain purposes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Petitioners also have laid a challenge to the vires of Section 48 of the act and further to the validity of 2018 Amendment Rules.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The challenge is mainly founded on certain observations of the Constitution Bench of the Apex court in the TMA PAI Case [(2002) 8 SCC 481] and in the P.A Inamdar Case [(2005) 6 SCC 537] which apparently recognize the autonomy of these private educational institutions inter alia in respect of determination of their own fee structure, subject of course, to the rider of non-profiteering.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;After service of notice, the respondent&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;State has entered appearance through the learned Additional Advocate General, Sri Ponnanna assisted by learned AGA Smt. Pramodhini Kishan. Sri Ponnanna presses into service prima-facie three points to resist grant of any interim relief to the petitioners following points;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) The provisions of the Amendment Act and the Amendment Rules impugned in these writ petitions do not operate proprio vigor and therefore, there is no choate cause of action as understood in the light of the decision of the Apex Court in the case of Kusum Ingots and Alloys vs. Union of India [(2004) 6 SCC 254] vide paragraph Nos. 6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) Non-inclusion of these institutions within the ambit of the 1983 Act having been found unconstitutional by a learned Single Judge of this Court, the said judgment having been stayed by the Division Bench in Writ Appeal, the State has come up with this legislative measure inter alia to prevent profiteering.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) Every legislation is presumed to be constitutionally valid in view of decision of the Apex Court in Ramakrishna Dalmia vs. Sri. Justice S R Tendulkar [AIR 1958 SC 538], ordinarily writ courts do not stay the operation of the legislations, and the quasi legislations promulgated thereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Learned Senior Advocates, Sriyuths M.R.Nayak and S.Basavaraj together submit that the text of the Act coupled with the Rules made thereunder leave no manner of doubt as to they being effective proprio vigor inasmuch as they prescribe certain exercise to be accomplished by the institutions within the cut off date, i.e., filing of the Audit Reports/Registers before the concerned authorities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;They further submit that the Assent granted by the President of India in exercise of power under Article 254(2) of the Constitution of India to overcome the repugnancy was conditional to the advantage of the private unaided educational Institutions and that this aspect has not been adverted to, while enacting the amendment and promulgating the Rules, that are now in challenge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The matter requires deeper consideration and both the sides have agreed that the matter may be taken up for final disposal on before long. The submission of Sri. M.R.Nayak, learned Senior Advocate appearing for the petitioners that if the State intends to file Objections, a copy thereof may be served on him in advance, is noted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The assurance of the learned Additional Advocate General that till the next date of hearing, no precipitatory or coercive action would be taken against the petitioner-Institutions is placed on record.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Call these matters on 26.02.2019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This arrangement/order is continued from time to time and subsists even today. In the meanwhile, the Government of Karnataka has issued a Government Order allowing the educational institutions in the State of Karnataka to collect only 70% fee from the parents. It is to be noted that this Government&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Order is issued under Karnataka Education Act. It is also to be noted that so far as CBSE/ICSE schools are concerned, the Government Order is issued under the abovesaid amendment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As stated above, the very amendment is challenged before the Karnataka High Court and there is an interim arrangement/order.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Under these circumstances, the Government Order is not applicable to the CBSE/ICSE schools who are protected under the interim arrangement/order of the Karnataka High Court.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In a subsequent development, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in Special Leave to Appeal (C) No(s).27907-27916/2019 has passed an order on 8 February 2021 permitting the schools to collect regular fee. The order reads thus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;The hearing of these cases has been commenced and is part heard.But, since the hearing is likely to take some more time, we deem it appropriate to pass interim directions which will address the concerns of all parties in some measure. We propose to stay the impugned order on the following&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;conditions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(a) The management/school may collect fees for the academic year 2019-2020 as well as 2020-2021 from the students, equivalent to fees amount notified for the academic year 2019-2020, in six monthly instalments commencing from 5th March, 2021 and ending on 5th August, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(b) The Management shall not debar any student from attending either online classes or physical classes on account of non-payment of fees, arrears/outstanding fees including the installments, referred to above, and shall not withhold the results of the examinations of any student on that account.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(c) Where the parents have difficulty in remitting the fee in terms of this interim order, it will be open to those parents to approach the school concerned by an individual representation and the management of the school will consider such representation on a case-to-case basis sympathetically.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(d) The above arrangement will not affect collection of fees for the academic year 2021-2022, which would be payable by the students as and when it becomes due and payable, and as notified by the management/school.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(e) In respect of the ensuing Board examinations for classes and XII (to be conducted in 2021) the school management shall not withhold the name of any student/candidate on the ground of non-payment of the fee/arrears, if any, on obtaining undertaking of the concerned parent/student.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(f) The above arrangements would be subject to the outcome of these matters including the final directions to be given to the parties and without prejudice to the rights and contentions of the parties in these proceedings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(g) We also direct the State of Rajasthan to ensure that all government outstanding dues towards unit cost payable to respective unaided schools are settled within one month from the today and, in any case, before 31st March, 2021&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In view of this development and the order of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court, the schools can safely assert their right to collect fees on regular basis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However,&amp;nbsp; the interim order of the Supreme Court only applies to the petitioners therein in Rajastan and the interim order of the Karnataka High Court applies to the petitioners before the High Court.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate. Daksha Legal. raj@dakshalegal.com.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 50px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p 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INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(62, 'V3IffXSaCVwl1KkeImQqrlKDs', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Behind GST Anti-Profiteering Provisions a Legacy of Indian Socialism.  Mr. Shubhang Setlur. Advocate. Bangalore  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Shubhang Setlur, Senior Associate, Crestlaw Partners&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Advocates, Bengaluru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the aspect of the anti profiteering law in the GST has been the subject of must&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;debate. This July 2017 article by Daksha Legal member, Shubhang Setlur&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;published in the The Wire online magazine when the GST was first introduced&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;gives an insight into the socialist measure of the GST.&#039;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;debated over whether the Indian constitution should include the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;socialist&rsquo; &ndash; the former was in favour of a society being organised by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people of India, according to the time and circumstances &ndash; anti-profiteering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;provisions present in the country&rsquo;s plan to overhaul a broken tax system remind&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;us of this very debate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(GST) is to remove the cascading effect of existing taxes, that is tax on tax.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The core principle of the GST is based on the fact that the tax on any input or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;input service utilised during the process of developing a product or a service&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would have to be offset against the subsequent output tax paid. The seamless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;credit system has been formulated keeping the consumer in mind and removes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;inefficiencies in the supply chain.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;instance, a wholesaler, decides to take benefit of a reduced tax rate courtesy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the GST and not pass on such benefit to a consumer by hiking up his profit?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;To counter such undue benefit, the government inserted Section 171 into the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Central Goods and Services Tax Act (CGST). Section 171 of the CGST specifies&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that any benefit availed through extra input tax credit (as against earlier) or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a reduction in rate of tax on any supply of goods or services has to be passed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on to the consumer commensurately.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;lies around the fact that it adds an additional compliance burden, and that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;more importantly, a reduction in rate of taxes of inputs or input services need&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;not necessarily result in a proportionate reduction in the final price of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;product or service.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;especially after taking into account the Modi government&rsquo;s &lsquo;minimum government,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;maximum governance&rsquo; motto &ndash; is there any mechanism to ensure that the consumer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;does become a beneficiary of GST?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Chapter XIX of the CGST, which deals with &lsquo;Offences and Penalties&rsquo;, does not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;provide for a mechanism to ensure a commensurate reduction in the final price&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of a product. Australia and Malaysia are closest international examples when it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;comes to understanding anti-profiteering measures. The Australian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;anti-profiteering measure was based on the net dollar margin rule method &ndash; that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is, if taxes and costs fell by $1, then prices should also fall by at least $1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Malaysian example is formula-based and uses a net profit margin which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;considers the effect of net profit on a comparative basis with a base rate net&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;profit. For instance, the net profit margin from April 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(excluding GST taxes) should not exceed the net profit margin as on April 1,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2016 (base rate).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;On June 20, the GST council notified the Anti Profiteering Rules, 2017 (rules).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The rules currently do not contain the methodology and procedure for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;determining whether commensurate benefit has been passed on to consumers.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, the language used mostly mirrors the Australian model. The rules&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contain the bare essentials of a statute &ndash; with a three tier structure for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;determination of alleged anti profiteering &ndash;with the apex body being the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Anti-Profiteering Authority&rsquo;. Penal action under the rules can even entail&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cancellation of GST registration.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;It should be noted that a substantial chunk of the basket of items in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;consumer price index have been exempted from payment of GST. Stemming from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;experience in other countries, the inflationary effects of GST could be high in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the initial years of its implementation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the government can certainly rely on the concept of a welfare state based on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;socialist principles to justify various anti-profiteering measures. The Supreme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Court has also time and again upheld the concept of securing and protecting a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;social order which comprises of economic justice as well. When examined from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the pointed perspectives of a consumer and from a tangible benefit to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;economy, the anti-profiteering authority may well be justified.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;measures and its implementation, and potential harassment at the hands of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;taxman. What could have been done perhaps is have the Competition Commission,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;which examines pricing in detail, study how the passing of commensurate benefit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;could be ensured.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;against anti-profiteering rewinds back to the debate on socialism, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;importantly on an ideal which India arguably believes in as a legacy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Importantly, the rules have been worded from the perspective of a need-based&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;manner, which mostly would be required in the case of oligopolistic markets.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Given the vogue nature of the GST and the risk and accountability that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government has towards the second largest consumer base in the world, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;government cannot be entirely blamed for introducing an anti-profiteering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;measure.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;change in an economic environment &ndash; a close case in point being the negative&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;list of services in service tax wherein the government, in a single stroke,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;changed 18 years of grappling with an arduous memory recall exercise of adding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;services on a year-on-year basis to a catch-all means to cover all taxation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;services.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;As a parting thought, had the wording of the statute been &ldquo;Input Tax&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Credit-Commensurate Benefit Rules&rdquo;, would industry reaction have been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;different?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Partners, a full service law firm engaged in corporate and commercial advisory,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;dispute resolution, real estate and taxation)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Member, Daksha Legal social network groups.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;With the upcoming Union Budget on February 01, 2018,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Nearly 70 years after B.R. Ambedkar and K.T. Shah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The primary objective of the goods and services tax&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, what if an entity in the supply chain, for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India Inc&rsquo;s primary objection to anti-profiteering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;While industry concerns are certainly legitimate &ndash;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Australia, Malaysia examples&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;To what extent is this justified? On the face of it,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Industry issues are focused around feasibility of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;However, from a legislative standpoint, the argument&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Taxation statutes are most susceptible to the slightest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Shubhang Setlur is a Senior Associate at Crestlaw&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '71bdbdcfcdd12b2cf3d40af88c05dbb0.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:27:29', '2021-02-03 22:28:13');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(63, 'ZzmfZCIxItPC9fBNNVrrc8thW', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Bhakti movement Sufism Vachan sahitya and the Constitution of India.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Compiled/Written by S.Basavaraj, advocate, Daksha Legal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. The Bhakti movement, the theistic devotional trend&amp;nbsp;that emerged in medieval Hinduism, originated in the seventh-century Tamil&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;south India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala). It swept over east and north&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and 17th century CE. It spread from Tamil Nadu through Karnataka and Maharashtra,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and gained wide acceptance in fifteenth century Bengal and northern India. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bhakti movement was a devotional transformation of medieval Hindu society,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;wherein Vedic rituals or alternatively ascetic monk-like lifestyle for moksha&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;gave way to individualistic loving relationship with a personally defined god.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Salvation which was previously considered attainable only by men of Brahmin,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kshatriya and Vaishya castes, became available to everyone. Most scholars state&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that Bhakti movement provided women and members of the Shudra and untouchable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;communities an inclusive path to spiritual salvation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. Sufism is the inner mystical dimension of Islam.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Practitioners of Sufism (Tasawwuf), referred to as Sufis (??f?) (/?su?fi/; ???????),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;often belong to different ?uruq or &quot;orders&quot;&mdash;congregations formed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;around a grand master referred to as a Mawla who maintains a direct chain of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;teachers back to the Prophet Muhammad. These orders meet for spiritual sessions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyahs, khanqahs, or tekke. Sufis strive&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for ihsan (perfection of worship) as detailed in a hadith: &quot;Ihsan is to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can&#039;t see Him, surely He sees you.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Jalaluddin Rumi stated: &quot;The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bakr.&quot; Sufis consider themselves to be the original true proponents of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;this pure, original form of Islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3. Vachana sahitya is a form of rhythmic writing in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kannada (see also Kannada poetry) that evolved in the 11th century C.E. and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;flourished in the 12th century, as a part of the Sharna movement. The word&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;vachanas literally means &quot;(that which is) said&quot;. These are readily&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;intelligible prose texts. Madara Chennaiah, an 11th-century cobbler-saint who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;lived in the reign of Western Chalukyas, is the first attested poet of this tradition.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Later poets, such as Basava (1160), prime minister of southern Kalachuri King&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bijjala II, considered Chennaiah to be his literary father. (Appanu namma&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;maadara Chennayya. Bappanu namma Dohara Kakkayya. Annanu namma Kinnari&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bramhayya)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;4. The fundamental thread running through all the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;three movements is; it removed the middlemen i.e. priestly class for worship.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Everyone can directly worship God. Most important is, it condemned inequality&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;among the human beings on the basis of caste &amp;amp; sex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;5. The movements have traditionally been considered as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;an influential social reformation in Hinduism &amp;amp; Islam, and provided an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;individual-focussed alternative path to spirituality regardless of one&#039;s caste&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of birth or gender.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;6. Basic features of all the three movements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a) Love as worship: All emphasized on the love with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;god and rituals were given least importance. Mysticism was common feature in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;b) Anti-caste: they all were against the caste system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and denounced the superiority on birth. Kabir was weaver, Namdeva was a tailor,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ravidas cobbler, and Sadhana a butcher.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;c) Monotheism: Even in Bhakti movement to either Rama&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;or Krishna or Shiva was worshipped. This way they all preached monotheism in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Indian society.Local language: all preached in the Local languages. Sheikh&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Nizamuddin Auliya spoke in local dialects. other movement to produced rich&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;works in local languages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;d) Simple worship: the place of rituals and complex&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;worship ways ware taken by simple ways to express faith.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;e) Tolerance: They all respected different religions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and their customs. Even gave blessings to the ruler from other religions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;f) Humanity: human values such as compassion,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;benevolence, etc were the pillars of all of them. Humanity was considered&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;superior than any other aspect of society or state.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;g) Teacher-Student tradition: Both Sufism and Bhaktism&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;had teacher and student tradition. In sufism teacher was called pir and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;disciple as murid. Ramananda was follower of Ramanuja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;6. The movements started with the uneasy feeling of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;masses with ideas of Brahmans, Bhagvad Gita &amp;amp; Islamic practices etc. Then&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;emerged a new strand of social movement creating a pure bondage between god and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;devotee. Along with being critical to rigid rituals and beliefs of Brahmas they&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;also condemned Jainism and Buddhisms. Similarities share by this new emerged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;social movement are as follows -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a) Path of Asceticism and Mysticism - All tradition advocated path of mysticism&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;where devotee directly shares a soul to soul bond with the supreme god.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;b) Salvation - Ultimate goal of the life in all above&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mentioned tradition was to gain bliss by going beyond the illusion of sorrow of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;birth and death.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;c) Quintessential devotion to God - Whether Bhakti or Sufism or Virashaiva, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;approach of paramount god was similar and they preached renunciation of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;d) Evolved from personal experience - Usually their musical offering to God&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;consists of blend of story of their own experience and with this trend these&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;all tradition developed gradually with the time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;e) Discarded Idea of Pollution - Idea of caste difference and division of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;masses into four parts also discarded by various feature of this new tradition&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;like Kabira, Basavanna, Nijammudin Auliya etc. Also disapproved Dharamshashtras&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and do not practice rituals prescribed by these.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;7. Bhakti movement witnessed a surge in Hindu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;literature in regional languages, particularly in the form of devotional poems&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and music. This literature includes the writings of the Alvars and Nayanars,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;poems of Andal, Basavanna, Bhagat Pipa, Allama Prabhu, Akka Mahadevi, Kabir,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Guru Nanak Tulsidas, Gusainji, Ghananand, Ramananda (founder of Ramanandi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sampradaya), Raskhan, Ravidas, Jayadeva, Namdev, Tukaram, Mirabai, Ramprasad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sen, Sankardev, Vallabha Acharya, and the teachings of saints like Caitanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;8. The 12th Century Social reformer of Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Basaveshwara founded a forum called &lsquo;Anubhava Mantapa&rsquo;. This Anubhava Mantapa&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was a forum of rational, free thinking and discussions. People from all over&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the country representing all classes and different castes participated in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;discussions at Anubhava Mantapa. These discussions gave birth to thousands and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;thousands of Vachana Literature in Kannada. A reading of Vachanas reveals that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the discussions were based on rationalism, realism and scientific outlook. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ultimate aim of these Vachanas is to establish a class-less and caste-less&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;society and to eradicate gender inequalities. Former Chief Justice D.M.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Chandrashekar in a small compilation in English titled as &lsquo;Sri. BASAVESHWARA&rsquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;observed as under:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Basaveshwara was rationalist and free thinker. India&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;can not boast of a long tradition of free thinking, although its contribution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to the intellectual heritage of mankind, is quite substantial. Free thinking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;was not encouraged in India excepting a few flashes during the period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Upanishads and during the rise of Buddhism.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In the words of Arthur Miles, Basaveshwara was the first Indian free thinker.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;He encouraged the spirit of enquiry and gave free scope for discussion. He&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subjected to enquiry the age old beliefs and practices and emancipated people&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;from superstition and meaningless rituals and practices.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;See Hulikal Nataraju v. State of Karnataka, ILR 2011&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;KAR 4469 , at page 4478 :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;9. Even today, all these religious tradition continue&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to flourish. The advantage of this continuity is that it still keeps alive our&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;historical tradition and providing contemporary practices a golden opportunity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to compare themselves. The challenges that came across among historians is to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;compare such issue with sensitivity ans recognizing dynamics and change over&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;10. The medieval India witnessed the rise of several&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;schools of thought in the Indian religious landscape. The spectacular rise of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;new religions like Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, the reform movements within&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hindusim and Islam - all these had a profound impact on the social life of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people. Despite having fundamental differences in their respective ideologies,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;several commonalities can be traced among these religious movements. One of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;important similarity among the movements is the rejection of rigid customs and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;caste system inherent to the religion.The Bhakthi movement included significant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contributions from several thinkers and saints from lower castes and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;untouchables such as Thirumalizsai Alwar. The Sufi movement on the other hand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;focused on love for God and humanity and did not support the elaborate Islamic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious codes. The second important similarity is the medium of propagation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;All the religious movements used the local dialects of the masses, which found immediate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;harmony with the people. The sufi saints sang ghazals in local languages while&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Alwars and Nayanars wrote poems in Tamil. Similarly the Vira Shaivism&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;movement initiated by Basavanna used Kannada as thier medium of propogation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;11. Another major commonality is the formation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious institutions and the Teacher/Thinker-Disciple cult. The sufis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;established sisilas, such as Chisti SIlsila which drew large number of devotee&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and were also patronized by the Royal families. In Bhakthi cult, one saint or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;scholar inspired several students under him such as Ravidas guiding Meerabai,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kabir being a disciple of Ramananda etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;12. The period of evolution of these religious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;movements also bear a strong similarity. Bhakthi movement can be traced to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Alwars and Nayanars of the 7th century, which gradually drew a large number of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;followers and thinkers by 12th and 13th centuries. Sufism, though originating&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;earlier in the West Asia earlier, grew to great heights in India by 12th&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;century, with the establishement of silsilas and Khakqaus and well- suuported&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by Delhi Sutanates and Mughals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;13. Religious movements in India thus bear great&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;resemblance in their origination and operational methodology and was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;instrumental in the efforts to cleanse the ills that plagued the respective&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religions in medieval history of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;14. In the history of India we have seen the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;acceptance of many types of movements, Ideas and thoughts had been there. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;three tradition which is mentioned here also shows the acceptance and celebration&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of such tolerant views. Commonalities between Bhakti movement, Sufism and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Vachana sahitya Though Sufism is said to have its origin in 7th century in west&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Asia ; but in Indian subcontinent it reached its peak in post 12 century only.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sarva-Dharma-Sambhava concept. Alth0ugh leanings can&#039;t be denied towards a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;partiular religion,Sufism towards Islam, Bhakti and Vachana towards Hinduism.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;But the essence was same to develop toleration and accept different ideas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Humanism was the core of these movements. They treated humans not as means but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;as an end. Individualism was kept at the core. Serving people spiritually and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the act of philanthropy was the core. They abhorred the division amongst the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;people vis-a-vis caste, class, etc. They relied heavily on the dialects,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;languages of the common masses. Their target people were common masses. They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;were in essence a social reformer , who wanted to make aware the common people&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;less vulnerable to religious dogmas. Method of communication was common&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;language used by masses. Music, couplets and dohas etc. were the armours to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;strike people&#039;s thought and memories. They were at the targets of the religious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;orthodox and non-progressive people. Many a times persons in power Eg.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Aurangzeb persecuted several Sufi saints etc. All these movements gave India&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Idea of toleration, exposed religious superstitions, and interpreted the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious doctrines keeping humans at the center. They soothed the downtrodden&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and showed them the way that they too are children of god only and no less than&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;anyone. Their contribution in Indian history is Unique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;15. The emergence of Bhakti movement, Sufism etc.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;brought a paradigm shift in the Indian society by introducing liberal forms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious worship and created a path for moral lifestyle. There are many&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;commonalities among them. The primary objective of all these three religious&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;movements was mysticism and benevolent approach of worshiping God with prayers,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;chanting, religious songs and poetry. All these movements were started against&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the then existing orthodox principles of Hinduism, especially Brahmanism, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Islam and brought the principles of equality and justice in the society. These&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious movements are regionalistic in nature, though shown a national level&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;impact, and propagated in vernacular languages which resulted in their&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;refinement and poetry and God. Kabir, Ramdas, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Tulasi Das&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;etc., some Bhakti and Sufi saints who promoted and refined vernacular&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;languages.&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;16. When the Constitution of India was drafted, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;members of the Constituent Drafting Committee were influenced by the rich&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;values of the Sufi, Bhakti &amp;amp; the Vachana movement. The following Articles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;in part III part IV of the Constitution reflect the core values of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;movement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 14. The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 15.(1) The State shall not discriminate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of birth or any of them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;birth or any of them, be subject to any&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to&mdash;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(a) access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;places of public entertainment; or&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(b) the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and places of public resort maintained wholly or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the general public.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(3) Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;provision for women and children.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(4) Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;State from making any special provision&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;citizens or for the Scheduled Castes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and the Scheduled Tribes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 16. ..(2) No citizen shall, on grounds only of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;or office under the State&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 17. &ldquo;Untouchability&rdquo; is abolished and its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;out of &ldquo;Untouchability&rdquo; shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 25. (1) Subject to public order, morality and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;propagate religion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Article 39. The State shall, in particular, direct its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;policy towards securing&mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the right to an adequate means of livelihood;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(b) that the ownership and control of the material&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;resources of the community are so distributed as best&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to subserve the common good;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(c) that the operation of the economic system does&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;not result in the concentration of wealth and means&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of production to the common detriment;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiled and written by:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;S. BASAVARAJ,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Daksha Legal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Advocates&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Unit No.1, 2nd floor,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;No.11, Jeevan Buildings (new block)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kumara Park East,&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Bangalore 560001&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ph: +91 080 41138502&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cel: 9845065416&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;email: raj@dakshalegal.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4b54d8f65ec439d95ee951c823ba3cdd.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:32:35', '2021-02-03 00:53:17');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(64, 'RXAMsI3M5CbGDS6Oa87xpq09C', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Cashless Economy.  Nithin Basavaraj.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Meaning&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;of Cashless Economy:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;A cashless Economy is an economy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;where currency notes or cash money are not used in monetary transactions. It is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;a hypothetical move or situation in favour of alternative means of exchange.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;Cashless economy in the past were based on the barter system where people&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;exchanged their livestock for food, crops and other goods. However, the present&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;concept of a cashless economy is a completely new approach. Here cashless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;transactions are made with the help of digital currencies like the bitcoin. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;a truly cashless economy, legal tender (money) is exchanged and recorded only&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;in the electronic digital forms.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Origin:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;The trend towards use of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;non-cash transactions and settlement began in daily life during the year 1990. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;the evolution of money, it started in the form of barter system when goods were&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;exchanged for goods. Barter system felt a bit inconvenient as there was no&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;common medium of exchange. If someone didn&#039;t want to buy what the seller wanted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;to sell, the transaction would not take place. There after precious metals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;coins and paper currency came into existence in middle ages. When banks came&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;into existence in the 15th century cheques and bills of exchange were gradually&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;used in place of cash. In recent times debit cards, credit cards, prepaid cards&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;and electronic transfers have taken the place of cash. In banks hardly 1% of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;transactions are in cash. The rest takes the form of bank transfers.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Development:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;During the 18th century,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;trade was flourished greatly. This caused trade to occur at very large volumes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;Cash, then, was monotonous to use. Cheques were then issued by the banks so&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;that the merchants could issue checks for a certain amount and the other person&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;could give in the cheque in exchange for the indicated amount. Cheques were&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;then used to trade for large amounts, but not smaller quantities of low&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;monetary value.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span georgia&quot;,serif;&lt;br=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Likewise,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;cheques then became monotonous and then cards were issued which then developed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;onto magnetic stripe cards created by IBM in the year1970. Due to the arrival&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;of smartphones, the Internet and their inherent ease of usage transactions which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;takes place online and offline can be made cashless and transferred directly to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;bank accounts with the help or ease of mobile phones.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;By the year 2010 digital&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;payment methods were widespread in many countries with intermediaries such as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;PayPal, digital wallet systems operated by companies like Apple, contactless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;and NFC payments by electronic card or smartphone, and electronic bills and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;banking, all in widespread use. By the year 2010 cash had become actively disfavoured&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;in some kinds of transaction which would historically have been very ordinary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;to pay with physical tender, and larger cash amounts were in some situations&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;treated with suspicion, due to its versatility and ease of use in money&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;laundering and financing of terrorism, and actively prohibited by some&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;suppliers and retailers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pro&rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;of Cashless Economy:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Helpful&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Since cash is the primary mode of transactions in money laundering and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;terrorism financing, a cashless economy would discourage such laundering and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;terrorism. Central governments would also benefit from such cashless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;transactions as it would allow central control of money supply. It would be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;easier for government to monitor income tax paid by individuals and proper&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;payment of tax would strengthen the nation&rsquo;s economy. Cashless transactions&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;would be helpful in the context of negative global inflation and quantitative&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;easing. Going cashless would also reduce the levels of corruption prevalent in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;the country.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Less crime:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;With&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;cash, it&rsquo;s easy to steal money, whether the amount is large or small. Also,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;illegal transactions typically take place with cash so that there&rsquo;s no record&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;of the transaction and so that the seller can be certain about getting paid.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Paper trails&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Financial crime should also dry up. It is harder&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;to hide income and evade taxes when there&rsquo;s a&amp;nbsp;record of every payment you&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;receive. Money laundering becomes much harder if the source of funds is always&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;available.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;No cash&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;management:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;It costs money to print bills and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;coins. Businesses need to store the money, get more when they run out,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;deposit cash&amp;nbsp;when they have too much on hand. Moving money around and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;protecting large sums of cash could become a thing of the past.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;International&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;payments:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;When you visit a foreign country, you may need&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;to buy local currency. But payments are easy if both nations can handle&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;cashless transactions. Instead of figuring out another currency, your mobile&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;device handles everything for you.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Con&rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;of Cashless Economy:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Privacy:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Electronic payments mean less&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;privacy. We might trust the organizations that handle our data, and we might&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;have nothing to hide, but the payment information could turn up in ways that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;are impossible to predict. Cash allows us to spend money and receive funds&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;anonymously.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Hacking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Hackers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;are the bank robbers and muggers of the electronic world. In a cashless economy,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;the consequences are higher if somebody drains your account because you don&rsquo;t&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;have any alternative ways to spend. Even if you&rsquo;re&amp;nbsp;protected under federal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;law, you face significant inconveniences and other consequences after a breach.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Technology problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Glitches,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;outages, and innocent mistakes can also cause problems, leaving you without the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;ability to buy things when you need them. Likewise, merchants have no way to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;accept payments from customers when systems malfunction. Even something as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;simple as a dead phone battery could leave you penniless.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Inequality:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;poor and unbanked will have an even harder time in a cashless economy. They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;don&rsquo;t have expensive devices for making payments, and those who operate in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;informal economy would have no way to get paid or receive aid.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Overspending:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;When&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;you spend with cash, you know how much of money you spent. But with electronic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;payments, it&rsquo;s easy to swipe, tap, or click without noticing how much you spent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Consumers will need to renew their efforts to manage spending.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Negative interest rates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;When&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;all money is electronic, governments have the opportunity to promote negative&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;interest rates. That&rsquo;s typically a move to stimulate national economies, but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;the result is that&amp;nbsp;money loses purchasing power.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;The World&rsquo;s most Cashless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nline-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Countries:&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Canada&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with two Credit cards per person.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sweden&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with 59 percent of cashless transaction.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;United Kingdom&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with 47 percent of smart phone payments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;France&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with 39 percentage of contactless technology.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;USA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with three Credit cards per person.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;&lt;br=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 19.9733px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;China&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with the highest growth from past 5 years.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Australia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with the use of Debit cards as a primary payment method.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Germany&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;where cashless transactions are completed by one third of the country&rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;consumers making the highest digital force.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Japan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with 26 percent of contactless technology cards.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt; font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;line-height:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Russia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;with 57 percent consumers claiming to be aware of the mobile payment options available to them.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: &quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;=&quot;&quot; text-indent:=&quot;&quot; -18pt;&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;By&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px; font-family: &quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;=&quot;&quot; text-indent:=&quot;&quot; -18pt;&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nithin Basavaraj&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '463519e18bdda82850646e0eb496b1ca.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:35:15', '2021-02-02 22:54:29'),
(67, 'W0IuxFFZ5MpraH7esp0v5BDM3', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Chit Fund.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The relationship between a chit subscriber and the chit foreman is a contractual obligation, which creates a debt on the day of subscription. It is a debt in praesenti or promise to discharge a contractual obligation. - Supreme Court - 6 November 2019.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;M/s Oriental Kuries Ltd. represented by its&amp;nbsp; Chairman P.D. Jose vs Lissa &amp;amp; Ors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Civil Appeal No.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;5401 of 2009&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Decided on 6 November 2019&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Indu Malhotra-J&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sanjiv Khanna -J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Judgment Link:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2009/20548/20548_2009_7_1501_18095_Judgement_06-Nov-2019.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2009/20548/20548_2009_7_1501_18095_Judgement_06-Nov-2019.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;8. Where&amp;nbsp;a contract provides&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for payment of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;money in installments, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contains a stipulation that on default being committed in paying any of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;installments, the whole sum shall become payable at once, such a stipulation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would not be in the nature of a penalty. When a prized subscriber is allowed to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;draw the chit amount, which is in the nature of a grant of a loan to him from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the common fund in the hands of the foreman, with the concessional facility of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;effecting re&shy;payment in installments; this is subject to the stipulation that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the concession is liable to be withdrawn in the event of default being&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;committed in payment of any of the installments.&amp;nbsp; The chit subscriber at the time of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subscription, incurs a debt which is payable in installments. If a subscriber&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is permitted to withdraw&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the collected sum&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on his turn, without being bound to pay the future&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;installments, it would jeopardize&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the interest of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;all other subscribers, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the entire mechanism of the chit fund system would collapse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;13.The relationship between the foreman and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subscribers in a chit fund transaction is of such a nature that there is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;necessity and justification for making stringent provisions to safeguard the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;interest of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;other subscribers, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the foreman. If a prized subscriber defaults in payment of his&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subscriptions, the foreman&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will be obliged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to obtain the equivalent amount&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;from other sources,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to meet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the obligations for payment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the chit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;amount to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;other members, who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;prize the chit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on subsequent draws.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;For raising such an amount, the foreman may be required to pay high&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;rates of interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;14. The stipulation of empowering the foreman to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;recover the entire balance amount in a lump sum, in the event of default&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;being committed by a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; prized&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;subscriber, is to ensure punctual payment by each of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;individual subscribers of the chit fund. Without punctual payments, the system&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;would become unworkable, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the foreman would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;not be in a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;position to discharge his obligations to the other members of the chit fund.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;15. In view of the aforesaid discussion, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;relationship between a chit subscriber&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and the chit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;foreman is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contractual obligation, which creates a debt on the day of subscription.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;On default taking place, the foreman is entitled to recover the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;consolidated&amp;nbsp; amount of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;future subscriptions from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the defaulting subscriber in a lump sum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiled by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7395ac06b255af0a82ec9b3736d78ec5.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:38:03', '2021-02-01 23:08:53');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(68, 'FHnpB0wU5WxoQem1xb7xitXJf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Civil Defamation under Indian Law.  Abhikhya Naragani. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;by: Abhikhya Naragani Pranjal Shrama Fawas Assaraf Interns, Daksha Legal.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Defamation refers to the act of publication of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defamatory content that lowers the reputation of an individual or an entity. Defamation&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is of two types, namely, libel and slander. When defamation occurs in spoken&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;words or gestures (or other such transitory form) then it is termed as slander&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and the same when in written or printed form is libel. In India, defamation is&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;both a civil and a criminal offence. In Civil Law, defamation falls under the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Law of Torts, which imposes punishment in the form of damages awarded to the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;claimant. Under Criminal Law, defamation is a bailable, non-cognizable and&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;compoundable offence. Therefore, the police officers cannot start an&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;investigation of defamation without a warrant from a magistrate i.e., an FIR&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cannot be filed. The accused also has a right to seek bail. Further, the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;charges can be dropped if the victim and the accused enter into a compromise to&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that effect (even without the permission of the court). Defamation as a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;criminal offence is mentioned under section 499 of the Indian Penal Code. The&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;punishment, mentioned under section 500, can extend upto imprisonment for a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;term of two years, or with fine, or both.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Essentials of Defamation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. The statement must be defamatory: A statement if&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;made must result in lowering the reputation or moral character of a person in&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the eyes of society or any other person. For instance, in the case of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;P. Choudhary v. Manjulata , a local newspaper published a statement regarding&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;desertion of a girl (Manjulata) who is 17 years old with a boy named Kamlesh&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;after attending night classes. The statement was untrue and without any&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;justification. Such publication also affected the reputation of her family as&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;well as her marriage prospects so the defendants were held liable for the same.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sometimes, a statement or representation made is not defamatory and the person&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;making the statement believes himself to be innocent but due to some secondary&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;or latent meaning statement results to defamation. For example, in a case of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cassidy v. Daily Mirror Newspapers Ltd., the court held that obvious innocence&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the defendants was no defence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. The statement must refer to the plaintiff: If any&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;statement made by the plaintiff is in good faith or he has no intention to&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defame the plaintiff then he shall be held liable if it refers and injures the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reputation of the plaintiff. In the case of Hulton &amp; Co. v Jone, a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;fictional article was published in a newspaper in which imputations were cast&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on the character of a fictitious person named Artemus Jones. A person with the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;same name filed a suit as his friends and relatives believe that the article&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;referred to him. The defendants were held liable even the publication was made&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;without any intention to defame.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3. The statement must be published: It means that the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defamatory matter must come into the knowledge of the person other than the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;person defamed. If a letter containing defamatory statement sent to the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;plaintiff and no others person read it then there is no defamation. There must&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;be communication to some third person to prove defamation. In the famous case&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of Ram Jethmalani v. Subramaniam Swamy, an inquiry commission was setup for&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;examining the facts and circumstances relating to assassination of late Shri&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Rajiv Gandhi. The defendant, at a press conference alleged that the then Chief&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Minister of Tamil Nadu had prior information that LTTE cadre would make an&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;assassination bid on the life of Rajiv Gandhi. The plaintiff was engaged as a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;senior counsel to the then CM of Tamil Nadu. In discharge of his professional&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;duties, the plaintiff cross examined the defendant. During the proceeding, the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defendant in the written conclusive submission, alleged that the plaintiff had&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;been receiving money from LTTE, a banned organization. The statement by&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defendant was defamatory on the face of it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Defenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;Under Civil Defamation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. Truth: As per Section 2(1) of the Defamation Act 2013, if a statement is&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;true it shall form complete defence. In other words, if the statement made or&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;published is true and the defendant is able to prove the same then he has a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;complete defence under civil law. If the statement is substantially true &amp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;accurate but some minor mistake is made without any intention to harm the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;plaintiff then he cannot be held liable. Such as in Alexander v. North Eastern&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Railway Co. , the plaintiff was without a ticket and was sentenced to fine of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;one pound or 14 days imprisonment whereas in the notice by railway authorities&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;it was published that the fine of one pound or three weeks imprisonment was&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;imposed. The defendants were not held liable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. Fair comment: Fair comment is defined as a common&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;law defence that guarantees the freedom of the press to express statements on&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;matters of public interest, as long as the statements are not made with ill&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will, spite, or with the intent to harm the plaintiff. In the case of Baglow v&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Smith, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice held that the operators of a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;right-wing message board were publishers of defamatory material concerning a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;left-wing blogger. However, the claim failed because defendants were entitled&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to rely on the defence of &ldquo;fair comment&rdquo;, the case addressed, for the first&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;time, a number of issues concerning &ldquo;blogging and the law of defamation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3. Privilege-&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There are certain instances when the law recognizes the right to freedom of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;speech outweighs the plaintiff&rsquo;s right to reputation, the law treats those&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;occasions as &lsquo;Privileged&rsquo;.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;These are of two types &ndash;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Absolute Privilege: Certain types of communications are absolutely privileged.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Absolute privilege gives the person making the statement an absolute right to&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;make that statement at that time, even if it is defamatory. The person making&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the defamatory statement is immune from a defamation lawsuit.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The absolute privilege exempts persons from liability for potentially&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defamatory statements made:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; during judicial proceedings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; by high government officials&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; by legislators during legislative debates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; during political broadcasts or speeches, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; in between spouses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;So, if someone makes an defamatory statement during his/her testimony at a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;trial, that statement is absolutely privileged, and that person cannot be sued&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;for defamation. But if that person makes a different allegedly defamatory&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;statement in the hallway of the courthouse during a break in the trial, he/she&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;could be sued for defamation because the statement was made in the course of a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;judicial proceeding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Qualified Privilege: The other types of communications are subject to what is&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;called a qualified privilege, meaning that the person making the allegedly&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defamatory statement must have had some right to make that statement. If a&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;qualified privilege applies to a statement, it means that the person suing for&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;defamation must prove that the person who made the defamatory statement has&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;acted intentionally, recklessly, or with malice, hatred, spite, ill will or&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;resentment, depending on your state&rsquo;s law. Just some of the statements for&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;which a qualified privilege applies are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; statements made in governmental reports of official proceedings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; statements made by lower government officials such members of town or local&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;boards&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; citizen testimony during legislative proceedings&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; statements made in self-defence or to warn others about a harm or danger&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; certain types of statements made by a former employer to a potential employer&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;regarding the employee, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&bull; published book or film reviews that constitute fair criticism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The employer review qualified privilege is&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;particularly noteworthy. In order to avoid defamation claims, some employers&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;these days refuse to confirm any details about former employees other than&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;their dates of employment. But certain types of negative statements might fit&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in under the qualified privilege category, If, for example, the employer fired&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the employee for theft, a statement about that to a potential employer might&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;qualify as a statement made to warn others about a harm or danger (i.e., the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;danger of hiring someone who might steal from you).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cashion v. Smith,&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Malice may defeat a qualified privilege. Malice can be found in knowledge of&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the fact that the statements were false, acting with reckless disregard for the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;truth, communicating statements to a third party who has no duty or interest in&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the matter, personal ill will, strong or violent language disproportionate to&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the occasion or the fact that the statements were not made in good faith.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Isle of Wight County v. Nogiec,&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In this defamation action the statements alleged were not absolutely privileged&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;because they were not made during a legislative proceeding. The qualified&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;privilege for reports to a legislative body was applicable making them&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;actionable only if the plaintiff was able to prove they were made with malice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4e9fc85ed6cff6dc29dae4b56291819f.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 21:39:01', '2021-02-01 22:31:01'),
(78, 'lYJRcU58KWw4RFn2Rpv185xjX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Egalitarian society is the visible manifestation of God.  Prof. Ramjan Darga.   ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Prof. Ramjan Darga, Director, Center for Vachana&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Studies, Basava Seva Pratishthan, on Basava Philosophy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;importance of Enlightenment, Work Culture, Democracy, Human Rights, Gender and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Racial equality to form an egalitarian Society. He was a great thinker who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;formed a Model Classless Society and called it &ldquo;Sharana Sankula&rdquo; which was a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;society of the people, who denied gender, caste, racial and class&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;discriminations. Sharanas were the pious people. Most of them were from working&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;class and from lower strata of the society. They believed that God is in our&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;duties and in our body in the form of conscience. There should not be any kind&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of discrimination among different types of works. There should be an equal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;respect for a Prime Minister and a Cobbler. A Prime Minister must perform his&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;duties as perfectly as a cobbler does his work. He should understand that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;anybody&rsquo;s work which is useful to the society is nowhere inferior to his&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;duties. When everybody understands the importance of talent and skills of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;different workers, then only the egalitarian society will come into reality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;King Bijjala of Kalachuri dynasty thought on these lines. Any work with this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;concept is called &ldquo;Kayaka &rdquo;. If a person does some kind of work and produces &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;something which is against the ethics is not called Kayaka . The Sharanas while&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;doing their Kayaka achieved the heights of the enlightenment which indicates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;One Invisible God, One Universe and Single Humankind&rdquo;. They achieved this on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the basis of Basava Philosophy. They realized the &ldquo;Philosophy of Universal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Oneness&rdquo;, which was taught by Basava through experience of Kayaka . Kayaka is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;important to understand the Basava Philosophy. The entire universe is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;product of Kayaka of Nature. The sun, the Moon, an Ocean, a Forest, a Bee, an Earthworm&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;etc., exist because of their duties which are inherited from Nature. So the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;human beings should do their duties. &ldquo;The fruit of Labor ( Kayaka ) is the Gift&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the God&rdquo;, should be their feeling towards the outcomes of their duties. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;gift is called &ldquo;prasada&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Basva&rsquo;s ideal society was based on the theory that the surplus should become&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;part of the social fund i.e. Shivanidhi. The Sharanas should give their surplus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to Shivanidhi in the form of Dasoha. This is the egalitarian Society he&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;propounded. His philosophy is based on Spiritual Materialism. Almost 850 years&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ago, Basava understood that there is no matter without energy. Matter and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Energy are inseparable. Energy is invisible form of Matter and Matter is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;visible form of Energy. Including galaxies everything has emerged from energy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and at last everything will end up in energy. What we call energy in science&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;becomes Spirit in Basava Philosophy. He says there is no spirit without matter.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;This is the foundation of Basava&rsquo;s Egalitarian Society. Since everything&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;originates from a single source, then how can we discriminate? Based upon this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;truth, Basava denied all kinds of discriminations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Reality: Ishtalinga stands for the oneness of mankind including all creatures&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of the World and it is against all evils. Basava argued that the egalitarian&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;society is the visible manifestation of God. The egalitarian society should be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;formed with the help of Kayaka , prasada and dasoha concepts. Kayaka stands for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;proper production, prasada stands for proper utility and dasoha stands for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;proper distribution of wealth in the society. Basava was the first visionary of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Parliamentary System. He established Anubhava Mantapa . It was the first&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Socio-religious Parliament of the world. It came into existence in 12th&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;century, whereas the Magna Carta agreement between the Landlords and King John&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of England was signed in 13th century (1215 AD). The Constitutional experts say&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that the Magna Charta is the mother of constitutions of all nations of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;World. But Sharanas wrote Vachanas much before Magna Carta agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mantapa and corrected by the other Sharanas whenever needed. At last, they used&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to be accepted by the Sharana Sankula as a code of conduct. Many times we call&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;vachanas as Vachana samvidhana ( Vachana Constitution). There were 770&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;representatives from all cross sections of the society. Farmers, Agricultural&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Laborers, Barbers, Goldsmiths, Blacksmiths, Weavers, Washer men, Cobblers,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Tanners, Sweepers, Boatmen, Potters, Carpenters were among them. Women also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;took part in the discussions of Anubhava Mantapa . The great intellectual&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Allama Prabhu , belonging to the Natuvara community (a low community of temple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;artists), was made the head of the Anubhava Mantapa . The Sharanas of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;different artisan and other lower communities were necessarily illiterate and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;they received education in the Anubhava Mantapa and contributed immensely to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Vachana literature. Thus this was the First Adult Education Centre in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;entire world. Their contributions are in the form of powerful mini poems&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;exhibiting social and metaphysical consciousness. The researchers have found&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Vachanas of 33 women writers also. There were many Untouchable Caste and lower&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;caste Sharanas among Vachana writers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Center of Working Class, Scheduled Caste, Women and Adult Education. It&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;stood for Constitutional Values and Human Rights. All the 30 points of Human&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Rights declared by the UN0 are in Basava&rsquo;s Vachanas. The Sharana movement of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the 12th century was a great challenge to the Manuvada ideology which supports&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Varnashrama System. The system is in support the exploitation of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Shudras (working class). Manuvada stands on the theory of Karma. The Karma&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;theory produced illusionary Hell, Heaven, Sin, Religious Merit and Salvation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;People should not love God because of the fear of Sin and Hell. They should not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;love because of the greed of Religious Merit, Haven and Salvation after death.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;According to Basava, our good deeds create Haven in our mind, and the bad deeds&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will create Hell. There is no question of Sin and Religious Merit because after&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;death the body will mix with soil and the Soul will mix with the Infinite.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sharanas of 12th century conducted the marriage of a Cobbler youth and a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Brahman girl. The upper caste people protested and killed many Sharanas in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Capital City of Kalyan. Thousands of bundles of Vachanas were burnt in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;massacre. The researchers have collected about 25 thousand Vachanas. Basava&rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ideology should prompt each and every one of us to contemplate seriously upon&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the root causes of such harsh and striking mass misery in the contemporary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;world. (edited)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Basava of 12th century taught the World, about the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Basava, who was the Prime Minister of Kalyan, under&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;He formed a methodology to bring his philosophy into&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Vachanas were used to be discussed in the Anubhava&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Thus Anubhava Mantapa became the origin of Parliament,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Compassion (daya) is the base of Basava&rsquo;s Religion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />\r\n<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '779cc77098bca5492625c06ba7903b3f.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:11:23', '2021-01-28 22:19:15');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(79, 'lnlXiasP2ae2smeqNthDgn6w5', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'EMPLOYMENT BOND CONTRACT.  Sumaiya Roshan and Shilpa. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;By Sumaiya Roshan and Shilpa, 2 year Law, Ramaiah College of Law. Interns - Daksha Legal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The competition in the corporate world has increased manifold. To cope up with this competition, organizations often invest huge amount of time and money on imparting training and skills to their employees. Unfortunately, several of them after acquiring these valuable skills, move out of the organization for better prospects thereby causing huge loss to the employer, which , from the perspective of an employer, cannot be compensated merely by money. The employer in order to safeguard its interest often makes its employee sign an employment bond. An employment bond is an agreement between the employer and the employee which provides that the employee shall work for an agreed upon minimum period of time upon joining the business. If the employee quits his/her job before he/she completes this minimum time period, then such an employee will have to pay a particular amount as compensation to the employer. The rationale behind this agreement is that the employer seeks to recover the costs he/she faces in training the employee, recruiting a replacement, losses faced until a replacement is hired, etc. by imposing the employment bond liability, the employee will have to think twice before quitting his/her job as the bond serves as a deterrent to prematurely terminating the contract of employment. Employment bond clauses are increasingly being incorporated into employment contracts in a wide array of industries. Then the question arises about the enforceability of the employment under Indian laws.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ENFORCEABILITY OF THE EMPLOYMENT BOND:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Section 74 of the Indian Contract Act of 1872, provides that in the event of a breach of a contract in which there was a stipulation that a sum or penalty is to be paid in case of such breach, then the party complaining of the breach is entitled to receive from the defaulting party such sum or penalty. The employment bond agreement is a perfect embodiment of this provision of the Contract Act. The breach in case of employment bonds would be the termination of the contract by the employee before the agreed upon time period in the contract expires. The party complaining of this breach would be the employer and the defaulting party which would be the employee, would have to pay the stipulated compensation stated in the contract.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In Toshnial Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd. v. E. E swarprasad&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and Or., the contractual clause in the employment agreement stated that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employee had to pay a compensation to the employer if he leaves his job within&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a period of three years. The employee breached the contract when he quit his&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;job after fourteen months. The Madras High Court held that due to the existence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of an explicit employment bond clause in the contract, the employer did not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;have to prove that he suffered damages due to the premature termination of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employment by the employee. The employee was ordered to pay the compensation as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;prescribed in the agreed upon employment contract. In light of this, employment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;bonds are prima facie enforceable under law, provided the other prerequisites&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of a valid contract such as free consent, competent parties, lawful object,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;lawful consideration and not being expressly declared void ; are adhered to.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Employment bonds are employment agreements with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;negative covenant. In this regard section 27 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;states-&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Agreement in restraint of trade, void- Every&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;agreement by which any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;trade or business of any kind, is to that extent void- Every agreement by which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;any kind, is to that extent void.&quot; Exception 1.&mdash;Saving of agreement not to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;carry on business of which goodwill is sold.&mdash;One who sells the goodwill of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;business may agree with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a similar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;business, within specified local limits, so long as the buyer, or any person&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;deriving title to the goodwill from him, carries on a like business therein,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;provided that such limits appear to the Court reasonable, regard being had to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the nature of the business.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Every term in the agreement that puts restriction on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the employee to leave the present employer or to join the other employer would&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;not be termed as restraint of trade and would not be termed as void. For&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;instance, an agreement of service under which an employee agrees to serve a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;particular employer for certain duration and that he will not serve anybody&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;during that period is not hit by sec. 27 of the Contract Act, and is valid . If&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;an employee after giving entered into such an agreement make a breach of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;same and takes up another job, an injunction can be issued against him&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;restraining him from taking of the other employment .&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;REQUIREMENTS OF A VALID EMPLOYMENT BOND AGREEMENT:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Following are the requirements of a valid employment bond agreement.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. The agreement must be signed by the parties with free consent.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. The conditions stipulated must be reasonable and;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The first requisite is that the time period for which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the employee has to remain with the employer should be reasonable. A reasonable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;time period would defer on a case to case basis depending on the industry and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;sector of the employment. Taking into consideration the position, growth rate,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;replacement availability, etc. of the employee, the time period of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employment bond should be determined so as to not make it arbitrary and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;unreasonable. An employment bond that imposes an excessive time period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mandatory employment will amount to forced labour and invoke the safeguards&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under Article 23 of the Constitution of India, 1950.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Secondly, the compensation payable by the employee on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the breach and termination of his contract will have to be reasonable to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;extent that it adequately and not overly compensates the employer for the cost&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;he/she suffers due to the breach. In the cases of M/s Sicpa India Limited v.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Shri Manas Pratim Deb and in Satyam Computer Services Limited v. Ladella&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ravichander , the Delhi High Court and the Andhra Pradesh High Court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;respectively, held that the compensation imposed by the employer was too high&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;when compared to the cost faced in the recruitment procedure, training the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employee, hiring a replacement, etc. In both these cases the Courts upheld the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;validity of employment bonds but reduced the excessive compensation payable as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;per the contractual agreements to a &lsquo;reasonable&rsquo; amount. However, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reasonableness is not defined. It depends on the facts of each case.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;While coming to such conclusion, the Court in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;above said case (Sicpa India Limited case ) relied upon the law laid down by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court regarding liquidated damages. The law with respect to liquidated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;damages have been crystallized by the Supreme Court vide two landmark decisions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;First is the decision in case of Sir Chunilal V. Mehta&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;And Sons, Ltd vs The Century Spinning , wherein it was held that liquidated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;damages are not in the nature of penalty and can be awarded as mentioned in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contract if loss from the breach of contract cannot be calculated for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;remaining period of the contract.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Whereas, in the case of Fateh Chand vs. Balkishan Das&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;, the provision of liquidated damages in the nature of penalty was held to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;void, since the actual damages could be calculated and, thus the liquidated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;damages were held as the upper limit which are to be paid once the actual&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;damages are proved. Since in the present case the damages could be calculated,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Court considered the total expenses borne by the employer and the period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;service completed by the employee under the contract and thus, divided the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;total expenses incurred into three parts for three years and awarded the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;damages for the remaining one year of the employment due to the breach of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contract.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In, Fertiliser and Chemical Travancore Pvt. Ltd v.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ajay Kumar and Others, three trainees were selected by the employer who signed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;a bond stating that they would obtain two years of training in the company and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;after the training they will put in at least five years of service in the company.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In the event of breach of this condition Rs. 10,000 was to be paid as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;reasonable amount of compensation for the damages to be likely incurred by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employer. The trainee resigned after five months of training. The High Court of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kerala held in this case that though the candidates were selected for training&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and not for permanent service, it still involved a lot of time, energy and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;expenses of the employer. The employer will surely suffer loss when a trainee&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;breaks the condition of bond and walks off.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The employer is derived of the expected service of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;competent person. Breach of bond by the trainee is aspect entailing damages to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the employer. Only the quantum of damages needs to be decided.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In Superintendence of Company v. Krishan Mugai, it was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;held that, in a contract of restraint of trade a restriction is put on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;future liberty by one party on the other party to carry on his trade,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;profession or business in such manner and with such person as he chooses. A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;contract of this nature is prima facie void but becomes binding and valid if it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;can be proved that it is necessary from the point of view of parties and also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to the community. Such interests are valid as they take care of the interest of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the employer and do not cause any undue hardship to the employee, who will&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;receive a wage or salary for the period in question. But if the covenant is to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;operate after the termination of services, or is too widely worded, the court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;may refuse to enforce it.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;With the employees in our country free to decide their employment these bonds&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;play an important role to protect the interest of the employer and enable the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;employer, in appropriate circumstances, to recover the money spent or incurred&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;by the employer in case of an early resignation by the employee. Although the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;courts take into consideration the direct damages and give specific relief, it&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is also very important to consider the damage of time and the damages that are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;remote which is not considered as a vital requirement for an award of damage&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;under the Contract Act.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;EMPLOYMENT BOND CONTRACT&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;-by Sumaiya Roshan and Shilpa 2 year Law, Ramaiah College of Law Interns - Daksha Legal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9c855af8825fadeac38d21489b7aa0d0.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:12:27', '2021-01-28 22:06:36');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(80, 'bfO7bvL2vfNSgyXIh5RX3VAkq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'First Information Report Evidentiary Value Consequences on Denial By The Police To Lodge.  Sadia Mehnaz', '&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.5pt;margin-left:0cm;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbackground:white&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41);&quot;&gt;Sadia Mehnaz, 5th year B.A. LLb.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Seshadripuram Law College, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top:4.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.5pt;margin-left:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n0cm;background:white&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The standing point of every legal statute is based on the root of ubi jus ibi remedium i.e., when there is a right there is a remedy. But priority to get absolute remedy should always be given to those persons who are aware of the laws of the country and not those who are lethargic over it. This article emphasizes on the true meaning of First Information Report, its procedural mechanism, misuse of power by the law enforcement agencies in lodging the same and its consequences. Furthermore, this paper also attempts to reveal the importance of First Information Report and its evidentiary value with relevant provisions governing the same.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Before we delve into the core discussion of the article it is important to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;mention that procedural laws in India are one of the most interesting topics&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;which ultimately supports the substantive part of law in its true&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;implementation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;However, this article is based on denial, by the police, to lodge First&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Information Report and its consequences. As per section 154 of the criminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;procedure code. We get a clear reflection of the term FIR, but however it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;very surprising to say that the word &ldquo;FIR&rdquo; being a common parlance could not be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;traced in the entire criminal procedure code.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;An FIR is the first mechanism which initiates criminal proceedings to punish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the offender. However, section 154 of the CRPC mentions about information as to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;commission of cognizable offence while section 155[2] talks about information&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;in regard to non-cognizable offence. Thus FIR has been divided into two parts:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;1.FIR in case of cognizable offence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;2.FIR in case of Non-Cognizable offence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;According to section 154 of Crpc,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;any person having knowledge about commission of any cognizable offence may&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;give information to the officer in charge of police station having jurisdiction&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to investigate the offence.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to take the matter in cognizance on commission of a cognizable offence. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Police official of any concerned police stations has to discharge many&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;responsibilities when registering the FIR, in filing Panchanama, memorandum of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;arrest, updating of case diary and the entire investigation is carried down by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the investigating officer with the power to arrest any person without an order&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;from a magistrate in relation to the cognizable offences. It is also pertinent&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to mention that the major duties to be discharged by the law enforcement&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;agencies is concentrated from section 154 to 173 of the criminal procedure code&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;and the rest of the powers are in the discretion of the court but any how the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;functions carried out by a police official play a vital role which facilitates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;a criminal court to render justice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Basu vs State of West Bengal , the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has observed that it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the prime duty of the police to deal with the criminals effectively and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;efficiently. Sometimes it has also appeared that, police without judging the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;fact of the case, arrest a person without any reasonable cause which is a clear&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;violation of Article 21 and 19 of the constitution of India. It has also been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;recorded in various cases that the police has wrongfully detained the arrestee&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;beyond the period of twenty four hours without producing them to the nearest&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;magistrate which is also a clear violation of Article 22 of the constitution of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;FIR in case of Non-Cognizable offence - According to section 155 of Crpc, any&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;person can lodge an FIR in relation to a non-cognizable offence but this&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;section does not empower the police authorities to arrest a person without an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;order or warrant issued by the magistrate. It is the duty of the police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;authorities that once an FIR in relation to commission of a non-cognizable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;offence is lodged the police authorities shall, without any delay convey and transmit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the matter with all its relevant records to the nearest magistrate. However, an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;emerging issue has evolved nowadays that police authorities are denying to take&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;first information report and the victims of such consequences are leading to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;injustice specially from marginalized sections of the community. The code of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;criminal procedure entails that if police authorities deny to take or lodge a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;matter as first information report then one has an option to send the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#1d2129&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information to the Superintendent of Police but it is fate to say that &lt;/span&gt;whether&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;such information ultimately reaches to his good office or not. A separate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;section 156(3) of the criminal procedure code has given an effective right to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;file a petition before the magistrate for treating the complaint as FIR and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;also directing the police authorities to lodge the matter and start an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;investigation which was previously denied by them. It is impeccable to notice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;that procedural part has fulfilled the lacunas otherwise the police authorities&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;would have spared, but in reality we have to introspect whether the police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;officials who are governed by this code are actually abiding and discharging&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;their duties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;PROCEEDINGS UNDER CRPC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The criminal procedure code, 1973 has segregated the stages of criminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;proceeding in to four parts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;1.Investigation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;2.Inquiry&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;3.Trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;4.Judgment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The First power of Investigation is vested on the police authorities and the&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;rest of the three powers are vested on the Magistrate which seems to look as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;ratio of 1:3. It is undoubtedly a fact that the magistrate exercises the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;maximum power as it has been given by the criminal procedure code. However, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;entire investigation part covering the journey from FIR to filing of final&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;report by the police, colloquially known as Charge sheet, forms the basis for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;initiation of a trial and to set judicial process in motion. By virtue of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;section 156 of the criminal procedure code the police authorities exercise a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;statutory power. The code has vested enormous power on the statutory authorities&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;for transferring an investigation from one police station to another in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;circumstance if found that police authorities have no jurisdiction to look into&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the matter or start an investigation. In Naresh Kavarchand Khatri vs State of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Gujarat &amp;amp; Anr it was held by the court that the hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;trial courts should not indulge in the matter at a initial stage of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;criminal proceedings i.e., investigation. Once the First Information Report is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;registered by the police the investigation procedure commences and the police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;has to start updating the case diary as prescribed under section 172 of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;criminal procedure code. The investigation procedure includes recording of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;statements of the witnesses by the police officer under section 161 of the criminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;procedure code, search and seizure (sec 100 documents and other relevant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;extracts, procedure of search, search warrant(sec 93-98), collection of other &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;evidences including scientific evidence, medical evidence etc, examination and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;other process of investigation, examination and or/arrest of accused persons.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The procedure of arrest by the police officers has also been one of the most&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;vital part of the investigation. The police authorities are vested with wide&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;powers regarding arrest without warrant by virtue of section 41 of crpc in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;connection to any cognizable offence or against whom a reasonable complaint has&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;been or credible information has been received or a reasonable suspicion exist&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;that such person has committed a cognizable offence punishable with imprisonment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;for a term which may be less than seven years or which may extend to seven&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;years whether with or without fine. It is the sole responsibility upon the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;police officials, to arrest, for the purpose to prevent such person from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;committing any further offence or for proper investigation of the offence if&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;there exists an apprehension that release of the accused may tend to tampering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;of evidences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;LODGE FIRST INFORMATION REPORT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Sometimes it is very common to hear that the police authorities refusing to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;lodge first information report on the basis of the information given by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;informant and as such it becomes difficult for the person to take the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;appropriate resort. Technology has developed over years with lodging of FIR by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;means of email and other electronic mechanisms in relation to cases of cyber&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;related crimes involving facebook , whatsapp, instagram related issues, sending&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;of offensive messages, but still India is a country comprising majority of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;illiterate and lay persons who are not aware of all this first mechanisms and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;thus are the victims of the consequences. It is not possible always to hire the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;best legal brain for filing a complaint before the magistrate because it may&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;lead to drain of one&rsquo;s resources for filing of a complaint, court fees and the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;expenses to be incurred for the advocates per date wise thus it becomes a huge&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;controversial issue but on the other hand the system of free legal aid services&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;are very much inoperative and justice is thus deprived for those particular&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;sections of the society.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the case of Babu Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh observed that &ldquo;while&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;deprivation of liberty is a sequel to conviction, antecedent incarceration&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;amounts to punishment without trial, unless justified on some civilized&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;principles bearing on the administration of justice. Courts have to take&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;conscientious care not to be deflected by sentiment or scared by ghastliness&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;but to be guided by the high principle that public justice shall not be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;thwarted and the course of the trial defeated or delayed by the accused person,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;be high or low. This is the policy regarding bail ... the significance and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;sweep of Art. 21 make the deprivation of liberty a matter of grave concern and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;permissible only when the law authorizing it is reasonable, even handed, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;geared to the goals of community good and State necessity spelt out in Art. 19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;... it makes sense to assume that a man on bail has a better chance to prepare&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;or present his case than one remanded in custody. And if possible justice is to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;be promoted, mechanical detention should be demoted&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;that section 154(3) of the criminal procedure code is sometimes felt like&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;fruitless provisions as the superintendent of police does not look into the matter&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;which is denied by the police authorities subordinate to him, neither the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information reaches to him nor he investigates it and as such it is fruitless&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;but the information sent to the superintendent of police via registered&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;acknowledgment due is a valuable piece of evidence to lodge a petition before&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the nearest judicial magistrates under section 156(3) criminal procedure code&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to treat the complaint/information as FIR and also directing the same police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;officials to take up the matter as FIR as expedient as possible but still it is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;felt that it is sarcastic that how the informant/victim is harassed not only by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;delay of time but also the mental agony which has been suffered in the due&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;course of time. Once the FIR is registered a police case number is incorporated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;which is the first mode to start an investigation in relation to cognizable and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;non-cognizable offences and it is a mandate under the criminal procedure code&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to prepare a pre-investigation report within twenty four hours from the time of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;registering FIR. If the accused is arrested, then such accused shall be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;produced before the nearest judicial magistrate within that period. There are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;certain limitations to the powers of the police officials which has been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;incorporated under the criminal procedure code by virtue of section&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;41(A)regarding issuance of notice to the accused person directing the person&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;against whom a reasonable complaint has been lodged or any suspicion exist,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;this serving of notice has been made mandatory in the event if the police thinks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;that the arrest is not imminent and expedient in connection to the alleged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;complaint, this gives an opportunity to the accused to cooperate with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;investigation agencies. It is also important to mention that the procedure of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;arrest and duties of the police officials while making the arrest are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;exclusively stipulated under section 41(B)of crpc and non-compliance of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;said provisions by the police officials may attract show cause by the concerned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;court, the duties related to the arresting a female has also been strictly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;adhered under the procedure code to be conducted by a female police official&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;within the time limit mentioned.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;also be prepared by the police officials to conduct the arrest and the rights&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;of the accused shall also be forthwith informed by the police officials which&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;is a fundamental principle of natural justice to ensure free and fair trial in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;criminal courts. In Niranjan Singh v state of U.P, it has been held that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;investigation is just a key which gives birth to the rest of the stages of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;criminal proceedings. In State of Bihar vs J.A.C Saldanha, it was held by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;court that the investigation powers is the sole field exclusively reserved for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the executive in the police department.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#1d2129&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#1d2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;INFORMATION REPORT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The evidentiary value of First Information Report can be justified from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;point of statements made to the police officials under three categories :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;a. The statement which has been given and recorded as FIR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;b. Statement Recorded under section 161 of criminal procedure code.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;c. Statement recorded other than the first two ways.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, these three categories of statements can be regarded as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;substantive piece of evidence because it was not made or recorded before a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;magistrate in trial or was not made on oath nor it was tested by cross&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;examination. Yet such statements can be used to corroborate or to contradict&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;his testimony as per the provisions of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 if the person&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;making it subsequently appears and gives such evidence in court at the time of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;trial. As per section 157 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 &ldquo;in order to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;corroborate the testimony of a witness, any former statement made by such a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;witness relating to the same fact, at or about the time when the offence took&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;place, or before any authority legally competent to investigate the fact may be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;proved.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;same act provides, &ldquo;A witness may be cross- examined, as to the previous&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;statements made by him in writing or reduced in to writing and relevant to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;matters in question, without such writing being shown to him or being proved,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;but if it is intended to contradict him by the writing his attention must,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;before writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;used for the purpose of contradicting him.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;above mentioned provisions that the statements recorded in the FIR can be used&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to corroborate the informant and thus is not a substantive evidence. It is the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;first version of a criminal case as duly recorded by the police and thus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;statements which form the contents of the FIR naturally carry a weight. It is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;thus used as a previous statement for the purpose of either corroborating its&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;makers or contradicting him. However, it is also true that FIR has been treated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;as Dying Declaration as entailed under section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;1872 as if the victim himself gives his last statement to the police which is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;recorded as FIR and subsequently after a day he expires then what may be the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;status of FIR from the footings of Indian Evidence Act, 1872.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;In Barati vs State of U. P, , it was held that &ldquo;it is not justifiable to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;discard the dying declaration made by the appellant to the police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;sub-inspector, and where the trial Court was wrong in rejecting the dying&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;declaration to the police (F.I.R.) on the ground that the deceased had stated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;to the doctor that he had become unconscious after the occurrence. There was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;nothing in the statement recorded by the doctor to indicate that the deceased&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;remained unconscious for a long time and as such was not in position to lodge&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the F.I.R. The fact that the language used in the dying declaration made to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;doctor was rather chaste would not go to show that the said statement could not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;have been made by the deceased. As to the language used in the dying&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;declaration there is nothing abnormal or unusual in the same person using&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;colloquial language while talking to one person and using refined language&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;while talking to another person.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#1d2129&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#1d2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;SUCH REFUSAL TO LODGE FIR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;There are various remedies available against such law enforcement agencies who&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;denies to lodge First Information Reports in connection to a crime. A writ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;petition in the nature of mandamus may be filed before respective High Court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;against such law enforcement agencies, inter alai, to register the FIR and also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;directing him to show cause the reasons for not filing. In the famous Lalita&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Kumari Case it was held by the apex court that police must register FIR if the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information disclose a cognizable offence. A contempt petition can also be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;filed before the High Court against the officer who refused to register the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;matter as FIR. The point of jurisdiction as a ground for refusal may attract&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;imprisonment for the police officials for one year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;POST LALITA KUMARI&rsquo;S JUDGEMENT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The Constitution Bench of the SC in the said case has emphatically laid down&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;that registration of FIR is mandatory in case of a cognizable case and that the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Police Officer should not proceed to investigate the veracity of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information received before filing the FIR in such a case. The Court has also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;categorically laid down a few guidelines:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;1. Registration of FIR is mandatory under S. 154 of the Code, if the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information discloses commission of a cognizable offence and no preliminary&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;inquiry is permissible in such a situation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;2. If the information received does not disclose a cognizable offence but&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;indicates the necessity for an inquiry, a preliminary inquiry may be conducted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;only to ascertain whether cognizable offence is disclosed or not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;3. If the inquiry discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, the FIR&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;must be registered. In cases where preliminary inquiry ends in closing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;complaint, a copy of the entry of such closure must be supplied to the first&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;informant forthwith and not later than one week. It must disclose reasons in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;brief for closing the complaint and not proceeding further.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;4. The police officer cannot avoid his duty of registering offence if&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;cognizable offence is disclosed. Action must be taken against erring officers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;who do not register the FIR if information received by him discloses a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;cognizable offence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;5. The scope of preliminary inquiry is not to verify the veracity or otherwise&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;of the information received but only to ascertain whether the information&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;reveals any cognizable offence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;6. As to what type and in which cases preliminary inquiry is to be conducted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. The category of cases&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;in which preliminary inquiry may be made are as under:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;(a) Matrimonial disputes/ family disputes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;(b) Commercial offences&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;(c) Medical negligence cases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;(d) Corruption cases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;(e) Cases where there is abnormal delay/laches in initiating criminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;prosecution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;7. While ensuring and protecting the rights of the accused and the complainant,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;a preliminary inquiry should be made time bound and in any case it should not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;exceed 7 days. The fact of such delay and the causes of it must be reflected in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the General Diary entry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;8. Since the General Diary/Station Diary/Daily Diary is the record of all&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;information received in a police station, we direct that all information&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;relating to cognizable offences, whether resulting in registration of FIR or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;leading to an inquiry, must be mandatorily and meticulously reflected in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;said Diary and the decision to conduct a preliminary inquiry must also be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;reflected, as mentioned above.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The court thus, through the decision brings out the pertinent character of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;FIR in any cognizable case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;FILING OF AN FIR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;In Christy Fried Gram Industry v. State of Karnataka the court had to decide on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;whether investigation and preliminary enquiry prior to registration of FIR is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;permissible in law? And if not what is the effect? It was held that the prosecution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;is not justified in conducting investigation before registration of FIR in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;guise of preliminary enquiry and investigation for a period of about 18 months&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;which is beyond the 7 days period said to be permissible as laid down in Lalita&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Kumari&#039;s case.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;The case reiterates the fact that FIR is a vital and valuable piece of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;evidence. The object of registering FIR in respect of commission of an offence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;is to obtain early information regarding the nature of crime and names of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;culprits. Any delay would introduce the danger of coloured version or a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;concocted story. Only a promptly lodged FIR would reflect first - hand account&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;as to what had happened and the persons responsible.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Joseph v. State of Kerala the consequence of delay in filing of FIR was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;discussed by the hon&rsquo;ble court, whereby It was held that although the FIR was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;registered late since the eyewitness could not gather up enough courage to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;report the same to the police, such delay was not unreasonable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;every delay in registration of FIR could not be held to mean a concocted,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;imaginary story of the person who finally reports the same to the police to get&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;the FIR registered. However, if the delay is inordinate and unreasonable, an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;apprehension regarding the veracity of the FIR filed would hold good.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;HARYANA AND ORS V. CH. BHAJAN LAL AND ORS, It was held that In case the Police&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;officer transgresses the circumscribed limits and improperly and illegally&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;exercises his powers in relation to the process of investigation, then the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Court has the powers to consider the nature and extent of the breach and pass&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;appropriate orders.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Police officials are required to discharge their duties diligently as per the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;police manuals and regulations governed by the respective state governments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;Misuse of power by the police officials not only will hamper the dignity and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;respect of the police department but also corrupt the entire administrative and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;judiciary functions beside society will also lose faith and reliance on the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;enforcement agencies. As society keeps reliance on the police department as a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;means of first instrument for initiation of criminal proceedings if they&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;diligently perform their duties then it may lead to proper set up of a criminal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;motion by arresting the offenders who actually infringe the law and by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;punishing them for a means of transformation. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Seshadripuram Law College, Bangalore Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 4.5pt; background: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#1D2129&quot;&gt;MEANING&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;FIR in cognizable offence :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;It is the duty of the state&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;In the land mark case of D.K&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;STAGES OF CRIMINAL&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(29, 33, 41); font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;CONSEQUENCES ON DENIAL TO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n', '895da537381bb9c6d96f4d3af514d66c.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:13:19', '2021-01-27 03:38:54');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(81, 'kD1Xjnv59mLhIIPXKLd5DiFaJ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sanjana Mudhol.   FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND CENSORSHIP', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sanjana Mudhol, 2nd year law Karnataka State Law University, Hubli. (Intern, Daksha Legal)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to slaughter.&rdquo; &ndash; George Washington.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;I. Introduction&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Freedom of speech and expression is the concept of being able to express oneself freely whether through words of mouth, literature, art, or any other medium of communication. It is often regarded as a primary concept in modern liberal democracies. Freedom of speech and expression is well protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The right to freedom of speech and expression is not absolute and is subject to certain reasonable restrictions &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;imposed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;under Article 19(2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Indian Constitution, while not mentioning the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;press&rdquo;, provides for the right to freedom of speech and expression. Unlike the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;US where the Freedom of press is recognized under the First Amendment, India&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;does not have a separate legislation to look after it. Freedom of Press is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;considered to be an integral part of freedom of speech and expression. In&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras and Brij Bhushan v. State of Delhi, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court took it for granted the fact that the Freedom of press was an&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;essential part of the Right to Freedom of speech and expression. It is clear&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that the right to freedom of speech and expression carries with it the right to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;publish and circulate one&rsquo;s ideas, opinions and other views with complete&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;freedom and by resorting to all available means of publication. The right to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;freedom of press includes the right to propagate ideas and views and to publish&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and circulate them. However, freedom of press is also subject to the reasonable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;restrictions imposed under Article 19(2).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;II. The Cinematography Act, 1952.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;One important exception to the general dominance of the print media in free speech matters: censorship cases involving films and documentaries. They involve film producers and directors who challenged government censorship of their productions. Film censorship usually takes place under the Act. Chapter I states the preliminary, Chapter II deals with certification of films for public exhibition, Chapter IIIdeals with the regulation of exhibitions by means of cinematographs and Chapter IV deals with repeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Section 3 of the act speaks about the board of censors&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and section 4 states the examination of films. Section 5 of the Act deals with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;advisory panels where, section 5-A states the certification where (a) speaks of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;unrestricted public exhibition by acquiring the &lsquo;U&rsquo; certificate and (b) speaks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of films restricted to view only by adults by &lsquo;A&rsquo; certificate and &lsquo;S&rsquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;certificate for selected members only, such as a particular profession; section&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;5-B states the principles of guidance in certifying films, section 5-C and 5-D&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;deal with appeals and constitution of Appellate Tribunal respectively. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;further sections of the Act deal with the suspension and revocation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;certificate, review of orders by the Central Government and so on. Section 7 states&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the penalties for the offences committed. Section 7-A states the power of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;seizure and Section 7-C states the power to direct exhibition of films for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;examination. Section 8 states the power to make rules. Section 10 states the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cinematograph exhibited to be licensed, Section 11 and section 12 state the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;licensing authority and restrictions on powers of licensing authority,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;respectively. Section 13 states the power of the Central Government or local&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;authority to suspend exhibition of films in certain cases. Section 14 states&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the penalties. Section 15, section 16 and section 17 states the power to revoke&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;license, power to make rules and power to exempt, respectively.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;III. Censorship of films.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication or other information which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive and politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by the Government, media outlets, authorities or other groups or institutions. Film censorship is the process of previewing a film and includes a decision either to allow or not allow the film for public viewing subject to certain modification. The Supreme Court has held that film censorship becomes necessary because it motivates thought and action and assures a high degree of attention or retention as compared to the printed words. The present censorship of films is governed by the Cinematography Act, 1952, the Cinematograph (Certification) Rules promulgated in 1983 and the guidelines issued from time to time.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Indian Constitution does not expressly mention&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;films as a medium of speech and expression, but they have been accepted through&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;various court decisions. The films in India have been censored on the grounds&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of obscenity, sex, violence and so on. The classification of films in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;accordance with their suitability for exhibition with or without excisions has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;been held out to be a valid exercise of power in public interest. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;justification of censorship is that the social interest of the people overrides&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the individual freedom. The State is in the position of parens patriae. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;grounds on which censorship may be justified are clearly and exhaustively set&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;out in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. Article 19(2) displays two&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;dimensions. Firstly, it empowers the State to impose reasonable restrictions on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the rights of people and secondly, it empowers the State to impose reasonable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;restrictions only on the grounds provided under Article 19(2). The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;certification rules also apply to foreign films imported in India or dubbed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;films.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;According to the Supreme Court:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Film censorship becomes necessary because a film motivates thought and action&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and assures a high degree of attention and retention as compared to the printed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;word. The combination of act and speech, sight and sound in semi darkness of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the theatre with elimination of all distracting ideas will have a strong impact&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;on the minds of the viewers and can affect emotions. Therefore, it has as much&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;potential for evil as it has for good and has an equal potential to instill or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cultivate violent or bad behavior. It cannot be equated with other modes of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;communication. Censorship by prior restraint is, therefore, not only desirable&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;but also necessary.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;There are can be no straightjacketed rules for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;censorship. There are some guiding principles set down by the courts from time&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to time like sex and nudity are not always obscene, the social purpose and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;artistic merit should be taken into consideration, Scenes degrading women in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;any manner are not to be presented, Visuals or words disrespectful of social,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;religious or other institutions are not be presented, the contemporary or moral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;standards, taking the whole work into consideration and not just a part of it,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and so on. There are certain tests laid down as well, such as the likely&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;audience test, test of the ordinary man, and so on.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The court has held in cases like the K.A. Abbas case&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and the bandit queen case and so on, that sex and nudity are not always&amp;nbsp;obscene. The Abbas case and the Anand Patwardhan &lt;/span&gt;case are&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;also the examples for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the social purpose and the artistic merit to be taken into consideration. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ban on the movie The Da Vinci Code was also lifted. The ban of the film is not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;only unconstitutional and illegal but also imprudent. The Court further held&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that legitimate expression of views or ideas cannot be suppressed on the ground&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of intolerance of others or of the existence of a hostile audience. The Anand&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Patwardhan case also holds good to say that the work should be judged by taking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;into consideration the work as whole.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;IV. Judicial Pronouncements&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;1. K.A. Abbas v. Union of India&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;It is the leading Supreme Court decision on film censorship. It gave the Court its first opportunity to discuss constitutional protection for free speech in the media outside the traditional context of newspapers and magazines. K.A. Abbas, the petitioner,was an award-winning film producer. The Film Board refused unrestricted screening of his documentary, A Tale of Four Cities, because it included scenes from a Bombay red-light district. The board asked the petitioner to edit certain scenes if the documentary was to qualify for a screening certificate. He refused and complained to the Supreme Court that the board was violating his freedom of expression. Chief Justice Hidayatullah wrote a well-reasoned and artful judgment for a unanimous constitution bench. Tracing the evolution of film censorship, the Chief Justice noted that the Indian film industry lacked a professional self-regulatory body like the Motion Picture Association of America. Therefore, if the content of films were to be regulated, only the government could do so. As a matter of practice, the Chief Justice noted, censorship existed all over the world in some form or the other. Although motion pictures in the United States generally enjoyed a significant degree of First Amendment protection, they were not completely free from restrictions. Restrictions could also be imposed on films in England.Censorship, the Chief Justice concluded, is a valid exercise of power in the interests of public morality and decency. It is in society&rsquo;s interest and does not violate freedom of speech and expression. The Chief Justice also upheld certain government-issued guidelines used by film censors to certify films. An important dimension of Abbas is Chief Justice Hidayatullah&rsquo;s suggestion that films can be treated differently from other mediums of expression. Cinema is a powerful media, Chief Justice Hidayatullah wrote, combining sound, light, and movement to create a powerful impact. The factum of attack on film fraternity has been under the garb of public safeguards but is unanimously the tyrant handling to Democratic State of India. For this reason, he readily upheld film censorship on the grounds of public morality, decency, and the interests of society. But he declined to consider whether censorship could also be imposed on other forms of expression. Thus, the Chief Justice was inclined to treat electronic productions, such as films and documentaries, differently from other media like newspapers. But he did not reveal how far this difference in treatment could go.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2. S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The appellant, S. Rangarajan is a film producer. He produced a Tamil film &ldquo;Ore Oru Gramathile&rdquo; and applied for the certificate for exhibition of the film. The examination committee after viewing the film refused to grant the certificate but on a reference being made to the 2nd Revising Committee for review and recommendation, the Committee by a majority of 5:4 recommended the grant of &lsquo;U&rsquo; certificate subject to deletion of certain scenes. The &lsquo;U&rsquo; certificated granted was challenged in the High Court by means of writ petitions. It was contended before the High Court that the film is treated in an irresponsible manner, the reservation policy of the Government has been projected in a biased manner and the so-called appeal in the film that &ldquo;India is one&rdquo; is a hollow appeal which touches the caste sensitivity of the Brahmin forward caste. It was also asserted that the film would disrupt law and order in Tamil Nadu. The writ petitions were dismissed by the Single Judge but upon appeal they were allowed and the &lsquo;U&rsquo; certificated issued to the appellant was revoked. These two appeals, one by producer of the film and the other by the Union of India have been filed by 205 special leave of challenging the decision of the High Court. The principal contentions raised on behalf of the appellants were that the fundamental right of freedom of free expression guaranteed under the constitution cover even the medium of movies and that the opinion on the film ought not to be rested on the isolated passages disregarding the main theme and it&rsquo;s message. The Court should not concern itself with the correctness or legality of the views in the film and even the Court cannot limit the expression. The Court held that it is difficult to understand how the expression in the film with criticism of reservation policy or praising the Colonial rule will affect the security of the State or sovereignty and integrity of India. There is no utterance in the film threatening to overthrow the Govt. by unlawful or unconstitutional means. There is no talk of secession either nor is there any suggestion for impairing the integration of the country. The film seems to suggest that the existing method of reservation on the basis of caste is bad and reservation on the basis of economic backwardness is better. The film also deprecates exploitation of people on caste considerations. The fundamental freedom under Article 19(1) (a) can be reasonably restricted only for the purposes mentioned in Article 19(2) and the restriction must be justified. Open criticism of Government policies and operations is not a ground for restricting expression. We must practice tolerance to the views of others. Intolerance is as much dangerous to democracy as to the person himself.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;3. The Padmavat controversy&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Padmavati, now presumably Padmavat, has been a topic of discussion ever since the film&rsquo;s shoot started. From lead actor Deepika Padukone receiving death threats to rewards being announced on beheading director Sanjay Leela Bhansali, the film received a number of threats from political and religious organizations as they found the film&rsquo;s content objectionable. But now, after a long battle, the audience may get to watch the artwork of Bhansali soon. Central Board of Film Certification has made up its mind about clearing the film with a few modifications, one of which includes a change in the film&rsquo;s title. The CBFC has suggested renaming the magnum opus, &lsquo;Padmavat&rsquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Padmavat is an epic poem written in 1540 by Sufi poet&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Malik Muhammad Jayasi, who wrote it in the Hindustani language of Awadhi. This&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;famous piece of Sufi literature from the periods, relates an allegorical&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;fictional story about the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji&rsquo;s desire for the titular&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Padmavati, the Queen of Chittor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Although we do not know yet how much of Padmavat there&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will be in Padmavati, it seems safe to assume that one of the poem&rsquo;s main plot&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;points &ndash; the sultan&rsquo;s attack on the fort being caused by his wish to kidnap the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;queen &ndash; will be included in the movie. This would have seemed to be the perfect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ammunition for radical Hindu political goals. We have a cruel Muslim ruler&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;dreaming of capturing the Hindu queen and slaughtering the many Hindus standing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in his way. The Hindu radicals should rather distribute free tickets for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;premiere and write ecstatic reviews on how the movie captures the essence of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;past Hindu-Muslim relations. Moreover, while nobody revealed the spoilers from&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the grand finale, it seems nearly certain that if he has Padmavati in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;movie, we should also witness her death in flames in the end of the story (or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will we?). In that case, the Hindu extremists would have another reason to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;uphold the movie as history: a Hindu queen chose death over royal imprisonment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;at court of Muslim ruler.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;But what happened was the reverse. The main protesting groups were seemingly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;small and otherwise little-known: the Rajput Karni Sena, the Kshatriya Samaj,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha. The Rajput Karni Sena claims to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;represent the Rajputs, an ethnic community to whom the king of Chittorgarh had&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;belonged. After the Padmavati controversy, the politicians and their affiliates&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;will probably win the electoral battle but they will not pause to look at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ashes of history they leave in the wake of their siege.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Their criticism is also highly selective. The Hindu&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;nationalists have a tendency to perceive Indian society through the lens of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Hindu-Muslim divide, and yet somehow ignored the fact that Muhammad Jayasi, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;author of Padmavat, was a Muslim. Moreover, if his poem is to be believed,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Padmavati was of Singhala origin and hence not a Rajput by birth. In that case,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;why would the Rajput community be so outraged? This is unless we take a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;patriarchal view of the matter (which the protesters possibly do): Padmavati&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;became a Rajput on the account of her marrying a Rajput king. And should we&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;really consider the historicity of the poem whose characters include a talking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;parrot, and god of the Ocean and his daughter?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The existence of Padmavati seems to be a myth. The one who believes that it was&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the privileged entity takes it on ego, the one who takes it as fiction has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;nothing to do with it.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;V. Conclusion&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Cinema as an art form has always drawn a disproportionate interest from the Indian state and the judiciary. Yes, India is a diverse society. Yes, there will always be grievances from some section of civil society. And yes, we need an arbitration mechanism to address a wide range of concerns. We need a multi-layered solution to the absurd censorship regime in India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Cinematograph Bill, 2010 has three broad features&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that are being proposed an emphasis to contemporize issues, incorporation of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;technological changes which have vastly changed since 1952 when the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Cinematography Act was enacted and lastly, much harsher penalties in the cases&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of copyright violations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Sadly, the battle for free expression has to be fought&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;so often these days. There is a lack of transparency under the Act itself. The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;total discretion is in the hands of the Central Government.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Most of the time, movies are not judged on the matter&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of contents but on the political influences or the factor which would be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;affecting the ruling party at the Centre. The Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;2010 still needs an approval as well. Where these days, censorship has been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;used to prohibit those films which really holds the real pictures of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;society.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;If we don&rsquo;t engage, how will we critique anything?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;This nervousness with examining issues has created a strange situation where we&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;censor rather than examine the context.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '89e0f761233898feb755b2e5db7b9a85.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:14:25', '2021-01-27 00:09:10'),
(82, 'UkB2Rm2j7mSpxK55vWXFKioTV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'God as a Trademark A Legal study.  Mr. Angad Kamath. Advocate. Bangalore  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Has anyone ever imagined whether the image or title of a god can be protected by a trademark? Let us look into the issue and look at the pros and cons of protection conferred to proprietors in relation to names of deities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. What the law says?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. It was held in Williams Co v Bronnley&amp;amp;Co, &ldquo;It is no doubt important to protect fair trading but it is at least as important to prevent the acquisition of a monopoly in matters that are common to everyone&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Section 9(1)(a) of the Trademarks Act prohibits registration of marks, which are devoid of any distinctive character. The word devoid here means unpossessed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. What does devoid of distinctive character mean?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. To answer this question, one must alienate the &lsquo;mark&rsquo;, &lsquo;word&rsquo; or &rsquo;sign&rsquo; from its general use and view it plainly, in the same manner as how a positivist interprets a clause in a statute resisting himself from venturing into the unchartered territory of morality. Once you remove all the preconceived notions you had towards the &lsquo;mark&rsquo;, &lsquo;word&rsquo; or &rsquo;sign&rsquo;, one must check if it is then capable of distinguishing itself from other goods and service without educating the public that it is a trademark? If the answer is in the affirmative, then it has a distinctive flavour to it and is capable of being registered as a trademark whereas if the answer is in the negative, it clearly lacks distinctiveness and therefore &quot;signs or indications which are not capable of fulfilling the essential function of a trademark cannot enjoy the protection conferred by registration&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. The two main obstacles to distinctiveness is being too descriptive and being too commonplace. Lord Parker has beautifully stated in his speech given during Registrar of Trade marks v W&amp;amp;G Du Cros Ltd &ndash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. For a mark to be successfully admitted to registration, I think, it largely depends upon whether other traders are likely in the ordinary course of business and without any improper motive, to desire to use the same mark or some mark nearly resembling it or in connection with their own goods. It is apparent from history of trademarks law in the country that both the legislature and courts have always shown a natural disinclination to allow any person to obtain by registration under the Trademarks Act, a monopoly in what others may legitimately desire to use. Use of religious symbols (like OM) or names (eg. Jesus) as trademarks is likely to undermine/offend religious value and sentiments. Names of Gods/Goddesses which are also used as personal names may be considered as personal names unless accompanied by the device of such God/Goddess for registration purpose. As a trade mark must be able to be represented graphically for registration, the Registrar will, as a matter of practice, require that the representation of the trade mark that is included in the application must be a graphical representation. Each trade mark consisting of or containing colours, shape or packaging must also be accompanied by a concise and accurate description of the trade mark. Such descriptions will be entered as an endorsement and, taken together with the graphical representation, will help to define the scope of the registration. The logical implication of the above mentioned clause is that once the graphical representation is registered as a &lsquo;mark&rsquo;, it immediately and automatically is provided statutory protection once registered. This prevents others from The basic rule is that traders ought to not acquire any monopoly in the utilisation of words as trademarks to the burden of the individuals from the public, who, later on and regarding their merchandise may crave to utilise them- Lord Parker Registrar of Trade marks v W&amp;amp;G Du Cros Ltd -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9. &ldquo;Marks likely to hurt religious susceptibilities&rdquo; - Section 9(2)(b) - Section 9(2)(b) mandates that a mark shall not be registered as a trade mark if it contains or comprises of any matter likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of any class or section of the citizens of India. It is to be noted that it is a common trade practice in India to use names and picture of Gods and Goddesses or religious symbols as trade mark. Accordingly such use per se is not regarded by public as offending religious sentiments of any class or section of public. However, such use in relation to certain goods may offend the religious sentiments of the people. For Example, use of names/device of deities or religious heads on footwear may be considered distasteful and will be open to objection. Similarly use of Hindu Gods in respect of Beef or meat products or use of names of Muslim saints for pork products would offend the religious feeling of respective sections of the public to attract the objection under section 9(2)(b). Registration of mark consisting of Goddess Meenakshi in respect of fertilizers and manures was rectified under section 11(b) of the 1958 Act (1976 IPLR 144). (The author wonders how Mangalore Ganesha beedis still permitted though beedi is perse injurious to health!)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10. It is most likely that the name of a God or Goddess, which is in the public fora, ought not be monopolised in the interest of the public by protecting it as a trademark. It does, indeed, hurt religious feelings furthermore keeps devotees alienated from the use or practice involving the names of such gods or goddesses. This is clearly in violation of Article 25 of the constitution which guarantees &ldquo;freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion&rdquo;. If I wish to worship the image or keep in my occupation the image of a certain deity which has been registered and granted statutory protection, I will then be guilty of infringing the registered trademark of the proprietor and this is in complete contradiction to the freedom of religion guaranteed to me by Article 25 of Indian constitution. In the light of award of trademark registration, the registered proprietor enjoys the select right to utilize the God&#039;s photo and the title for the previously stated exercises. At the end of the day, the &#039;bhakts&#039; can be blocked from utilizing the photo of the god and the related title which is blatantly unconstitutional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11. List of marks prohibited from registration by virtue of directions of Central Government: Certain names and pictures of God and Goddess and also religious heads are prohibited from being registered as trade marks in terms of directions issued by the Central Government under section 23(1) of the Trade &amp;amp; Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. These directions continue to remain valid. Use of religious symbols (like OM) or names (e.g. Jesus) as trademarks is likely to undermine religious value and sentiments. Names of Gods/Goddesses which are also used as personal names may be considered as personal names for registration purpose, unless accompanied by the device of such God/Goddess.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12. The Central Government has issued directions not to register following trademarks. These trademarks are therefore not registrable in view of Section 23 (1) of the Trademarks Act, 1999&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1) Words &ldquo;ASHOK CHAKRA&rdquo; or DHARMA CHAKRA&rdquo; or the device of Asoka Chakra or any other colourable limitation thereof&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2) Words &ldquo;Lord Buddha&rdquo; or the device of Lord Buddha or any colourable imitation thereof.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3) Words &ldquo;Shree Sai Baba&rdquo; or the device of Shree Sai Baba or any colourable imitation thereof.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4) Words Sri Ramkrishna, Swami Vivekananda. Holy Mother alias Sri Sarada Devi or the devices of Sri Ramkrishna, Swami Vivekananda, the Holy Mother alias Sri Sarada Devi and the Emblems of the Ramkrishna Math and Mission or colourable imitation thereof;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5) Names and pictures of Sikh Gurus, viz. Guru Nanak, guru Angad, Guru Amar das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjun dev, Guru Hargobind, guru Har Raj, Guru Har Krishnan, Guru Teg Bahadur and Guru Govind Singh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13. The word &ldquo;Vishnu&rdquo; was treated only as a personal name in the absence of the device of Lord Vishnu, attaching no religious significance. If any person is allowed to register a trademark in the name of a particular deity or a graphical representation of the deity, He/she is granted exclusive rights and protection over the use of the said trademark to the detriment of the others.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;14. The name or picture of Lord Venkateshwara or Balaji was prohibited to be registered as a trade mark under sec 23(1) of the Trade &amp;amp; Merchandise Marks Act 1958 on a representation from the Tirupathi Devasthanama Board. Similarly names and pictures of Sikh gurus were also prohibited from registration. Also name and or picture of C.S. Maharaj was prohibited for registration under TMMA. 1998(18)PTC 130&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;15. The Parliamentary committee in its report on the Trade Marks Bill 1993 commented as follows in respect of the this provision-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;The committee is of the opinion that any symbol relating to religion, gods, goddesses, places of worship should not be ordinarily be registered as a trade mark. However the Committee do not want to disturb the existing trademarks by prohibiting their registration as it will result in a chaos in the market. At the same time, the Committee trusts that Govt will initiate appropriate action if someone complains that a particular trademark is hurting his religious susceptibilities.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Conclusion:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Before dealing with the case of whether one must allow registration of a particular trademark involving the name of god, one must understand the facts and circumstances of the case. Every case is unique and it must be judged according to the situation of the facts and not by a blanket rule ordering for a bar on trademark relating to the name of a god.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. According to Santhosh Mathew, amicus curiae, in the case of SRI.R.S.PRAVEEN RAJ v THE ATTUKAL BHAGAVATHY TEMPLE TRUST, the Draft Manual for Trademark Practice and Procedure does not place a blanket prohibition on the registration of religious symbols and deities; nor can an interpretation be placed on Section 9(2)(b) that such a registration would contravene the provisions of the Act. In fact the Manual accepts the fact that it is a common trade practice in India to use the names and pictures of Gods and Goddesses or religious symbols as trademark&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Since one of the functional purposes of a trademark is to protect the &lsquo;marks&rsquo; or &lsquo;signs&rsquo; which are used for trade and commerce, if one is allowed to secure protection over use of name of a God in his business, the common users of the said products of one&rsquo;s trade would identify the products by the mark ( which is the name of the god) and thereby the proprietor would gain an unfair advantage.It would also seriously and prejudicially interfere with the rights of an individual devotee and the monopoly thus established would prevent worship of the said deity by any person unless authorised by the proprietor and the entire trade would be reduced to a business outfit due to commercialisation at the expense of god and the devotees and other desirous traders. Therefore it is imperative that the courts in India should step in to protect the religious sanctity of temples, deities, adjudicated over religious disputes and even decided God&rsquo;s name as intellectual property. They should set a unique precedent of maintaining and securing religious places in India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b031cc8f2343c5fe2a2f5ba3782d6964.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:15:29', '2021-01-26 16:40:19');
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(83, 'Mgx09hkCq06JsAHcyccjLOB0V', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Goods and Services Tax Constitution Amendment Bill.  Mr. Vikram Huilgol. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;On December 19, 2014, the Constitution (One Hundred&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and Twenty Second Amendment) Bill, 2014 (&ldquo;the Amendment Bill&rdquo;) was introduced&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in the Lok Sabha by Mr. Arun Jaitley, the Union Minister for Finance. This is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the second Constitutional Amendment Bill placed in Parliament with the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;intention of paving the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(&ldquo;GST&rdquo;). The previous Amendment Bill, the 115th Constitution Amendment Bill,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;introduced by Mr. Pranab Mukherjee on March 16, 2011, lapsed due to the lack of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;any political consensus. The 122nd Constitution Amendment Bill is largely ab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;reproduction of the previous Amendment Bill, with some small, but significant&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;changes. This article briefly analyzes some of the proposed Constitutional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;amendments that would set the wheels in motion for, arguably, the most historic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;upheaval of indirect taxation in India since independence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Power to levy taxes on goods and services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The Union and State Legislatures derive their power to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;legislate on specific subject-matters from Article 246, read with the VII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Schedule to the Constitution. Article 246(1) states that Parliament has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;exclusive power to make laws with respect to matters enumerated in List I in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the VII Schedule (&ldquo;the Union list&rdquo;). Article 246(2) states that both Parliament&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and the State Legislatures have power to legislate on matters enumerated in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;List III in the VII Schedule (&ldquo;the Concurrent list&rdquo;). Article 246(3) empowers&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the State Legislatures to legislate on matters enumerated in List II in the VII&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Schedule (&ldquo;the State list&rdquo;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 246-A, which is sought to be introduced by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Amendment Bill, reads as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Article 246-A(1). Notwithstanding anything contained in articles 246 and 254,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Parliament, and subject to clause (2), the Legislature of every State, have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;power to make laws with respect to goods and services tax imposed by the Union&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;or by such State.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(2) Parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to goods and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services tax where the supply of goods, or of services, or both takes place in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the course of inter-State trade or commerce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Explanation &ndash; The provisions of this article shall, in respect of goods and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services referred to in clause (5) of article 279-A, take effect from the date&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;recommended by the Goods and Service Tax Council.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The insertion of the above provision is necessitated&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;by the fact that under the existing Article 246, read with the subject-matters&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;enumerated in the Union and State lists, the power to enact laws that provide&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;for the levy of taxes on goods and services is divided between the Union and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;States. For instance, only Parliament can pass laws in order to levy excise duty,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;customs duty, and service tax, whereas only the State Legislatures can&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;legislate with respect to taxes on sale of goods, entry of goods, luxuries,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;etc. Therefore, under the current Constitutional scheme, it would not have been&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;possible for either Parliament or the State Legislatures to enact laws that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;provide for a common goods and services tax.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 246-A(1) seeks to remedy the situation by providing an additional and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;independent source of power to both the Union and the States to legislate with&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;respect to GST. Therefore, the source of power to legislate on GST cannot be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;traced to the Union, State, or Concurrent Lists of the VII Schedule. Instead,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 246-A itself provides both Parliament and the States the power to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;legislate on GST. At this stage, one may wonder why the power to levy taxes on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;goods and services was not included in the concurrent list, particularly&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;because both Parliament and the State Legislatures are competent to enact laws&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;with respect to subject-matters enumerated in the concurrent list. The answer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;possibly lies in the fact that, with respect to subject-matters enumerated in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the concurrent list, if there is any repugnancy between a law made by&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Parliament and a law made by the State legislature, the law made by Parliament&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;would prevail. See Article 254. With regard to GST, it is clear that the States&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;did not want to provide any deference to laws made by Parliament and,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;therefore, instead of including the subject under the Concurrent list, a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;separate source of power is intended to be created.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Clause (2) of Article 246-A, however, provides&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Parliament with the exclusive power to legislate when the supply of goods, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services, or both takes place in the course of interstate trade or commerce.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Therefore, State Legislatures cannot enact laws that provide for the levy of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;GST when the supply of goods and services is in the course of interstate trade&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;or commerce.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The Explanation to Article 246-A relates to the levy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of tax on petroleum products, namely, petroleum crude, high speed diesel, petrol,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;natural gas, and aviation turbine fuel. Petroleum products are currently&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;proposed to be kept outside the purview of GST, and the Explanation to Article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;246-A states that the levy of GST on these products will take effect from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;date recommended by the Goods and Services Tax Council (&ldquo;GST Council&rdquo;),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;constituted under Article 279-A.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Apportionment of Taxes between the Union and States.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Clause (1) of Article 269-A states that GST &ldquo;on supplies in the course of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;interstate trade and commerce shall be levied and collected by the Government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of India and such tax shall be apportioned between the Union and the States in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the manner as provided by Parliament by law on the recommendation of the Goods&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and Services Tax Council.&rdquo; As a consequence of the insertion of Article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;269-A(1), Article 268-A, inserted by the Constitution (Eighty-eighth) Amendment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Act, 2003, which stated that taxes on services shall be levied by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Government of India and appropriated by the Union and the States in the manner&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;prescribed by Parliament, has been deleted.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Import of goods and services deemed to be in the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;course of interstate trade and commerce.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The Explanation to Article 269-A deems the supply of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;goods and services in the course of import into the territory of India to take&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;place in the course of interstate trade and commerce. Consequently, duties on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;imports, too, shall be levied by the Government of India and apportioned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;between the Union and the States in the manner provided by Parliament.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Parliament to formulate principles to determine when a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;sale or supply is in the course of interstate trade and commerce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Clause (2) of Article 269-A allows Parliament to, by law, &ldquo;formulate the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;principles for determining the place of supply, and when a supply of goods, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services, or both, takes place in the course of interstate trade or commerce.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;This provision is similar to Article 286(2), which permits Parliament to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;formulate principles to determine when a sale or purchase of goods takes place&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in the course of interstate trade or commerce.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Pertinently, according to Article 269-A(2), Parliament&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;has the power to formulate principles to determine: (1) the place of supply of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;goods and services, and (2) when the supply of goods and services takes place&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in the course of interstate trade and commerce. Therefore, it is likely that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the Central GST law will include provisions, similar to Section 3 of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Central Sales Tax Act, which will prescribe when a supply of goods and services&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;takes place in the course of interstate trade and commerce. The law will also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;contain provisions which will specify the place of supply of the goods or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services and, accordingly, the State in which tax will be payable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;The Goods and Services Tax Council.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 279-A provides for the constitution of a GST&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Council by the President of India, within sixty days from the date of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;commencement of the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty Second Amendment) Act,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2014. The GST Council shall comprise of the following persons:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(1) the Union&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Finance Minister, who will be the Chairperson of the Council;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(2) the Union&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance; and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(3) the Minister in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The Council, therefore, will be represented by the Union Government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;as well as each of the State Governments. The primary function of the GST&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Council is to make recommendations to the Union and the States on the following&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;subject-matters:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(1) the taxes and levies that are to be subsumed in the GST;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(2) goods and services that are to be exempted;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(3) model GST laws, principles&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of levy, apportionment of the Integrated GST, and the principles that govern&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the place of supply;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(4) threshold limit of turnovers below which goods and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;services will be exempt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(5) rates of tax, including any special rates to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;applicable for a specified period to raise additional resources during national&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;calamities or disaster;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(6) special provisions with respect to certain States;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(7) any other matter relating to GST.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Clause (6) of Article 279-A states&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;that the GST Council shall, while discharging its functions, be guided by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;need for a harmonized structure of goods and services taxes and for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;development of a harmonized national market for goods and services.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;According to clause (9) of Article 279-A, every&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;decision of the GST Council shall be taken at a meeting (the quorum for each&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;meeting is prescribed as one half of the total number of members) by a majority&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of not less than three-fourths of the &ldquo;weighted votes of the members present and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;voting.&rdquo; Pertinently, &ldquo;the vote of the Central Government shall have the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;weightage of one-third of the total votes cast,&rdquo; and &ldquo;the votes of all the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;total votes cast.&rdquo; For the sake of brevity, the weighted voting system is not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;explained in this article in any detail. It would suffice to state that through&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;the weighted voting system, it is ensured that neither the Central Government&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;nor the State Governments would have primacy in the GST Council with regard to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;voting on any critical issues relating to the GST.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Restriction on the power of States under Article 286.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 286 mandated that no law of a State shall&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;impose a tax on the sale of goods where such sale takes place outside the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;State, or in the course of the import or export of goods. The said Article is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;proposed to be amended by stating that no law of a State shall impose, or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;authorize the imposition of a tax on &ldquo;the supply of goods or of services, or of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;both where such supply takes place&rdquo; outside the State, or in the course of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;import or export of goods and services. Clause (2) of Article 286, too, has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;been proposed to be amended. After amendment, the said provision would read as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;follows: &ldquo;Parliament may by law formulate principles for determining when a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;supply of goods, or services, or both takes place in any of the ways mentioned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;in clause (1).&rdquo; Therefore, Parliament would be required to, by law, formulate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;principles for determining when the supply of goods or services takes place&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;outside a State, and when it can be said to take place in the course of import&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;or export.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Pertinently, the Amendment Bill proposes to omit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 286(3). The said provision stated, in pertinent part, that any law of a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;State, in so far as it imposes a tax on goods declared to be special importance&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(&ldquo;declared goods&rdquo;), shall be subject to restrictions imposed by Parliament. By&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;deleting clause (3) of Article 286, the said restriction will no longer apply.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The intention behind the omission of the said provision is clearly discernible&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;from the Statement of Objects and Reasons to the Amendment Bill, wherein it has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;been stated that the proposed Bill seeks to dispense with the concept of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;declared goods of special importance under the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Definitions under Article 366.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Clause (12-A) is proposed to be inserted in Article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;366. The said provision defines &ldquo;goods and services tax&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;any tax on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;supply of goods or services or both except taxes on the supply of alcoholic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;liquor for human consumption.&rdquo; Therefore, it is clear that alcoholic liquor is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;intended to be kept outside the purview of GST.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The definition of &ldquo;goods&rdquo; under Article 366(12) has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;been retained. The term goods &ldquo;includes all materials, commodities, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;articles.&rdquo; &ldquo;Services&rdquo; has been defined by Article 366(26A) to mean &ldquo;anything&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;other than goods.&rdquo; In my opinion, the proposed definition of services appears&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;to be overly broad, and it is likely that the definition will be suitably&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;altered before the Bill is passed by Parliament.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Interestingly, the definition of &ldquo;tax on sale or&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;purchase of goods&rdquo; under Article 366(29A) has been retained. The Constitution&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(One Hundred and Fifteenth Amendment) Bill, which was introduced by the UPA&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Government, had proposed to omit Article 366(29A) in its entirety.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Article 368(1) confers power on the Parliament to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;amend the Constitution and sets out the procedure to be adopted in order to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;carry out an amendment. Under the said provision, the Constitution can only be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;amended if the amendment bill is passed in each House of Parliament by a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;majority of the total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;of the members of the House present and voting. As per the proviso to Article&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;368(1), certain parts of the Constitution can only be amended if, in addition&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;being passed with the majority described above, the amendment is also ratified&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;by not less than one half of the State Legislatures.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;The Amendment Bill seeks to include Article 279-A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;within the purview of the proviso to Article 368(1). Therefore, Article 279-A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;can only be amended if the amendment, after being passed by the requisite&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;majority in both Houses of Parliament, is ratified by half of the State&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Legislatures. Article 279-A, which provides for the constitution of the GST&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Council, has, therefore, been placed on a pedestal, along with other important&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;provisions of the Constitution, by making its amendment subject to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;safeguards specified in the proviso to Article 368(1).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Amendments to the Seventh Schedule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;As explained earlier, the Seventh Schedule to the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Constitution contains the Union, State, and Concurrent lists. The Amendment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Bill seeks to make some significant changes to the taxing powers of the Union&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;and the States by amending certain entries under the Union and State lists.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Entry 84 of the Union List currently provides for the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;levy of excise duty on goods manufactured or produced in India, except&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;alcoholic liquors, narcotic drugs, and medicinal preparations. The said Entry&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;is proposed to be substituted and the new Entry provides for the levy of excise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;duty on only the foll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'eb3b54b1d6e98003d5cf57c19945fe78.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:16:42', '2021-01-26 18:07:58');
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(84, 'EtzlBYSreBcQeMifgXWObNmY9', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The Indian Contract Act 1872  Mr. Wayne Courtney. ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (&ldquo;the Act&rdquo;) contains&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;several provisions that define the nature of a contract of indemnity and the rights of the promisee under it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1 In English law the rules governing contracts of indemnity are largely a product of case law; statute affects only some aspects, most notably indemnity insurance. This is true also of a number of jurisdictions with a common law heritage, such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Singapore. The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the treatment of contracts of indemnity under Indian law with that under English law and other uncodified jurisdictions around the Commonwealth. Indemnity insurance, with its statutory complications in various jurisdictions, can conveniently be put to one side. The focus is on contracts of indemnity as they exist in other contexts. Drawing upon developments in England and other uncodified jurisdictions, I will also make some observations about the indemnity reforms proposed by the Law Commission of India in its Thirteenth Report on the Indian Contract Act (&ldquo;the Report&rdquo;). To begin, some history. By 1872, when the Act came into force, the English law on contractual indemnities could be said to have reached a stage of late adolescence or early adulthood. In the common law courts the basic nature of the claim on an indemnity had been established. Courts of equity also exercised a jurisdiction to enforce contracts of indemnity. The origins of that jurisdiction are murkier, though its nature was somewhat clarified by a raft of decisions in the 1860s and 1870s concerning transfers of shares in companies on the London Stock Exchange.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2 Other features of the modern law were absent or inchoate. There was no real theory of construction of contracts of indemnity. The concept of the &lsquo;scope&rsquo; of an indemnity, which is an integral part of modern thinking, was applied intuitively. Many contractual indemnities, express or implied, were set-pieces in particular contractual relationships: a principal might indemnify an agent; the drawer of an accommodation bill of exchange might indemnify the acceptor against liability upon it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3, the assignee of a lease might indemnify the immediate assignor against loss arising from the assignee&rsquo;s non-performance or non-observance of covenants in the lease.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4 Those examples still remain relevant, but indemnities nowadays are far more sophisticated devices and are used in a wider variety of contexts. Contracts may have detailed liability regimes involving exclusions, indemnities and insurance provisions. Promises of indemnity are often combined with guarantees in banking or financial instruments. Questions of enforcement have become more challenging: can an indemnity be enforced so as to protect third parties? How do common law rules on remoteness or mitigation of damage affect claims on indemnities? It is also probably fair to say that our understanding of contractual construction and scope has advanced considerably.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5 So far as it reflected the then-prevailing English law on indemnities, the Act was in some respects deficient and in others ahead of its time. The Act does not, for example, describe the rights of the promisor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6 It says little about enforcement by the promisee except in relation to lawsuits and compromises. Even there, it does not refer to equitable enforcement. Such deficiencies are not necessarily an obstacle as the Act is not treated as an exhaustive statement of the law of indemnity.&lt;br&gt;7 Gaps have been filled by later Indian case law developments. On the other hand, the Act was more forward-looking in its use of the concept of scope. Section 125 opens by referring to acts by the promisee &ldquo;within the scope of his authority&rdquo; and Section 125(1) refers to &ldquo;any matter to which the promise of indemnity applies&rdquo;. Sections 125(1) and 125(3) also settled the position of a promisee who is adjudged liable or who compromises an alleged liability. These points were unsettled in English law when the Act came into effect and the controversy remains unresolved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;I. DEFINITION OF INDEMNITY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A. The subject for analysis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 124 defines a contract of indemnity as: &ldquo;A contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person&rdquo;. At the outset we must be clear about the concepts of &lsquo;contract&rsquo; and &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo;. The definition given in Section 124 is, in one sense, incomplete: a contract is bilateral in character yet the definition accounts only for one party&rsquo;s obligations and, even then, only for one type of obligation. The expression &lsquo;contract of indemnity&rsquo; is sometimes used in the English cases in a more specific sense, to describe a contract in which the only, or only substantial, executory promise of one party is to indemnify another.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However, the basic point is that the proper subject of analysis is a promise of indemnity in a contract, not a contract of indemnity. A contract of indemnity, in the specific sense just mentioned, can then be approached in much the same way as a promise of indemnity that is merely one of many terms in a contract dealing with a larger subject-matter. Perhaps for this reason, the technical distinction between a contract of indemnity and a promise of indemnity appears not to have troubled the Indian courts. Indeed, Sections 124 and 125 also refer to the &lsquo;promisor&rsquo; and &lsquo;promisee&rsquo; and Section 125(1) refers to the &lsquo;promise to indemnify&rsquo;. The same mixed usage can be found in other jurisdictions. The term &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; is elastic and may be used more generally to describe any arrangement under which a party is not to suffer loss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A distinction must be drawn between two kinds of &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; arrangements: first, those in which the essential concern of the undertaking is to protect the promisee exactly against loss; secondly, those in which the essential concern of the undertaking is not of that nature, though the promisee is incidentally or effectively indemnified against a loss. This article, and Sections 124 and 125, are concerned with the former arrangements. These are promises of indemnity in the strict sense. Usage of &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; in the latter sense is, nonetheless, quite common. It might be said that A&rsquo;s payment of damages for breach of a contract with B, of an amount equal to B&rsquo;s loss or B&rsquo;s liability to another, &lsquo;indemnifies&rsquo; B,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8 or that A&rsquo;s guarantee to B provides an &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; to B against default by a third party,C,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9 or that A&rsquo;s promise to B to pay C, a creditor of B, effects an &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; against B&rsquo;s liability toC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10 B. Scope of triggering events The range of indemnities contemplated by Section 124 is much narrower than the English common law conception of indemnity, even in the limited sense I have just described. When read in conjunction with Section 125, which addresses actions against the indemnified party, it seems that the principal concern was with promises to indemnify against claims by or liabilities to third parties. This is, perhaps, not surprising in light of the historical development of indemnity contracts. Even in the late nineteenth century, most of the reported English cases concerned indemnities in this general form or, more specifically, indemnities against the promisor&rsquo;s breach of contract where such breach was likely to lead to a claim by a third party against the promisee. From a theoretical perspective the choice of activating events is rather puzzling. Focusing on the activity of natural or juristic persons excludes losses caused by natural events, as are often the subject of contracts of indemnity insurance. Limiting the relevant actor to the promisor or third party is conceptually untidy. It is entirely possible, although perhaps not very common outside of insurance, for A to indemnify B against losses caused by B&rsquo;s own conduct. It is also possible for an indemnity from A to B to apply to losses attributable to concurrent causes, being acts or omissions of A, B and others. The definition would lead to some difficult questions of characterisation. Fortunately, by accepting that the statute is not exhaustive,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;these definitional problems seem not to have posed any serious obstacles to the development of Indian law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Another limitation which has been suggested is that Section 124 of the Act covers only express promises of indemnity. Whether or not that interpretative gloss is correct,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11 implied indemnities have readily been recognised under Indian law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12 In that respect the Law Commission&rsquo;s recommendation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13 to insert the words &lsquo;expressly or impliedly&rsquo; after &lsquo;promises&rsquo; in Section 124 is sensible and consistent with the case law. By way of comparison Section 145 explicitly refers to an implied promise by a principal debtor to indemnify the surety.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;14 Earlier in its Report the Law Commission referred to an &lsquo;implied contract&rsquo; of indemnity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;15 An implied promise of indemnity may well appear in an implied contract, but it is important to recognise that the two concepts are distinct. In some situations the contract itself is &lsquo;implied&rsquo; or inferred from the circumstances. Illustrations in English law include: where a party accepts an accommodation bill of exchange upon the drawer&rsquo;s request16;&amp;nbsp; request&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;17; and, in some cases at least, where one party requests another to perform some act which turns out to be injurious to the rights of a third party. It is also possible for a promise of indemnity from A to B to be implied as a term into an express contract between A and B. This has been offered as one explanation in English law for the agent&rsquo;s (B&rsquo;s) indemnity from the principal (A), at least where the agency is contractual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;18 The owner, B, of a vessel under charter may undertake that the master will comply with directions given by the charterer, A, as to employment of the vessel or signature of bills of lading. Often there is an express indemnity from the charterer to the owner against the consequences of compliance with such orders; in the absence of an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;express term, a term may be implied.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;19 Other instances are where an employer, B, is rendered vicariously liable for a tort committed by a negligent employee,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A20; and in some circumstances where A promises B to perform precisely the same obligations B already owes to C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;21 These are all common law illustrations. An indemnity may also take the form of a contractual term implied by a statute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;22 C. Other obligations that resemble contractual indemnities but are not The examples given above are contractual in nature. Obligations to indemnify arise in various other ways beyond the law of contract, whether by operation of the common law (including equity) or under statute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;23 Lord Wrenbury explained in Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Quah Beng Kee:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;24 &ldquo;A right to indemnity generally arises from contract express or implied, but it is not confined to cases of contract. A right to indemnity exists where the relation between the parties is such that either in law or in equity there is an obligation upon the one party to indemnify the other. There are, for instance, cases in which the state of circumstances is such that the law attaches a legal or equitable duty to indemnify arising from an assumed promise by a person to do that which, under the circumstances, he ought to do. The right to indemnity need not arise by contract; it may (to give other instances) arise by statute.&rdquo; Different sources of indemnity can overlap. In English law, for example, a surety&rsquo;s right to indemnity from the principal debtor can be justified in at&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;least three ways: (1) on equitable grounds; (2) on an express or implied&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;25 genuine contract of indemnity; or (3) on the basis of unjust enrichment, deriving from cases brought using the old form of action for money paid by the plaintiff to the defendant&rsquo;s use. Contemporary understanding of the law of obligations is more sophisticated and so we can perceive differences in these juristic bases that were not fully appreciated at the time of the Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;26 Care must, therefore, be taken in seeking analogies with some of the old English decisions, particularly those where the result could be justified on the basis of a real contract or, in the alternative, by a fictitious contract which supported a right to recoupment (&lsquo;indemnity&rsquo;) on a basis that would now be labelled unjust enrichment. To illustrate the dangers, I take as an example a passage from the judgment of Willes J in Roberts v. Crowe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;27, which is referred to in Pollock and Mulla&rsquo;s leading treatise on the Indian Contract Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;28 Willes J observed that, where shares were sold and then subject to calls, the liability of the (unregistered) transferee to the transferor was &lsquo;exactly analogous&rsquo; to the case of assignee and lessee. In each case the latter was liable for the former&rsquo;s failure to perform, but the latter had a right to be recouped against the former. There then follows a quote from Willes J&rsquo;s judgment in Moule v. Garrett.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;29 Undoubtedly, the two situations share common elements: responsibility for the liability is thought properly to rest with the person who has the benefit of the property, even though the other may be liable and have to pay first. But the juristic analysis can be quite different.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;These passages appear under the heading &lsquo;Indemnity under Statutes&rsquo;30, which is somewhat misleading. Both &lsquo;indemnities&rsquo; might be regarded as creations of law, but they did not originate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;31 under statute. In the share transfer cases courts developed several explanations of the indemnity. One perspective was that there was an implied collateral contract to indemnify or an implied promise to indemnify in the sale contract. That view was viable in courts of common law and courts of equity. Courts of equity sometimes proceeded by analogy with the position of a trustee who holds property wholly for the benefit of another: the property (the shares) being subject to a liability (calls). A third &mdash; common law &mdash; perspective, apparently suggested by the reference to Moule v. Garrett, would nowadays be explained on the basis of unjust enrichment. These three perspectives do not all possess the same characteristics. The indemnified party might, for example, be entitled to relief in advance of payment under the first two of them but not the third. Moreover, the scope of the &lsquo;indemnity&rsquo; may differ, as the lease situation demonstrates. Where a lease is assigned, privity of contract joins the lessee and immediate assignee. From at least the nineteenth century, English courts regularly implied a promise by the assignee to indemnify the lessee against default in payment of rent or non-performance of covenants in the lease.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;32 Sums paid by the lessee to satisfy a liability which properly rested upon the assignee might, alternatively, be recouped by way of a claim for money paid; nowadays, in unjust enrichment. Moule v. Garrett was a significant case because it went further. There was no privity of contract between the plaintiff lessee and the defendants as second successive assignees. That decision stands on the basis of unjust enrichment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;D. Actions upon request: scope and juristic basis A point that has excited some interest under Indian law concerns indemnification for acts performed upon request. There is a well-established line of authority which is said broadly to support the following proposition. Where one person requests another to perform an act which is not itself obviously (or known to be) tortious or wrongful; the latter complies with the request; and the act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;turns out to injure the rights of a third party; then the acting party is entitled to be indemnified by the requesting party. There was a reasonable amount of support for the proposition as at the time of the Act. The root of modern authority is usually taken to be the later decision of the House of Lords in Sheffield Corpn. v. Barclay.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;33 There have been numerous decisions since, including two of the Privy Council: Secy. of State for India v. Bank of India Ltd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;34 being of immediate relevance to Indian law, and Yeung Kai Yung v. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corpn.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;35, an appeal from Hong Kong. With reference to Sheffield and Bank of India, the Indian Law Commission recommended that a new section 72A be inserted into the Act, providing for an implied indemnity in substantially the terms outlined above. The Law Commission also expressed the view that the obligation could be regarded as quasi-contractual, drawing support from remarks by Lord Davey in Sheffield, Lord Wright in Bank of India and by Professor Winkfield in relation to a debtor&rsquo;s liability to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;indemnify a surety.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;36 There are two issues: the scope of the principle and its juristic basis. Starting with scope, I will sketch three paradigms in which the principle was developed. In the oldest group of cases, a party was directed to deal with goods in a manner that infringed the interest of another, usually the true owner. The acting party might be a sheriff or bailiff who, pursuant to a warrant, levied execution against goods at the direction of another; or some other person who distrained goods at another&rsquo;s request; or a commercial party who sold, delivered or withheld delivery of goods upon instructions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;37 This is familiar ground. Some of these situations are described in the illustrations provided for the agent&rsquo;s indemnity in s 223 of the Act. Other cases involved execution against the debtor personally, or by registration of charges over the debtor&rsquo;s property.38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the second line of cases the acting party has been requested to deal with stock, shares or a negotiable instrument. A typical instance is an application to register a transfer of stock or shares in a company, where the relevant documents (the certificates or transfers) have been forged or stolen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;39 The transfer is registered; the transferee sells the stock or shares to third parties; subsequently, the company (or registrar) incurs a loss because it must honour the transfer but also restore the stock or shares lost by the original holder. Sheffield itself was such a case, as was Yung v. HSBC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;40 In a variation on the same theme, a stolen or fraudulently-indorsed negotiable instrument may be presented for payment or renewal. The instrument is accepted as valid; the true owner later sues one or more of the parties involved for conversion; the party sued then claims indemnity from a person who presented or passed on the instrument for payment or renewal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;41 This was the position in the Bank of India case. Charterparties, particularly time charterparties, comprise a third set of decisions. There may be an implied indemnity to the owner of the vessel against the consequences of the master complying with the charterer&rsquo;s instructions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;42 The decisions fall into two broad groups. In one group are situations where the master signs a bill of lading presented by the charterer, which then imposes upon the owner a responsibility more extensive than that which it has accepted, vis-&agrave;-vis the charterer, under the charterparty.43 In the other group of cases, the owner claims indemnity against the consequences of the master following some direction of the charterer as to the employment of the vessel or the handling of cargo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;44 It is tempting to generalise the Sheffield principle to account for many other circumstances in which an indemnity is recognised. The indemnity from a debtor to a surety, and from a principal to an agent, are obvious candidates. Yet, expressed simply in terms of an action upon request, the Sheffield principle is manifestly too broad. An agent&rsquo;s indemnity is not complete and does not extend to every loss or liability incurred in the course of the agency. The owner of a vessel is not protected against every loss sustained or liability incurred&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;because the master complies with the charterer&rsquo;s instructions. An employee is not entitled to be indemnified by the employer against all costs incurred and injuries suffered in the course of performing work according to instructions. Indeed, if that were the case then regulation of safe working conditions and workers&rsquo; compensation would have developed very differently in England. Furthermore, where the employee&rsquo;s act renders the employer vicariously liable to another, the common law indemnity goes in the opposite direction.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;45 A person who enters a contract with a third party at another&rsquo;s request is not, for that reason alone, entitled to be indemnified against liability for breach of it. It would be peculiar if, as a general rule, an entity with a separate legal personality could obtain an indemnity from its members who make requests for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;46 There are also some striking examples of claims for indemnity failing on particular facts. The seller of a business falsified accounts and then requested his accountants to verify them; they did so in correspondence addressed directly to the purchaser.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;47 The accountants were held liable to the purchaser in negligence but were not entitled to an indemnity from the seller. A dentist complied with a doctor&rsquo;s request to extract teeth from an unconscious patient assuming, without confirmation from the patient, that the patient had consented.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;48 She had not. The dentist and doctor were held concurrently liable as tortfeasors with contribution, not indemnity, ordered between them. It is difficult to find a single rationale that explains all of the examples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;of, and exceptions to, the Sheffield principle. I will not attempt to formulate one here. It seems relevant to consider factors such as the appropriate allocation of risk between the acting and requesting parties, the terms of any other contract between them, the nature of the loss claimed, and any independent carelessness by the acting party in complying with the request. The proper juristic basis for the indemnity is, if anything, even more&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;difficult to identify. English authority on balance favours the view that it is usually contractual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;49, though there are different perspectives on precisely what this entails. Lord Davey in Sheffield ventured a distinction between a contract of indemnity implied by law and a contract of indemnity implied or inferred from the circumstances. The former was relevant where the acting party was called upon to perform a statutory or common law duty of a ministerial character. The latter was, it seems, relevant for other acts. The reason for the distinction is not entirely clear. Perhaps it stemmed from a concern about the voluntariness of the act of acceptance. Another possible obstacle is the &lsquo;existing duty&rsquo; rule, which might deny the sufficiency of the consideration provided by the party acting in return for the requesting party&rsquo;s promise of indemnity. However, Lord Davey expressly dismissed that rule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;50 The approach in subsequent cases has been ambivalent. Bank of India is at one end of the spectrum. Lord Wright said that the &lsquo;fiction of a contract implied by law adds nothing&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;51; he seems to have discounted the contractual analysis entirely. Both Sheffield and Bank of India were referred to in the later Privy Council decision of Yung v. HSBC. Lord Scarman quoted from the relevant part of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Lord Davey&rsquo;s judgment without specifically addressing the point. Bank of India was cited as a supporting authority. In Yung the acting party was performing a statutory duty of a ministerial character, yet Lord Scarman&rsquo;s judgment refers to fundamental elements of contract doctrine. There was an offer to indemnify, which was accepted upon performing the request, and an intention to create legal relations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;52 That is hardly consistent with Lord Wright&rsquo;s view in Bank of India. Whether characterised as an implication of law or fact, the contractual model does not easily fit all cases. The problem is compounded by the tendency to formulate the indemnity in terms of a positive rule and to recognise that it might be implied &lsquo;by law&rsquo;. Dissatisfaction with the contractual analysis has prompted attempts to rationalise the indemnity on&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a different basis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;53 The law of unjust enrichment accounts for some cases, such as that of a surety who pays the debtor&rsquo;s debt. It is inadequate as a general explanation because the implied indemnity is not confined to situations where the requesting party is enriched by the acting party&rsquo;s conduct. Rather, the acting party seeks compensation for loss sustained by acting upon the request. The basis of liability does not seem to be tortious: the request need not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;involve a fraudulent (or, nowadays, negligent) misrepresentation by the requesting party.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;54 It might be said that the requesting party encouraged the acting party to adopt an assumption as the basis for conduct, and that the acting party relied upon that assumption to its detriment. Estoppel is, however, inapt because the acting party&rsquo;s objective is to obtain compensation for its loss in relation to a third party; it is not, as between itself and the requesting party, seeking to prevent the latter from departing from that assumption. For want of a better alternative, some commentators have concluded that the liability must be sui generis or belong to a novel class of obligations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;55 The implied indemnity is a valuable but challenging concept. I would, therefore, respectfully suggest that close consideration be given to the wide range of Commonwealth case law and academic analysis, including more recent material, before implementing any amendment like that proposed as Section 72A. It might also be useful to consider the relationship between such a provision and Section 223. With reflection, a provision in narrower and more specific terms might be found to be more appropriate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '379954c585ce932d85859d0770b97840.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:18:28', '2021-01-26 17:50:42');
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(85, 'SedZ5btGNMtt4isO5rCKNZkjO', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Indian Contract Act  Enforcement of Post Contractual Obligations.  Mr. Angad Kamath. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Case Comment by Angad Kamath, 1st Year, Nalsar University of Law, Hyderabad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;.Percept D&rsquo; Mark (India) (P) Ltd. v. Zaheer Khan, (2006) 4 SCC 227-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This article looks into the central question of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;whether negative covenants restraining an employee from taking up employment&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;with the persons of his choice post cessation of the term of contract fall&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;under the ambit of Section 27 of the Indian Contracts Act.The researcher has&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;approached the assignment with an analytical lens and seeks to enumerate the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;settled position of law with regard to post contractual restraints on&amp;nbsp;employees. The researcher has mostly concentrated on objectively scrutinizing&amp;nbsp;judicial precedents and has also discussed the legal standing of the case in&amp;nbsp;question in today&rsquo;s date and time. In this article the researcher has focused&amp;nbsp;on a single, narrow area of the law and has critically evaluated the same in&amp;nbsp;light of scholarly articles on the subject, apart from detailed examination of&amp;nbsp;case laws&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;br&gt;The developing rivalry in competitive businesses now&amp;nbsp;urges parties to diligently observe the terms of agreements they sign. It is a&amp;nbsp;common practice to incorporate &#039;restrictive covenants&#039; such as non compete&amp;nbsp;clauses, non solicitation clause in business agreements because it serves as a&amp;nbsp;deterrent to employees. There may be &quot;restrictive covenants&quot; that&amp;nbsp;limit the flexibility of the parties to deal with rival players in the field.&amp;nbsp;For example, A senior officer in a company may be restricted from leaving his&amp;nbsp;employer and joining a rival company. A Bollywood star may have entered into an&amp;nbsp;arrangement with an exclusive agent constraining his liberty to endorse another&amp;nbsp;product. Large business houses invest massive funds in developing new ideas and&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;inventive thoughts which in turn need to be safeguarded, given the competitive&amp;nbsp;world we live in. Therefore, we need to strike a balance between safeguarding&amp;nbsp;confidential trade secrets of employers and livelihood interests of the&amp;nbsp;employees in light of the differential power equations involved.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The use of celebrities for endorsing products and services has lead to highly&amp;nbsp;competitive endorsement fees being paid to them. With such high payments the&amp;nbsp;agencies have always attempted to wrest control over the endorsement rights of&amp;nbsp;the celebrities, not just during the term of the contract, but beyond it as&amp;nbsp;well. One such device of controlling the endorsement rights post the contract&amp;nbsp;period was through negative covenants like binding the celebrity with a right&amp;nbsp;of first refusal and a covenant to prevent him/her from aligning with a&amp;nbsp;competing agency. This article aims to test the legality of&amp;nbsp;negative/restrictive covenants, particularly post the contract period, as&amp;nbsp;examined by the Supreme Court in various judgments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;FACTUAL BACKGROUND&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The appellant, Percept D&rsquo;Mark India Private Ltd., a&amp;nbsp;company carrying on business, inter alia, in the field of celebrity&amp;nbsp;endorsement, sports management, event management, social marketing entered into&amp;nbsp;an agreement with the respondent, Zaheer Khan, popular Indian cricketer on&amp;nbsp;1.11.2000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The appellant was required to be the sole agent creating and endorsing the&amp;nbsp;Respondent as a brand. One of the clauses under the Promotion Agreement&amp;nbsp;required Respondent 1, in case he wished to pursue agreements of the same&amp;nbsp;nature, post termination of 3 year period as had been entered with appellants,&amp;nbsp;to provide the appellant an opportunity to match the offer set out by any third&amp;nbsp;party desirous of entering into a contract with the Respondent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This clause had to be performed prior to acceptance of such offer made by any&amp;nbsp;third party. The other implications which can be drawn from clause 31(b) in the&amp;nbsp;agreement is that, if and only if the appellant failed to match the offer made&amp;nbsp;by any third party, only then was respondent1 free to transact with the third&amp;nbsp;party. There was an arbitration clause as well to refer the case to an&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;arbitrator in case of any disputes arising out of the agreement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The cause of action in the present case arose when Respondent 1 entered into a&amp;nbsp;contract of the same nature with Respondent no.2, Adidas Ltd., (a company&amp;nbsp;incorporated under the Indian Companies Act) after expiry of Promotion&amp;nbsp;agreement with appellant, failing to perform the obligations contemplated under&amp;nbsp;Clause 31b of the said agreement. On becoming aware of the said transaction&amp;nbsp;between Respondent1 and Respondent 2, the appellant filed an arbitration&amp;nbsp;petition under Sec 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 before the&amp;nbsp;Bombay High Court, and sought for an interim order to inject Respondent 1 from&amp;nbsp;carrying out or acting upon any agreement with Respondent 2 or any third party&amp;nbsp;without first respecting its obligation under clause 31(b) of the Promotion&amp;nbsp;agreement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;LOWER COURT DECISION&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On 4-12-2003, the appellant moved the HC to seek for&amp;nbsp;immediate relief by way of filing an Arbitration petition praying for interim&amp;nbsp;injunction to restrain the Respondent from continuing his agreement with&amp;nbsp;respondent 2 and also to restrict respondent 1 from entering into such&amp;nbsp;agreements with any other third party subsequently. The said petition was heard&amp;nbsp;by a single judge of the Bombay High Court who granted ad interim relief, as&amp;nbsp;sought for by appellants, under clause (a) of the prayer petition, injuncting&amp;nbsp;Respondent 1 from performing his agreement with Respondent 2&amp;nbsp;until the&amp;nbsp;commencement, pendency of arbitration and decree of award therein.&amp;nbsp;Consequently, both the respondents filed separate appeals before a division&amp;nbsp;bench of the same court on being dissatisfied with the order passed by the&amp;nbsp;single judge. The Division Bench appreciating the facts of the case on merit,&amp;nbsp;allowed the appeal and dismissed the petition. Further, the Division Bench in&amp;nbsp;its judgment dated 19-12-2003 clarified the position of law with regard to post&amp;nbsp;contractual covenants and ordered that prima facie, clause 31(b) in the&amp;nbsp;Promotion Agreement was violative of Section 27 of the Indian Contracts Act,&amp;nbsp;hence void and unenforceable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;APPELLATE COURT DECISION&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The crucial issue which came up before the Supreme&amp;nbsp;Court in this appeal was to decide whether the &#039;right of first refusal&#039;&amp;nbsp;contained in clause 31(b) of the &#039;Promotion Agreement&#039; entered into between&amp;nbsp;Percept D&#039; Mark (India) Pvt. Ltd. and Zaheer Khan was violative of Section 27&amp;nbsp;of the Indian Contracts Act,1872 for being in restraint of trade. Also, to&amp;nbsp;assess whether the said restrictive covenant, assuming it to be valid, was on&amp;nbsp;its terms enforceable post cessation of contract at the instance of the&amp;nbsp;appellant against the Respondent?&amp;nbsp;Aggrieved at the outcome of the decision given by the division bench of the&amp;nbsp;Bombay High Court, the appellants filed special leave petitions before the apex&amp;nbsp;court. After having carefully considered meritorious contentions advanced by&amp;nbsp;counsels of both parties and drawing support from judicial precedents on the&amp;nbsp;subject matter in question, the Supreme Court made no departure from the&amp;nbsp;pre-existing judicial opinion on the legality of enforcement of negative&amp;nbsp;covenants post-termination of employment. The Supreme court affirmed the order&amp;nbsp;passed by the division bench, it upheld the nullity of clause 31(b) for being&amp;nbsp;contrary to Section 27 of the Indian Contracts Act,1872.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CRITICAL ANALYSIS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legislative Backdrop&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Section 27 of the Indian Contract Act states that any agreement restraining any&amp;nbsp;person from exercising any lawful profession, trade or business of any kind,&amp;nbsp;are void . An exception to this provision being in the case of sale of goodwill&amp;nbsp;of a business where parties may negotiate with each other to refrain from&amp;nbsp;carrying on a similar trade, as part of regulation of trade. A bare reading of&amp;nbsp;the section indicates that the Section is general in wording, and holds all&amp;nbsp;agreements in restraint of trade to be void, saving the cases which fall within&amp;nbsp;the ambit of the exception&amp;nbsp;The main object of this section is to protect an individuals right to freely&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;practice and exercise effectively any lawful profession, trade or business&amp;nbsp;without being fettered by any agreement in restraint of the same . The sole&amp;nbsp;intention behind incorporating the &#039;exception&#039; to the said provision must have&amp;nbsp;been to safeguard the interest of the purchaser of goodwill. It can be seen&amp;nbsp;that the underlying principle behind this provision is derived from Article 19&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;enshrined in the Indian Constitution which provides that every citizen has a&amp;nbsp;fundamental right to practice any lawful profession or be engaged in any&amp;nbsp;occupation or trade. It is a basic requirement of public policy that every man&amp;nbsp;is at liberty to work for himself and is not at liberty to disadvantage himself&amp;nbsp;or the State of his labor, skill or talent by any contract that he enters into.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;So long as agreements in restraint of trade are not permitted to be a matter of&amp;nbsp;agreement between parties, the essential purpose behind Section 27 is served&amp;nbsp;successfully. To practice or work under the continual authority of person whom&amp;nbsp;you abhor is in itself a state of slavery, but to be fettered to such authority&amp;nbsp;by chains of slavery is a sin too great for slavery itself.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Review of Judgment&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The appeal before the Supreme court in this case came&amp;nbsp;up before H.K Sema J. and Dr. A.R Lakshmanan J. There were five issues which&amp;nbsp;came up for consideration before this bench in this judgment. The researcher&amp;nbsp;wishes to critically examine the sole issue which pertains to Section 27 of the&amp;nbsp;IC Act. The moot point before the Honorable court was to decide whether clause&amp;nbsp;31 (b) of the &#039;Promotion Agreement&#039; entered into between appellant and&amp;nbsp;respondent 1 was hit by Section 27 of the IC Act.&amp;nbsp;Dr. A.R Lakshmanan J. placed reliance on several key judgments which dealt with&amp;nbsp;a similar fact situations before arriving at his judgment. The learned judge&amp;nbsp;affirmed the order passed by the Division bench of the Bombay High Court which&amp;nbsp;set aside the decision pronounced by a single judge of the same court. The&amp;nbsp;revised order passed by the Division bench scrupulously traced and analyzed the&amp;nbsp;well settled position of law on post-contractual covenants, thereby making a&amp;nbsp;significant departure from the recordings of the &#039;earlier order&#039; . The&amp;nbsp;fallacies in the findings of the earlier order have been legitimately corrected&amp;nbsp;and translated into a detailed, well reasoned judgment by the Division bench.&amp;nbsp;In such a scenario, the Supreme court was correct in upholding the rationale&amp;nbsp;presented to it by the lower court and similarly in not interfering with the&amp;nbsp;laudable order passed by the Division bench.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In this judgment, Dr. A.R Lakshmanan J. was tasked with construing the&amp;nbsp;interpretation of &#039;restraint of trade&#039; post termination of contract as the&amp;nbsp;appellants had argued that the &#039;right of first refusal&#039; under clause 31(b) was&amp;nbsp;in the nature of promotion and regulation of trade and not in restraint of&amp;nbsp;trade. The learned judge took lead from the 132 year old interpretation&amp;nbsp;constructed by Richard Couch J. in Madhup Chunder v Rajcoomer Doss , (which was&amp;nbsp;also followed by the Division bench of the Bombay High Court)and made no&amp;nbsp;deviance from the uniformly accepted interpretation. It is humbly submitted&amp;nbsp;that the court has paid due regard to the leading precedents on the hotly&amp;nbsp;debated question, acknowledging the same in light of this case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Supreme court in its judgment clarified its stance&amp;nbsp;on the question whether &#039;reasonableness&#039; of restraint should be looked into&amp;nbsp;while dealing with cases falling under the ambit of the &quot;IC Act&quot;. In&amp;nbsp;the instant case, Dr. A.R Lakshmanan J. has not read &#039;reasonableness of restraint&#039;&amp;nbsp;into the proviso in Section 27 of the Act. In the researcher&#039;s opinion, a&amp;nbsp;strict interpretation of the section has been constructed by the learned judge&amp;nbsp;who opined that any kind of restraint, whether general or partial, in restraint&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;of trade is void.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Critical enquiry on application of Precedents and&amp;nbsp;Statute&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Diplock L.J, in Petrofina (Great Britain) Ltd. vs. Martin provided an insight&amp;nbsp;as to what &#039;restraint of trade&#039; meant. In his view, an agreement in restraint&amp;nbsp;of trade is one where one of the parties to the contract agrees with the other&amp;nbsp;to restrict his liberty in the future to carry on trade with the persons of his&amp;nbsp;choice in the manner he thinks best. A similar opinion was offered by the&amp;nbsp;celebrated judge Denning J. in the same case wherein he stated that so far as&amp;nbsp;an individual of the community wishes to pursue a trade or business which is&amp;nbsp;not unlawful, which he believes to be in the best of his interests, any&amp;nbsp;restriction which interferes in his pursuit to practice a lawful trade is&amp;nbsp;invalid for being in &#039;restraint of trade&#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Since we have dealt with the accepted definition of&amp;nbsp;&#039;restraint of trade&#039;, the next assessment should be to find out whether clause&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;31(b) of the &#039;Promotion Agreement&#039; was in restraint of trade and if it was, was&amp;nbsp;it operative during the term of contract or did it survive the expiry of the&amp;nbsp;contract as contended by the appellants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The standards important to enforceability of negative&amp;nbsp;covenants have tended to develop through passage of time and various judicial&amp;nbsp;opinions on key case laws identifying with non compete agreements is set out&amp;nbsp;beneath.&amp;nbsp;The Supreme court in Niranjan Shankar Golikari v The&amp;nbsp;Century Spinning and Manufacturing Company Limited held that there is a&amp;nbsp;considerable difference in the manner of enforcement of restrictive covenants&amp;nbsp;which are operative during the term of employment and post cessation of&amp;nbsp;employment. The rationale adopted in the aforementioned case was adopted by&amp;nbsp;this court in Superintendence Company of India (P) Ltd. vs. Sh. Krishan Murgai&amp;nbsp;wherein it was observed that the doctrine of restraint of trade does has no&amp;nbsp;application during the continuance of the contract for employment and it can be&amp;nbsp;applied only post cessation of contract.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The researchers wishes to point out the trend which has been followed since the&amp;nbsp;time the scope and extent of this issue in Madhup Chunder v Rajcoomer Doss was&amp;nbsp;first raised and has remained consistent and unchanged since. The apex court&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;has supplemented the position of law regarding enforceability of &#039;negative&amp;nbsp;covenants&#039; post termination of employment by making additions to the ratio in&amp;nbsp;Superintendence Company of India (P) Ltd. vs. Sh. Krishan Murgai ,Pepsi Foods&amp;nbsp;Ltd. &amp;amp; ors. vs. Bharat Coca-Cola Holdings Pvt. Ltd . In the instant case,&amp;nbsp;the Supreme court declared that the doctrine of restraint of trade is not&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;limited to contracts of employment but can be extended to all other contracts&amp;nbsp;as well, which brought more clarity on the scope and effect on the section on&amp;nbsp;different types of contracts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Though the present case did not involve an employer-employee&amp;nbsp;relationship per se, the researcher is of the opinion that the principle used&amp;nbsp;in Sri Gopal Paper Mills Ltd. v Malhotra could be of use in analyzing the&amp;nbsp;present case. The facts have been footnoted .Question which arose was whether&amp;nbsp;negative covenant was in restraint of trade, the rationale provided by A.N Ray&amp;nbsp;J. can be summarized as follows- It was observed that an agreement restraining&amp;nbsp;an individual from taking up employment elsewhere can be enforced only when&amp;nbsp;confidential business secrets of the employer, which constitutes the goodwill&amp;nbsp;of his business is at risk of injury at the hands of the employee. In other&amp;nbsp;words, only when protection to the employer is reasonably necessary can a&amp;nbsp;negative covenant be enforced, it cannot be enforced to promote anti&amp;nbsp;competitive practices which is against public policy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the instant case, the appellants sought to enforce&amp;nbsp;the negative covenant post termination of employment on the contention that the&amp;nbsp;proviso 31(b) survived the expiry of the contract and was in the nature of&amp;nbsp;regulation of trade. This court has cited with approval, the ratio presented in&amp;nbsp;Superintendence Company of India (P) Ltd. vs. Sh. Krishan Murgai that a&amp;nbsp;negative covenant which extends beyond the term of contract is void and thereby&amp;nbsp;rightfully invalidates the contention of the appellants. Also, the respondent&amp;nbsp;is not in cognizance of any of the trade secrets of the appellant, and any&amp;nbsp;effort on part of appellants to restrain the respondent by invoking a clause in&amp;nbsp;the agreement merely for avoidance of competition is inappropriate,&amp;nbsp;impermissible, and opposed to public policy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The principles laid down in the instant case have&amp;nbsp;stood the test of time and have invariably been followed by all High Courts in&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;India. As can be noticed from the above cited cases, the Indian courts seem to&amp;nbsp;be unperturbed by the various arguments raised by the employers to enforce&amp;nbsp;negative covenants against the employees. In this manner, it can be reasoned&amp;nbsp;that the &#039;exclusive covenants&#039; are generally contrary to the idea of individual&amp;nbsp;liberty to transact with one another in the best of their interests and are&amp;nbsp;prone to be effectively charged to be violative of Section 27 of the IC Act.&amp;nbsp;Certain reforms are needed to be brought into the statute such as&amp;nbsp;&#039;reasonableness of restraint&#039; should be read into the general provision under&amp;nbsp;Section 27 of the IC Act. The employers, while drafting their agreements with&amp;nbsp;the employees should take recourse to legal help and similarly take greater&amp;nbsp;care in minimizing ambiguity which may cause unnecessary burdens on the courtin the future.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fda4fc76e76ee362d11288479fd7ba2b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:19:37', '2021-01-26 17:13:53'),
(86, '171ZJHWyPCQa07ScjmXbsHxL1', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Industrial Adjudication sans Mechanical Approach.   S. Santosh Narayan. Advocate. Bangalore ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In industrial adjudication apart from Individual&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;disputes arising out of discharge/dismissal/ termination/ retrenchment of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;workmen, for all other disputes which qualify to be industrial disputes under&nbsp;the provisions of Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, the appropriate&nbsp;authority is the labour department before whom workmen/unions file&nbsp;petitions/disputes. This apart, disputes of individual workman who had not&nbsp;approached the labour court in the given time of limitation also end up before&nbsp;the labour department.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The officers of the labour department in the capacity&nbsp;of labour &amp; conciliation officers acting under Section 12 of the Industrial Disputes Act are empowered to conciliate between the parties and bring about an&nbsp;amicable resolution of the dispute between the employer and the employee.&nbsp;Section 12 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 reads as under:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12. Duties of conciliation officers&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(1) Where any industrial dispute exists or is apprehended, the conciliation&nbsp;officer may, or where the dispute relates to a public utility service and a&nbsp;notice under section 22 has been given, shall, hold conciliation proceedings in&nbsp;the prescribed manner.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(2) The conciliation officer shall, for the purpose of&nbsp;bringing about a settlement of the dispute, without delay, investigate the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;dispute and all matters affecting the merits and the right settlement thereof&nbsp;and may do all such things as he thinks fit for the purpose of inducing the&nbsp;parties to come to a fair and amicable settlement of the dispute.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(3) If a settlement of the dispute or of any of the&nbsp;matters in dispute is arrived at in the course of the conciliation proceedings the conciliation officer shall send a report thereof to the appropriate&nbsp;government 84[or an officer authorized in this behalf by the appropriate&nbsp;government] together with a memorandum of the settlement signed by the parties&nbsp;to the dispute.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(4) If no such settlement is arrived at , the conciliation&nbsp;officer shall, as soon as practicable after the close of the investigation, send to the appropriate Government a full report setting forth the steps taken&nbsp;by him for ascertaining the facts and circumstances relating to the dispute and&nbsp;for bringing about a settlement thereof, together with a full statement of such&nbsp;facts and circumstances, and the reasons on account of which, in his opinion, a&nbsp;settlement could not be arrived at.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(5) If, on a consideration of the report referred to&nbsp;in sub-section (4), the appropriate government is satisfied that there is a&nbsp;case for reference to a Board, [Labour Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal],&nbsp;it may make such reference. Where the appropriate government does not make such&nbsp;a reference it shall record and communicate to the parties concerned its&nbsp;reasons there for.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(6) A report under this section shall be submitted&nbsp;within fourteen days of the commencement of the conciliation proceedings or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;within such shorter period as may be fixed by the appropriate government:&nbsp;[PROVIDED that, [subject to the approval of the conciliation officer,] the time for the submission of the report may be&nbsp;extended by such period as may be agreed upon in writing by all the parties to&nbsp;the dispute.]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Such of those disputes, which do not end up in a&nbsp;settlement during the course of conciliation are concluded and the respective labour &amp; conciliation officer makes a failure report, having regard to the&nbsp;facts and circumstances which led to the failure of conciliation. The labour&nbsp;&amp; conciliation officer acting under Section 12(4) of the Industrial&nbsp;Disputes Act, 1947 shall send a failure report to the Government, explaining&nbsp;the facts of the case and the reasons for failure of conciliation.&nbsp;The Government once in receipt of the report from the&nbsp;labour &amp; conciliation officer, under the powers vested in Section 12(5) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 refers the dispute for adjudication or&nbsp;declines from referring the dispute after recording the reasons. Section 10 of&nbsp;the Industrial Disputes Act which empowers the Government to refer industrial&nbsp;disputes for adjudication reads as under;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. Reference of disputes to Boards, courts or&nbsp;Tribunals (1) Where the appropriate government is of opinion that any industrial dispute&nbsp;exists or is apprehended, it may at any time, by order in writing-&nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) refer the dispute to a Board for promoting a&nbsp;settlement thereof; or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) refer any matter appearing to be connected with or&nbsp;relevant to the dispute to a court for inquiry; or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) refer the dispute or any matter appearing to be connected&nbsp;with, or relevant to, the dispute, if it relates to any matter specified in the&nbsp;Second Schedule, to a Labour Court for adjudication; or&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d) refer the dispute or any matter appearing to be&nbsp;connected with, or relevant to the dispute, whether it relates to any matter&nbsp;specified in the Second Schedule or the Third Schedule, to a Tribunal for&nbsp;adjudication:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Government acting under the powers vested in&nbsp;Section 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, upon consideration of the failure&nbsp;report submitted by the labour &amp; conciliation officer, and on forming an&nbsp;opinion that an industrial dispute has arisen, has to refer the dispute for&nbsp;adjudication to the respective Industrial Tribunal/Labour court.&nbsp;Once the points of dispute are referred for&nbsp;adjudication, the industrial tribunal/labour court has to adjudicate the&nbsp;dispute in accordance with points referred for adjudication and is not vested&nbsp;with the jurisdiction to go beyond the points of reference in view of the&nbsp;binding effect of Section 10(4) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.&nbsp;Section 10(4) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947&nbsp;reads as under;&nbsp;Section 10(4);- Where in an order referring an industrial dispute to [a Labour&nbsp;Court, Tribunal or National Tribunal] under this section or in a subsequent&nbsp;order, the appropriate government has specified the points of dispute for&nbsp;adjudication, [the Labour Court or the Tribunal or the National Tribunal, as&nbsp;the case may be,] shall confine its adjudication to those points and matters&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;incidental thereto.&nbsp;The hands of industrial tribunals/labour court are tied with the above&nbsp;provision of law and on these lines there are a catena of judgements of the&nbsp;Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court and various other High Courts, which have consistently&nbsp;reiterated the above position of law. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court upon following&nbsp;precedents, reiterated the position of law in the case of Oshiar Prasad and&nbsp;Ors. vs. The Employers in relation to Management of Sudamdih Coal Washery of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;BCCL reported in 2015(1) LLJ 513, held as under;&nbsp;It is thus clear that the appropriate Government is&nbsp;empowered to make a reference Under Section 10 of the Act only when&nbsp;&quot;Industrial dispute exists&quot; or &quot;is apprehended between the&nbsp;parties&quot;. Similarly, it is also clear that the Tribunal while answering&nbsp;the reference has to confine its inquiry to the question(s) referred and has no&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;jurisdiction to travel beyond the question(s) or/and the terms of the reference&nbsp;while answering the reference. A fortiori, no inquiry can be made on those&nbsp;questions, which are not specifically referred to the Tribunal while answering&nbsp;the reference.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The outcome of Section 10(4) of the Industrial&nbsp;Disputes Act, 1947 read along with the judgements of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;and High courts, resulted in industrial tribunals/labour courts being unable to&nbsp;go beyond the terms of reference, despite their being material on record which&nbsp;had to be considered, but was precluded from considering the same, due to the restriction imposed in the points of reference with regard to adjudication.&nbsp;Hitherto, there has been no practice of the government&nbsp;calling upon the parties to the dispute for a hearing before forming its&nbsp;opinion prior to referring the dispute for adjudication to the Industrial&nbsp;Tribunal/Labour court. The reference to the tribunal/courts was subject to the&nbsp;satisfaction of the government. The opinion formed by the labour &amp;&nbsp;conciliation officer in the failure report has always been mechanically adopted by the government, without any independent approach adopted to satisfy itself&nbsp;about the existence or otherwise of an industrial dispute which required&nbsp;adjudication.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;More often, it is seen that many contentions urged by the parties are not&nbsp;reflected in the points of dispute referred for adjudication to the Industrial&nbsp;Tribunal/Labour Court, leaving the parties with no option, but to contest the&nbsp;points of reference in the High Court or to proceed with the dispute with&nbsp;whatever was referred for adjudication. Few examples to quote here, will be&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;that of contentious issues of Strike/Lockout, where only the issue of lock out&nbsp;by the employer may be referred for adjudication, without referring the issue&nbsp;of strike by the workmen; cases where a union which has no majority support of&nbsp;workmen proceeds to raise disputes to harass the employers wherein question of&nbsp;locus standi are raised by the employers, but are not referred for&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;adjudication; cases where workmen remain unauthorisedly absent for longer&nbsp;durations and to cover up their absence, allege refusal of employment, etc. In&nbsp;such cases, despite employers urging vital and relevant facts and also placing&nbsp;material on record, the government for best reasons known to it was not&nbsp;referring the same for adjudication, though the same was material and relevant&nbsp;for the purpose of adjudication or defectively drafts the points of dispute.&nbsp;This as stated supra, was due to mere endorsement of the failure report&nbsp;submitted by the labour &amp; conciliation officer, without adopting an&nbsp;independent enquiry/approach in the matter by the government.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This approach of the Government in merely endorsing&nbsp;the failure report mechanically, without independently applying its mind to the&nbsp;facts of the case has resulted in adverse consequence, more to the employer&nbsp;then to the workman. It is not out of place to state, that the Government in&nbsp;the recent past, forgetting the elementary principles of burden of proof has&nbsp;been mechanically referring disputes, placing burden on employers to justify&nbsp;acts of employees/unions which is contrary to the ratio laid down by the&nbsp;Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co v/s&nbsp;Ludh Budh Singh reported in 1972 (1) LLJ 180. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme court in the&nbsp;above case held as under;&nbsp;&quot;This observation clearly shows that the Enquiry Officer has missed the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;elementary principle of jurisprudence that when allegations of misconduct are&nbsp;levelled against a person, it is the primary duty of the person making those&nbsp;allegations to establish the same and not for an accused to adduce negative&nbsp;evidence to the effect that he is not guilty.&quot;&nbsp;Adverse situations lead to adverse consequences, which&nbsp;shall not be to the benefit of anyone.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A constitution bench of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in&nbsp;the case of State of Bombay &amp; Others vs K.P. Krishnan reported in AIR 1960&nbsp;SC 1223 while adjudicating an issue pertaining to consideration of failure&nbsp;report of the labour &amp; conciliation officer by government, held that ; &quot;failure report is not the sole criteria for&nbsp;arriving at a satisfaction with regard to existence of an industrial dispute&nbsp;and the government should consider other relevant facts and material which may&nbsp;come its notice or brought to its notice&quot;.&nbsp;The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in unequivocal terms held,&nbsp;that Government should consider other relevant facts and material before being&nbsp;satisfied about the existence of an industrial dispute. For the purpose of&nbsp;bringing facts/material to the notice of the government, providing an&nbsp;opportunity of hearing becomes a must, before the dispute is referred for&nbsp;adjudication to the Industrial Tribunal/ Labour Court. However, despite the&nbsp;constitution bench judgement, the government had never been in the habit of&nbsp;calling upon the parties for hearing, before referring the industrial dispute&nbsp;for adjudication.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The above issue again came up for consideration before the Hon&#039;ble Supreme&nbsp;Court in the case of Sultan Singh v/s State of Haryana reported in 1996 (2) SCCB&nbsp;66. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court took a contrary view herein and held that&nbsp;&quot;an opportunity of hearing need not be afforded to the employer, if the&nbsp;government makes a reference to the labour court&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This judgement rendered by the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court was per-incuriam, as the&nbsp;judgement rendered by the constitution bench of was not brought to the notice&nbsp;of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in this case.&nbsp;The issue again arose for consideration in the case of&nbsp;M/s Le Meridien Bangalore v/s State of Karnataka &amp; Others before the&nbsp;Hon&#039;ble High Court of Karnataka, wherein a trade union not representing&nbsp;majority workforce, raised an industrial dispute with regard to charter of&nbsp;demands and wage settlement. The issue of espousal of the union not&nbsp;representing the interest of majority of the workforce employed in the hotel,&nbsp;was urged by the employer. However this contention of the employer was not&nbsp;considered by the Government while referring the dispute for adjudication. No&nbsp;opportunity was provided to the parties to present their case in order to&nbsp;enlighten the Government of the existing facts before the dispute was referred&nbsp;for adjudication. The points of dispute referred for adjudication came to be challenged before the Hon&#039;ble High Court of Karnataka.&nbsp;A learned single judge of the Hon&#039;ble High Court of&nbsp;Karnataka upholding the plea of the employer allowed the writ petition filed by&nbsp;the employer M/s Le Meridien, Bengaluru v/s State of Karnataka &amp; Others,&nbsp;and held&nbsp;&quot; The use of the words &quot;brought to the&nbsp;knowledge of the government&quot; necessarily requires that the said relevant&nbsp;material has to be brought to the notice of the government by either of the&nbsp;parties involved in the industrial dispute. However, in case the parties are not&nbsp;given chance of hearing, then the material facts cannot be brought to the notice of the government. Thus it is imperative that before the government&nbsp;decides to make a reference, it must give a chance to both the parties to place&nbsp;In the light of the judgement of the Hon&#039;ble High&nbsp;Court of Karnataka in the case of M/s Le Meridien, Bengaluru v/s State of&nbsp;Karnataka &amp; Others, it is now imperative for the government to call upon&nbsp;the parties to the dispute and provide an opportunity for hearing, before&nbsp;referring an industrial dispute for adjudication. The satisfaction of the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;government, before referring the industrial dispute for adjudication is not&nbsp;restricted to the failure report alone, but also is subject to facts and&nbsp;relevant material which the parties are now at liberty to place before the&nbsp;Government for adjudication. The positive consequence flowing from this judgement&nbsp;is that the mechanical approach adopted by the government, in referring&nbsp;industrial disputes to the tribunal/courts will now be curtailed, as the&nbsp;government shall be compelled to apply its mind to the facts of the case before&nbsp;referring the industrial dispute for adjudication. The parties to the dispute&nbsp;shall also have the opportunity of canvassing their grounds, which despite being&nbsp;urged before the labour &amp; conciliation officers, were many a times, found&nbsp;not to be a part of the failure report sent by the labour &amp; conciliation&nbsp;officer, to the government.&nbsp;In view of this judgement, the learned single judge of&nbsp;the High Court of Karnataka has brought in sanity to the adjudication process which was thrown to the wind till now. The Government has to now follow a sane&nbsp;approach and stop making reference for adjudication mechanically.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '89ba0d0a51ddae895b0b8e898b7449ba.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:21:07', '2021-01-26 16:38:42');
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(87, 'wGd9IWxUoY3TUo7ekURolfFbV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'International Court of Justice A brief note.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Daksha Legal ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. HISTORY &ndash; PCIJ: The predecessor of International&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Court of Justice was the Permanent Court of International Justice. Pierre&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Dubois (1255 to 1321), a French publicist and &Eacute;meric Cruc&eacute; (1590&ndash;1648) French&amp;nbsp;political writer proposed an international court in 1305 and 1623 respectively.&amp;nbsp;However, the idea of an international court of justice arose in the political&amp;nbsp;world at the First Hague Peace Conference in 1899. The Court initially&amp;nbsp;consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges. The first sitting of Permanent&amp;nbsp;Court of International Justice took place on 30 January 1922, at the Peace&amp;nbsp;Palace, The Hague The Permanent Court of International Justice ceased to exist&amp;nbsp;after a resolution was passed by the League of Nations on 18 April 1946 and it&amp;nbsp;was replaced with the International Court of Justice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. ICJ: The International Court of Justice was&amp;nbsp;established in 1945 by the UN Charter. The Court began work in 1946. The ICJ is governed by the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is an&amp;nbsp;integral part of the United Nations Charter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. MEMBERS: All 193 United Nations member states are&amp;nbsp;parties to the Statute by virtue of their ratification of the UN Charter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. COMPOSITION: The ICJ is composed of fifteen judges&amp;nbsp;elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security&amp;nbsp;Council from a list of people nominated by the national groups in the Permanent&amp;nbsp;Court of Arbitration. Five judges are elected every three years to ensure&amp;nbsp;continuity within the court. Should a judge die in office, the practice has&amp;nbsp;generally been to elect a judge in a special election to complete the term. No&amp;nbsp;two judges may be nationals of the same country. There is an informal understanding that the seats will be distributed by geographic regions. The&amp;nbsp;five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (France, Russia,&amp;nbsp;China, the United Kingdom, and the United States) always have a judge on the&amp;nbsp;Court.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. JURISDICTION: All 193 UN members are automatically&amp;nbsp;parties to the Court&#039;s statute. Non-UN members may also become parties to the&amp;nbsp;Court&#039;s statute. Before becoming a UN member state, Switzerland became a party&amp;nbsp;in 1948. Nauru became a party in 1988. Once a state is a party to the Court&#039;s statute,&amp;nbsp;it is entitled to participate in cases before the Court. However, being a party&amp;nbsp;to the statute does not automatically give the Court jurisdiction over disputes&amp;nbsp;involving those parties.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. TYPES OF CASES The issue of jurisdiction is&amp;nbsp;considered in the two types of ICJ cases: CONTENTIOUS ISSUES and ADVISORY OPINIONS.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10 (a) CONTENTIOUS ISSUES: These are adversarial&amp;nbsp;proceedings seeking to settle a dispute. The ICJ produces a binding ruling&amp;nbsp;between states that agree to submit to the ruling of the court. Only states may&amp;nbsp;be parties in contentious cases. Individuals, corporations, parts of a federal&amp;nbsp;state, NGOs, UN organs and self-determination groups are excluded from direct&amp;nbsp;participation in cases although the Court may receive information from public&amp;nbsp;international organizations. That does not preclude non-state interests from&amp;nbsp;being the subject of proceedings if a state brings the case against another.&amp;nbsp;For example, a state may, in cases of &quot;diplomatic protection&quot;, bring&amp;nbsp;a case on behalf of one of its nationals or corporations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10(b) ADVISORY OPINION: This is a function of the&amp;nbsp;Court open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies. On receiving a&amp;nbsp;request, the Court decides which states and organizations might provide useful&amp;nbsp;information and gives them an opportunity to present written or oral&amp;nbsp;statements. Advisory opinions were intended as a means by which UN agencies&amp;nbsp;could seek the Court&#039;s help in deciding complex legal issues that might fall&amp;nbsp;under their respective mandates. In principle, the Court&#039;s advisory opinions&amp;nbsp;are only consultative in character but they are influential and widely&amp;nbsp;respected. Certain instruments or regulations can provide in advance that the&amp;nbsp;advisory opinion shall be specifically binding on particular agencies or&amp;nbsp;states, but inherently, they are non-binding under the Statute of the Court.&amp;nbsp;This non-binding character does not mean that advisory opinions are without&amp;nbsp;legal effect because the legal reasoning embodied in them reflects the Court&#039;s&amp;nbsp;authoritative views on important issues of international law and in arriving at them, the Court follows essentially the same rules and procedures that govern&amp;nbsp;its binding judgments delivered in contentious cases submitted to it by&amp;nbsp;sovereign states. An advisory opinion derives its status and authority from the&amp;nbsp;fact that it is the official pronouncement of the principal judicial organ of&amp;nbsp;the United Nations. Advisory opinions have often been controversial because the questions asked are controversial or the case was pursued as an indirect way of&amp;nbsp;bringing what is really a contentious case before the Court. Examples of&amp;nbsp;advisory opinions can be found in the section advisory opinions in the List of&amp;nbsp;International Court of Justice cases article.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. LAW APPLIED: When deciding cases, the Court&amp;nbsp;applies international law as summarised in ICJ Statute, which provides that in arriving at its decisions the Court shall apply international conventions,&amp;nbsp;international custom and the &quot;general principles of law recognized by&amp;nbsp;civilized nations.&quot; It may also refer to academic writing (&quot;the&amp;nbsp;teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations&quot;)&amp;nbsp;and previous judicial decisions to help interpret the law although the Court is&amp;nbsp;not formally bound by its previous decisions under the doctrine of stare decisis.&amp;nbsp;The common law notion of precedent or stare decisis does not apply to the&amp;nbsp;decisions of the ICJ. However, the Court may consider its own previous&amp;nbsp;decisions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12 PROCEDURE : The ICJ is vested with the power to make its own rules. Court&amp;nbsp;procedure is set out in the Rules of Court of the International Court of&amp;nbsp;Justice 1978 Cases before the ICJ will follow a standard pattern. The case is&amp;nbsp;lodged by the applicant that files a written memorial setting out the basis of&amp;nbsp;the Court&#039;s jurisdiction and the merits of its claim. The respondent may accept&amp;nbsp;the Court&#039;s jurisdiction and file its own memorial on the merits of the case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;13. PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS: A respondent that does not&amp;nbsp;wish to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court may raise Preliminary&amp;nbsp;Objections. Any such objections must be ruled upon before the Court can address&amp;nbsp;the merits of the applicant&#039;s claim. In addition, objections may be made&amp;nbsp;regarding necessary parties. If the Court decides it has jurisdiction and the&amp;nbsp;case is admissible, the respondent then is required to file a Memorial&amp;nbsp;addressing the merits of the applicant&#039;s claim. Once all written arguments are&amp;nbsp;filed, the Court holds a public hearing on the merits. Once a case has been&amp;nbsp;filed, any party (usually the applicant) may seek an order from the Court to protect&amp;nbsp;the status quo pending the hearing of the case. Such orders are known as&amp;nbsp;Provisional (or Interim) Measures and are analogous to interlocutory&amp;nbsp;injunctions. The Court must be satisfied to have prima facie jurisdiction to&amp;nbsp;hear the merits of the case before it grants provisional measures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;14. INTERVENERS: In cases in which a third state&#039;s&amp;nbsp;interests are affected, that state may be permitted to intervene in the case and participate as a full party. A state &quot;with an interest of a legal&amp;nbsp;nature&quot; may apply; however, it is within the Court&#039;s discretion whether or&amp;nbsp;not to allow the intervention. Intervention applications are rare, and the&amp;nbsp;first successful application occurred only in 1991.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;15: JUDGMENT: Once deliberation has taken place, the&amp;nbsp;Court issues a majority opinion. Individual judges may issue concurring&amp;nbsp;opinions (if they agree with the outcome reached in the judgment of the court&amp;nbsp;but differ in their reasoning) or dissenting opinions (if they disagree with&amp;nbsp;the majority). No appeal is possible, but any party may ask for the court to&amp;nbsp;clarify if there is a dispute as to the meaning or scope of the court&#039;s&amp;nbsp;judgment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;16. ENFORCEMENT OF THE JUDGMENT: Article 94&amp;nbsp;establishes the duty of all UN members to comply with decisions of the Court involving them. If parties do not comply, the issue may be taken before the&amp;nbsp;Security Council for enforcement action. There are obvious problems with such a&amp;nbsp;method of enforcement. If the judgment is against one of the permanent five&amp;nbsp;members of the Security Council or its allies, any resolution on enforcement&amp;nbsp;would then be vetoed. That occurred, for example, after the Nicaragua case,&amp;nbsp;when Nicaragua brought the issue of US&#039; noncompliance with the Court&#039;s decision&amp;nbsp;before the Security Council. Furthermore, if the Security Council refuses to&amp;nbsp;enforce a judgment against any other state, there is no method of forcing the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;state to comply.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;SOME OF THE IMPORTANT DISPUTES:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. A complaint by the United States in 1980 that Iran&amp;nbsp;was detaining American diplomats in Tehran in violation of international law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. A dispute between Tunisia and Libya over the delimitation of the continental&amp;nbsp;shelf between them.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. A complaint by Iran after the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the&amp;nbsp;United States Navy guided missile cruiser.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. A dispute over the course of the maritime boundary dividing the U.S. and&amp;nbsp;Canada in the Gulf of Maine area.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. A complaint by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the member states&amp;nbsp;of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization regarding their actions in the Kosovo&amp;nbsp;War. This was denied on 15 December 2004 because of lack of jurisdiction, the&amp;nbsp;FRY not being a party to the ICJ statute at the time it made the application.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. A complaint by the Republic of Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of&amp;nbsp;Macedonia) that Greece is, by vetoing its accession to NATO, in violation of&amp;nbsp;the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 between the two countries, was decided&amp;nbsp;in favor of Macedonia on 5 December 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. A complaint by the Democratic Republic of the Congo that the DRC&#039;s&amp;nbsp;sovereignty had been violated by Uganda and that DRC had lost billions of&amp;nbsp;dollars worth of resources, was decided in favor of the DRC.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. Kulbhushan Jadhav Case India vs Pakistan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;CASES INVOLVING INDIA:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Portugal vs India, 1955 In 1955, Portugal was still&amp;nbsp;in control of two territories on the Indian subcontinent - Dadra and what was then called Nagar-Aveli. According to Portugal, the government of India&amp;nbsp;prevented it from exercising the &#039;Right of passage&#039; in its own territory in&amp;nbsp;July 1954. Therefore, Portugal said it was &#039;thus placed in a position in which&amp;nbsp;it became impossible for it to exercise its rights of sovereignty over the&amp;nbsp;enclaves&#039;. In 1960, the ICJ ruled in India&#039;s favour, saying that &#039;Portuguese&amp;nbsp;sovereignty over the enclaves was subject to the regulation and control of&amp;nbsp;India&#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. India vs Pakistan, 1971: Under the International&amp;nbsp;Civil Aviation Convention and the International Air Services Transit agreement,&amp;nbsp;Pakistani civil aircraft had &#039;civil overfly&#039; rights over Indian territory. That&amp;nbsp;means, its civil aircraft were allowed to fly over Indian territory. In 1965,&amp;nbsp;due to hostilities between India and Pakistan, such overflights were briefly&amp;nbsp;discontinued. However, by February 1966, the two countries decided to restart&amp;nbsp;&#039;civil overfly&#039;. In 1971, after an Indian plane was hijacked, New Delhi retaliated by banning overflights by Pakistani aircraft. Pakistan alleged that India was&amp;nbsp;in breach of the two treaties and submitted a complaint to the International&amp;nbsp;Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). India, however, maintained that despite&amp;nbsp;restarting &#039;civil overfly &#039;in 1966, the two treaties themselves were never&amp;nbsp;revoked, and the provision of &#039;civil overfly&#039; was since 1966 only allowed as a&amp;nbsp;part of a &#039;Special Regime&#039;. India therefore appealed to the ICJ, saying the&amp;nbsp;ICAO has no jurisdiction in the matter because the treaties in question were&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;not revived. India also argued that the &#039;dispute could be resolved without&amp;nbsp;reference to any treaties and therefore lay outside the competence of ICAO&#039;. The ICJ ruled that the ICAO did have jurisdiction in the matter, but also&amp;nbsp;pointed out that there were irregularities within the civil aviation&amp;nbsp;organisation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Pakistan vs India, 1973: Pakistan instituted&amp;nbsp;proceedings against India on charges of genocide against 195 Pakistani&amp;nbsp;nationals who were held as Prisoners of War (POW) in Indian custody. On&amp;nbsp;December 11, 1971, India had called upon the Pakistani forces in erstwhile East&amp;nbsp;Pakistan to surrender to the Indian Army, assuring them they would be treated&amp;nbsp;with respect. That led to many Pakistani army personnel surrendering. Pakistan,&amp;nbsp;however, withdrew the case from ICJ in December 1973, citing negotiations with India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Pakistan vs India, 1999: A Pakistani naval aircraft&amp;nbsp;with 16 people on board was shot down by the Indian Army for violating Indian airspace. The incident took place in the Rann of Kutch area in August 1999,&amp;nbsp;just a month after the Kargil war ended. Pakistan took India to the ICJ&amp;nbsp;claiming that it had breached several obligations under the United Nations&amp;nbsp;charter. Pakistan also asked for compensation from for India&#039;s &#039;unjustified&amp;nbsp;action&#039;, both for the aircraft and for the heirs of those killed. The case was&amp;nbsp;however dismissed by the ICJ, which said it has no jurisdiction in the matter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;JUDGES OF ICJ FROM INDIA:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Benegal Narsing Rau 1952&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Nagendra Singh 1973&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 1989&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Dalveer Bhandari 2012&amp;nbsp;LINKS TO THE POINTS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Permanent Court of International Justice: https://en.wikipedia.org/&hellip;/Permanent_Court_of_International&hellip;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. What is UN Charter?: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. What is Permanent Court of Arbitration? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. List of International Court of Justice cases: https://en.wikipedia.org/&hellip;/List_of_International_Court_of_J&hellip;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Kulbhushan Jadhav Case: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. What is Nicaragua Case?: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n', '928adbc2a7ec7ec4bfe8ae5d81348e8b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:22:18', '2021-01-26 16:03:44'),
(88, 'zedoUgTViA3bMsr8SyAv4en4l', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'International schools and their Legal Status.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Daksha Legal ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;An international school is a school that promotes international education, in an international environment, either by adopting a curriculum such as that of the International Baccalaureate, Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations, or by following a national curriculum different from that of the school&#039;s country. These schools cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country, such as the children of the staff of international businesses, international organizations, foreign embassies, missions, or missionary programs. Many local students attend these schools to learn the language of the international school and to obtain qualifications for employment or higher education in a foreign country. The curricula are prepared by the foreign institutions. Even the question papers are sent from the foreign institutions and evaluated abroad.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The most common international schools represent education in the United Kingdom, Education in the United States or are based on curricula specially designed for international schools.. These international curriculae are committed to internationalism, developing the global citizen, providing an environment for optimal learning, and teaching in an international setting that fosters understanding, independence, interdependence, and cooperation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Like other schools, international schools teach language arts, mathematics, the sciences, humanities, the arts, physical education, information technology, and design technology. More recent developments specifically for primary school include the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP). There are currently 3063 schools offering the international baccalaureate curriculum in the world.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;INDIA - Most of the international schools in India are the centre for the International Baccalaureate (IB) and Advanced Placement (AP) Examinations. International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO), is an international educational foundation headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland for development and maintenance of IB Diploma Program. It offers four educational programmes (i) IB Diploma Programme which is considered as a rigorous, off-the-shelf curriculum recognized by universities around the world, (ii) IB Career-related Programme, (iii) IB Middle Years Programme and (iv) IB Primary Years Programme. The main motive behind the International Baccalaureate is to provide international university admission for young people.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Karnataka Education Act, 1983, which came into force on 1 June 1995, holds the field in the State of Karnataka.&nbsp; The Act, as can be seen from the Statement of Objects and Reasons, is to provide for the planned development of educational institutions, inculcation of healthy educational practice, maintenance and improvement in the standards of education and better organisation discipline and control over educational institutions in the State with a view to fostering the harmonious development of the mental and physical faculties of students and cultivating a scientific and secular outlook through education.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Though &lsquo;education&rsquo; in the concurrent list i.e. entry 25 of List-III empowering both State Legislatures and Parliament to enact laws on the subject, in the State of Karnataka, there is no law governing the educational institutions at pre-primary, primary, secondary and high school level.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Karnataka Education Act and the Rules extensively cover all the aspects of the educational institutions starting from their establishment to closure.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Act applies to all educational institutions and tutorial institutions in the State except,-&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(i) institutions for scientific or technical education financed by the Central Government, and declared by Parliament by law to be institutions of national importance;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(ii) institutions of higher education which shall be deemed to be University as declared by the Central Government by a notification, under section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(iii) institutions established or maintained and administered by or affiliated to or recognised by the University of Agricultural Sciences in so far as the matter pertaining to them are dealt within the University of Agricultural Sciences Act, 1963.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(iiia) Educational Institutions affiliated to or recognized by the Council of Indian School Certificate Examination or Central Board of Secondary Education respectively but subject to condition that the provisions of section 5A, 48, 112A and 124A of the Act shall continue to apply to these institutions.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;(iv) in so far as the matters pertaining to colleges and institutions are dealt within within,- (a) the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (b) the Dentists Act, 1948 (c) the Pharmacy Act, 1948 (d) the Karnataka State Universities Act, 1976 [(d-a) the All India Council for Technical Education Act, 1987&nbsp; (d-b) the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (d-c) the National Council for Teachers Education Act, 1993 (e) the Karnataka Ayurvedic and Unani Practitioners&#039; Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1961 and (f) the Karnataka Homoeopathic Practitioners Act, 1961.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Subject to above exceptions, there is a total ban on establishing any educational institution except in accordance with the Karnataka Education Act, 1983. Section 6 says that &ldquo;No educational institution shall be established or maintained otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;CBSE &amp; ICSE Schools i.e. Central Board of Secondary Education and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education schools. These schools are established in the following manner. Firstly, they establish primary, secondary or high school by getting permission and recognition under the Karnataka Education Act. Section 30 and 36 of the Act deal with registration and recognition of the educational institutions. Once the permission is granted and the schools are established, these schools apply for &ldquo;No Objection Certificate&rdquo; from the State Government for being affiliated to CBSE &amp; ICSE. Once the affiliation is granted, the schools are regulated under the guidelines of CBSE or ICSE in the matter of curriculum, examination etc.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Though initially the Karnataka Education Act was made applicable to all the schools, by the 1998 amendment, CBSE &amp; ICSE Schools were completely exempted from the purview of the Act. However, by the 2017 amendment, certain provisions of the Act namely Section 5A which deals with child safety, Section 48 which deals with fee structure, Sections 112A and 124A which deal with penalties, are made applicable even to CBSE &amp; ICSE Schools.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;RTE Act (Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009) is made applicable to these schools subject to exception of minority educational institutions as per the judgment of the Supreme Court in Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India, (2012) 6 SCC 1 and Pramati Educational &amp; Cultural Trust v. Union of India, (2014) 8 SCC 1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;International Schools and Karnataka Education Act. There is no clarity on this aspect. The reasons why the international schools were not exempted from the purview of the Act in 1998 might be because the concept itself was new and the legislature did not take note of these schools. It can be thus said that the international schools were never included or excluded from the purview of the Karnataka Education Act. This is clear from the definition of &#039;approved school&#039; at the initial stage of the Act to mean any school in any specified area imparting primary education which,- (a) is under the management of the State Government or a local authority; or (b) being under any other management, is recognised by the State Government or by an officer authorised by the State Government in this behalf or by a school board as approved school for the purposes of this Act. If there is no School Board within India for an international school, then obviously, the Act never contemplated to cover these schools. In my view the Karnataka Education Act as amended from time to time cannot be made applicable to international schools.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;However, even the International Schools are following the same procedure for establishment as that of CBSE &amp; ICSE Schools though affiliation is to an international board or educational agency. The NOC is for the affiliation to a transnational body situated outside India.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;International Schools and RTE Act. This is a vexed question.&nbsp; Strictly speaking, the international schools cannot be considered as educational institutions operating within the country (from the angle of curricula, examination and award of degree etc). In my view, once the NOC is granted by the State Government leading to their affiliation to a foreign entity, their direct transnational connection cuts the umbilical cord and the educational laws of the country (except child safety and infrastructure etc) will not apply. Consequently, neither the Karnataka Education Act, amended as on today, nor the RTE Act shall be made applicable to such schools.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;However, the education department in the State of Karnataka asserts its jurisdiction under the Karnataka Education Act and RTE Act urging that these schools operate within the territorial jurisdiction of the education department and they cannot claim exemption. In this regard it may be noted that Section 2(a) of the RTE Act defines &ldquo;appropriate Government&rdquo; in relation to a school established within the territory of a State, as the State Government. One can argue that the words &ldquo;established within the territory of a State&rdquo; might enable the Government to impose RTE Act on the international educational institutions.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;However, the applicability of Karnataka Education Act and RTE Act is not absolute. The KE Act as on today excludes CBSE &amp; ICSE schools from the purview of the Act except couple provisions. RTE Act is not applicable to minority educational institutions and boarding schools.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Section 1 (3) (iv) of the KE Act empowers the Government to exclude such other class or classes of institutions, subject to such conditions and to such extent as the State Government may, by notification, specify.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Many educationists argue that allotment of children under RTE Act has a great disadvantage to the children since the normal curricula are not taught in these schools. Basically these schools prepare the children for availing further study options or employment abroad. The children belonging to weaker sections and disadvantaged group cannot have any benefit from joining these international schools as they will be left in lurch once the course is completed.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Hence, it is for the International Schools to assert before the Government their peculiar position in the field of education and seek exemption from the Karnataka Education Act and the RTE Act.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '412dcc496aef840c041a1b2777c12bee.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:23:15', '2020-12-23 01:55:25'),
(90, '0ojd1hN18ZpM5d00iNkJ1hesC', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Kanaka Dasa 1509 to 1609 A glimpse of Dr. Ambedkar in the 16th Century. A poet and fighter against caste system.  S. Basavaraj. Advocate. Bangalore  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;It was an era when discrimination on the basis of caste was at its peak. On the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;requests of his guru Kanaka Dasa had come to Udupi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;But he was not allowed to enter the temple as he was from a &quot;low&quot; caste. Kanakadasa was outside the temple meditating on Lord Krishna and singing songs in praise of his Lord, Krishna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;He did this for weeks, he is believed to have camped&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;outside the temple for weeks cooking his own food and during this time he was&amp;nbsp;so distraught, he composed poems in praise of Krishna and composed &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;keerthanas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Poems) which are relevant even today about how all humans are equal, everyone&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;is born the same way physically, everyone shares the same water, same sun for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;their life on earth. Every Hindu temple and the deity in the Hindu temple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;always faces east. But in Udupi, Krishna, the deity faces west.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;It is believed that something unnatural happened those&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;days, when Kanakadasa was outside the temple for days waiting to see Lord&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Krishna and waiting to be let into the temple. It is believed that the during&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;those days,kanaka was not allowed to have darshan of krishna with devotion when&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;he sang kirthanas temple wall fell down and the deity of Lord Krishna turned&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;around and there was a crack in the outer walls of the temple through which the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;ardent devotee of Krishna, Kanakadasa was able to see his Lord.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;This left the orthodox community flabbergasted as to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;why something like this happened. Since then the Krishna deity has been facing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;west even though the main entrance has been facing east and this has remained a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;mystery every since. Today that window (commonly called as &quot;Kanakana&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kindi&quot;) stands as a tribute to Kanakadasa. Almost all devotees who visit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Udupi Krishna temple try to have a peep at the deity through this small window&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;wishing to relive the ecstasy, Kanaka had the divine &lsquo;darshan&rsquo;. It is also&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;memorial to Kanakadasa and a testimony to the eclectic Hindu belief that&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;devotion, poetry and sainthood are above caste and creed and certainty above&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;orthodoxy. It is said that Kanakadasa lived in a hut in this place in front of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;the &ldquo;gopura&rdquo;. Later, a small shrine was built in his memory and it came to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;known as &ldquo;Kanakana Kindi&rdquo; or &ldquo;Kanakana Mandira&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Thimmappa Nayaka was his original name and he belonged&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to a chieftain family of Kaginele in Haveri district. He was born to the couple&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Biregowda and Bachchamma at Baada village.Kanaka Dasa was well educated and&amp;nbsp;capable of analyzing the society microscopically.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Based on one of his compositions it is interpreted&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;that after he severely got injured in a war and was miraculously saved, he gave&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;up his profession as a warrior and devoted his life to composing music and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;literature with philosophy explained in common man&#039;s language. At a young age&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;he authored poetries titled Narasimha stotra, Ramadhyana Mantra, and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Mohanatarangini.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;His writing started showing his innovativeness in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;using day-to-day activities of common man. For e.g. Ramadhanya Charite is a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;poetic expression of conflicts between rich and poor classes where he uses&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Ramadhanya ragi (staple food of poor and high in nutrients) and rice (main food&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;of rich but not as rich in nutrients) to synonymously represent poor and rich.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;He joined Haridasa movement and became a follower of Vyasaraja who named him as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Kanakadasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;His poems and krithi deal with many aspects of life&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;and expose the futility of external rituals. They stress the need for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;cultivation of moral values in life. His compositions addressed social issues&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;in addition to devotional aspect. Kanaka Daasa was very aggressive and straight&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;forward in criticizing evils of society such as superiority claims using caste&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;system. His poem &quot;Kula Kula Kulavendu hodedhadadiri&quot; asks humans not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;to segregate themselves from one another, because every human is born the same&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;way, everyone eats the same food and drinks the same water, hence none is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;superior or inferior to one another.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;(from Wikipedia. please provide your views and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;details)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12.0pt;line-height:107%;font-family:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot; times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;,serif&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '108b60beee86198a3020a25feb0142d3.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:25:24', '2021-01-26 15:52:09');
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(91, 'rXj1sWO0ltRtMRwB8mYadISaj', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Lack of professional training for law students. Need of a paradigm shift.  P. Sridevi', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lack of professional training for law students. Need of a paradigm shift&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law students are the future of the legal profession. They should have good understanding of the substantive law in order to shine in the field, but the present system of legal education does not afford the opportunity for the development of requisite practical skills and it is producing law graduates who lack good research and analytical skills. In order to overcome this situation, there should be a reform in legal education. The legal education must stress hard upon legal skills development. Law schools should prepare the students for the reality of day today legal practice and it should adopt new approaches to provide professional training. In this paper, the researcher analysed the lacunas in our present legal education system and explained about the essential skills to be needed for a good legal professional. Also the researcher insisted that there is a need of paradigm shift from the theoretical approach to practical approach in order to produce effective lawyers to the society.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Keywords : Lack of Professional training, Law students, Paradigm shift&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The need of the hour is to build for the future and create access across this honorable profession.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Indian legal profession is one of the largest in the world and plays a vital role in the world&rsquo;s largest democracy. While the roots of this profession lie before Independence, since then the profession has evolved immensely and currently faces various challenges and the most important being to provide access across the profession, ensure ethical foundations and modernize the practice across the board.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Indian legal profession today consists of approximately 12 lakh registered advocates, around 950 law schools and approximately 4-5 lakh law students across the country. Every year, approximately 60,000 &ndash; 70,000 law graduates join the legal profession in India. The practice of law has however changed drastically in the past few decades and the major reason for the same has been the liberalization and growth of the Indian economy. The urgent steps need to be taken in the present legal education is to ensure that law students should receive sufficient training to deal with the rapidly evolving practice of law in India and abroad as there are various shortcomings including issues that are generic to the higher education space in India such as a teaching resources deficit, access to knowledge databases and accepted practices, lack of monitoring and evaluation etc. In a globalized world, the practice of law is increasingly becoming symbiotic with international changes and influences. Legal Education should be effective to produce fair, equitable and modern legal professionals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;IMPORTANCE OF LEGAL EDUCATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education is a broad concept. It includes the profession which is practiced in courts, law teaching, law research, administration in different branches where law plays a role and commercial and industrial employments and all other activities which postulate and require the use of legal knowledge and skill. The legal education should stand for enhancement of human sensibility and injects a sense of protecting human liberty and equality before law. The quality and standard of legal education acquired at the law school is reflected through the standard of Bar and Bench and consequently affects the legal system. Ignorance of law is not innocence but a sin which cannot be excused. Thus, legal education is imperative not only to produce good lawyers but also to create cultured law abiding citizens, who are inculcated with concepts of human values, legal ethics and human rights. Law is the cement of society and an essential medium of change. The significance of legal education in a democratic society cannot be over-emphasized. Good legal education should help in developing the skills and values essential to competent lawyering.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law students are the future of the legal profession. They should have good understanding of the substantive law in order to shine in the field, but the present system of legal education does not afford the opportunity for the development of requisite practical skills and it is producing law graduates who lack good research and analytical skills. In order to overcome this situation, there should be a reform in legal education. The legal education must stress hard upon legal skills development. Law schools should prepare the students for the reality of day today legal practice and it should adopt new approaches to provide professional training. Hence the researcher has chosen this topic to analyse the lacunas in our present legal education system and essential skills to be needed for a good legal professional.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Legal education has faced much criticism in recent years as the law schools failure to prepare students for the reality of day today legal practice. Recent graduates and longtime practitioners find law schools fall short in preparing students for the rigors of daily practice. There are numerous skills and values that are essential to success in law school and to competent lawyering. Good legal education should develop required skills and values essential to competent lawyering. Sound legal education must be in such a way that it should refine skills, values and knowledge that the student already possesses. Nowadays the law students are facing an extremely difficult task in cope up with day today court practice as they are lacking with a broad range of basic skills and professional knowledge. In this paper, the researcher analysed the lacunas in our present legal education system and explained about the essential skills to be needed for a good legal professional. Also the researcher insisted that there is a need of paradigm shift from the theoretical approach to practical approach in order to produce effective lawyers to the society.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The researcher intends&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. to analyse the lacunae in our present legal education system&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. to explain the essential skills to be needed for a good legal professional&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;RESEARCH QUESTIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Whether the law students are lacking with professional knowledge?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Whether there is a lacunae in our present legal system?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Whether there is a need of paradigm shift from theoretical approach to practical approach in order to produce effective lawyers to the society?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;LACKING OF PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE AMONG LAW STUDENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The profession of a lawyer is not as a legal technician. The practising lawyer is often a social worker, a business advisor, supporter for a family, as well as a trouble shooter.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The present law schools are not designing their curricula in alignment with the legal profession&rsquo;s requirements. Because of that the law graduates&rsquo; lack of capacity to think independently, creatively and critically still remains as a long-standing challenge. Due to the lack of training in legal ethics and professional responsibility, most law graduates are not practice-ready.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education system is not yet prepared to face the challenges of the globalizations. Compared to other field of knowledge viz. science, engineering, medical and management, the legal institutions have failed in pacing with the modern technological advancement and social development. Even for creating a man power for bar and bench, the present system of legal education has failed in providing the content of practical exposure. The studies only have a theoretical focus with an old age lecture method with chalk and duster only. All the attempts of so called reform appear to be lacking in long term vision and carried on without the grass-root detailing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Except few, most of the legal education institutes are suffering from mediocrity. There are few island of excellence, but feeble in number and inadequate to cater the national requirement of legal pool. Moreover, the important aspects of Continuing Legal educations, integration ICT and other latest technology are missing at large. The research output of legal educational institutes is trifling. There is neither a policy nor any program either to develop or inculcate the research attitude among the students or faculty. Legal education in India requires, in deed a revamping, however, a new technique of restructuring needs to be devised instead of repeating earlier futile experiments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;LACUNAE IN OUR PRESENT LEGAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There is a lack of full-fledged refined and updated common curriculum at national level as per the need of the hour. Though the CDC (Curriculum Development Committee) of BCI (Bar Council of India) and UGC provided the syllabus of some courses but that is neither perfect nor updated even a single time since it was circulated by UGC 1997 and by the BCI in 2010. Moreover there is a lack of professionally competent faculty and lack of proper utilization of technology in the teaching learning process and required library resources. This is because the attitude of the most of the law schools and law teachers is to provide a degree than to create a professionally competent and skilled law professional and also the attitude of the law students is to get a degree than to transform themselves into an excellent law professional. Major lacuna in our present legal education is that the lack of vision of professional bodies and their control on mushrooming of non-competent law schools.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND VALUES NEEDED FOR LAWYERS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The core skills and values that are essential for competent lawyering include analytic and problem-solving skills, critical reading abilities, writing skills, oral communication and listening abilities, general research skills, task organization and management skills, and the values of serving faithfully the interests of others while also promoting justice. Legal education should be in such a way that it should enhance these required skills.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Analytic and Problem Solving Skill&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Good legal education teaches students to &quot;think like a lawyer&quot;, but the analytic and problem-solving skills required of lawyers are not fundamentally different from those employed by other professionals. The law school should develop and refine the crucial skills of analytic and problem solving abilities essential to become excellent in this law field.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Critical Reading Abilities&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education should develop the requisite critical reading abilities that may be acquired in a wide range of experiences, including the close reading of complex material in literature, political or economic theory, philosophy, or history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; Writing Skills&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education should develop a high degree of skill at written communication. Language is the most important tool of a lawyer, and lawyers must learn to express themselves clearly and concisely. Legal education provides good training in writing, and particularly in the specific techniques and forms of written expression that are common in the law. Law students require rigorous and analytical writing, including preparing original pieces of substantial length and revising written work in response to constructive criticism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Oral Communication and Listening Abilities&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The ability to speak clearly and persuasively is another skill that is essential to success in law school and the practice of law. Lawyers also must have excellent listening skills if they are to understand their clients and others with whom they must interact daily. As with writing skills, legal education should provide excellent opportunities for refining oral communication skills, and particularly for practicing the forms and techniques of oral expression that are most common in the practice of law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. General Research Skills&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education should motivate the law students&rsquo; general research skills. It should prepare the students to plan a research strategy, to undertake substantial library research, and to analyze, organize and present a reasonably large amount of material. A basic ability to use a personal computer is also increasingly important for law students, both for word processing and for computerized legal research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Task Organization and Management Skills&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Legal education should be in such a way that it should enhance the task organization and management skills of law students..&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp; The Values of Serving Others and Promoting Justice&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Each member of the legal profession should be dedicated both to the objectives of serving others honestly, competently, and responsibly, and to the goals of improving fairness and the quality of justice in the legal system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. Knowledge&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In addition to these fundamental skills and values, there are some basic areas of knowledge that are important to a sophisticated legal education and to the development of a competent lawyer. As law becomes more pervasive in our society, an increasingly broad range of knowledge and information from other disciplines become relevant to lawyering and to any full understanding of the legal system.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;NEED OF A PARADIGM SHIFT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As law has become more woven into the fabric of our society, and as that society is increasingly influenced by disparate national and global forces, a broad knowledge base is essential for success in law school and for competence in the legal profession. Law school should focus their substantive preparation on acquiring the broad knowledge and perspectives. Thus there is an immediate need of paradigm shift in legal education.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; Law schools should demonstrate a commitment to preparing their students for bar examinations and for law practice and they should engage in a continuing dialogue with academics, practitioners, judges, licensing authorities, and the general public about how best to accomplish this goal. Also It should clearly articulate their educational goals and share them with their students.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; There should be a shift from content-focused programs of instruction to outcomes-focused programs of instruction and the primary goal of legal education should be to develop the ability to resolve legal problems effectively and responsibly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Law schools should help students acquire the attributes of effective, responsible lawyers including self-reflection and lifelong learning skills, intellectual and analytical skills, core knowledge and understanding of law, professional skills, and professionalism and it should organize their curriculums to develop knowledge, skills, and values progressively.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Law schools should regularly evaluate their effectiveness and use best practices for conducting such evaluations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp; World class legal education and legal professions should be established to sustain the challenges posed by the Globalization and convert the threat into an opportunity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Since Law is the foundation of every society or a nation, Legal Education of the people is a sine qua non. Legal Education does not only create law-abiding citizens, but also produces brilliant academicians, visionary judges, astounding lawyers, and awe-inspiring jurists. Since law is a means for social changes and economic progress, since these four classes of men acts as catalyst for the growth of the society, the creation of these four groups of men should be the aim of the Legal Education. The policy of legal education should be moulded in tune with the rapid contemporary changes occurring as a result of scientific and technological developments, especially by expansion of software technology. But the present legal education has failed in efficiently preparing students for the profession. Legal education should be potentially help to produce generations of lawyers having not only professional knowledge but also the ability to think independently, creatively and critically. The reformation of legal education should train lawyers who are ethically and professionally matured and willing to stand up for social justice. Moreover, legal education should concentrate on producing &lsquo;global lawyers&rsquo;. &lsquo;Global lawyers&rsquo; are legal practitioners knowledgeable in not only law of a country but also foreign law and international law&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Bibliography&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. 184th Law Commission Report, (The Legal Education &amp;amp; Professional Training and Proposals for Amendments to the Advocates Act, 1961 and the University Grants Commission Act, 1956)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Frank R. Strong : &ldquo; The Pedagogic Training of a Law Faculty&rdquo;, Journal of Legal Education, (1973) Vol. 25&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. John Bell, &ldquo;Legal Education and Bologna: A British Perspective,&rdquo; (2005) 2(2) European Journal of Legal Education 95 at 96.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Legal Education in India: Status and Problems, edited by N.R. Madhava Menon, Bar Council of India Trust, New Delhi (1983).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. M. Le Burn &amp;amp; R. John stone : The Quiet (R)evolution : Improving student Learning law, North Ryde, NSW, Australia, The Law Book Co. Ltd. 1994&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Mac Crate Reports &ndash; Standards of legal education, skills and values&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. Prof. Jonathan Rose - Arizona University; &ldquo;&lsquo;The Mac Crate Reports&rsquo; Restatement of Legal Education&rdquo; (Vol. 44) (1994) Journal of Legal Education&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. Prof. N.R. Madhava Menon&rsquo;s Reflections on Legal and Judicial Education, edited by Dr. G. Mohan Gopal, Universal Law Publishing Co. (2009)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. Report of All India Bar Committee, Ministry of Law, Government of India (1953)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp; Report on National Juridicare; Equal Justice, Social Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Govt. of India, 1977.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. Retrieved from http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/&hellip;/vision-statement-2011-13/ on 16.01.2017&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12. S.P. Sathe &amp;amp; Others, Legal Profession- Its Contribution of Social Change. A survey of the Pune City Bar, ICSSR Research Abstracts Quarterly, Vol. XIII (1984)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp; Upendra Baxi, The Pathology of the Indian Legal Professions, Indian Bar Review, Vol. XIII (1986)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;P. Sridevi, Advocate, Puducherry&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '6bdb5ce1d939be0e0490b5e1623eaef9.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:26:19', '2021-01-26 15:36:52'),
(147, 'jgc2fft76IoJkW6VwxHJh4nV3', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Contempt vs Restraint. Mr. K.G. Raghavan Senior Advocate Bangalore', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contempt vs Restraint&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mr. K.G.Raghavan, Senior Advocate, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://dakshalegal.com/beta/uploads/articles/14a46fb139178cd43c0084c9bfcc3657.PNG&quot; alt=&quot;Article Image&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Over the last few days much debate has erupted on the judgment of the Supreme Court in the Prashant Bhushan contempt case.&amp;nbsp; There are two views. The one, that is expressed a bit too loudly, is&amp;nbsp; that the judgment stifles honest criticism of the judicial system which necessarily includes the court and the judges,which stifling undermines not only the guaranteed right under under Art.19(1)(a) of the Constitution but also denudes the fundamental spirit of democracy, namely, the participation of the citizenry in the functioning of the democratic institutions which includes the judiciary.&amp;nbsp; The contra view is that judicial system being robust and fragile at the same time, has to protect itself from scurrilous attacks which undermines not only the dignity of the court but the administration of justice.&amp;nbsp; Judges do not go to press to defend themselves and the institution.&amp;nbsp; Unlike the executive which resorts to press statements and interviews, judges do not as a matter&amp;nbsp; of tradition and decorum take resort to public defence of their actions while the legislature debates vociferously on its actions. Judges speak only through their judgments.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Judges have a constitutional duty to protect themselves and the institution against malicious, scurrilous, offensive,or intimidatory attacks.&amp;nbsp; And if in the facts of a particular case, it is established that the attacks were of the nature described above, how can judges discharge their constitutional duty?&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Action for contempt of court is a self protective mechanism.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is not that the jurisdiction is exercised to vindicate anyone&rsquo;s self respect or assuage a feeling of hurt or irritation, but in the larger interest of the institution i.e.judiciary itself, and ultimately democracy. This jurisdiction, as a reasonable restriction on the exercise of freedom of speech guaranteed by Art.19(1)(a) of the Constitution is recognised by the Constitution itself namely in Art 19(2) which saves laws in relation to Contempt of Court from the sweep of Art 19(1)(a).&amp;nbsp; Additionally Art.129 postulates that the Supreme Court shall be a Court of record and shall have the powers of such a Court including the power to punish contempt of itself.&amp;nbsp; These provisions and the various provisions of the Contempt of Court Act have been debated and deliberated upon in several judgments of the constitutional benches of the Apex Court.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is not necessary to dwelve&amp;nbsp; upon the same here.&amp;nbsp; They have been elaborately discussed in the Prashant Bhushan judgment.&amp;nbsp; The principles are clear.&amp;nbsp; It is in the application if the principles to the facts of case that the problem arises.&amp;nbsp; It is so in every case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Whether the concept or jurisdiction of contempt of court should exist at all is larger issue which requires mature debate shorn of any heat and passion and devoid of persons involved.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Even Justice Karnan was in a manner of speaking espousing a pubic cause, namely the discrimination in judicial appointments against the socially backward class of persons.&amp;nbsp; But he was convicted of contempt and had to suffer imprisonment.&amp;nbsp; Not a whimper of protest.&amp;nbsp; Just because in the present case, a lawyer is involved should not make a difference.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Law is the same for everybody, however high or low one may be in the society.&amp;nbsp; The question therefore simply put is this, namely, given the established legal principles, whether the act or acts complained of constitute actionable criminal contempt?&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;If facts as understood and accepted by the judges constitute such criminal contempt, the judges would be failing in their duty if they do not act, for posterity will blame them for not protecting a sacred institution of democracy, namely the judiciary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;From the above point of view, let&rsquo;s examine the judgment of the Supreme Court in the Prashant Bhushan&rsquo;s case.&amp;nbsp; There are two parts to it.&amp;nbsp; The first is the legal aspect and the second is the finding on facts applying the legal position.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;On the first aspect, the judgment discusses the legal position laid down by the various earlier judgements and in fact accepts the position in law as canvassed by Bhushan&rsquo;s lawyer that criticism of a judge as an individual is not contempt but that he has to be criticised as a judge and in the former case the judge will have to have recourse to ordinary civil law like anybody else. The Supreme Court also accepts the contention of the counsel for Bhushan that a constructive criticism to enable systemic correction in the system would not constitute contempt warranting the invocation of contempt jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; The court recognises and accepts the legal position canvassed by Bhushan relying on Baradakanta Mishra&rsquo;s case.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The court also notices the law declared in Re.S.Mulgaonkar&rsquo;s case to the effect that the court will act with seriousness and severity where justice is jeopardised by a gross and/or unfounded attack on the judges and where the attack is calculated to obstruct or destroy the judicial process.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Thereafter,the Supreme Court refers to the observations of Justice Krishna Iyer that scurrilous,offensive,intimidatory or malicious acts are unacceptable and the strong arm of the law must, in the name of public interest and public justice, strike a blow on him, who challenges the supremacy of the rule of law by fouling its source and stream.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Having so understood the law, which I believe is the correct legal position, the Supreme Court embarks upon the second aspect of the decision namely, whether the two tweets fall within the general law laid down in Baradakanta Mishra&rsquo;s case or the exception carved out in Mulgaonkar&rsquo;s case.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;After a consideration of the case on facts, the court has recorded that the tweets do constitute contempt of court.&amp;nbsp; These are pure findings on facts.&amp;nbsp; There may be two ways of looking at it.&amp;nbsp; For some it may be contempt but for others it may be.&amp;nbsp; But what prevails in every case is how the judges view a particular set of facts&amp;nbsp; and the inferences as flowing therefrom.&amp;nbsp; That is final.&amp;nbsp; Sometimes even if it is wrong and unpalatable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The so called &ldquo;Civil Society&rdquo; cannot become the final arbiter on facts when the highest court has arrived at a conclusion on the same, may be right or wrong. For a civil society to exist based on rule of law, numbers for or against the judgment on factual aspects, do not matter.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The debate should centre around not on whether Bhushan was rightly or wrongly convicted for criminal contempt, the debate should be on whether the concept of criminal contempt should be abolished as in Great Britiain.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It would therefore be more profitable for the self proclaimed members of the &ldquo;Civil Society&rdquo; to focus on the larger issue as to whether criminal contempt should be abolished and not on whether the tweets of Bhushan constitute culpable criminal contempt. And mind you, persons who hold a view contrary to those of the members of&ldquo;Civil Society&rdquo; are not less civil!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '47903de3e9cf0d10d36118ab0bcc6bad.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-11 04:59:55', '2021-01-26 03:45:17'),
(148, 'qubsDbvCwRSMkCVNe6Bi5rHxe', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Conviction of Mr. Prasanth Bhushan for contempt Justified.  Mr. B.V.Acharya Senior Advocate Bangalore', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1.By judgment dated: 14.08.2020 pronounced by a Bench of 3 Judges of the Supreme Court, Sri Prashanth Bhushan an Advocate practicing before the Supreme Court and having a standing over 30 years (hereinafter referred to as Contemnor) was found guilty of having committed criminal contempt of court and the case is adjourned to hear regarding sentence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2.This judgment has evoked strong protest by a group of advocates and also a section of the press.&amp;nbsp; Some articles and write-ups are published finding fault with the judgment on the ground that the same infringes Fundamental Right of Freedom of Speech and Expression.&amp;nbsp; Certain procedural irregularities, such as want of consent of the Attorney General, are also pointed out to contend that the decision is vitiated.&amp;nbsp; It appears that an attempt is made to create and influence public opinion in favour of the Contemnor, not only in the country but also abroad.&amp;nbsp; It is shocking to find that the Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales has thought it fit to plead for contemnor and has demanded repeal of the statutory provision regarding criminal contempt.&amp;nbsp; This is a clear case of interference in the internal affairs of the country and in particular the sovereign power of the Indian Parliament which is competent enough to take decisions without any external influence.&amp;nbsp; A group of advocates are trying to enlist support from lawyers and carrying on a signature campaign as if the matter is to be decided on the basis of opinion of the majority and not on the merits of the matter.&amp;nbsp; These developments are both disturbing and unfortunate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3.The basis for action for contempt are two tweets admittedly posted by the contemnor.&amp;nbsp; The first one reads as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;CJI rides a 50 lakh motorcycle belonging to a BJP leader at Rajbhavan, Nagpur without a mask or helmet at a time when he keeps the SC in lockdown mode denying citizens their fundamental right to access justice&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The second tweet reads as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;When historians in future look back at the last six years to see how democracy has been destroyed in India even without a formal emergency they will particularly mark the role of the Supreme Court in this destruction and more particularly the role of the last 4 CJIs&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. A preliminary objection is raised with regard to procedure. It seems a private party had filed the contempt petition alleging contempt with regard to the first tweet without the consent of the Attorney General. It appears on the administrative side an order was passed to list the matter before court.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, it was listed.&amp;nbsp; The Bench on a consideration of the matter decided to take suo moto action for contempt and directed issue of notice not only in respect of the first tweet but also in respect of the second one which appears to have been published in the English daily that day.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5.The Supreme Court has rightly rejected the preliminary objection relying on several earlier decisions of the Supreme Court.&amp;nbsp; There is no dispute that the Supreme Court has power to take action suo moto and that, in such an event, consent of the Attorney General is not required.&amp;nbsp; It is only when a private party intends to move the court, such a consent is required.&amp;nbsp; In the present case, no doubt, a private party has moved the court regarding first tweet without&amp;nbsp; the consent of the Attorney General. The court is entitled to take suo-moto cognizance, when the information regarding contempt comes to its notice from any source.&amp;nbsp; It could be even a petition filed before it.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, there is no illegality in the court taking suo-moto action on the basis of information found in the petition filed before it.&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to contend that cognizance taken is without jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; The assertion in an article that &ldquo;once a petition is filed, it is only for the Attorney General to decide whether it amounts to criminal contempt or not&rdquo; is clearly an erroneous statement of law. The power to decide whether it amounts to criminal contempt or not is the exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. There is no law which has transferred this power to the Attorney General.&amp;nbsp; The consent of the Attorney General is provided only to lend assurance that there is a prima facie case.&amp;nbsp; The decision of the Attorney General is also not final and the same is subject to judicial review.&amp;nbsp; Even where permission is refused by the Attorney General, it is open to the party to approach the court with relevant information and the court is entitled to take suo-moto action.&amp;nbsp; In the present case, even at the earliest stage, the court has made it clear that it has taken suo-moto cognizance and issued notice accordingly.&amp;nbsp; The judgment of the Supreme Court has effectively answered this preliminary objection and rightly rejected the contention which is of a highly technical nature without any merit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Even on merits, the judgment appears to be totally sound with cogent reasons for its conclusions.&amp;nbsp; To decide whether the remarks&amp;nbsp; amount to criminal contempt or not, one has to see the effect of such imputation in the mind of the public.&amp;nbsp; In the first tweet the allegation that CJI was riding the motor cycle is admittedly not true (underlining supplied) and hence the question of wearing a helmet does not arise.&amp;nbsp; Reference to the owner of the motorbike as a BJP leader and reference to the premises of Rajbhavan are also not without significance.&amp;nbsp; . Evidently, the contemnor intends to inject politics into the episode. More than all these, as pointed out in the judgment, the averment that the &ldquo;CJI has kept the Supreme Court in a lockdown mode, denying citizens of their Fundamental Right to access justice&rdquo; is patently false.&amp;nbsp; The court has been functioning even during lockdown through video conference and the contemnor himself has approached the court both as a litigant and a lawyer and has obtained relief.&amp;nbsp; The tweet read as a whole is calculated to create an impression that the Chief Justice of India has closed down the Supreme Court disowning his&amp;nbsp; responsibility and is enjoying ride in a costly motorcycle.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly this remark (which is partly false), is scandalous and calculated to undermine the dignity and authority of the court.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7.So far as the second tweet is concerned, not much argument is required to show that it amounts to gross criminal contempt.&amp;nbsp; The clear meaning of the imputation is that the Supreme Court in general and the four Chief Justices of India in particular, have been responsible for destroying democracy in this country during the last 6 years.&amp;nbsp; This is a clear case of condemnation of the Supreme Court and four Chief Justices,&amp;nbsp; as responsible for destruction of democracy.&amp;nbsp; What will be the impression created in the mind of the public? &ndash; That an institution which has to protect democracy has destroyed it. Undoubtedly it lowers the dignity and authority of the Supreme Court and four Chief Justices, in the estimation of the public in general.&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to comprehend, that these assertions have been made bonafide in public interest.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8.The circumstances clearly indicate that remarks have been made in the two tweets with&amp;nbsp; malicious intention to malign the Supreme Court and its Judges. They are portrayed as people who have destroyed democracy in the country. These remarks are scandalous, tending to bring the court into disrespect and disrepute. Such remarks shake the confidence of the people in the judiciary in general and the Supreme Court in particular. Therefore the finding that the contemnor is guilty of criminal contempt is unexceptionable.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9.In the circumstances, raising a hue and cry and claiming that the judgment has dealt a deathblow to the Fundamental Right of freedom of speech and expression is totally unjustified. The demand for repeal of the law relating to criminal contempt is certainly not advisable.It is also dangerous, in as much as, in such an event, vested interests will be free to scandalize the judges and lower the dignity and authority of the courts with impunity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'a75244393cec1e1008a13503f196137f.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-11 05:10:33', '2021-01-26 03:44:43');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(92, 'MVZAdvKatP5niqVhzsUxPsO1o', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Law on Diplomatic Immunity.  S. Basavaraj ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Law on Diplomatic Immunity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The alleged murder of Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi, Saudi Arabian journalist, author, and a former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel inside Soudi Arab Embassy in Istanbul, Turkey has created a mild international crisis. Can the accused be tried in Turkey?.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;A note prepared by me earlier on diplomatic immunity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The recent alleged gang-rape of Nepali woman servants by the Saudi Arabian Diplomat Majed Hassan Ashoor and his thumbs-on-nose exit from India has created huge outrage across the Nation. It is true that India&rsquo;s hands are tied. But a Public Interest Litigation in the Supreme Court of India could have prevented Ashoor him from leaving the country pending a thorough examination of the immunity aspect. (Please note, on the PIL of Dr. Subramanya Swamy, the Supreme Court of India on 14 March 2013, restrained Italian Ambassador Daniele Mancini from leaving the country when Chief Master Sergeant Massimiliano Latorre and Sergeant Salvatore Girone, accused of killing Kerala fishermen, refused to return to India)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Diplomatic immunity is a form of legal immunity that ensures diplomats are given safe passage and are considered not susceptible to lawsuit or prosecution under the host country&#039;s laws, although they can still be expelled. It was agreed as international law in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), though the concept and custom have a much longer history. Many principles of diplomatic immunity are now considered to be customary law. Diplomatic immunity as an institution developed to allow for the maintenance of government relations, including during periods of difficulties and armed conflict. When receiving diplomats&mdash;who formally represent the sovereign&mdash;the receiving head of state grants certain privileges and immunities to ensure they may effectively carry out their duties, on the understanding that these are provided on a reciprocal basis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 32 1.&ndash; &ldquo;The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of persons enjoying immunity under article 37 may be waived by the sending State.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 31 1. &ldquo;A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving State.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;When the employer is a diplomat, the employees are in a legal limbo where the laws of neither the host country nor the diplomat&#039;s country are enforceable, so that an abusive diplomat employer can act with virtual impunity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is possible for the official&#039;s home country to waive immunity; this tends to happen only when the individual has committed a serious crime, unconnected with their diplomatic role (as opposed to, say, allegations of spying), or has witnessed such a crime. However, many countries refuse to waive immunity as a matter of course; individuals have no authority to waive their own immunity (except perhaps in cases of defection). Alternatively, the home country may prosecute the individual. If immunity is waived by a government so that a diplomat (or their family members) can be prosecuted, it must be because there is a case to answer and it is in the public interest to prosecute them. For instance, in 2002, a Colombian diplomat in London was prosecuted for manslaughter, once diplomatic immunity was waived by the Colombian government.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Thanks to Wikipedia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;For further reading, please visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity#Abuse&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2c611e7cc49191980ddd185cb9cd14d6.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:27:42', '2021-01-26 15:36:22'),
(146, 'gTAooktLQbkmnTASNkWETSESM', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Legal Tools To Handle Human Trafficking.  Mr. Shiva Kumar Pokharel Advocate Supreme Court of Nepal. ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Legal Tools To Handle Human Trafficking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px; color: rgb(66, 66, 66);&quot;&gt;Human trafficking according to Palermo- protocol is trafficking in person involving recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of person, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud of deception, of abuse of power, or of a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payment or benefit to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation include exploitation of prostitute of others or others forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or service, slavery or removal of organ. Human trafficking is considered as modern day slavery. It is a multibillion dollar business that has low risk for prosecution and high margin for gaining profit by leaps and bounds. It is also estimated that 150 million people are trafficked around the globe and out of them only 0.4 % are brought before a court.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The protocol adopted by Palermo, Italy in 2000 has a great role to prevent human trafficking around the globe. As the first global legally binding instrument on human trafficking is indeed a milestone. The purpose of protocol are to prevent and combat trafficking in person, paying particular attention to women and children and to protect and assist the victims of such trafficking with full respect for their human rights and to promote cooperation among states parties in order to meet the objectives . Article 9 of this protocal states that state parties shall establish comprehensive policies, program and other measures to prevent and combat trafficking in person and to protect victims of trafficking in person especially women and children. More than 117 countries are signatories and 173 countries are parties to this protocol as of November 2018.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Nepal is yet to ratify to this Palermo -protocol. However being an active member of The UNO, Nepal has ratified more than five dozen regional and International human rights treaties including Convention on the Elimination of All Form of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979). Among them , the international and regional legal framework for combating Trafficking in persons adopted by Nepal are&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1.convention for the suppression of the Traffic in person and of Exploitation of the prostitution of others , 1949&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women, 1979&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3.convention on the Right of Childs, 1989&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Optional protocol to the convention on the Rights of Childs on involvement of children in armed conflict, 2000.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Optional protocol to the convention on the Rights of Childs on sale of children, Child prostitution and child pornography 2002.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. SAARC convention on preventing and combating Trafficking in women and children for prostitution 2002.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Research has shown that cases of human trafficking have taken place especially into three area&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Within the country (internal trafficking in entertainment industry such as cabin, Dohari, dance bars, massage- parlous )&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2.cross- boarder trafficking to India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. And cross border trafficking beyond India to Gulf countries, Malaysia and other destinations.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Traffickers often use all possible clues and tactics for human trafficking and, in some cases in Kathmandu valley it is also disclosed by Setopati on 2076/5/14 that traffickers also use clues such as so called court - marriage for the purpose of smuggling of girls in the name of enticement of wedding of Nepalese poor girls with a rich Chinese boys. The new tactics of such type of fake - wedding can be compared to a bride -buying practice . In a bride- buying (mercenary marriage) practice, the women are said to be forced in to labor or sexual slavery and physical abuses by their husband. Forced labor and sexual slavery also a form of human trafficking. so that For law enforcements agencies, human trafficking has turned even more complicated as it also takes place in the guise of marriage , lab our migration , overseas job and studies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;These days Human traffickers adopt new tricks and technology to fulfil their mission . Therefore, such new courses and tricks both have brought new challenges and complicated problems to combat and fight against human trafficking effectively in Nepal . Although Anti-Human trafficking Bureau of Nepal police has been fighting as a war- footing against traffickers all over the country for a long time.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 29 ( 3)of constitution of Nepal, 2072 BS states that no person shall be subjected to human trafficking or bonded labor and such acts shall be punishable by law. Victims of such acts shall have right to compensation from perpetrator. Likewise - Human Trafficking and Transportation (control ) Act 2007 (2064) BS, on its preliminary part clearly stated that This Acts shall extend throughout Nepal and anyone committing an offence against Nepali citizen under this acts from foreign territory shall also remain within the scope of this acts .it also defines victims as a person who is sold, transported or put into prostitution. exploitation is meant that act of keeping human beings as slave and bonded this words also includes to remove human organ except otherwise by prevailing law&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Chapter 4 of this Act deals with punishment and compensation . Cumulative- offence, Burden of proof on this case will remain on accused - side and concept of plea- bargaining also has been recognized by this act. Right to privacy , right to compensation and right to self &ndash;defense are also notable provision of this act . Hearing of cases in court under this act shall be conducted in camera. Victims of trafficking are provided due compensation and they are kept in rehabilitation centre for family reconciliation of victims as necessary and government of Nepal will establish rehabilitation fund for operation of rehabilitation center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On the other hand ,it is also notable to write here that Muluki criminal (code) procedure Act 2074, section 159 ( 4 ) ( H ) stated that legal proceeding could not be made for the sake of granting an amnesty or for postponement of punishment, or for waiving of punishments to those who are proved guilty by court, on the case of human trafficking and transportation. the provision of section 159 ( 4) strictly prohibited for seeking amnesty on a cases such as corruption , Torture , rape , genocide ,abduction ,Human trafficking, money laundering , drugs and Explosive materials . Furthermore , Human Rights expert Dr Gyan Basnet scholarly writes that Nepal is a party to almost all international human rights instruments including ICCPR and CAT .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;These international instruments have already prevented Nepal from granting amnesty to those responsible under universal jurisdiction for murder in detention ,rape , disappearance ,and torture .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The supreme court of Nepal has played a significant role to combating and suppressing human trafficking in Nepal. In 2007, in a case of pro-public vs Govt. of Nepal ( writ no 8822)the court has issued the directive to control sexual harassment towards working women in work place such as dance, restaurant, dance bar. The directive was issued upon reviewing a study report on cabin and dance restaurant and massage parlous. likewise in a case of Advocate Mira Dhungana Vs office of PM and council of Minister and others [Writ no o68-ws-0046 ) supreme court also observed, on petitioners claims in regard to witness protection,the following :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A separate compensation fund to be established and to appropriate necessary amount in the budget for fiscal year 2071/ 072 .witness to be provided with the amount from concerned police office.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To provide and cause to provide security to the complainant in case if demanded by person from the concerned office .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;According to National Human Rights commission, report 2018 on human trafficking revealed that around thirty- five thousand people were trafficked in the last year in Nepal and 15 Lakh are at risk. Is it not a scary picture of human traffickings ?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the recent time, courses and destination and modus-operendi of human trafficking have been changed day to day by traffickers in socio-economic and political context and development of transportation and communication. Mostly girls and women have been the target of human trafficking. .some countries remaining as demand side whereas some countries remain as supply side. south Asian countries are mostly hit by this malady.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Shiva Kumar Pokharel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Director, Judgement Execution Directorate, Supreme Court of Nepal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9e484c4f747a279e554153a830d090bc.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-11 02:51:55', '2021-01-26 03:46:35');
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(94, 'EvMKHVvAN7PIKmM0wDd391Wo0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Legality and enforceability of contracts restricting trade and employment.  Ms. Kajal Jain ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Legality and enforceability of contracts restricting trade and employment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This article deals with the legality and enforceability of restrictive contracts on trade and employment.<br />\r\nIn the world of growing competition and mindset of survival of fittest questioning the enforceability of non-compete clause or negative covenants isn&rsquo;t an amusing thing. Many laws have been enforced to regulate the formation and performance of such contracts.<br />\r\nThe contract act, 1872 in India provides a framework of rules and regulation, governing the formation and performance of contracts and helps in ascertain the legality of non-compete clause. It clearly states that any agreement in restraint of trade and employment is void. Some of the important terms in this article has been defined as follows;<br />\r\nNon-compete Agreement or covenants are those agreements were the employee undertakes not to compete against its employer i.e., the employee agrees to not take up such trade or profession which are in direct competition with the employer. The negative covenants can exist during the course of employment and can be post contractual obligation also.<br />\r\nContract in restraint of trade can be defined as the one where one party restricts its right in present or in the future to carry on a specific trade or profession with other person who is not a party to the concern contract.<br />\r\nContract in restrain of employment these restrains are usually included in the employment contracts where by the employer restricts its employee to solicit or share any of the confidential information or to undertake similar business activity or it can be in the form of post contractual obligation where by employee is require to not to get employed with the direct competitors of the employer for certain period of time. The enforceability of these post contractual obligations is always put to question.<br />\r\nTo have clear understanding about law which operates in India for the conduct of such contracts the Indian contract act 1872 speaks clearly in its section 27, which states as follows<br />\r\nSection 27 of Indian contract Act, 1872<br />\r\nAgreement in restraint of trade, void. &mdash;Every agreement by which any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of any kind, is to that extent void.<br />\r\n&quot; Exception 1.&mdash;Saving of agreement not to carry on business of which goodwill is sold.&mdash;One who sells the goodwill of a business may agree with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a similar business, within specified local limits, so long as the buyer, or any person deriving title to the goodwill from him, carries on a like business therein, provided that such limits appear to the Court reasonable, regard being had to the nature of the business.<br />\r\nCompetition Act, 2002 on Anti-competitive agreement section 3s<br />\r\nAnti-competitive agreements. &mdash;<br />\r\n(1) No enterprise or association of enterprises or person or association of persons shall enter into any agreement in respect of production, supply, distribution, storage, acquisition or control of goods or provision of services, which causes or is likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.<br />\r\n(2) Any agreement entered into in contravention of the provisions contained in sub-section (1) shall be void.<br />\r\nBut in this article, we will be mostly dealing with the judicial exception to section 27 that is restrain in employment or non-compete clause in contracts of employment.<br />\r\nForms in which these clauses are included in contract<br />\r\n&bull; Restriction on starting a business in certain geographical limit.<br />\r\n&bull; Restriction on soliciting client of employer<br />\r\n&bull; Restricting on starting a competing business<br />\r\n&bull; Restricting on releasing or disclosing trade secrets or confidential information in any manner unless required by law for the time being<br />\r\nEnforceability<br />\r\nThe enforceability of the negative covenants differs depending on when the restriction is put.<br />\r\nGenerally, the restriction during the course of employment and the post contractual obligation differs and a test of reasonableness can be adopted to determine their enforceability.<br />\r\nNegative covenants during the course of employment<br />\r\nCovenants operating during the course of employment are generally accepted in India provided it should not be rigorous or one sided.<br />\r\nIn the case of Niranjan Shankar Golikar. The honourable supreme court of India observed that the negative covenants in a contract can be enforced only during the continuance of a contract and not beyond the expiry of the agreement. The court held that negative covenants restricting an employee in engaging himself in a trade or profession or business or to perform a similar or substantially similar duties during the course of employment isn&rsquo;t void as during the course of employment the employee is bound to serve his employer exclusively. Provided the aforesaid contract should not be unconscionable or excessively harsh or unreasonable or one sided.<br />\r\nIn fact, the Delhi High Court in Wipro Ltd. v. Beckman Coulter International , after a review of all the decisions of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, summarized the principles of Section 27 as follows:<br />\r\n&ldquo;1) Negative covenants tied up with positive covenants during the subsistence of a contact be it of employment, partnership, commerce, agency or the like, would not normally be regarded as being in restraint of trade, business of profession unless the same are unconscionable or wholly one-sided;<br />\r\n2) Negative covenants between employer and employee contracts pertaining to the period post termination and restricting an employee&#039;s right to seek employment and/or to do business in the same field as the employer would be in restraint of trade and, therefore, a stipulation to this effect in the contract would be void. In other words, no employee can be confronted with the situation where he has to either work for the present employer or be forced to idleness<br />\r\nThe negative covenants included in the employment contract which are operative during the course of employment are usually excluded from the ambit of section 27 of Indian contract act 1872. The negative covenants in many cases are accepted and is observed that these covenants are not against the public policy if found to be reasonable. But while determining the reasonableness of the contract court use to have a stricter approach as compare to other contracts of trade or partnership as here the chances of unequal bargaining power is likely more. i.e., the employer may in a position to influence or pressurize the employee to get into such contracts<br />\r\nRestrictive clause after termination of employment<br />\r\nThe above cases show that any restriction on an employee affecting his liberty to undertake any trade or profession independently or restricting him to undertake as the case may be is void. But with the growing globalization and importance of technical know-how the confidentially of the business secrets i.e., the trade secrets cannot be ignored. The judicial interpretation and precedents have shown certain exception to section 27 of Indian contract act 1872<br />\r\nIn the case of Superintendence Company of India vs. Krishan Murgai the counsel observed that qua post service contract are different from those that to be consider different in case of restrictions during the employment. A rigorous test can be adopted in the former case but there would be cases where post service restriction if reasonable even after applying rigours test may be valid as not falling under section 27 for which it is not correct to consider all the post service restriction to be void. This judgement makes a sense of a contradiction with the ratio of the case Niranjan golikars(supra) case but both case depending upon the facts and contents of the contract has been decided so can be read in its own place.<br />\r\nIn the case of Pranshu Mishra vs guru Gowari Krupa technologies honourable high court of Andhra Pradesh referring to the Niranjan golikaris case observed that the court should have strict view in employer employee contract. It observed that the question that whether the restraint of trade or business or profession is partial, general or whether it is reasonable or unreasonable would not be a material question. It was of the view that post contractual obligation restricting an employee right to seek employment and or to do business in the same field as an employer would be restraint of trade and employment. in the case of M/S Gujarat Bottling Co.ltd. vs The Coca Cola . Co the court held that in some kind of commercial contract the contents can be of such nature to have a more convincing relation and can be included in contract for the promotion of trade. Such clauses cannot be considered to be restraint of trade and is applicable for other types of contract.<br />\r\nBut theses judicial precedents gave rise to certain exception for which the negative covenants are applicable and not restrain<br />\r\nExceptions<br />\r\n&bull; Non-solicitation of the customer and employee<br />\r\nA non-solicitation agreement is one in which an employee undertakes not to solicit his ex-employer clients or customer. This non-solicitation agreement can be for not soliciting employee also.in the case of Desiccant Rotars International pvt. Ltd v. Bappaditya Sarkar and Anrs, the Delhi high court grant an injunction against the manager prohibiting him from soliciting the clients.<br />\r\nThe Calcutta High Court in the case of Embee Software Pvt. Ltd. v. Samir Kumar Shaw , has brought out the growing importance in protecting client information. The Court while granting injunctive relief held that &ldquo;acts of soliciting committed by former employees takes such active form that it induces the customers of the former employer to break their contract with the former employer and enter into a contract with the former employee, or prevents other persons from entering into contracts with the former employer&rdquo;<br />\r\nIn the case of FLSmidthPvt.Ltd. v. M/s.SecanInvescast (India) Pvt.Ltd .,<br />\r\nthe madras high court was of the opined that merely approaching the customers of ex employer does not amount to solicitation it is in the part of the appellant to prove that the respondent approached its Ernest customer and on the basis of such solicitation they have placed order with respondent. Merely presenting quotation does not amount to solicitation.<br />\r\n&bull; Non-disclosure agreement<br />\r\nA business can have various sensitive and confidential information which an employer wants to secure for this purpose the employer can exhibit a non-disclosure agreement where an employee promises to keep the secrets of the business secret and not to disclose it during or after the termination of employment. These clauses are not considered as restrain in the case of V.. Desh pande v.s Arving Mills the court held that confidential clause is just to protect the information of employment and is not unreasonable which was further affirmed in Niranjan Shankar golikar case<br />\r\nIn many cases court has observed that for confidentiality of information it should be kept in mind that the information relied upon is clearly identifiable, handling of such information must be in confidential circumstances and must be used without authority.<br />\r\nAnd for the purpose of defining trade secrets the Aambiance India pvt ltd v. shri Naveen jain the court says that trade secrets can be a formula, technical know-how or a peculiar mode or method of business adopted by the employer not known to others.<br />\r\nEnglish laws on restriction of trade and employment<br />\r\nIf any clause in restraint of trade and employment is prime facie oppose to public policy and is void but if such restrictions are justifiable and are in the business interest and not excessively I.e. are reasonable are not consider to be void.<br />\r\nThe English laws checks how reasonable such restrains are and whether they are opposing to public policy whereas the Indian laws go for statutory interpretation i.e. whether such restriction are under the ambit of statutory provision or not.<br />\r\nUnder English laws it is seen that whether the clause is for protecting the business interest and whether such restrain is reasonable for protecting the interest. usually non-soliciting, non-poaching agreement, green leave clause is entered into.<br />\r\nGreen leave clause<br />\r\nAlso known as garden leave is a condition where by an employee during the service of termination of employment notice or after the termination stays away from work environment while continuing to be in payroll. Now in certain year this clause has gain popularity whereby the employer seeks to secures his business interest but not allowing him to get employed or undertake any of the competitive business<br />\r\n13th law commission report on contract Act<br />\r\nThe 13th law commission report states that section 27 is based on the New York draft code. The Allahabad high court also observed that &lsquo;it is unfortunate that the section 27 has been moulded upon the New York drat code and seriously trenches upon the liberty of individual in contractual matters affecting trade&rsquo;. The report says that the section does not produces the common law of England and is as per the scenario when the trade and business in India where not developed but now the trade and business has become more competitive and therefore there is a need to have a more liberal approach towards this section. The report has been submitted but adoption has not been made by parliament.<br />\r\nConclusion<br />\r\nArticle 301[13] of Indian constitution provides for the freedom of trade and commerce and intercourse. But this freedom is limited by the other provisions of part XIII of constitution. which means that the freedom does not gives an absolute right but is subject to certain restriction for the interest of public at large. In other words, a reasonable restrain can be put in the contracts relating to trade profession or business. But these restrictions are subjected to public policy and their reasonableness but saying theses restriction as void won&rsquo;t be right.<br />\r\n<br />\r\nMs. Kajal Jain,<br />\r\nLaw student, KLE Law College, Bangalore<br />\r\nIntern, Daksha Legal&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This article deals with the legality and enforceability of restrictive contracts on trade and employment.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the world of growing competition and mindset of survival of fittest questioning the enforceability of non-compete clause or negative covenants isn&rsquo;t an amusing thing. Many laws have been enforced to regulate the formation and performance of such contracts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The contract act, 1872 in India provides a framework of rules and regulation, governing the formation and performance of contracts and helps in ascertain the legality of non-compete clause. It clearly states that any agreement in restraint of trade and employment is void. Some of the important terms in this article has been defined as follows;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Non-compete Agreement or covenants are those agreements were the employee undertakes not to compete against its employer i.e., the employee agrees to not take up such trade or profession which are in direct competition with the employer. The negative covenants can exist during the course of employment and can be post contractual obligation also.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Contract in restraint of trade can be defined as the one where one party restricts its right in present or in the future to carry on a specific trade or profession with other person who is not a party to the concern contract.&lt;br style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Contract in restrain of employment these restrains are usually included in the employment contracts where by the employer restricts its employee to solicit or share any of the confidential information or to undertake similar business activity or it can be in the form of post contractual obligation where by employee is require to not to get employed with the direct competitors of the employer for certain period of time. The enforceability of these post contractual obligations is always put to question.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;To have clear understanding about law which operates in India for the conduct of such contracts the Indian contract act 1872 speaks clearly in its section 27, which states as follows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 27 of Indian contract Act, 1872&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Agreement in restraint of trade, void. &mdash;Every agreement by which any one is restrained from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business of any kind, is to that extent void.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot; Exception 1.&mdash;Saving of agreement not to carry on business of which goodwill is sold.&mdash;One who sells the goodwill of a business may agree with the buyer to refrain from carrying on a similar business, within specified local limits, so long as the buyer, or any person deriving title to the goodwill from him, carries on a like business therein, provided that such limits appear to the Court reasonable, regard being had to the nature of the business.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Competition Act, 2002 on Anti-competitive agreement section 3s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Anti-competitive agreements. &mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(1) No enterprise or association of enterprises or person or association of persons shall enter into any agreement in respect of production, supply, distribution, storage, acquisition or control of goods or provision of services, which causes or is likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(2) Any agreement entered into in contravention of the provisions contained in sub-section (1) shall be void.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;But in this article, we will be mostly dealing with the judicial exception to section 27 that is restrain in employment or non-compete clause in contracts of employment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Forms in which these clauses are included in contract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Restriction on starting a business in certain geographical limit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Restriction on soliciting client of employer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Restricting on starting a competing business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Restricting on releasing or disclosing trade secrets or confidential information in any manner unless required by law for the time being&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Enforceability&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The enforceability of the negative covenants differs depending on when the restriction is put.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Generally, the restriction during the course of employment and the post contractual obligation differs and a test of reasonableness can be adopted to determine their enforceability.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Negative covenants during the course of employment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Covenants operating during the course of employment are generally accepted in India provided it should not be rigorous or one sided.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Niranjan Shankar Golikar. The honourable supreme court of India observed that the negative covenants in a contract can be enforced only during the continuance of a contract and not beyond the expiry of the agreement. The court held that negative covenants restricting an employee in engaging himself in a trade or profession or business or to perform a similar or substantially similar duties during the course of employment isn&rsquo;t void as during the course of employment the employee is bound to serve his employer exclusively. Provided the aforesaid contract should not be unconscionable or excessively harsh or unreasonable or one sided.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In fact, the Delhi High Court in Wipro Ltd. v. Beckman Coulter International , after a review of all the decisions of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, summarized the principles of Section 27 as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;1) Negative covenants tied up with positive covenants during the subsistence of a contact be it of employment, partnership, commerce, agency or the like, would not normally be regarded as being in restraint of trade, business of profession unless the same are unconscionable or wholly one-sided;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2) Negative covenants between employer and employee contracts pertaining to the period post termination and restricting an employee&#039;s right to seek employment and/or to do business in the same field as the employer would be in restraint of trade and, therefore, a stipulation to this effect in the contract would be void. In other words, no employee can be confronted with the situation where he has to either work for the present employer or be forced to idleness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The negative covenants included in the employment contract which are operative during the course of employment are usually excluded from the ambit of section 27 of Indian contract act 1872. The negative covenants in many cases are accepted and is observed that these covenants are not against the public policy if found to be reasonable. But while determining the reasonableness of the contract court use to have a stricter approach as compare to other contracts of trade or partnership as here the chances of unequal bargaining power is likely more. i.e., the employer may in a position to influence or pressurize the employee to get into such contracts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Restrictive clause after termination of employment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The above cases show that any restriction on an employee affecting his liberty to undertake any trade or profession independently or restricting him to undertake as the case may be is void. But with the growing globalization and importance of technical know-how the confidentially of the business secrets i.e., the trade secrets cannot be ignored. The judicial interpretation and precedents have shown certain exception to section 27 of Indian contract act 1872&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Superintendence Company of India vs. Krishan Murgai the counsel observed that qua post service contract are different from those that to be consider different in case of restrictions during the employment. A rigorous test can be adopted in the former case but there would be cases where post service restriction if reasonable even after applying rigours test may be valid as not falling under section 27 for which it is not correct to consider all the post service restriction to be void. This judgement makes a sense of a contradiction with the ratio of the case Niranjan golikars(supra) case but both case depending upon the facts and contents of the contract has been decided so can be read in its own place.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Pranshu Mishra vs guru Gowari Krupa technologies honourable high court of Andhra Pradesh referring to the Niranjan golikaris case observed that the court should have strict view in employer employee contract. It observed that the question that whether the restraint of trade or business or profession is partial, general or whether it is reasonable or unreasonable would not be a material question. It was of the view that post contractual obligation restricting an employee right to seek employment and or to do business in the same field as an employer would be restraint of trade and employment. in the case of M/S Gujarat Bottling Co.ltd. vs The Coca Cola . Co the court held that in some kind of commercial contract the contents can be of such nature to have a more convincing relation and can be included in contract for the promotion of trade. Such clauses cannot be considered to be restraint of trade and is applicable for other types of contract.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;But theses judicial precedents gave rise to certain exception for which the negative covenants are applicable and not restrain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Exceptions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Non-solicitation of the customer and employee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A non-solicitation agreement is one in which an employee undertakes not to solicit his ex-employer clients or customer. This non-solicitation agreement can be for not soliciting employee also.in the case of Desiccant Rotars International pvt. Ltd v. Bappaditya Sarkar and Anrs, the Delhi high court grant an injunction against the manager prohibiting him from soliciting the clients.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Calcutta High Court in the case of Embee Software Pvt. Ltd. v. Samir Kumar Shaw , has brought out the growing importance in protecting client information. The Court while granting injunctive relief held that &ldquo;acts of soliciting committed by former employees takes such active form that it induces the customers of the former employer to break their contract with the former employer and enter into a contract with the former employee, or prevents other persons from entering into contracts with the former employer&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of FLSmidthPvt.Ltd. v. M/s.SecanInvescast (India) Pvt.Ltd .,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;the madras high court was of the opined that merely approaching the customers of ex employer does not amount to solicitation it is in the part of the appellant to prove that the respondent approached its Ernest customer and on the basis of such solicitation they have placed order with respondent. Merely presenting quotation does not amount to solicitation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Non-disclosure agreement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A business can have various sensitive and confidential information which an employer wants to secure for this purpose the employer can exhibit a non-disclosure agreement where an employee promises to keep the secrets of the business secret and not to disclose it during or after the termination of employment. These clauses are not considered as restrain in the case of V.. Desh pande v.s Arving Mills the court held that confidential clause is just to protect the information of employment and is not unreasonable which was further affirmed in Niranjan Shankar golikar case&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In many cases court has observed that for confidentiality of information it should be kept in mind that the information relied upon is clearly identifiable, handling of such information must be in confidential circumstances and must be used without authority.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;And for the purpose of defining trade secrets the Aambiance India pvt ltd v. shri Naveen jain the court says that trade secrets can be a formula, technical know-how or a peculiar mode or method of business adopted by the employer not known to others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;English laws on restriction of trade and employment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;If any clause in restraint of trade and employment is prime facie oppose to public policy and is void but if such restrictions are justifiable and are in the business interest and not excessively I.e. are reasonable are not consider to be void.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The English laws checks how reasonable such restrains are and whether they are opposing to public policy whereas the Indian laws go for statutory interpretation i.e. whether such restriction are under the ambit of statutory provision or not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Under English laws it is seen that whether the clause is for protecting the business interest and whether such restrain is reasonable for protecting the interest. usually non-soliciting, non-poaching agreement, green leave clause is entered into.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Green leave clause&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Also known as garden leave is a condition where by an employee during the service of termination of employment notice or after the termination stays away from work environment while continuing to be in payroll. Now in certain year this clause has gain popularity whereby the employer seeks to secures his business interest but not allowing him to get employed or undertake any of the competitive business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13th law commission report on contract Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The 13th law commission report states that section 27 is based on the New York draft code. The Allahabad high court also observed that &lsquo;it is unfortunate that the section 27 has been moulded upon the New York drat code and seriously trenches upon the liberty of individual in contractual matters affecting trade&rsquo;. The report says that the section does not produces the common law of England and is as per the scenario when the trade and business in India where not developed but now the trade and business has become more competitive and therefore there is a need to have a more liberal approach towards this section. The report has been submitted but adoption has not been made by parliament.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Article 301[13] of Indian constitution provides for the freedom of trade and commerce and intercourse. But this freedom is limited by the other provisions of part XIII of constitution. which means that the freedom does not gives an absolute right but is subject to certain restriction for the interest of public at large. In other words, a reasonable restrain can be put in the contracts relating to trade profession or business. But these restrictions are subjected to public policy and their reasonableness but saying theses restriction as void won&rsquo;t be right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ms. Kajal Jain,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; font-size: 1.3125rem; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Arial, &amp;quot;Noto Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Noto Color Emoji&amp;quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Law student, KLE Law College, Bangalore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '133ca6bbf19fcd450ea2b4a074e7644b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:30:04', '2021-01-26 15:35:52');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(149, 'DwecuVxSD2Lg00jO7XFguHvP2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Foreign bodies commenting on Indian Legal/Judicial system – a cross-border mischief. Mr. S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Foreign bodies commenting on Indian Legal/Judicial system &ndash; a cross-border mischief.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Bangalore. Member, Karnataka State Bar Council&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This write up examines the locus standi of transnational bodies to comment on the legal system and verdicts delivered by Courts of another country. There is rather a well-recognised right of a country and its citizens to comment on unfair economic sanctions, human right violations and aggressive foreign policy of another country. However commenting on foreign legal system and judgments of foreign courts, is a clear transgression of sovereignty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Recently, Unites States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemned China&#039;s plan to impose a new security law in Hong Kong, calling it a &quot;death knell&quot; for the city&#039;s freedoms. Of course, there was a backlash from Beijing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The verdict of the Hong Kong court convicting seven local policemen and a former chief executive for their beating of activist Ken triggered controversy in the region. However, when several foreign personalities started hailing the verdict, China had to react sharply.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mr. Donald Trump tweeted in 2015 that &ldquo;Mexico&rsquo;s court system corrupt. I want nothing to do with Mexico other than to build an impenetrable wall and stop them from tipping off U.S.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Recently, Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales (BHRC) of United Kingdom and (read their names carefully) Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC), Hindus for Human Rights (HFHR), Global Indian Progressive Alliance (GIPA), Students Against Hindutva Ideology (SAHI), Young India, Inc and Voices against Fascism in India all situated in United States of Amercia have taken up the job of &ldquo;correcting&rdquo; Indian judicial system especially the Supreme Court of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;These transnational bodies have issued statement expressing their &ldquo;concern&rdquo; over the Indian Supreme Court&#039;s recent judgment convicting Mr. Prashant Bhushan of contempt of Court for two of his tweets. Though the statement and resolutions are worded ingeniously, the attempt is to make a collateral attack on the Indian Judicial system for the reasons which are not very difficult to understand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;These organisations are created for a specific purpose as can be seen from their very names. I fail to understand which Hindutva or Fascism or even anti-Muslim ideology flow from the Judgement of the Supreme Court in Mr. Prashant Bhushan case. Be that as it may, there is a clear indication that these bodies with their foreign existence, foreign funding, foreign affiliation, foreign loyalty have taken up an agenda which is extremely alarming and dangerous. This is because, after attacking Indian Governance, Indian policy towards Kashmir, India&rsquo;s relations with Pakistan and China, they have turned the guns on Indian Judiciary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Indian advocates, lawyers&rsquo; bodies, legal luminaries and like minded personalities have been commenting on the judgment and they may claim freedom of expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. Fair enough. However, these foreign elements have no such fundamental right or locus standi to comment and interfere with the smooth functioning of Indian legal system and Indian Judiciary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Indian lawyers, NGOs, political outfits, intellectuals and retired judges have been critically analysing the judgement leaving no room for the foreign bodies to add anything more. Our nation is full of intellectuals fully capable of bringing judicial discipline whenever it is found lacking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ground reality. Let&rsquo;s admit. Today the entire populace of India is divided vertically into two segments. (1) Those who are extremely happy with last six years governance and are gloating with patriotism or extreme nationalism as one may call. (2) Those who are terribly upset, frustrated and disappointed with last six years governance and feel side-lined, cheated, and most importantly, kept out of grazing grounds. The lawyers community, intellectuals, scholars, political outfits, NGOs have chosen their respective segments. Unfortunately, Judgments of the Indian judiciary especially the Supreme Court are also classified as falling in category 1 or 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;But that&rsquo;s the fundamental right the citizens of this country enjoy. That&rsquo;s the freedom of expression they are guaranteed, of course, all within reasonable restrictions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mr. B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka says &ldquo;It is shocking to find that the Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales has thought it fit to plead for contemnor and has demanded repeal of the statutory provision regarding criminal contempt. This is a clear case of interference in the internal affairs of the country and in particular the sovereign power of the Indian Parliament which is competent enough to take decisions without any external influence.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mr. Jayakumar S Patil, Senior Advocate, Bangalore feels the comments of the aforesaid bodies on the Indian legal system as unwarranted and disturbing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Comity of Nations requires mutual recognition by nations of the laws and customs of others. The principle is not confined to sovereign bodies but extends to its citizens as well. The legal system in US dilutes contempt of court laws by adopting &ldquo;Clear and Present Danger&rdquo; test. The test allows almost unlimited freedom of speech to individuals. It looks like the aforesaid transnational bodies are influenced by this legal system prevalent in US.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Some of President Donald Trump tweets are outrageous, yet fall under permissible category. Just to give one example, he tweets &ldquo;Justice Ginsburg of the U.S. Supreme Court has embarrassed all by making very dumb political statements about me. Her mind is shot. Resign!&rdquo;. Such tweets are in abundance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However, the situation in India is different. Calling judges idiots (fools) is held to be contemptuous (M.V.Jayarajan vs High Court Of Kerala &amp;amp; Anr.) Many agree that our society is not mature enough to handle unlimited freedom of speech when it comes to Judiciary. The reasons are not very difficult to understand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Lawyers bodies, NGOs, political outfits, retired judges and scholars in India are fully capable of commenting upon and correcting unfair and unjust judicial verdicts. Our parliamentarians have experience and wisdom to enact required laws. We do not need uninvited, motivated and agenda-ridden comments from foreign existent and foreign funded agencies on our judicial system. These foreign bodies must realize that their conduct is a double-edged sword which will lead to international melee and free-for-all scenario where each country attacking the legal system and judgments delivered by the Courts of another country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '01a9b7fbacb14aef6445a1e21acda209.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-11 05:18:00', '2021-01-26 03:44:15'),
(95, 'sH1TNdFTrV2ojMtXYK0j6weQb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'LESSONS IN NOBILITY.  Prashant Padmanabhan and S.Basavaraj', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;LESSONS IN NOBILITY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;O, King of the Ranger of night! I know you have been tormented in the battle. Go and return to Lanka. Having regained your breath, come back in your chariot with your bow and then standing in your chariot, you will witness once more my prowess.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Valmiki Ramayana, Yuddha Kanda, Canto LIX, Sloka 143&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the midst of fierce battle, when his opponent Ravana lost all his weapons and was weary, Shree Rama allowed him to go back to his abode and return after being equipped with weapons. Such were the lessons of nobility propounded in Ramayana.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Do we follow those ideals in our real life or our bhakti for Rama does not necessarily mean, we adopting his virtues?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Let us discuss one aspect of our society which, if not controlled, will have the serious repercussion of erosion of our basic democratic value, Rule of law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The topic is the new generation social media which is capable of spreading falsehood, demonization of anyone. How should social media react to judgments of Courts of law? Is there any restrictions/special conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The path of criticism is a public way: the wrong-headed are permitted to err therein: provided that members of the public abstain from imputing improper motives to those taking part in the administration of justice, and are genuinely exercising a right of criticism and not acting in malice or attempting to impair the administration of justice, they are immune. Justice is not a cloistered virtue: she must be allowed to suffer the scrutiny and respectful even though outspoken comments of ordinary men. (Andre Paul Terence Ambard v. Att-Gen of Trinidad and Tobago, (1936) 1 All ER 704)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This discussion is not about fair criticism of judgments. It is not about the need for accountability of judges like any other public servant. It is about the tone and tenor of language used in social media forums against Judges.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Over the past few days, there were continuous vicious attacks against one of the finest Judges of our times in the Supreme Court of India, for his dissenting views in the recent Sabarimala Reference Order. Sometime back, another Judge had mentioned about the amount of vile threats, abuses which he received through social media for writing the his verdict in the Sabarimala case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is not possible to reproduce the content of some of those comments, shared across many whats app groups and face book forums, because it is downright contempt and criminal. One shortcoming with social media is that one is forced to see many such posts, even though one wishes not to see it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is scary to know that a portion of our society is so much communalised to castigate aspersions on the basis of religion, while a judgment of Court of law is based on hard facts and application of law into the factual situation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Veiled threats to another Judge has compelled the Government to provide him with &ldquo;Z&rdquo; category security to him. Reason is the same. His judgment. This time, his concurring opinion in the Ayodhya case.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Day when People attack their Judges for writing a judgment, is the beginning of the fall of the very foundations of our democracy. Rule of law and an Independent Judiciary.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;On the day of his retirement, a judge of the Karnataka High Court remarked &lsquo;today, all my fundamental rights are restored&rsquo;. Judges are vulnerable for many reasons including their inability to react even to a fair criticism let alone scurrilous attack on their opinions. Contempt of court is again another controversial issue, the use of which is met with series of criticisms, debates and even articles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;That &lsquo;a judge must speak only through his judgments&rsquo; and that &lsquo;a lawyer must speak only through his arguments (in a court of law) is unfortunately made applicable only to judges.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Social media has become one of the most powerful weapons of expression throughout the world. It was used for great achievements like Egyptian revolution. However it has also become a platform to vent anger and hateful messages. Striking down of Section 65A of the Information Technology Act was with a noble intention of allowing free and fair expression of one&rsquo;s ides. After the Supreme Court striking down the Section, there is no effective mechanism to deal with messages. In many cases Police are equally powerless. Absence of a stern legal provision has created a scenario for many with twisted mindset to attack a judgment they don&rsquo;t like.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Opinion of Jurists:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Rama&rsquo;s political triumph should not leave him, like in Valmiki&rsquo;s Ramayana, with an inner torment, at war with his better more compassionate self&rdquo;, commented Dr.Pratap Bhanu Mehta soon after the Ayodhya Judgment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;A close reading of the decision is necessary for any fair and socially responsible criticism of courts.. an authoritative analysis so soon after the verdict&rsquo;s pronouncement runs the risk of being precipitate.&rdquo;, commented noted jurist Dr.Upendra Baxi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;How should commoners react to judgments of Courts:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;How do people react to a judgment of Court of law, especially when the judgment do not toe the line of popular perception? As a law student and practising lawyer, I&rsquo;ve a duty, for myself and on behalf of my learned colleagues in the legal profession to explain that in lay person&rsquo;s language.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fundamental Freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India is not absolute. Words and expressions which may amount to contempt of Courts, is not protected. A fare criticism of judgment is not contempt but attributing motive to the judge, without sufficient proof, is contempt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;People need to read the judgment, understand the context in which a Judge has taken a view, understand how differing views are possible among Judges of the same Court, before embarking on a wholesome attack on the judgments, leave alone personal attack on Judges, which in any case is not permissible. If you don&rsquo;t understand something, have the nobility to desist from criticism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Comments in social media are freely made by anyone and everyone and opinions are many times based on fake news. That is a challenge we are facing today. One is advised to rely only on reliable news items.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;What should one understand: in lay language&amp;nbsp;some basic ideas are to be kept in mind before criticising judgments or author of a judgment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Judgments are not always written on the basis of natural reasons, sometimes it is based on artificial reasons. That is why, &lsquo;Right to life&rsquo; is interpreted to mean &lsquo;Right to live with dignity&rsquo;. Hospital is interpreted to mean industry.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Judgments are not written as per popular perception but according to legal principles. Those legal principles are not as per the current trend in the society but as a result of several years of careful study by social engineers, affected groups, sometimes severe social struggle, drafted and debated in the House of elected members and finally passed and approved by President or Governor. Thereafter its validity is tested in Courts of law. This means, there is a judicial review of the laws made by Parliament or State Legislatures on the touchstone of the Constitution of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Judiciary is one institution mandated under the Constitution to uphold the Constitution, protect the weaker side when it comes to a fight between the mighty and weak. Same is the case with popular views versus Fundamental Rights affecting individuals. Courts are bound to protect the Rights. Obviously therefore, many of the judgments are counter majoritarian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Popular perception and number of people supporting or opposing a move is the lifeline of a politician who is desirous of electoral politics. That is short term gain. Judiciary is not concerned about numbers as it has higher goals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; It is wiser to read a judgment, understand the real issues, the reasoning of the Courts for arriving at the decision ( it is called ratio of the judgment) before even making the first comment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; There was a time when it was difficult for the commoner to have access to judgments. Not any more! There are now extremely useful and handy legal websites. They are either free or available for a very nominal cost. It is available for anyone and everyone to read. People should take full advantage of that.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Links to the judgments of Supreme Court and High Courts are available online. One is advised to download it free of cost and read it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; If one still does not understand the judgment, the same must be translated and read in one&rsquo;s mother tongue or spoken language. It is necessary to understand a view before criticising it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Judges are not able to come back and reply to criticism by virtue of the restrictions upon the office they hold.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; Judges are defenders of Fundamental Rights of every single citizen, irrespective of their numerical figures. When they do that duty, if someone attacks the judges, it is as bad as attacking a soldier who is fighting for our nation. While the soldier is defending our physical borders, maintaining the physical integrity of our nation, Judiciary is fiercely protecting our freedoms and Rights, the conscience of the nation expressed through the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&middot; It is imperative therefore to be fair in criticism, objective in analysis and read the judgment before making any comment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Criticism without any basis and insinuations on the impartiality of the judges, deserves to be severely condemned and we do that. A change in the style of criticism and the language is imperative.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Prashant Padmanabhan, Adv, Supreme Court of India, New Delhi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj, Adv and Member, Karnataka State Bar Council, Bangalore&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'cf5aec29ffc3d25ae606bd3d977b6f60.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:31:08', '2021-01-26 04:18:11'),
(150, 'eeP0De65K0lVCsMk3IMIlXP4l', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Can a lawyer convicted and sentenced for Contempt of Court continue to practice?  Mr. S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Can a lawyer convicted and sentenced for Contempt of Court continue to practice?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate and Member, Karnataka State Bar Council&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;At the outset, let&#039;s understand the gist of two Supreme Court judgments on this issue. (1) Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P., (2016) 8 SCC 335. Held: Section 24A of the Advocates Act, 1961 which debars a convicted person from being enrolled applies to an advocate on the rolls of the Bar Council for a period of two years, if convicted for contempt and (2) Pravin C. Shah v. K.A. Mohd. Ali, (2001) 8 SCC 650. Held : Merely undergoing the penalty imposed on a contemnor is not sufficient to complete the process of purging himself of the criminal contempt. Purging oneself of contempt can be only by regretting or apologising in the case of a completed action of criminal contempt. Unless a person purges himself of contempt or is permitted by the Court conviction results in debarring an advocate from appearing in court even in absence of suspension or termination of the licence to practice.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Dealing with the later judgment first, Section 24A of the Advocates Act, 1961 reads thus;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;24-A. Disqualification for enrolment.&mdash;(1) No person shall be admitted as an advocate on a State roll&mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(a) if he is convicted of an offence involving moral turpitude;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(b) if he is convicted of an offence under the provisions of the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(c) if he is dismissed or removed from employment or office under the State on any charge involving moral turpitude.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Explanation.&mdash;In this clause, the expression &ldquo;State&rdquo; shall have the meaning assigned to it under Article 12 of the Constitution:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Provided that the disqualification for enrolment as aforesaid shall cease to have effect after a period of two years has elapsed since his release or dismissal or, as the case may be, removal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(2) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to a person who having been found guilty is dealt with under the provisions of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 (20 of 1958).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The question as to whether Section 24A applies to a practicing lawyer came up for consideration before a three judge bench of the Supreme Court in in Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P., (2016) 8 SCC 335 (Justice Anil R Dave, Justice Kurian Joseph and Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel). Question 4.2(ii) framed by the Supreme Court reads thus &ldquo;Whether on conviction for criminal contempt, the appellant can be allowed to practise?.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The relevant discussions are extracted below. &quot;32. In Pravin C. Shah v. K.A. Mohd. Ali, (2001) 8 SCC 650 this Court held that an advocate found guilty of contempt cannot be allowed to act or plead in any court till he purges himself of contempt. This direction was issued having regard to Rule 11 of the Rules framed by the High Court of Kerala under Section 34(1) of the Advocates Act and also referring to the observations in para 80 of the judgment of this Court in Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. Union of India, (1998) 4 SCC 409. It was explained that debarring a person from appearing in court was within the purview of the jurisdiction of the Court and was different from suspending or terminating the licence which could be done by the Bar Council and on failure of the Bar Council, in exercise of appellate jurisdiction of this Court.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Court answers question 4.2(ii) above in paragraph as follows. 49. In these circumstances, Section 24-A which debars a convicted person from being enrolled applies to an advocate on the rolls of the Bar Council for a period of two years, if convicted for contempt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court in Vinay Chandra Mishra, In re, (1995) 2 SCC 584&amp;nbsp; suspended the contemnor lawyer from practising as an advocate for a period of three years. However, this judgement was overruled on this point in Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. Union of India, (1998) 4 SCC 409 by holding that it is not permissible for the Supreme Court to &ldquo;take over&rdquo; the role of the statutory bodies or other organs of the State and &ldquo;perform&rdquo; their functions and therefore not permissible for the Supreme Court to punish an advocate for &ldquo;professional misconduct&rdquo; in exercise of the appellate jurisdiction by converting itself as the statutory body exercising &ldquo;original jurisdiction&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However, the Supreme Court in Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P., (2016) 8 SCC 335 refers to paragraph 80 of Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. Union of India, (1998) 4 SCC 409 which is extracted below;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;80. In a given case it may be possible, for this Court or the High Court, to prevent the contemner advocate to appear before it till he purges himself of the contempt but that is much different from suspending or revoking his licence or debarring him to practise as an advocate. In a case of contemptuous, contumacious, unbecoming or blameworthy conduct of an Advocate-on-Record, this Court possesses jurisdiction, under the Supreme Court Rules itself, to withdraw his privilege to practice as an Advocate-on-Record because that privilege is conferred by this Court and the power to grant the privilege includes the power to revoke or suspend it. The withdrawal of that privilege, however, does not amount to suspending or revoking his licence to practice as an advocate in other courts or tribunals.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P., (2016) 8 SCC 33535 also refers to R.K. Anand v. Delhi High Court, (2009) 8 SCC 106 to the effect &quot;even if there was no rule framed under Section 34 of the Advocates Act disallowing an advocate who is convicted of criminal contempt, is not only a measure to maintain dignity and orderly function of courts, it may become necessary for the protection of the court and for preservation of the purity of court proceedings. Thus, the court not only has a right but also an obligation to protect itself and save the purity of its proceedings from being polluted, by barring the advocate concerned from appearing before the courts for an appropriate period of time. This Court noticed the observations about the decline of ethical and professional standards of the Bar, and the need to arrest such trend in the interests of administration of justice. It was observed that in the absence of unqualified trust and confidence of people in the Bar, the judicial system could not work satisfactorily. Further observations are that the performance of the Bar Councils in maintaining professional standards and enforcing discipline did not match its achievements in other areas. This Court expressed hope and expected that the Bar Council will take appropriate action for the restoration of high professional standards among the lawyers, working of their position in the judicial system and the society.&quot; (emphasis supplied)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;We must notice that barring an advocate from appearing before the court, the contempt of which is committed as held in Pravin C. Shah is different from statutory debarment under Section 24A of the Advocates Act, 1961 as interpreted by the Supreme Court in Mahipal Singh Rana. In the first case, the discretion is left to the court to permit the lawyer to appear. In the second case, the statute itself operates as a bar for a lawyer to practice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This is clear from paragraph 50 of the judgment in Mahipal Singh Rana whih says that in addition to the said disqualification, in view the judgment in R.K. Anand, unless a person purges himself of contempt or is permitted by the court, conviction results in debarring an advocate from appearing in court even in the absence of suspension or termination of the licence to practise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Purging the contempt: Pravin C. Shah v. K.A. Mohd. Ali, (2001) 8 SCC 650 (Justice K.T.Thomas&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Jutice S.N. Variava) holds that merely undergoing the penalty imposed on a contemnor is not sufficient to complete the process of purging himself of the criminal contempt. Purging oneself of contempt can be only by regretting or apologising in the case of a completed action of criminal contempt. Unless a person purges himself of contempt or is permitted by the Court conviction results in debarring an advocate from appearing in court even in absence of suspension or termination of the licence to practice. How to purge the contempt is elaborately discussed in Pravin C. Shah . After stressing the need for an unconditional apology for his conduct, the Supreme Court says that a mere statement made by a contemnor before court that he apologises is hardly enough to amount to purging himself of the contempt. The court must be satisfied of the genuineness of the apology. If the court is so satisfied and on its basis accepts the apology as genuine the court has to make an order holding that the contemnor has purged himself of the contempt. (para 31)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Such drastic measure is needed, according to Supreme Court because ...the very sight of an advocate, who was found guilty of contempt of court on the previous hour, standing in the court and arguing a case or cross-examining a witness on the same day, unaffected by the contemptuous behaviour he hurled at the court, would erode the dignity of the court and even corrode the majesty of it besides impairing the confidence of the public in the efficacy of the institution of the courts. (para 17Pravin C. Shah v. K.A. Mohd. Ali,)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The genus of Pravin C Shah is found in Harish Uppal (Ex-Capt.) v. Union of India, (2003) 2 SCC 45 where the Supreme Court says &quot;Let the Bar take note that unless self-restraint is exercised, courts may now have to consider framing specific rules debarring advocates, guilty of contempt and/or unprofessional or unbecoming conduct, from appearing before the courts.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In my humble opinion, the judgments of the Supreme Court in Pravin C. Shah v. K.A. Mohd. Ali, (2001) 8 SCC 650 and Mahipal Singh Rana v. State of U.P., (2016) 8 SCC 335 especially Pravin C Shah command absolute surrender of Advocates&#039; fraternity to Courts and strike at the very psyche of the Advocates. They need to be reviewed at the earliest, ofcourse with suitable modifications to safeguard the institution of judiciary from motivated, scurrilous and agenda ridden tirades.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate and Member, Karnataka State Bar Council. raj@dakshalegal.com&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '92880cbf6f081b56e5db908fdb6609de.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-09-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-11 18:17:37', '2021-01-26 03:43:44'),
(151, 'SGirfLXACG9ykVkUrPDDp9aHg', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Strange Bail Conditions : A Judicial Overreach Judicial Overreach.  Mr. B.L. Pavecha Senior Advocate Indore ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Strange Bail Conditions : A Judicial Overreach Judicial Overreach.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mr. B.L. Pavecha, Senior Advocate, Indore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 438 Cr.P.C. provides for grant of anticipatory bail and confers powers upon the High Court as also on the Court of Session to grant it. Similarly Section 439 Cr.P.C. confers powers upon the High Court as also on Court of Session to grant bail and to direct release of a person accused of an offence and is in custody. Powers of the High Court and the Court of Session under both the provisions are coextensive and are of similar amplitude.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Such bail applications are usually first moved before the Sessions Court and if they are rejected there then an application for same relief is moved in the High Court. In recent years there is a growing tendency in the subordinate judiciary to reject bail applications even in deserving cases and, therefore, the person in custody is required to come to High Court with a prayer for grant of bail in a vast majority of cases. The number of bail applications filed in the High Court is growing every year and almost in every High Court and is a strain on its lengthy cause list.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;While granting bail under Section 438 Cr.P.C. or under Section 439 Cr.P.C. the High Court and the Sessions Court have ample powers to impose conditions on the applicant as provided by Section 437(3) of Cr.P.C. to ensure the attendance of the applicant during trial, to prevent repetition by the applicant of the same offence and to prevent the applicant from tampering with the evidence. This provision also arms the Court with discretion to impose in the interest of justice such other conditions as it considers necessary.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;When a bail is granted to a person in custody by the Court usually he is required to execute a bond binding himself to regularly attend all dates of hearing during trial, to cooperate in the proceedings and not to tamper with evidence in any manner and not to commit any offence. Usually he is also required to furnish security in the amount mentioned in the bail order for due compliance of the terms of the bail bond. The Court has discretion to dispense with the requirement of furnishing security and may direct release of the applicant on execution of his personal bond only. Customarily bail orders are passed by Courts day in and day out on these conditions only. In some cases further conditions such as ban on foreign travel and deposit of passport in the Court or to remain out of a particular district or state throughout the trial are also imposed in order to ensure attendance or to protect the fairness and credibility of the trial.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In recent years High Courts have started imposing conditions in bail orders which have no nexus with the crime or with the attendance of the accused during trial or with the fair conduction of the trial. This exercise is sought to be justified on the premises that the Court has ample power under Section 437(3) Cr.P.C. to impose such other conditions in the interest of justice as it considers necessary. Undoubtedly the power of the Court to impose conditions has been expressed in very wide terms but the very width of the power calls for restraint on its exercise. It cannot be exercised arbitrarily at the whim and caprice of the judge exercising it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The applicant for bail at pre-trial or trial stage is not an offender and is presumed to be innocent until conviction is recorded against him and cannot be treated as a criminal requiring reform or deserving instant punishment. The conditions on which he is enlarged on bail must be commensurate with the objects of the provisions for bail namely to ensure his attendance during trial and to prevent him from tampering with the evidence and integrity of the trial as held by the Apex Court in the case Parvez Noordin Lokhandwalla v/s State of Maharashtra decided on 01.10.2020 (Para 14 to 19). The observations made in para 14 are pertinent and are read as under :-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;The language of Section 437(3) of the CrPC which uses the expression &ldquo;any condition&hellip; otherwise in the interest of justice&rdquo; has been construed in several decisions of this court. Though the competent court is empowered to exercise its discretion to impose &ldquo;any condition&rdquo; for the grant of bail under Sections 437 (3) and 439 (1) (a) of the CrPC, the discretion of the court has to be guided by the need to facilitate the administration of justice, secure the presence of the accused and ensure that the liberty of the accused is not misused to impede the investigation, overawe the witnesses or obstruct the course of justice. Several decisions of this Court have dwelt on the nature of the conditions which can legitimately be imposed both in the context of bail and anticipatory bail. &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;An article written by Faizan Mustafa : &ldquo;Strange and Arbitrary Bail Orders : Are Indian Judges Going Too Far?&rdquo; available on The Wire dated 28.04.2020 gives an interesting account of some such strange conditions having no nexus with the trial or the object of the bail provisions recently imposed by the High Court of Jharkhand in bail orders. In the bail orders passed by Madhya Pradesh High Court also in recent years imposition of such strange and unheard of conditions can be seen frequently. The conditions of bail imposed in such orders vary in a wide range. They include plantation at regular intervals in public parks, cleaning the floor of court building, doing community service at a specified charitable institution, making contribution to some charity or to PM Relief Fund or donating a ventilator to a specified hospital. Further directions regarding compliance of these directions and for supervision of such compliance are also given in the bail order putting an additional strain on already overburdened registry.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Plantation, social or community service and charity are laudable if done voluntarily by a citizen but its imposition as a condition for grant of bail in a Court order is impermissible by law and is a dangerous judicial overreach. A person facing a trial for an offence is to be treated as an innocent citizen entitled to all the fundamental rights conferred by the Constitution. Plantation or community service extracted from him as a compulsion imposed on him for coming out of prison is violative of not only his fundamental rights but also a violation of statutory provisions forbidding bonded labour. Imposition of charity or donation on him under the same compulsion is clearly violation of Article 265 of the Constitution of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;At times imposition of such onerous conditions is stated in the bail order to be with the consent of the counsel for the applicant and is sought to be justified as voluntary. This is farcical and far from reality. At the time of hearing and disposal of the bail application in High Court the applicant is not present and is behind the bars. The advocate&rsquo;s first priority in such delicate situation is to see his client out of prison and he cannot afford to disagree with any suggestion made by the bench or to otherwise displease the judge simply for the fear of rejection of his bail application and as an inevitable consequence prolongation of his client&rsquo;s imprisonment. It would be far from truth to treat his nod as consent and to glorify the imposition of such compulsive conditions as voluntary.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;If in addition to about 750 members of higher judiciary all session judges also start imposing conditions which have no nexus with the case but generally good for the community and its welfare according to their own individual perception, there would be chaos and erosion of democracy and Rule of Law by judocrary. In addition a separate section would be required in every Court to supervise and secure compliance of such conditions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;It is interesting to note that such extraordinary conditions are imposed in bail orders passed in cases of commoners and villagers only who have no voice or public support to resist them. I have not even heard of any bail order imposing cditions like plantation, community service or charity passed on the application of any cinema star, cricketer, politician or a celebrity. In such a scenario, to borrow the language of Apex Court in Duda&rsquo;s case, Article 14 of the Constitution weeps and weeps far too long and in utter silence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '63b594e7eaa9f9275b9cc8a469973b6d.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-12 15:51:09', '2021-01-26 03:42:36');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(174, 'GoS7ro3k4hAV1LShTVcmW4vkn', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A note on Community Sentencing, - Vyas Desai, Advocate, Dharwad, Karnataka. ', '&lt;h4&gt;A note on Community Sentencing, Vyas Desai, Advocate, Dharwad, Karnataka.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;The original objects of punishment were retributive, incapacitation and deterrent. By passage of time, the reformatory principle was inculcated and promoted keeping in mind the value of human resource and economic feaseability of imprisonment.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Historically, states were primarily police state and gradually became a welfare state. The object of punishment was more focused on deterrent and reformatory principle in a welfare state.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Though Indian Penal Code was enacted prior to Indian independence, and punishments contained therein continued post independence, but the recognition of Human Liberty and other rights in the Constitution brought certain modifications in scope of infliction of punishments therein such as deletion of &#039;Transportation for Life&#039; and substituting it with imprisonment for life, mandatory rules and exceptional use of provision for solitary confinement, judicial declaration of mandatory death sentence as under Section 302 of the Code as unconstitutional.&lt;br&gt;Section 53 of the Code&amp;nbsp; recognised certain punishments such as -&lt;br&gt;-&amp;gt; Death&lt;br&gt;-&amp;gt; Life imprisonment&lt;br&gt;-&amp;gt; Simple or rigorous imprisonment&lt;br&gt;-&amp;gt; Fine&lt;br&gt;-&amp;gt; Forfeiture of property&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;4,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;The law and Courts started recognising importance of reformatory principle and in pursuance thereof the Probation of Offenders Act was enacted keeping in mind that first time, young persons are treated linently.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;A significant portion of first time petty offenders are more likely to commit graver and repeated offences in future if they are likely to be treated harshly i.e. treated in parity with hardened criminals. NCRB report of year 2016 says that around 6.8% who were imprisoned have engaged in subsequent offence. Conviction in itself is a sentence for government officers, persons in public life and moreover, the same does adversely affect the State due to overcrowding of prisons and being a burden on the exchequer and does not serve as utility to the public at large, and might even turn the offender into hardened criminal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Several countries have introduced Prison and Punishment reforms to include Community Sentencing as a punishment. Though justice Malimath Reforms Committee by its 156th Law Commission Report suggested for amending the Indian Penal Code to include&amp;nbsp; community sentencing as a form of sentence and a Bill was also pending for consideration, but casual approach on part of the Government couldn&#039;t make it get through. However, one provision which recognises community sentencing is Section 18 of the Juvenile Justice Act, but the same is limited to juveniles only and doesn&#039;t cover the significant other age population.&lt;br&gt;Community sentencing such as unpaid labour at local areas or to social institutions such as orphanages, cleaning of municipal areas, planting of trees are much more constructive in nature, as society is directly benefitted from the offenders and offenders would become valuable economic and social part of the society. Moreover, it also prevents overcrowding of prisons and burden on state exchequer. Several countries have already introduced by way of codified law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;We can of course notice that Supreme Court and High Courts nowadays have at several instances convicted the offenders and inflicted punishment other than what is provided in Section 53 of Indian Penal Code. Most famously, in case of Sanjeev Nadda&rsquo;s hit and run accident case, the Supreme Court convicted him and imposed a fine of Rs 50 lakh along with two years of community sentencing instead of prison.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;A college student who had uploaded a post that allegedly hurt religious sentiments, and the jurisdictional Court had granted her bail on the pre-condition that she donate copies of the Quran. Though the Ranchi Court withdrew such condition, doubts were cited over the ease in its implementation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. &lt;/b&gt;To my notice, Andhra Pradesh has enacted&amp;nbsp; Community Service of Offenders Act, 2010 to provide rules regarding community sentencing and similarly, Gujarat has incorporated identical provision in the Bombay Prohibition Act.&lt;br&gt;Last week too, the Telangana High Court had in a Contempt proceeding directed a government officer to feed the children on Ugadi and Ram Navami and also teach children, instead of sentencing him to imprisonment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;I feel India needs a law regarding sentencing of offenders to community sentencing so that the punishment inflicted is uniform and also petty first-time offenders do get an opportunity to reform, and society is benefited directly from the offenders and we do realise the importance of a socially and economically valuable offender.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '35362e0d6efece4f7636da69c8c3c650.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-04-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-04-30 00:58:01', '2021-04-29 14:28:13'),
(175, '4uaMkfjMBaMVhsRO0vy9Vz7GG', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'High Courts and their ‘harsh comments’ & ‘inappropriate metaphors’.', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocates and former Advocate General for Karnataka.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Recently, the Supreme Court termed the Madras High Court&rsquo;s &ldquo;murder charge&rdquo; remarks against the Election Commission as &ldquo;harsh&rdquo; and the &ldquo;metaphor inappropriate&rdquo; as it walked a tightrope between praising the role of High Courts during the pandemic and advising judges against making off-the-cuff remarks during hearings.&lt;br&gt;Some of the High courts including Karnataka High Court have been unduly harsh and critical of the Governments&rsquo;actions in dealing with COVID-19 crisis. In a global problem of this magnitude there are bound to be mistakes,omissions &amp;amp;errors of judgment. However that doesn&rsquo;t clothe High Courts with power to castigate governments day in and out without justification. PILs are misused for the purpose by vested interests. Virtually court are trespassing into executive domain. Separation of powers is also basic structure of the constitution. Courts will do well to confine themselves to their jurisdiction in these difficult times. However, the failure of the Supreme Court to expunge the comments of the Madras High Court, though oral, seems to have encouraged High Courts to comment on government function even more aggressively.&lt;br&gt;The Supreme Court&rsquo;s conduct in exercising restraint is laudable. Hope High Courts will follow suit.&lt;/h4&gt;', '00c4d6e2412d9b41a6a6273359111958.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-13 20:13:39', '2021-05-13 20:19:50'),
(96, 'PLwtesJSiQBN0sslfvZPNVRjd', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Locus Standi Reference to cases in Absence of Locus To File Suit. Vasundhara Singh Shekhawat', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Locus Standi: Reference to cases in Absence of Locus To File Suit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Locus Standi is a Latin word, meaning &lsquo;place to stand.&rsquo; Whereas, the word &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; in law means, a person who approached the court should himself show that he suffered a legal injury.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In simpler words it means the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party&rsquo;s participation in the case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Definition of the term &lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The definition of the term &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; has been defined in Amanullah and Ors. vs. State of Bihar and Ors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As &#039;locus standi&#039; is a latin term, the general meaning of which is &#039;place of standing&#039;. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th Edition defines the term &#039;locus standi&#039; as the right or capacity to bring an action or to appear in a court. The traditional view of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; has been that the person who is aggrieved or affected has the standing before the court, i.e., to say he only has a right to move the court for seeking justice. Later, this Court, with justice-oriented approach, relaxed the strict rule with regard to &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo;, allowing any person from the society not related to the cause of action to approach the court seeking justice for those who could not approach themselves.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Concept and Development of the rule of &lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The concept and development of the rule of &lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo; has been clearly stated in the case George Mampilly vs. State of Kerala &ldquo;Law, it is said, is dynamic. Naturally, our perception of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; also has been undergoing transformation. The traditional conception in regard to &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; is that judicial redress is available to a person who has suffered a legal injury by reason of violation of his legal right or legally protected interest by the impugned action of the State or a public authority or who is likely to suffer a legal injury by such reason. Courts have, during recent years, evolved a number of exceptions to this rule. Courts have now acknowledged that where there has been violation of constitutional or legal rights of persons who, by reason of their socially or economically disadvantaged position, are unable to approach the court for judicial redress, a member of the public could move the court for enforcement of such rights of such persons. Members of the public are enabled, in appropriate cases to come forward to protect the rights of person or persons belonging to a determinate class who, by reason of poverty, helplessness or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position, are unable to approach the court for relief. This principle has been extended to cases where no specific legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate class or group of persons by the act or omission of State or public authority and injury is caused only to public interest. Where there is a public wrong of public injury by an act or omission by the State or a public authority which is contrary to the Constitution or to any law, any member of the public having sufficient interest can maintain an action to or redress such public wrong or public, injury. Courts have begun to recognise that they exist not merely to vindicate individual rights but also to vindicate public rights and therefore permit members of the public to agitate for such rights. Any member of the public having sufficient interest can maintain an action for judicial redress of public injury arising from breach of public duty or violation of some provision of the Constitution or the law and seek enforcement of such public duty and observance of such constitutional or legal provision. Of course, it must be ensured that the person who comes forward is acting bona fide and not for personal gain or private profit or out of political motivation or other oblique consideration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Who can apply?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo;, the traditional rule is that the right to move to the Court is available to the person who has suffered the injury. However, the right to move to the Supreme Court is only available to those whose fundamental right is infringed. The power, vested in the Supreme Court can only be exercised for the enforcement of the fundamental rights. The writ under which the remedy is asked under Article 32 must be correlated to one of the fundamental rights sought to be enforced. The remedy must be sought through appropriate proceedings. (applying the previous paragraph)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Locus Standi and Article 32&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 32 contains fundamental right to judicial remedies and is considered the most important fundamental right. The object of the Article 32 is the enforcement of the fundamental right guaranteed by the constitution. A person whose fundamental rights have been violated has the remedy of approaching the Supreme Court by way of a writ petition filed under Article 32. When faced with such a petition, the Supreme Court will first deal with the issue of the petitioner&rsquo;s &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; the petitioner will have to establish that they have the necessary &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; to approach the Court. In this regard, the traditional, well established rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; is that a person has no right to complain under Article 32 where no fundamental right has been infringed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The traditional rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; was relaxed in the year 1980, in the cases of Public Interest Litigation &ldquo;PIL&rdquo;. The petition under Article 32 can only be filed by a person whose fundamental right is infringed however the Supreme Court has relaxed the rule. It was through PIL the court enlarged the concept of a person aggrieved to include any public spirited individuals or association, provided the person bona fide to vindicate the cause of justice and are not actuated by political motives or other oblique considerations, or they are not mere busybodies or interlopers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case of S.P. Gupta vs. Union of India explained the concept of PIL as, &ldquo;Where a legal wrong or legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate class of persons by the reason of any constitutional or legal right or any burdened is imposed in any constitutional or legal provision or without authority of law or such legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burdened is threatened and such person or determinate class of persons by reasons of poverty, helplessness or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position unable to approach the court for relief, any member of public can maintain an application for an appropriate direction, Order and Writ in High Court under Article 226 and in case of any breach of fundamental right such persons or determinate class of persons in this court under Article 32 seeking judicial readdress for the legal wrong or legal injury caused to such a or determinate class of persons.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In A.B.S.K. Sangh (Rly) vs. Union of India it was held that the Akhil Bhartiya Soshit Karmachari Sangh (Railway), though an unregistered association could maintain a writ petition under Article 32 for the redressal of a common grievance. Access to justice through &lsquo;class action&rsquo;,&lsquo;public interest litigation&rsquo; and &lsquo;representative proceedings&rsquo; is the present constitutional jurisprudence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Relaxation of the Rule of &lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Today the concept of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; has been broadened and is no more looked at from a narrow angle. &lsquo;Locus Standi&rsquo; is one of the most essential and fundamental ingredients that has to be filled before the court hears the matter. However, due to its strict interpretation, many a times justice may not be served. By bringing out the regulations to relax &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo;, the country has struck the right chord to bring in a balance with regard to approaching the court. As a general rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; the party who approaches the court shall himself show that he had suffered legal injury. However, the rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; has been relaxed and the writ can be filed by an effected person. However, it can be filed by the person having common interest in cases of Mandamus and Certiorari. The person filing the writ should not only have mere interest but should also have more interest than that of an ordinary member.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Bihar Legal Support Society vs. Chief Justice of India the Court made it clear that the strategy of PIL has been evolved by this Court with a view to bring justice within the easy reach of the disadvantaged section of the community.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The similar option has also been stated in the case of Fertilizer Corporation Kamgar Union vs. Union of India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Absence of Locus Standi in suit&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As a rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; the injured party himself approaches the court to show the injury suffered. However, the rule has looked upon the following cases with regard to where a party approached had no locus to file the suit. In the case of State of Punjab vs. Amarjit Singh , before the Supreme Court of India,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Where the issue in a suit was regarding the declaration and possession of the property under the Land Acquisition Act, 1984. The respondent after almost decade and a half of the issue of the notification, filed the suit for declaration and possession by asserting by the virtue of Will that he had become the owner of the land and therefore pleaded that the acquisition was made without following the procedure prescribed under the act and the award passed by the officer was not authorised to do so. In the written statement of the appellant there are various objection raised that the suit was not within the time, the matter in dispute was not justiciable, the procedure had already been taken under the act and the award and payment was also made, hence, the jurisdiction of the Civil Court was also barred under the act and lastly, the plaintiff was estopped from filing the suit as he had no locus to file the suit as the notice under Section 80 had been served.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Court rejected the appellants objection to the locus of the respondent by observing that he acquired right by the virtue of the will executed and also held that plaintiff cannot be not suited on the grounds of compensation and therefore the appeal was allowed and the revision was set aside.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case of B.R. Vasudevamurthy vs. Hon&#039;ble Minister for Revenue, Government of Karnataka and Ors. before the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The matter that came before the court was regarding Karnataka Land Grant Rules, 1969 under Rule 20, 21 and 22 , the grant of land power of the State Government. The grant of land to sangha/association was for formation of residential layout. The Order of the Special Deputy Commissioner was sanction by the Government. The legality of the Order of grant and the legality of the order of Sanction was whether the association is entitled for grant of agricultural land or house site or for any other non-agricultural purposes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The question raised was whether the petitioner had &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; to maintain the writ petition challenging the impugned orders and notification?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The court with respect to the &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; held that the writ petitions filed by them questioning the correctness of the impugned order and notification were maintainable in law. As on the facts, it was held that between the parties, the lands in question stood vested in the State Government. If at all contract or agreement in respect of the Inam Lands which were vested with State Government was to be entered into, the State should have been made a party to the same, otherwise the same is not binding upon the State Government. Hence the same was void ab initio in law and therefore the same was unenforceable in law. On such basis the petitioners cannot seek to quash the impugned order and Writ Petitions were disposed of.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case of Mr. Raj A. Menda S/O Mr. Arjun Menda vs. Rani Rasamani Real Estate before the High Court of Karnataka at Bangalore, the trial court held that the plaintiff had no &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; the suit for declaration and injunction against the defendants on the basis of Memorandum of Understanding. The trial court also held the relief of injunction filed by the plaintiff for in I.As against the defendants cannot be granted. The suit became infructuous and in the light of relief sought for by the plaintiff was dismissed under Order 12 Rule 6 of CPC and the contract however is not concluded and enforceable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As mentioned in the above cases, the court goes to the details of the case to decide the validity where there is absence of locus to file suit. The decision of the court under such cases varies depending on the facts of the case. However, the court observes the cases liberally so as to avoid injustice to the party.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Third party and Locus Standi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Under various cases it has been clearly stated that third party has no locus to file the suits and thus is not maintainable by the court. The following cases explains the position of the third party and the court&rsquo;s prospective on locus of the third party.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case Karamjeet Singh vs.Union of India before the Supreme Court of India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The petition was filed on behalf of the accused by the petitioner who claimed to be his next friend. The case was regarding the restoration of Harminder Sahib, in Golden Temple, questioning the legality and validity of the conviction and sentence by the designated Court, Pune. The court held that neither the provision of Criminal Procedure Code,1973 &ldquo;CrPC&rdquo; nor any statute permitted third party stranger to the suit to question the correctness of the decision of the Court. However in such cases third party cannot be allowed to file suit under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution challenging Order passed by the designated Court. Therefore, the petitioner had no locus standi to move to the court under Article 32 for challenging conviction and sentence awarded by the Court. Hence, the petition was dismissed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case Simranjit Singh Mann vs Union Of India And Another,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A public interest litigation for quashing a First Information Report &ldquo;F.I.R.&rdquo; lodged by the Central Bureau of Investigation &ldquo;C.B.I.&rdquo; based on the core allegation that certain named and unnamed persons had entered into a criminal conspiracy in pursuance whereof they had secured illegal gratification of crores of rupees from Bofors, a Swiss Company, through their agents as a motive or reward. The C.B.I. had moved an application before the learned Judge, Delhi, for the issuance of a letter rotator to the Swiss authorities for assistance in conducting investigation, which request was conceded. An advocate, filed a criminal revision application before the High Court of Delhi for quashing the F.I.R. and the letter rotator on certain grounds. Several questions of law and fact were raised in support of the challenge. The High Court came to the conclusion that the said third party litigant had no &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; to maintain the action and so also the interveners had no right to seek impleadment/intervention in the said proceeding. However, the learned Judge took suo moto cognizance of the matter and for reasons stated in his order directed issue of show cause notice to the C.B.I and the State why the F.I.R. should not be quashed. On appeal this Court came to the conclusion that the learned Judge in the High Court was right in holding that the advocate litigant as well as the interveners had no &#039;locus standi&#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case of Shamshuddin vs. Haris MY, before Karnataka High Court, The administrator of a masjid was arrayed as a respondent to the writ petition, the contempt petition was filed by Shamshuddin in his personal name and in his personal capacity and not as administrator of the masjid. The said Shamshuddin was not the administrator when the writ petition was filed. A division bench comprising of two (2) Judges aid a petition to initiate action for civil contempt as defined under Section 2(b) of the Act could be presented only by a party aggrieved, except where the court which passed the order has given liberty to third parties, who were not parties to the order, to initiate action for contempt of court. The court also observed that no liberty to be given to any third party to initiate action for contempt of court.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case N. Rajanna vs. Dr. Rajaneesh Goel,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The same bench as in the case above, Shamshuddin vs. Haris MY, before Karnataka High Court, held that if no time limit is fixed for compliance of the order, the action for contempt of court in such a case is not maintainable in law in regard to the third party has no &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The above cases clears position of the third party that the third party has no locus as it treats third party stranger to the suit. However, in exceptional cases it takes liberal approach to decide whether third party can file a suit or not, unless it appears to the court a justifiable reason otherwise would cause injustice to the party. In the cases of PIL the court accepts the position of the third party and permits the filing of the suit, for such cases it should to be of general public interest, not personal or mere interest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Locus Standi in Fabricated Documents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case where the suit is fabricated or fraud is committed by the party in filing of suit, the court under such circumstances dismisses the suit as to prevent the wrong. The cases explain how the courts have looked into in the cases of fabricated documents.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the case Khaleel Ahmed K.R. and Ors. vs. The State of Karnataka and Ors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Karnataka Public Service Commission &ldquo;KPSC&rdquo; had violated the orders of the High Court of Karnataka with regard to the moderation and scaling of answer scripts, which had resulted in the vitiation of the entire selection. The wrong step of KPSC has resulted in tilting of marks and ultimately results. It was serious violation of High Court order and a serious lapse. The standard applied by the KPSC in the selection varied from candidate to candidate i.e., the selection process was done arbitrarily. Grave mistakes were noticed in the Kannada and English versions of the question papers which has resulted confusion in the candidates. It is also observed that candidates from one particular category have been given more weightage. The perusal of the three lists of the candidates after the Personality Test was given an impression that certain category candidates were given more weightage. The Criminal Investigation Department &ldquo;CID&rdquo; had also categorically observed that liberal marks were given to some candidates who scored low marks in written examination and low marks were given to the candidates who had scored high marks in the written examination. The Chairman in connivance with candidates and other officials of the KPSC had committed illegalities in the selection process, ranging from illegally favouring certain candidates, threatening meritorious candidates, wrongly disqualifying eligible candidates, accepting false-fabricated-bogus certificates to favour candidates of his choice, cheating, criminal intimidation, using forged documents and genuine, criminal conspiracy etc. There had been instances of category violations. Some of the selected candidates have submitted forged fabricated documents and got selected. KPSC had destroyed vital documents, including answer scripts, rolls, etc. However, the writ petition was filed under PIL was maintainable.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case of Krishan Yadav vs. State of Haryana and others, before the Supreme Court of India, the selection was made without holding interview, they were ghost interviews and there was tampering of the final records and forgery and fabrication of documents, which was fake. In that context when the records were destroyed, the Apex Court held that when the entire selection is stinking, conceived in fraud and delivered in deceit, the entire selection is liable to be set-aside.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the case of Pritpal Singh vs. State of Haryana and others , before the Supreme Court of India, the answer papers of the written examinations were destroyed even before the results of the selection was declared. In such cases the entire selection is liable to be set-aside.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the above cases the Court has made sure the fraudulent plaint or fraud committed by the party is liable to set aside and further held that the party had no locus to file the suit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In a civil case, the locus to file a suit, i.e., the standing to file a suit before court of law is available to a person in whose favour cause of action arises. Therefore, all others cases except the person who has cause of action in his favour, excluded to file a suit and therefore, revision, appeal, etc. There are certain exceptions like interpleader suits, or if a decree affects any third party not arrayed as party in the suit, however, the general rule is that there must be some cause of action in your favour to have locus to contest a civil suit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In criminal cases, criminal law can be set into motion by anyone. Therefore, standing to sue or locus does not apply in the same manner as in civil cases. State is presumed to be party and all the cases are tried in the name of State. The person who sets the criminal law into motion is complainant, but complainant has no separate rights to appeal, apply for revision, or go to appellate court for any correcting any infirmity in the order of the trial court. Victim on the other hand has been given some rights, like right to appeal, right to oppose bail and move for cancellation of bail in cases where bail is granted etc. Therefore, victim can move court for appropriate remedy in certain cases by way of revision or to correct any legal infirmity in the order of the trial court. Accused will have right to appeal, move for revision of orders, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As a general rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; the party who suffered injury shall himself file the suit. But the rule has however been relaxed and the courts have gone into liberal approach towards the cases of absence of locus to file suit so as to avoid injustice to the party. The relaxation of the rule of &lsquo;locus standi&rsquo; was very first seen in the cases of PIL and ever since the court observed the lenient approach towards the cases that comes before it. In furtherance, the court prohibits the third party in filing the suit unless sufficient cause is justified.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Vasundhara Singh Shekhawat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Intern, Dakshal Legal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8d84568f89cd66f38ace2aa181473163.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:32:48', '2021-01-26 04:17:44');
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(97, 'FfZVFxDYvcP40bosBLEksxk87', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Mahavira and the Constitutional Philosophy of India.  S.Basavaraj ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mahavira and the Constitutional Philosophy of India&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. India, amongst the countries to get independence after Second World War, also valued the importance of human rights in the governance of the country. The importance of human rights left their imprint on the mind of the leaders. The movement of Independence was centered on the fight against atrocities of imperialistic rulers. The freedom struggle found its strength on pledge against the tyrannical government. Having waged a relentless struggle for freedom &mdash; not with bayonets and bullets but on the lofty principles of non-violence and truth &mdash; (Jain philosophy of Mahavira) they were deeply committed to transforming India into an egalitarian and humane society. Demand for life with humane existence played significant role in leading the movement. It was pledged to make India a free country not only in terms of institutions but also of dignified existence of its inhabitants. Indian founding fathers, from the very early days of the freedom struggle, consciously decided to model free India along the lines of a western liberal democracy. Therefore, when independence of India became imminent, they choose to place their faith in a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Constituent Assembly to formulate a constitution that institutionalized their political triumph. The framers of Indian Constitution were aware about the suffering of millions and their hopes from them. The constitution&rsquo;s commencement in 1950, therefore, heralded a new constitutional dawn into which republic was launched in: an era of political freedom, freedom of exploitation, and justice &mdash; social, economic, and political &mdash; to the impoverished and illiterate masses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;2. &ldquo;History of the world is a long tragic tale of aggressions, wars, class-community conflicts and violence. There had been in the past French Revolution, Russian Revolution, American Revolution and India&rsquo;s long struggle for Independence. Those who fought wars and took active part in revolutions also undertook them to create order, peace and happiness. But Buddha&rsquo;s saying is, &ldquo;Violence can be met only by non-violence and enmity by friendship.&rdquo; In the present world situation, even a superpower harbours no ambition to rule over another country by forming its own government but the desire is to monopolise another country&rsquo;s trade, commerce and industry.-Justice D.M.Dharmadhikari, &lsquo;Human Rights in the 21st Century)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. We see the historical foundation for non-violence about 2600 years ago when Mahavira preached non-violence as a way of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;4. Mahavira was the twenty-fourth and last Jain Tirthankara (ford maker) was born into a royal family in what is now Bihar, India, in 599 BC. At the age of 30, he left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, and abandoned worldly things, including his clothes, and became a monk. For the next twelve-and-a-half years, Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe penance, after which he became keval?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;5. Tirthankaras are saviours of mankind by conferring the panacea of &quot;Tirtha&quot;. The way to eternal bliss. He was born at Kundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali, some 45 kms to the north of Patna. His parents were King Siddhartha - head of the Lichchhavi Republic and Queen Trishala. Their child was named, &quot;Vardhamana&quot; - the one ever on the ascendant since his advent brought increasing prosperity to the land. And by dint of his deeds of valour and fearlessness he acquired the name of &quot;Mahavira&quot; a superhero.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;6. Though born in princely comfort, Mahavira began setting himself on spiritual pursuits quite early in life. At the age of thirty he renounced the life at the palace and walked into forests undertaking the vows of ascetic life. For twelve years he practised the hardest penance. During this period he was subjected to torture and travails by his detractors. He endured all these with supreme forbearance. His response was &quot;I forgive all living beings. May all beings forgive me. I have friendliness for all and bear malice towards none&quot;. To those who flocked to listen to him Mahavira said, &quot;Talk gently, walk gently so that no form of life is harmed; look ahead some distance while you walk&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;7. The philosophy he taught, Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that separates body (matter) from the soul (consciousness) completely.Jain philosophy deals with reality, cosmology, epistemology (study of knowledge) and Vitalism. The concept of non-injury or ahi?s? lies at the core of Jain philosophy. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of bondage and the means to achieve liberation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;8. Jain philosophy postulates that seven tattva (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality. These are.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. ?va-The soul substance which is said to have a separate existence from the body that houses it. J?va is characterised by cetana (consciousness) and upayoga (knowledge and perception). Though the soul experiences both birth and death, it is neither really destroyed nor created. Decay and origin refer respectively to the disappearing of one state of soul and appearance of another state, these being merely the modes of the soul substance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. aj?va- the non-soul&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. ?srava (influx)- inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. bandha (bondage)- mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Samvara (stoppage)- obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Nirjara (gradual dissociation)- separation or falling off of part of karmic matter from the soul.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. mok?ha (liberation)- complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. The knowledge of these reals is said to be essential for the liberation of the soul.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. Ahimsa (Non-violence or Non-injury). Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity of its own and it should be respected just as one expects one&#039;s own sanctity and dignity to be respected. Ahimsa is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow. The concept applies to action, speech and thought.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Satya (Truthfulness)&mdash;neither lie, nor speak what is not true, do not encourage others or approve anyone who speaks the untruth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Asteya &mdash; Non-stealing. Theft is explained as &quot;taking anything that has not been given&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Brahmacharya (Chastity), abstinence from sensual pleasures for Jain monks, faithfulness to one&#039;s partner for Jain householders.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Aparigraha (Non-attachment)&mdash;non-attachment to both inner possessions (liking, disliking) and external possessions like property.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Mahavira&#039;s philosophy has eight cardinal (law of trust), three metaphysical (dravya, J?va and ajiva), and five ethical principles. The objective is to elevate the quality of life. Mahavira said an individual or society should exercise self-restraint to achieve social peace, security and an enlightened society.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. The year-long two thousand six hundredth birth anniversary celebrations of Lord Mahavira serve to highlight the all-time validity and relevance of his teachings as guidelines for the benefit of mankind. His precepts marked by the stress on reconciliation have been looked upon as multi-dimensional guidelines for distraught and ailing humanity at the crossroads of survival or extinction. At a time when the society was torn with conflict and strife and large-scale killing spelt disaster, he gave the clarion call to uphold the sanctity of all forms of life. &quot;All living beings are born equal and have the right to live,&quot; he emphasized all through his exemplary life. Above all, he practiced what he preached.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. The age in which Mahavira was born was a period of serious unrest and ferment. Human society at that juncture sorely needed a saviour. Mahavira then appeared on the scene propagating the message of amity, tolerance and universal brotherhood. He stressed and demonstrated the efficacy of the virtues of non-injury or AHIMSA, the practice of truth, non-stealing, limited possessions and celibacy that implied limiting oneself to one&rsquo;s own spouse. These as he repeatedly explained were desirable and effective correctives to alleviate distress and disharmony.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. After cleansing himself of all impurities of mind and body, Vardhamana Mahavira attained omniscience-the insight of complete comprehension of every thing. For thirty years Tirthankara Mahavira traversed the entire land disseminating the message of righteous living and universal brotherhood. His teachings brought a healing touch to the distressed and, indeed, have been commended through the centuries. Mahavira attained Nirvana at Pava in 527 B.C. at the age of 72.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. Sakya Muni Gautama Buddha was a younger contemporary of Mahavira. His ancestors were believed to have been followers of the 23rd Tirthankara Parshwanatha. Buddha revered his senior contemporary and often asked his disciples to regard Mahavira as one who had realized the highest wisdom.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. In his sermons Mahavira referred to the many-sided aspects of reality. His insistence on the multifaceted doctrine is totally non-dogmatic. It is a corollary of co-existence leading to reconciliation of divergent views. Truth has many facets depending on how one views its permutations, he pointed out. The Tirthankara&rsquo;s audience hall represented a laity of all faiths. His chief apostle Indrabhuti was born in the Vedantic tradition but accepted Mahavira as his mentor. That was the wholesome precept that brings together humanity in a fraternity of faiths.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12. Mahatma Gandhi often commended Mahavira&rsquo;s precepts of the multi-faceted doctrine and of limited possessions. These principles are recipes for harmonious living and social welfare, he said. About the principle of non-violence, Gandhiji, himself its foremost exponent, said, &quot;As and when this benevolent principle will be sought for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond........... Bhagwan Mahavira is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa. If anybody developed the doctrine of Ahimsa, it was Lord Mahavira. Think over it and translate it into action&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;13. The Constitution of the Indian Republic has the imprint of Mahavira&rsquo;s sublime life and message. A landmark event in Washington in May last year was the prayer ceremony at a special sitting of the American House of Representatives convened to pay homage to Mahavira on the occasion of his epochal birth anniversary where Congressman Frank Pallone and others spoke of the enduring value of the Tirthankara&rsquo;s precepts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Compiled by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Daksha Legal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9845065416&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Source.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. &quot;The Millennium Development Goals and Socio-Economic Rights- Indian Position&quot; &ndash; Dr. Uday Shankar, Asst Professor, IIT, Kharagpur, and Mr. Sourabh Bindal, Advocate, Anand &amp;amp; Anand.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. &lsquo;Human Rights in the 21st Century&rsquo; - Justice D.M.Dharmadhikari.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Mahavira- His life and message- Mr. M.K.Dharma Raja, Senior Journalist.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Wikipedia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2ae4f9f521fca1823f821b2aa0be5fca.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:33:33', '2021-01-26 04:17:19'),
(98, 'WeJWMvT6QTDmfwyeFPOcFiQ8Z', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Marijuana legal position in India. Lokeshwar', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marijuana - legal position in India&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Marijuana/Cannabis in India has been used since as early as 2000 BCE. In Indian society, common terms for cannabis include charas (resin), ganja (flower), and bhang (seeds and leaves), with a milkshake made from bhang being one of the most common licit usages in India. There are more than 300million god and goddess in India, among those the coolest one is Lord Shiva (the god of destruction).this god is often related with ganja. It is believed that lord Shiva used ganja to maintain his calm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This plant is mentioned in the Vedas also. The oldest Veda the Rig Veda (1700&ndash;1100 BCE) has lines where it is mentioned that an intoxicating drink is made out of this plant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Atharva Veda mentions bhanga to be one of those five sacred plants relieves anxiety. This bhanga is a wild grass. Many scholars relate this bhanga to cannabis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Cannabis is also said to have medicinal properties it was used in those days for digestion problems, weight loss and many other problems.&amp;nbsp;IT is also said that the smoke ganja is used to make ones enemy feel possessed with spirit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Portuguese India&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Following the Portuguese seizure of Goa in 1510, the Portuguese became familiar with the cannabis customs and trade in India. Garcia da Orta, a botanist and doctor, wrote about the uses of cannabis in his 1534 work (Colloquies on the Simples and Drugs and Medicinal Matters of India and of a Few Fruits). Garcia noted that bhang was used to improve work and appetite and enable labour, and &quot;I believe that it is so generally used and by such a number of people that there is no mystery about it.&rdquo; Fifteen years later Cristobal Acosta produced the work (A Tract about the Drugs and Medicines of the East Indies,) outlining recipes for bhang.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;British India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In 1894a complete and detailed study was made by the British officers regarding the cannabis in India .It was made cleared that the moderate use of cannabis is good for health .excessive use of it is exceptional. The damage caused to the body because of excessive use is not marked. It is also stated that the effect that cannabis had on one&rsquo;s health is much less than that of alcohol.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The word GANJA is a Sanskrit word used for cannabis .This word spread to all over the world during the colonization of India. The Brits formed a link in the India subcontinent. Between 1845 and 1917 Britain brought around 40,000 Indian indentured labours and sent them to their colonial countries to work in plantations thus the word spread.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;USE OF GANJA.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The importance of cannabis to part of the Hindu society can&rsquo;t be separated. It is considered as having cannabis in a particular form is sacred part of their tradition. Cannabis is considered to be a pure form of offering to the lord Shiva .A scholar once had quoted that &ldquo;Hindus regard cannabis in the same way as Christians regard the holy sacrament of wine&rdquo;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Though the Indian law says that use or possession of cannabis in any form is a crime, it is still consumed by the people in different parts of India. In some parts of India it legal. Bhang is the most common form of consumption of cannabis in India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is also mixed in thandai, a milkshake-like preparation. Bhang is consumed as Prasad of Shiva, and is popular between Mahashivaratri and Holi (February&ndash;March).[15] Among Sikh Nihangs, bhang is popular, especially&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;during Hola Mohalla. Muslim Indian Sufis place the spirit of Khidr within the cannabis plant, and consume bhang.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Odisha, cannabis consumption is legal, and it is common to see people smoking chillums.[20]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Even in Assam, where bhang has been explicitly banned since 1958, it is consumed by thousands during the Ambubachi Mela. In 2015, the police did not stop devotees from consuming bhang, although they fined two people for smoking tobacco in public places, under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act.[21]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In November 2015, Uttarakhand legalized the cultivation of cannabis for industrial purposes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;LEGAL STATUS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This cash crop was used allover the world till 1961, this year UN&rsquo;s international treaty Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, clubbed cannabis with hard drugs. This act of UN clubbing of&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;marijuana with hard drugs or the schedule 1 drugs, made the usage or possession of this cash crop as illegal in many parts of the world.&amp;nbsp;This is the place where the Americans played well,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The story dates back to 1930s USA where Hemp plant was once extensively used to make paper, essential oils, furniture, construction material, fodder, clothes, bio plastics, and for recreational usage, and lot more. This is where it posed a great threat to the newly growing liquor, timber and the newly found synthetic and plastic industries. A theory states that the fact that the corporate industries had to lose a lot from this &ldquo;Billion Dollar Crop&rdquo;. The main reason was it can be grown in abundance and was so inexpensive too.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The corporate industries were so smart that they motivated the media to encourage the propaganda around the &ldquo;reefer madness hysteria&rdquo; .this was film that they used to make the public believe that it was a devil&rsquo;s crop.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Americans were campaigning against all kind of drugs. This was a good idea, but banning the hemp and the cannabis plant was not a good move by them.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;India and its culture had cannabis in it so it opposed the treaty of the UN .Later it agreed to keep a count on its export of opium and cannabis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;But in the early 80s the American demand for cannabis was much more than earlier later India did export some amount of drug, this is where the then American government pressured India to put a ban on the drugs both soft and hard. The then Rajiv Gandhi government buckled under pressure and enacted a law called the Narcotics Drugs &amp;amp; Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The aftermath of the ban on the cannabis and hemp plant the corporate industries had their profit.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Though the ban according to some people was for a good reason, it gave rise to the use of this plant only for recreational use alone, along with it many other synthetic drugs also came into the market. This cannabis is available in all parts of the world, but the use of this plant in today&rsquo;s time is not what it was meant for.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In India ganja is available in all the states .Few states did not put a ban on it according to the NDPS act like Odissa. The states which put a ban on cannabis get the stuff (alternative for ganja) through the Black Market. This has been a huge profitable market .the people who sell drugs are usually associated in group or gangs. The sell of the materials in particular places will initiate a kind of rival.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Police has arrested a lot of people under the NDPS Act. But those were the ones who possessed it. The peddler or the main dealer of the drugs is never caught. Out of the ones arrested only few percent not more than 10 would be peddlers. These peddlers work under different drug cartel.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This drug trafficking is a huge profit illegal business. India is the cheapest country for buying cannabis it is stated that it costs $0.10 per gram. The ones whom the police arrests are not the ones who promote the drug use.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The UN clubbing cannabis into hard drug was a big blunder .Hard drugs are the ones which are synthetic and cause more harm to body. It had also stated cannabis as a synthetic drug.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The sale of soft drugs is tolerated in the Netherlands under certain strict conditions. A coffee shop is an establishment where cannabis may be sold but no alcoholic drinks may be sold or consumed. This doesn&rsquo;t mean that it is legal in there. There are strict rules for it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;? No more than 5gm of cannabis( any form)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;? No more than 5 cannabis plants&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The main reason for this toleration policy is to reduce the sales of hard drugs. The main strategy for this tolerance is the government separates the two markets. Cannabis users are not obliged to buy their soft drugs from criminal dealers who might easily bring them into contact with hard drugs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;India under the great pressure of the Americans formed the NDPS Act in the year 1985.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Americans now have given permissions to some states to use cannabis for medical purposes. Canada grows cannabis in large scale both for recreational and industrial purposes. Last year when there was a forest fire huge loses was suffered by the cannabis planters.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many countries around the globe have already given their support for medical researches using cannabis. Its high time India should also give up with its narcotic act.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Only in the year 2015 there was a spark in the India community related to the medical usage of the cannabis&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There was a question and answer round in the Reddit website in the year 2015 where in the legalization of cannabis in India got a huge support.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is a well known fact that women in the west use this as a medicine during cramps. It also has a lot of medicinal value in it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;NGOs funded by the corporate spread the fear in the public that this is a fatal drug that can kill the soul. It is to be noted that anything in excess can be harmful, even medicine. People who die due to smoking and drinking are lot more than those who die because of ganja. The government spreads the news about smoke free city and fines on those who smoke in the public places , if the government plays such a vital role in reducing the usage of cigarette then why can&rsquo;t it just close those manufacturing companies,?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is because the government knows that when a wrong is completely stopped then new things arrive in the market which attracts the public. The same has happened in this case cannabis was stopped and new drugs like cocaine,heroin,MDMA,crack and all other synthetic drugs came out. These hard drugs cause a lot more harm. This has a potent to attract people and make them addict.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Last year during the winter session of the parliament a bill was passed by Dharm Vira Gandhi, Member of Parliament from Patiala, Punjab, has been pushing for the legalisation of marijuana or cannabis. Finally, it was passed as a private bill in the Parliament&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;He got support from some of his colleagues, including actor-turned-politician and BJP MP from Gurdaspur, Late Vinod Khanna. Gandhi&#039;s bill, which proposes the decriminalisation and regulation of marijuana and opium, has been passed by the legislative branch of the parliament.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;He argues that 30 years of implementation of the bill did not yield expected results and the supply and use remains the same, just behind closed doors.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Advocate Aditya Barthakur has filed a petition to legalize marijuana in the Bombay high court.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The then rajhiv Gandhi government banned the use of soft drugs by saying that these drugs are the gateway to hard drugs. Out of 50 states in the USA 29 have given permission to use cannabis ,8 have permitted the sale to adults for recreational use also.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Indian government has given its first ever license to the &ldquo;Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research&rdquo; to cultivate and research the medicinal properties of cannabis. The main aim is to find the medicinal properties of cannabis and use it for the side effects faced by the patients during the chemotherapy .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mr. Gandhi also states that drug addicts should be treated as patients and not as criminals.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;WHO has demonstrated several therapeutic effects of cannabis for nausea and vomiting in the advanced stages of AIDS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In order to support the legalization of cannabis Mr.Gandhi had wore a kurta made out of Hemp in the year2015.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many doctors also support for the legalization of cannabis in India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;China has invested a few billion dollars in the research of cannabis. It has all those facilities that is needed for the research.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ratan Tata, the chairman emeritus of Tata Sons, and Google India&#039;s managing director Rajan Anandan are among a group of investors backing the Bombay Hemp Company (Boheco), the first startup in the country to study the medical use of cannabis in partnership with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) The Mumbai-based company, which has raised a seed round of Rs 6.25 crore from the marquee investors, along with CSIR will grow cannabis and study its medicinal properties for use in the treatment of epilepsy and breast cancer, as well as for palliative care. Boheco said the company reached another milestone this year with the creation of nano carbon, a form of renewable energy from the hemp fibre.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In 2016, cannabis-related startups raised $66.3 million in venture capital funding, mostly in the United States. Globally, the cannabis market is expected to hit $31.4 billion by 2021, with the US currently driving 90% of the sales, according to a recent report from cannabis market research firm, the Brightfield Group&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The most recent person to join the debate for the legalisation of marijuana is Women and Child Development Minister Maneka Gandhi. In July last year, she called for the legalisation of marijuana for medicinal purposes. She made the suggestion at a meeting, which scrutinized the National Drug Demand Reduction Policy draft.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is clear that many of us want cannabis to be legal India. But there are few who are ignorant about the benefits that we can get because of this plant.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Liquor is injurious to health, it has no use except few benefits, but there is no ban on it . And no one cares for it then why only cannabis?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A plant that has many uses cannot be banned, moreover this plant was once clubbed by the UN into hard drugs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is a boon for mankind that we should not waste only 5%of it is used for recreational puposes rest has medicinal values.if there are strict laws levid bythe government then it is not a threat to the society at all.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Moreover it is also proved that the countries that allow cannabis are lot more happier than our country. Most the laws are ammended in the country as the time changes then why not this laws?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is time to react to the unfair war wagged by us on this billion dollar plant.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Lokeshwar&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '132ed22b3dbb899d10bba68488714284.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:34:15', '2021-01-26 04:16:52');
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(99, 'rGSVY4SLSttoxkNKztJsOxJv3', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Military justice system in India A Brief Note.  Ms. Usha Ganesh', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Military justice system in India: A Brief Note&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The military is a specialised society that has developed laws and traditions of its own. The object of military law is to provide for the maintenance of good order and discipline among members of the armed forces and in certain circumstances among others who live or work in a military environment. This is done by complementing the ordinary criminal law with a special code of discipline and a special system for enforcing it. Such special provision is necessary to maintain, in time of peace as well as war, the operational efficiency of an armed force. Military law also regulates certain aspects of administration-aspects, which affect individual rights in ranges such as deployment and discharge, terms of service, promotion and forfeiture of and deduction from pay. Most often in practice, however, the term &quot;military justice system&quot; is used with regard to disciplinary provisions rather than administrative ones.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. MILITARY JUSTICE.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Military justice (or military law) is the body of laws and procedures governing members of the armed forces. Many nation-states have separate and distinct bodies of law that govern the conduct of members of their armed forces. Some states use special judicial and other arrangements to enforce those laws, while others use civilian judicial systems. Legal issues unique to military justice include the preservation of good order and discipline, the legality of orders, and appropriate conduct for members of the military. Some states enable their military justice systems to deal with civil offenses committed by their armed forces in some circumstances.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Military justice is distinct from martial law, which is the imposition of military authority on a civilian population as a substitute for civil authority, and is often declared in times of emergency, war, or civil unrest. Most countries restrict when and in what manner martial law may be declared and enforced.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. MILITARY LAW IN INDIA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indian military law has its origin in the military law of England. It was conceived to discipline a &#039;mercenary&#039; force after the Mutiny of 1857. Under the British system, military justice was a command dominated system. The system was designed to secure obedience to the commander, and to serve the commander&rsquo;s will.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;A. Under the British system&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Bengal Regulation of 1812 and Regulation III of 1818 were some of the earliest laws in British India to incorporate the provisions of Preventive detention, without having to commit the detainee to trial. In the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay, similar laws had been enacted in 1819 and 1827 respectively. Criminal law amendment 1908&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Failure of prosecution in a number of cases under the Criminal procedures act 1898 led to a special act whereby crimes of nationalist violence were to be tried by a special tribunal composed of three high-court judges. December 1908 saw the passage of the Criminal Law amendments under the terms of Regulation III of 1818 and to suppress associations formed for seditious conspiracies. The act was first applied to deport nine Bengali revolutionaries to Mandalay prison in 1908.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Defence of India act.- 1915&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;On 19 March 1915, it was enacted as a temporary legislation in effect for the duration of World War I and for six months afterwards. The act gave the Governor General in Council the power to make rules for the purpose of securing the public safety and the defence of British India and as to the powers and duties of public servants and other persons in furtherance of that purpose.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The law was to be valid for the duration of the war and for six months thereafter &ldquo;for public safety&rdquo; and &ldquo;the defence of British India&rdquo;. The act allowed local governments to make rules detain indefinitely, without representation, and to try by special tribunals persons &ldquo;reasonably suspected&rdquo; of being of hostile origin or acting in a manner prejudicial to the safety of the empire. Power of detention, unlike under DORA, was carried by subordinate officers. For Trials already initiated under the Criminal procedures act 1898 or the 1908 Criminal law amendment were exempt from the act. Prosecution was to follow the procedures prescribed in the criminal procedures act 1898, but was superseded by the special powers and discretion of court.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Defence of India Act, 1939&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Defence of India act 1915 was re-enacted in a more severe form at the onset of World War II as the Defence of India act 1939. It was enacted on 29 September 1939 but deemed to come into force from 3 September 1939, the day when the Second World War began. The act was used notoriously during the war in subduing the independence movement. It expired six months after the termination of the war and was ultimately repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1947(Act II of 1948).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;B. Independent India&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Indian Constitution retained the principles of preventive detention encapsulated in the Defence of India act, making one of the few countries were citizens of the country may be subjected to such measures. In Independent India, the law retained in legislations in the form of Preventive Detention act 1950, and has seen implementation as the Defence of India Rules 1962 during the Sino-Indian War of 1962, and the Defence of India Act,1971 during the 1971 Indo-Pak war. Other similar laws enacted in independent India include the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) during The Emergency, and Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (enacted during the Punjab insurgency) which carry very similar provisions. Currently defence of India is monitoring by the following Acts and Rules.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Indian Reserve Forces Act,1888&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Air Force Act,1950&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Army Act,1950&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act,1950BGV&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Army Rules,1954&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v The Navy Act 1957&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard Act, 1978&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard (Seniority and Promotion) Rules,1987&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard (General) Rules, 1986&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard (Discipline) Rules, 1983&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard (Condition of Service) Rules, 1986&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Coast Guard (Ceremonial) Rules, 1988&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Regulation for the Airforce-1964&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Air Force Rules -1969&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Regulations for the Navy Part I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Regulations for the Navy Part II&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Regulations for the Navy Part III&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v Regulations for the Navy Part IV&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v The Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007(No. 55 of 2007)(25th Dec.,2007)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT Act shall come into force(15th day of June)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT Act (Removal of Difficulties) Order,2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT( Procedure for investigation of misbehavior or incapacity of Chairperson, VC and Other Members) Rules, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT( Financial and Administrative Powers)Rules, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT(Procedure) Rules, 2008&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT(Salaries, Allowances &amp;amp; Conditions of Service of Chairperson and Members)Rules,2009&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;v AFT(Practice) Rules, 2009&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. DIFFERENCES IN THE THREE SERVICE ACTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&middot; The provisions contained in the three Service Acts are not similar. Under the Air Force Act, 1950, only three types of courts-martial, i.e., general court-martial, district court- martial and summary general court-martial have been provided. The Army Act, 1950 in addition to the above three types of courts-martial also has summary court-martial which can try personnel below the rank of Junior Commissioned Officer and can award punishments of dismissal and imprisonment up to one year. However, the Navy has only one type of court-martial during peace time and a disciplinary tribunal during war. Unlike the Army and the Air Force, where the senior-most officer of the court-martial becomes the presiding officer, in the Navy the convening authority always nominates the president of the courts-martial. In the Navy, the findings and sentence of courts-martial do not require confirmation of the convening authority or any superior authority and become operative the moment they are pronounced, except in the case of a sentence of death which requires prior confirmation by the Central Government. The verdict of acquittal is final in the case of the Navy and not subject to confirmation or revision as in the Army and the Air Force.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&middot; In the Army and the Air Force the presence of a judge advocate in the district and summary general court-martial is not mandatory. In the Navy, every court-martial is required to be attended by a judge advocate. In the Army and the Air Force, the judge advocate remains present when the court deliberates on the findings, whereas in the Navy the judge advocate does not sit with the court when the court is considering the findings.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&middot; Unlike the Army and the Air Force the commanding officer of a ship may summarily try any person belonging to the ship, other than an officer, for an offence not being a capital offence and can award imprisonment or detention up to three months. This power of summary trial is limited in the Army and the Air Force where punishment up to 28 days of imprisonment can be awarded to persons below the rank of NCO.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&middot; The proceedings of a court-martial or disciplinary court are reviewed by the Judge Advocate General (JAG) of the Navy either on his own motion or on application made by an aggrieved person. The JAG is to transmit the report of the review together with his recommendations to the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) for his consideration. In the Army and the Air Force, the officers of the Department of the JAG, before confirmation, review the proceedings of courts-martial and may make recommendations. These reviews are advisory and not binding on the Chiefs of the respective Service. Notwithstanding these differences, the will of the Chiefs of the three Services, rather than the rule of law reign supreme in the Indian military justice system.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. SUMMARY COURTS MARTIAL AND THE JUDICIARY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Summary court-martial has been used extensively even in independent India, Till recently the decisions of summary courts-martial were considered final. Hardly any soldier approached civil courts against the award of a summary court-martial. Appeals were addressed merely to Superior offices in the army in the forms of petitions and provisions under the regulations for the army and were and were generally rejected. One reason for the rejection of such pleas was that once an accused pleaded guilty. It would become difficult for him to establish his innocence or the injustice of the award at a later stage. However the trend is changing and the awards of summary court-martial are being challenged in various High courts, and Supreme Court. In a large number of cases the higher courts have criticized the justice system followed by a summary court-martial. They have even quashed much such derision as being biased, unfair, and unjust and declared the punishment disproportionate to the offence. Some of these cases are as follows:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;a. Judicial Review of Biased Decision&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;In Ranjit Thakur vs. Union of India the appellant Ranjit Thakur at the time of alleged offence was undergoing a sentence of 28 days of rigorous imprisonment for violating the service norms by sending representation to higher officers against a decision of his commanding officer. He had sent a representation to higher officers complaining of ill-treatment at the hands of his commanding officer. For this he was tried summarily by his commanding officer and awarded punishment under Section 80 of the army Act. He was held in the quarter guard cell in handcuffs to serve out his sentence. While serving the above sentence, he committed another offence and was charged under Section 41(2) of the Army Act for disobeying a lawful command given by his superior officer. The offence was when ordered by Subedar Ram Singh the Orderly Officer of the same regiment to eat his food he did not do so.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;To try his offence a summary court-martial was assembled the day after he committed the said offence. The commanding officer of the appellant and two other officers serving under him were on the court-martial. The appellant was stated to have pleaded guilty and a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for one year was imposed by the summary court-martial. The appellant was also dismissed from service with the added disqualification of being declared unfit for any future civil employment to the civil prison at Tezpur to survey out the confirming authority under to the confirming authority under Section 164 of the Army Act was rejected by the General Officer Commanding. There alter, he challenged the proceedings of the summary court-martial before the High Court, which also dismissed his writ petition in limine. Being aggrieved by the order of the High court, he approached the Supreme Court by way of a special Leave Petition.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Accordingly, the Supreme Court came to the conclusion that the participation of the commanding officer rendered the proceedings Coram non-judice. The Court also found the punishment awarded to be strikingly disproportionate to the offence committed As a result, the appeal was allowed and the proceedings of the court-martial and the subsequent orders were quashed.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;b. Violation of Article 20(2) of the constitution&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;In the case of Surinder Singh v. Union of India petitioner approached the Madhya Pradesh High Court ,Jabalpur for setting aside the proceedings of the general Court martial which was convened to try him after his conviction by summary court-martial was set aside. His main contention was that he had already been tried and punished for the same offence by a summary Court-martial and retrial was barred under the provisions of Section 121 of the Army Act and Article Contended that the proceeding of the summary Court-martial by which he was tried earlier was quashed for non-compliance with the mandatory provisions of Army Rule 22. As the trial by summary Court - martial was after considering the contentions of the summary Court-martial proceedings could not have been set aside for some technical flaw in the procedure at pre-trial stage. Even according to Section 162 of the Army Act. Summary Court-martial proceedings can be set aside only on the merit of the case and not merely on technical grounds. The Court accordingly quashed the general Court-martial proceedings as being volatile of Army Act Section 121 and Article 20(2) of the Constitution.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. NEED FOR UNIFICATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Indian Army Act, the Air Force Act, and the Navy Act, enacted during 1950-57, are more or less derived from the Indian Army Act, 1911. Though these Acts have been amended, they are unable to answer the needs of the modern soldier, and are at odds with the liberal interpretation of the Constitution. The three Service Acts also differ on various safeguards available to their personnel. The uncertainty and potential for delay in the present military justice system and the discontent associated with applying separate systems within such structures leads one to conclude that it is necessary to have a single system of law that would operate equally well in single, bi-Service or tri-Service environments.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Following the creation of Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and India&rsquo;s tri-Service Strategic Forces Command in 2001 and uniformity in the functioning of the three Services at various levels, there is a need for a uniform disciplinary code for the three services. A modern and fair system of Service law is as important to supporting operational effectiveness as having the best-trained and equipped forces as possible. A harmonized approach to Service law would enhance operational effectiveness.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;A uniform code would be more appropriate in view of the fact that the three Services are increasingly deployed on joint operations in India and abroad, for which they train together. Within joint command and units the basic principle should be that service personnel are subject to the same systems and the same rights and penalties, except where a special rule applicable only to the member of one Service is essential.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The law is not static and needs to be amended at regular intervals to keep pace with the changes in the international norms and domestic law of the country. The piecemeal amendments over the years have brought about few changes but they have not been helpful in keeping service law in line with developments in civilian law. Due to bureaucratic apathy and non-priority to issues of military justice, amendment to the Service laws has taken inordinately long. The existence of separate Acts makes the use, interpretation and amendment of the Acts more complicated. It would be easier to modernise and amend a common code for the Services than to do so individually.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The modernisation and unification of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force Act should be undertaken keeping in view our own experiences as well as developments in other democracies. We cannot insulate ourselves from the changes in systems followed in other countries, especially because our forces are internationally recognized and are part of peacekeeping missions the world over. Therefore, there is a need to create a common code of justice, which will promote discipline in the Armed Forces.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The military carries the grave responsibility of protecting the nation and its ideals. It has to prove itself in the extreme confusion of war, when a single error may jeopardize the existence of a country. Perhaps this is the reason why the military mind relies so heavily on time-tested methods and practiced routines, whether it is dealing with immediate problems of the battlefield, details of the logistics or the manifold difficulties of long- term planning.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Usually, a debate is held before the enactment of an Act or amendment to it. Political parties, academics and interested parties take part in such a debate. The background information and the proceedings of discussion are available for public scrutiny. In the US, the UK and South Africa, where changes in the military justice system have been made in the recent past, the civil society has made important contributions to the development of military law. Unfortunately, in the case of India, the information relating to military law remains &#039;secret&#039; and not available for public scrutiny.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Since we do not have an enlightened civil society or a lawyers&#039; forum that could be entrusted with the task of giving inputs for the modernization&amp;nbsp;of military law, military- related research institutions would have to play a greater role in bringing changes in the system.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ms. Usha Ganesh, Advocate, Bengaluru&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'e3acc4ea51bfd568d5380d4eae79db7f.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:34:56', '2021-01-26 04:16:29');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(100, '5prfoWdx5j1jQUDD8FTrsVr54', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Optimizing economy during a Pandemic and Optimizing economy after a Pandemic Moving to a new normal.   Nithin Basavaraj ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Optimizing economy during a Pandemic&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;The systemic insurance that is needed for demands of a government-led effort are in four main areas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Redirecting the economy&rsquo;s existing productive capacity to overcome the rapidly growing shortages of equipment and services required to respond effectively to the pandemic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Supporting firms that are not directly involved in efforts to combat the crisis, so that they can continue to supply essential goods and services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Ensuring that the population has sufficient means to purchase these goods and services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Creating a financial facility to help those unable to pay their mortgage and meet other obligations, thereby mitigating cataclysmic risks to the financial sector.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Such systemic insurances go well beyond current proposals to spend trillions, much of which is marked for policy initiatives that misdiagnose the crisis as one of deficient aggregate demand or as the result of an ordinary supply shock. Moreover, substantial sums are being dedicated to bailouts without conditioning the money on a firm&rsquo;s participation in the effort to combat the health crisis and its economic consequences&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Government officials around the world will consider large outlays to combat the pandemic crisis, the most immediate questions that comes to doubt is whether the policies currently under consideration provide sufficient insurance against the systemic risks that are now rising.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;The criteria are&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Is government spending sufficiently laser-focused on overcoming the public-health crisis?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Is the economic rescue package adequate to sustain the population&rsquo;s wellbeing?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Considering the second criterion first, expanding unemployment benefits, together with expanded eligibility for food and other payments, would also help provide the means to pay for essential goods and services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In order to repurpose existing capacity, the government should support any private firm on the firm&rsquo;s commitment in producing vital equipment (specified by medical experts) and meet its payroll at reasonable wages. To avoid price-gouging, medical supplies must be priced at pre-crisis levels.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This conditionality should not apply to firms producing equipment. The systemic approach to allocating taxpayer funds would require that large service-sector companies such as airlines or hotel chains receive bailouts only if they repurpose their capacity to support the fight against the pandemic. Rather than standing idle waiting for passenger travel or resume, airlines should be able to provide funds to re-equip their airplanes to transport medical supplies and equipment, or to move sick patients to locations with the capacity to care of them. Similarly, hotel chains should be supported by the government only if they agree to repurpose their hotels to serve as temporary hospitals. Beyond repurposing existing capacity, systemic insurance would require that employees of bailed-out companies continued to be paid an adequate wage. The bailouts should not be allowed to divert to the management pay raises, stock buybacks, or dividends.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; Optimizing economy after a Pandemic (Moving to a new normal)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fiscal measures are needed to save companies and banks from bankruptcy, so that they can recover quickly once the pandemic is over. Policymakers should be considering various forms of tax relief and public guarantees to help firms borrow if necessary. But the most promising option is a short-time work allowance. This approach, which has been tried and tested in Germany, compensates for the underemployment of the workforce through the same channels that are already used for unemployment insurance. Better yet, it costs hardly anything, because it prevents the losses that would follow from increased real unemployment. All countries should be replicating this part of Germany&rsquo;s policy to prevent job losses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Stability is fundamental. It provides a deep insight to view the contours of the future. If we could make an informed guess as to whether the future will be more or less stable than the present, we would know a lot about what&rsquo;s to come. That&rsquo;s because we know how peoples and societies have reacted during past periods of instability.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Stability for ecologists, stable systems are characterized by attributes such as persistence and resilience. Resilience, for instance, enables a system to recover from shocks. These attributes aptly describe the post-World War II period, which saw the global economic order power through the collapse of the Communist empire, multiple financial crises (including 2008), religious fanaticism, and other shocks. Whether the present stability, with its reliance on globalization, will survive the shock of the ongoing pandemic remains an open question.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Stability has benefits. A sense of innovation, investment, and technological experimentation and advance. There is also more social experimentation and blurring of cultural identity.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Helicopter Money (importance on Indian economy)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Helicopter money is a proposed unconventional monetary policy, when the economy is in a liquidity trap (when interest rates near zero and the economy remains in recession). Although the original idea of helicopter money describes central banks making payments directly to individuals, economists have used the term &#039;helicopter money&#039; to refer to a wide range of different policy ideas, including the &#039;permanent&#039; monetization of budget deficits &ndash; with the additional element of attempting to shock beliefs about future inflation or nominal GDP growth, in order to change expectations. A second set of policies, closer to the original description of helicopter money, and more innovative in the context of monetary history, involves the central bank making direct transfers to the private sector financed with base money, without the direct involvement of fiscal authorities. This has also been called a citizens&#039; dividend or a distribution of future&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In simple terms Helicopter money is the term used for a large sum of new money that is printed and distributed among the public, to stimulate the economy during a recession or when interest rates fall to zero. It is also referred to as a helicopter drop, in reference to a helicopter scattering supplies from the sky.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Along with conventional methods of raising funds for pandemic crisis, some unconventional tool such as &lsquo;helicopter money&rsquo; increasingly being suggested. This method however should be used only as a last resort&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;While advanced economies are not using helicopter money in the original sense as most of their liquidity infusion is through secondary market, they are printing money to buy these securities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;How does helicopter money work?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;The central bank prints money and gives it to the Centre for distribution to individuals or corporates, directly as cash or as tax cuts. Money can be transferred to the government as the central bank buys primary issuances of government bonds. But this method can work best in an extremely low interest environment. Also, it will increase government debt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Helicopter money theory explains that since the central bank is but an arm of the government, when the balance sheets of the government and the central bank are consolidated, the bonds held by the central bank on the asset side will be cancelled by the same bonds held on the liability side of the government. Also, the future cash flows to the government through higher tax revenue, with demand getting stimulated, will enable it to repay the debt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Money transfer to the Centre can also happen by directly crediting the government&rsquo;s account with the central bank by using the central bank&rsquo;s existing reserves or equity. There are many supporters for this route of money transfer as well.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;There are 7 ways in which the business industry can have a landscape shift globally embracing to a new normal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; The shift towards localisation: The supply chain disruption has brought to light the impact of pandemic events. This is expected to lead to more localisation of supply chains, especially of essentials and for sectors that are seen as strategically important.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Digital gets a real push: Most companies have opted to work remotely and their employees are now &lsquo;online&rsquo; and working from home. While these trends were already &lsquo;in-motion&rsquo;, they have now hit the fast-forward button. Even the most brick and mortar organisations have been forced to experiment with digital channels. This presents a real and immediate opportunity to drive efficiencies through digital. At the same time, this crisis has highlighted the importance of investment in enabling technologies like cloud, data and cyber security. This will change the way we &lsquo;work&rsquo; with far reaching implications on B2B, B2C, commercial real estate, e-commerce, e-governance, cyber security, process automation, data analytics, self-service capabilities, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Cash is king for businesses: Most situation has proven that cash is king - companies that are over leveraged and &lsquo;living on the edge&rsquo; are the most vulnerable. The crisis has reiterated that it is important to be financially prudent and conserve cash.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Move towards variable cost models: One of the biggest lessons, amongst others, is the importance of reducing overall business costs. One significant way to accomplish this is to convert fixed costs to variable costs wherever feasible. For instance, businesses will now determine what they must keep in-house, and explore outsourcing the rest so that fixed costs can be lowered. As with other trends, this will further impact the labour force and &lsquo;how they work&rsquo;, contract manufacturing, supply chain considerations, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Building sensing and control tower capabilities: This is especially necessary for areas where information is scarce. The downside to this is also challenges such as short histories, collection systems that are prone to change etc. Nevertheless, governments and companies have realised the importance of sensing capabilities, building transparency through &lsquo;digital control towers&rsquo; and the ability to process are structured.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Supply chain resilience is key: Individual companies will want to ensure their supply chains are resilient to remain competitive. Risks to supply chains are numerous and continuously evolving. Hence, it is imperative that resilience capabilities are developed in order to respond to repercussions of unexpected events and either quickly return to original state of business or move to a new and better state after being affected by the risk and continue business operations as efficiently as possible. Achieving this will require initiatives from both internal business as well as from the wider network.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; Building agility: Going forward, policies will need to evolve faster than the market and policymakers will need to be more responsive, inclusive and agile.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;References:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Helicopter Money Must Be The Last Resort. [online] @businessline. Available at: &lt;https: www.thehindubusinessline.com=&quot;&quot; opinion=&quot;&quot; columns=&quot;&quot; is-helicopter-money-an-option-for-india=&quot;&quot; article31408347.ece=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull;Time. 2020. What Might The Post-Pandemic World Look Like? [online] Available at: &lt;https: time.com=&quot;&quot; 5818578=&quot;&quot; post-pandemic-world-look-like=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&bull; World Economic Forum. 2020. What Will the Post-Pandemic Economy Look Like? [online] Available at: &lt;https: www.weforum.org=&quot;&quot; agenda=&quot;&quot; 2020=&quot;&quot; 03=&quot;&quot; insuring-the-survival-of-post-pandemic-economies=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;By&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nithin Basavaraj&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '25e960f3c06a9e0cc09657542d4cd83c.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:37:52', '2021-01-26 04:15:53'),
(153, 'EBWmWkkKwQdHBcycKRl1rXMYM', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'No case is too big. No hearing is too long. No excuse. Virtual Courts are here to stay.  Mr. S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore. ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;A batch of Writ Appeal/Petitions, nine Senior Advocates including Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitor General of India, more than 25 instructing counsel - all logged in from different parts of the country and one from abroad, 5000 pages of documentation and marathon hearing for 25 working days including two Court holidays, totally 61 hours of hearing. This is the biggest experimentation by the Karnataka High (Virtual) Court in the matter of Securities Exchange Board of India vs Franklin Templeton Trustees Services Pvt Ltd &amp;amp; others decided on 24 October 2020.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Corona related lockdown and closure of courts opened a new avenue of virtual courts through video conference. The judiciary especially High Courts across the country are fully equipped with the new technology. The court staff are fully trained. The complements given by the learned advocates in Securities Exchange Board of India vs Franklin Templeton Trustees Services Pvt Ltd &amp;amp; others shows the hard work and efficiency exhibited by the court staff in handling the entire matter brilliantly.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However, as I have seen, when the writ matters are listed in &#039;B&#039; group or when other matters are indicated by the court to be heard, learned advocates are seeking adjournment stating they would like to argue physically. This, I feel is a pure state of mind rather than the practical difficulty being pleaded. Minor and avoidable technical glitches do happen. As noted by the Karnataka High Court only once an issue of connectivity of internet was faced for a brief period of ten minutes just before the submissions of learned Solicitor General of India were heard.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;All the parties will not agree about the correctness of the conclusions drawn on merits. But we are sure that all the parties will agree that notwithstanding the voluminous record, long length of arguments and involvement of complicated legal and factual issues, hearings can be effectively conducted by use of video conferencing facility.&quot; - Chief Justice speaking for the bench.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;I may mention here, the advocates fraternity sat Dharna and made strongest demands for filling up of vacancies in the Karnataka High Court. Justice A.N. Venugopala Gowda, Mr. B.M. Arun, Advocate and myself had to file a Public Interest Litigation before the High Court seeking a direction to Union of India in this regard. Finally, the strength of Judges in Karnataka High Court has reached its satisfactory mark. The judiciary is fully equipped. Advocates fraternity, especially the younger members of the bar are doing their best to reduce pendency of cases.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;It is high time we all gear up with the sense of inevitable reality that virtual courts are here to stay and any matter of any magnitude can be dealt with, with the active participation of Bar and Bench. The recent disposal of several Criminal Appeals involving serious crimes like rape and murder through video conference has withered away the slightest apprehension about disposal of matters involving life and liberty of the citizens through video conferencing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;Traditional court room drama is undoubtedly delightful. But the conviction to clear pendency through other legally permissible ways is noble.&quot;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate &amp;amp; Member, Karnataka State Bar Council&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Image courtesy. Virtual Courts)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4c760f818a5285a7cfdd907e41ba53af.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-10-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-12 18:03:07', '2021-01-26 03:42:09'),
(156, 'rbiK6x2FhadLEsVZmpOB7P3Am', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Appeals under the Commercial Courts Act. A tale of an undelivered promise. Mr. Ajay J Nandalike Advocate Bangalore', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Commercial Courts Act, 2015 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo;) was promulgated with an intention to provide for speedy disposal of high value commercial disputes involving complex facts and questions of law and to create a positive image to investors about the independence and responsiveness of the Indian legal system . The Act provided for constitution of Commercial Courts and designation of Commercial Appellate Courts or Commercial Division of High Court to deal with appeals arising from Commercial Courts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Detailed amendments were made to the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (&lsquo;CPC&rsquo;) insofar as it applies to a commercial dispute including provisions limiting the period for filing of written statement, provisions for disclosure and discovery of documents, Case Management hearing to resolve all pending issues such as framing of issues, providing for list of dates for completion of various stages of the Trial etc, filing of written arguments etc. The procedure for filing of evidence affidavits, restricting the scope of cross-examination, day to day trial are meant to expedite the disposal of commercial disputes.&amp;nbsp; Any judgment or decree passed in a Commercial Dispute is made appealable under Section 13.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This article explores the provisions of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 to examine whether the intention of the Act to provide for speedy disposal is achieved insofar as it applies to Commercial Appeals.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In order to ensure a speedy disposal of appeals, the Legislature provided for the following:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Designating specific courts as Commercial Appellate Courts or creating Commercial Division of High Court so that judges having experience in commercial disputes would adjudicate the appeals.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;reduce the period of appeal from 90 days as provided in the Limitation Act to 60 days in terms of Section 13(3) of the Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; white-space: pre;&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 14 which provided that the Appellate Court shall endeavour dispose the appeal within a period of 60 days from the date of filing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Commercial Appeals under Section 13 of the Act would be governed by the procedure provided under Section 96 read with Order XLI CPC.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, the endeavour under Section 14 to dispose the appeal within 60 days is reflected in Order 41 Rule 11-A of CPC. A suggestion was made to include a proviso that the Court must give reasons if it is unable to dispose the appeal within 60 days akin to TDSAT which was not heeded. Given the huge pendency of matters, designating a specific court to hear commercial appeals is an excellent idea but the overburdening of courts with regular matters has ensured that the Commercial Appellate Courts or Commercial Divisions of High Court also deal with other roster matters. The appeals are listed along with those matters thus ensuring that the statutory intent is reduced to dust.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Additionally, appeals involve a series of other miscellaneous matters such as interim applications for stay of execution of decree, furnishing of security if necessary, applications for additional evidence, filing of paper books (which is governed by the procedure of the respective High Courts). There is a possibility that issuance of court notice to the other side would take a few weeks and the matter is listed thereafter. If sufficient process fee is not paid, then notice is not sent and the matter has to be listed again for issuance of notice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In fact, many High Courts provide for 30 to 60 days&rsquo; time to comply with office objections which is applicable to every filing including a Commercial Appeal.&amp;nbsp; The non-compliance with office objections is first listed before Registrar / Court Master and later on before Court and opportunities are granted to comply with the objections. In fact, Order XLI Rule 19 CPC itself provides for readmission of appeal if it is dismissed for any default.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;When Courts have failed to achieve the mandate provided for in Order 41 Rule 11-A for disposal of appeals within 60 days, compliance of Section 14 of the Act is unlikely. Therefore, the Act has failed to deliver on the promise of an expedited disposal of the commercial dispute. Even if the Commercial Court passes a judgment in terms of the Act, there are no special procedures contemplated for disposal of appeals under the Act.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This article recommends certain measures which can be considered by High Courts to be issued as Practice Directions under Section 18 of the Act or by framing appropriate Rules under the High Court Act or Letters Patent Rules.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;First measure would be for compulsory issuance of notice to the other side before filing of the appeal. This would be akin to the amendment made to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 under which Section 34 (5) was inserted which requires that an application under Section 34 for setting aside the arbitral award be filed only after issuing a prior notice to the other party and such application shall be accompanied by an affidavit by the applicant endorsing compliance with the said requirement. This would save considerable time in issuance of notices to the other side.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Second measure would be to ensure that the Commercial Appellate Court becomes a paperless court. This means that all the Trial Court records must be scanned and cross-referenced. The High Court can frame guidelines for hyperlinking (online equivalent of Post-It) and indexing of the records such that it is as easily accessible as a piece of paper. The instructing counsel / arguing counsel should be able to point at a relevant portion and it gets highlighted for all persons in Court. Software of this nature exists and is in use in the United States and United Kingdom. One would have noticed situations wherein paper books are not numbered properly resulting in wastage of time in identifying the appropriate page delaying the hearing and hampering the flow of arguments. Imagine if one can hyperlink or provide an e-index such that one can refer to one document in a separate window while reading from another document.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Third measure would be to have a two-tier case management hearing. In the first case management hearing, direct the Appellant to file written arguments and Respondent to file reply written arguments within stipulated periods. The written arguments must hyperlink the relevant exhibit / pleading for ease of reference. Both parties must also thereafter file their draft points for determination based on the written arguments. They must also make a list of all preliminary / interlocutory matters which they want the Court to adjudicate on such as stay of execution of decree, furnishing security, additional evidence and other miscellaneous matters. Parties must be directed to have a conference to discuss amongst themselves to arrive at consensus on these matters. This can be hearing before the Registrar / Court Master wherein a standard template order can be furnished providing a date for hearing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Court will have all the information in two lists: (i) containing all interlocutory matters on which parties want a decision as they have been unable to arrive at an understanding; (ii) Points for determination as per both parties. On the date fixed for the second case management hearing,&amp;nbsp; the Court will decide on the following: (i) All interlocutory matters including stay of execution of decree, furnishing security, additional evidence and other miscellaneous matters; (ii) Arrive at the points for controversy and develop the points for determination in consultation with counsel so as to avoid adjudication on unnecessary aspects. This will be an order of the Court which will be incorporated into the final judgment that the Court will pass.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fourth measure would be to specify a day in a week wherein an afternoon is spared for hearing of commercial appeals having an advance list on the basis of the case management hearing dates. Even for preparation of this list, consent letters from both counsel indicating their list of favourable dates may be taken at the case management hearing stage.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As written arguments are already filed, the Court will be familiar with the issues involved and the oral arguments can be cut short or a time be fixed for completing oral submissions. This is followed even by the US Supreme Court and host of other Courts across the world and is not considered as impinging the access to justice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ultimately, the intention of the parties and the Courts collectively will result in an expedited disposal of the Commercial Appeal no matter whatever law or practice direction is issued. The measures suggested in this article are used throughout the world in some form or another. While incorporating some of the best trial practices for adjudication of a commercial suit, the legislature has failed to show the same effort while framing provisions for Commercial Appeals resulting in an undelivered promise of speedy disposal. One can only hope that the High Courts take the matters into their own hands to fulfil the legislative mandate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Ajay J Nandalike is an Advocate practicing in the High Court of Karnataka. He thanks Mr. Sumit Rai, Advocate, Bombay High Court for his inputs and Ms. Drishya Shetty, Law Student, 5th Year Christ University, Bengaluru for her research).&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '266522238ab86306bd92142b505f45d2.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-16', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-17 01:33:01', '2021-01-26 03:40:57');
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(101, 'hW6aZi5Wu3aEbIGhfJK5lhVA6', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Overhauling the Tax Revenues A different idea to collect taxes.  Rajkumar L.Kukreja', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Overhauling the Tax Revenues - A different idea to collect taxes&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Budget for 2016-17 is now due. The budget for 2015-16 envisages Tax revenues of Rs.1449490 crores largely from Income tax, Customs &amp;amp; Excise Duties and Service Tax.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Despite the hoopla, this figure normally goes up at a rate of 12-17% of the previous year&rsquo;s actual estimates. I have been studying this figure for the last so many years and the maximum variation could just be +- 2%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;I believe that the revenue budget for the year 2016-17 would increase at an average of 15% and therefore Mr. Arun Jaitley would present Estimated Revenue receipts of Rs.1667000 crores. Do verify this figure when the budget estimates are released.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To collect this revenue the Government would increase/decrease and levy fresh taxes. The machinery installed to carry out this task is expensive, cumbersome, complex, unpopular and despite all this also largely ineffective. Could we not redesign the taxation system to make it simple, citizen friendly and evasion-free?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Yes, we can. Despite the fact that we pay Excise duty or Service tax on whatever we buy or use. Despite the fact that we have to pay service tax &amp;amp; Income tax every year, it is possible to have a simple tax.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;We have a total population of 130 crores, if each and every citizen contributes to the national kitty, each citizen would have to pay just Rs.12800 every year or just Rs.1070 per month.&amp;nbsp;On first reading this appears preposterous. There are so many people whose per capita income is below this bland average. But a revamp of this average based on ground realities and dividing the citizens into 4 categories would give a different picture which, though revolutionary, is possible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reduce the Corporation tax to just15%. Excise should be collected on certain items like liquor &amp;amp; tobacco and not on manufacturing items. Customs duty can remain. Do away with Income tax &amp;amp; Service Tax. We replace this by a single Registration fee based on the Aadhar Card with a few modifications.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Tax collected would be as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Group Pop(in cr.) Tax per&amp;nbsp;Citizen Rs.) Total collections&amp;nbsp;(Rs. Crores)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Needy citizens 45 300 13500&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Aspiring citizens 46 3000 138000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Sustaining citizens 26 17000 442000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Satisfied citizens 13 35000 455000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Total 1301048500&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The Corporation Tax for FY 2015-16 is Rs.470628 crores. At 15% more it would be Rs.541222 crores at 30% tax. At 15% tax rate this would be reduced by half to Rs.270600 crores. Similarly the Customs duty would be Rs.239600 crores which could continue. The Excise duty on Sin products would be in the range of 35% of Rs.265000 crores or Rs 92750 crores.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Adding all the above figures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Citizen Tax: Rs.1048500&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Corporation Tax Rs. 270600&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Customs Rs. 239600&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Excise Rs. 92750&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Total Rs. 1616450 crores.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This corresponds more or less to my revenue estimates for the year 2016-17.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In a country with a low reputation of tax compliance is this possible? I believe it is. If we are able to give sufficient incentives and disincentives to various groups, not only will they make this payment they would also come forward and try to move to the next higher group.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;METHODOLOGY:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Aadhar Card will be the basis for such a taxation system. The only difference would be that it could come in 4 colours each colour representing the category given in the table and will have to be renewed every year for the purpose of financial transactions and getting government benefits. Each Colour would represent a different set of benefits which are given below.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;DETERMINATION OF THE GROUPS:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Classifying the groups is no doubt a tricky issue. But with a system of incentives and disincentives it is possible to ensure that the citizens declare honestly. Given below is an indicative classification of the various groups.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Needy Citizens:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is a group which is currently paying absolutely no taxes and is in fact the recipient of various subsidies and benefits on government account. Living below the poverty line, the needy citizen would register under this group to avail free housing, subsidised seeds, and fertilizers, free education and other benefits presently directed to the people in this category. Therefore, the needy citizens would register under the National Tax scheme under all circumstances. However, in order to ensure that only the really needy are a paying under this head, the classification under this head shall be on the following basis:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;i) The Family Savings shall be restricted to Rs.50000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;ii) Housing Loan to the entire family cannot exceed Rs.1 lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iii) Insurance restricted to Rs.1 lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iv) Not entitled to own lands beyond Rs.5 Lakhs in value.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;v) Consumer Loans cannot exceed Rs.25000&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;vi) Cannot participate in certain economic activities like the share market.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The charge of Rs.300 is much lesser than the bribes they are currently paying for getting their subsidies and benefits.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Aspiring Citizens :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This group would comprise of the working class and a small portion of the small trading and service class. This group would also be receiving various benefits under the Social security programs of the Government. In fact taking the above two groups together totaling 70% of the population would be receiving all the social security benefits. The rules of identification under this group would be:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;i) Family Savings cannot exceed Rs.5 lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;ii) Insurance restricted to Rs.2 lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iii) Housing loans could be only up to Rs.3 lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iv) Consumer Loans beyond Rs.1 lakh would not be allowed to this group.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;v) Freedom to participate in all economic activities.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;vi) Cannot purchase properties beyond Rs.25 lakhs in value&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Sustaining Citizens:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is the group that is paying a bulk of the current taxes. However, except for the indirect taxes this is also the group that has a maximum of Direct tax evaders. But it is this group which will also benefit the most if the taxes are removed. Harassment at the hands of officials is most experienced by members of this group. The uncertainties of taxation are removed. There is no incentive to evade. Classified on the following basis:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;i) Family Savings cannot exceed Rs.1 crore&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;ii) Housing Loan up to Rs.1crore&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iii) Consumer Loans can be unlimited.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;iv) Insurance can be limited to Rs.30 Lakhs&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;v) Credit Card limit restricted to Rs.2 lakhs only&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;vi) Cannot purchase properties beyond Rs.3 Crores in value.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Satisfied Citizens:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is a group that requires incentives for contributing the most to the nation. Of course the biggest incentive is that they can earn the maximum without having to worry about paying additional taxes. Besides this they could be given all the benefits of pension, savings, Insurance and luxuries without any limits whatsoever. Again, on account of this reason, they would opt to pay under this group. While all the other groups are subject to verification, the satisfied citizens will not face any hindrance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Although Registration is individual, the grouping will have to necessarily be on a family basis. Thus the registration fee payable for minor children will have to be at the same level as for the parents.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Registration has of course to be renewed every year by paying a fee that can be hiked according to the needs of the Nation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Excise &amp;amp; CBDT would be downsized considerably. Most of the Registrations and collections could be online. With hardly any checks required, all that the banks &amp;amp; other financial institutions would have to verify would be the group to which the citizen belongs. The current banking regulations which are quite stringent would serve the purpose of verification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The work of the Courts and Tribunals would be considerably reduced as thousands of sections of various tax laws which require interpretation would be reduced to just a dozen issues.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The real test of this proposal is to place your self in one of the groups above after considering the various excise &amp;amp; custom duties as well as your Income &amp;amp; Service tax. And then tell me if it is practical.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The plan can be fine-tuned especially with regard to the classification of the groups. I commend this alternative taxation plan and invite opinions on it from taxation experts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rajkumar L.Kukreja&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;B.Com, LL.b., F.C.A.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chartered Accountant.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;e-mail: rlkukreja2@rediffmail.com&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3bc9cd0def58de7552d62b3cb9492a3b.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:39:17', '2021-01-26 04:15:28'),
(158, 'cjSypXHTzZG2QHWUOyM0UfkMj', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Back to Golaknath – Cosmic journey of the Basic Structure doctrine.', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;S.Basavaraj, Senior Advocate, Bengaluru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;The Karnataka Government has taken a decision on 8:10:2022 to increase the quota for Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes from existing 15% and 3% to 17% and 7%. It also proposes to include the legislation in the 9th schedule of the Constitution of India. The article deals with challenge that can be made to a legislation on the doctrine of basic structure and the development of the doctrine.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;Overture: With the Supreme Court recognising Articles 14, 19 and 21 golden triangle as part of the basic structure of the Constitution of India in I.R. Coelho v. State of T.N., (2007) 2 SCC 1, challenge to amendment of the Constitution on the anvil of Article 13(2) as enunciated in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1643 has finally reached its original destination at least to a quintessential level.&lt;br&gt;Article 13 which occurs in Part III Fundamental Rights, as it originally enacted in 1950, read thus;&lt;br&gt;13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.&mdash;(1) All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.&lt;br&gt;(2) The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.&lt;br&gt;(3) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires,&mdash;&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;law&rdquo; includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the territory of India the force of law;&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;laws in force&rdquo; includes laws passed or made by a Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of India before the commencement of this Constitution and not previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at all or in particular areas.&lt;br&gt;Article 13(1) declares that the laws that existed as on 26 January 1950 as void to the extent of their inconsistency with Part III.&lt;br&gt;The sub-article that paved the way for prolonged constitutional scrutiny is Article 13(2) which mandates the State not to make any law which takes away the rights conferred in Part III. It also declares as void any law made in contravention of clause 13(2) to the extent of the contravention.&lt;br&gt;Political t&ecirc;te-&agrave;-t&ecirc;te. One of the major steps undertaken by Pandit Nehru government to bring socialistic reforms in the Indian rural economy was land reforms. This resulted in the enactment of various land reforms legislations known as Zemindary Abolition Acts in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. There was immediate challenge to these legislations. The High Court at Patna held that the Act passed in Bihar was unconstitutional while the High Courts at Allahabad and Nagpur upheld the validity of the corresponding legislation in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh respectively. Needless to say, declaration of unconstitutionality led to political goals reaching their dead-end. There was immediate need to insulate land reform legislations from constitutional impingement. The result was the very first amendment to Constitution in 1951.&lt;br&gt;Inbuilt insulation of land reform laws: The first amendment to the Constitution introduced Article 31A and 31B with effect from 18 June 1951. While Article 31A saved laws providing for acquisition of estates, Article 31B validated certain Acts and Regulations. Unlike the present day lengthy version, Article 31A (before 1955 amendment) had only two paragraphs which read thus;&lt;br&gt;31A (1) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, no law providing for the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights therein or for the extinguishment or modification of any such rights shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by, any provisions of this Part:&lt;br&gt;Provided that where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.&lt;br&gt;Introduction of Article 31A was in direct confrontation with Article 13(2) to a limited extent i.e. mainly saving laws providing for acquisition of estate and rights thereon.&lt;br&gt;Article 31B provided a unique constitutional insulation to certain legislations by creating Schedule IX and validating the laws inserted therein notwithstanding their inroad into Part III or they being contrary to any judgment, decree or order of any court or tribunal.&lt;br&gt;Article 13(2) vs Article 368. The first amendment which diluted Article 13(2) to a certain extent was met with stern opposition. The Supreme Court Sankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India, AIR 1951 SC 458, had to deal with one of the powerful arguments that the Amendment Act, in so far as it purports to take away or abridge the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution, falls within the prohibition of article 13(2). The Court conceded that &ldquo;law&rdquo; must ordinarily include constitutional law. However, the Court said there is a clear demarcation between ordinary law, which is made in exercise of legislative power, and constitutional law, which is made in exercise of constituent power. The Court opined that in the context of article 13 &ldquo;law&rdquo; must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and not amendments to the Constitution made in exercise of constituent power, with the result that article 13(2) does not affect amendments made under article 368.&lt;br&gt;A second formidable challenge to the amending power of the Parliament touching fundamental rights was made in Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1965 SC 845. The challenge was to the 17th amendment which sought to, inter alia, amend the definition of &ldquo;estate&rdquo; in article 31A of the Constitution by including therein, lands held under ryotwari settlement and also other lands in respect of which provisions are normally made in land reform enactments. Many more agrarian reform legislations were added to Schedule IX from entry 21 to 64.&lt;br&gt;Though the argument based on Article 13(2), along with another argument based on power of High Courts under Article 226 (Article 368, first proviso) were repelled, the foundation for the Basic Structure doctrine was laid by his lordship Justice J.R. Mudholkar by posing the following question &ldquo;Whether making a change in a basic feature of the Constitution can be regarded merely as an amendment or would it be, in effect, rewriting a part of the Constitution; and if the latter, would it be within the purview of Article 368?&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;Parliamentary emasculation: The confrontation reached its crescendo when eleven judge bench of the Supreme Court declared in Golaknath v. State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1643 that &ndash; Amendment is &lsquo;law&rsquo; within the meaning of Article 13 of the Constitution and, therefore, if it takes away or abridges the rights conferred by Part III thereof, it is void. The Supreme Court declared that the Parliament had no power from the date of the decision to amend any of the provisions of Part III of the Constitution so as to take away or abridge the fundamental rights enshrined therein.&lt;br&gt;However, Golaknath did not accept the &lsquo;basic feature&rsquo; test which was suggested in Sajjan Singh. Their lordship opined that if such an implied limitation were to be put on the power of amendment contained in Article 368, it would only be the courts which would have the power to decide what are basic features of the Constitution and then to declare whether a particular amendment is valid or not on the ground that it amends a particular basic feature or not and that the result would be that &lsquo;every amendment made in the Constitution would provide a harvest of legal wrangles so much so that Parliament may never know what provisions can be amended and what cannot&rsquo;. (paragraph 90 scc).&lt;br&gt;Parliament&rsquo;s reaction to Golaknath: The parliament, as expected, amended the Constitution by 24th amendment with effect from 5 November 1971. Articles 13 and 368 were amended firstly to declare that nothing in Article 13 would apply to any amendment of the Constitution made under article 368 and secondly to achieve parliamentary supremacy in the matter of amendment of the constitution.&lt;br&gt;Finest moment in Indian Constitutional Law. Article 31C was inserted by 25th amendment with effect from 24th April 1972. The object was to save laws which gave effect to Articles 39B and 39C. The primacy of these two Articles, which are in Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy, over fundamental rights was to see that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good; (Art.39B) and that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment (Art.39(C). However, what prompted challenge to this amendment was the 29th Amendment which inserted the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1969 and the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971 as entries 65 and 66 in IX Schedule. All three amendments i.e. 24th, 25th and 29th amendments were challenged in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.&lt;br&gt;It may be noted that when the aforesaid challenges were made, right to property was still a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(f).&lt;br&gt;Thirteen Hon&rsquo;ble Judges in Keshavanand Bharati by majority declared that Article 368 does not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution. The majority view reflected in the judgment is as follows;&lt;br&gt;1. Golak Nath case is overruled;&lt;br&gt;2. Article 368 does not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution;&lt;br&gt;3. The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, is valid;&lt;br&gt;4. Section 2(a) and 2(b) of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid;&lt;br&gt;5. The first part of Section 3 of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, is valid. The second part, namely, &ldquo;and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy&rdquo; is invalid;&lt;br&gt;6. The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.&lt;br&gt;The Parliament was at it again. As noticed earlier, primacy of Articles 39(b) and 39(C) over Articles 14, 19 and 31, was upheld in Keshavananda Bharti. By the 42nd amendment with effect from 3 January 1977, primacy of entire Part IV was given over Articles 14 and 19. (Art 31 was already omitted by then). Article 368 was amended to give almost unbridled power to Parliament to amend the Constitution. These offending portions were declared as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs. Union of India and Others (1980) 2 S.C.C. 591.&lt;br&gt;Whether fundamental rights are basic features? In my view, Waman Rao v. Union of India, (1981) 2 SCC 362 is a case of &lsquo;touch and go&rsquo;. The Supreme Court came close to declaring fundamental rights as basic features of the constitution. However the Court only added that every case in which the protection of a fundamental right is withdrawn will not necessarily result in damaging or destroying the basic structure of the Constitution and that the question as to whether the basic structure is damaged or destroyed in any given case would depend upon which particular Article of Part III is in issue and whether what is withdrawn is quintessential to the basic structure of the Constitution.&lt;br&gt;Back to Golaknath. When I say &lsquo;back to Golaknath&rsquo;, it is not that the original test of Article 13(2) to decide validity of constitutional amendment is restored. But the declaration of law by nine Hon&rsquo;ble judges of the Supreme Court in I.R. Coelho v. State of T.N., (2007) 2 SCC 1 to the effect that the golden triangle of Article 14, 19 and 21 is the basic feature of the Constitution, is a clear acceptance of the law declared in Golaknath that infringement of fundamental rights is a ground to invalidate constitutional amendments.&lt;br&gt;Waman Rao says whether the basic structure is damaged or destroyed in any given case would depend upon which particular Article of Part III is in issue and whether what is withdrawn is &lsquo;quintessential&rsquo; to the basic structure of the Constitution. Coelho identifies the golden triangle of Articles 14, 19 and 21 as quintessential to the basic structure. Coelho is criticized for confining only to three articles.&lt;br&gt;In conclusion The Constitutional law and its evolution into to a perfect shape underwent many confrontations and contradictions. The judgment in Keshavananda Bharti lit the beacon of light for generations to follow. The law declared in Coelho might be expanded to include all the articles of Part III thus doing complete justice to the judgment in Golaknath.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '089a92058765435fcf526cd9ef162c25.jpg', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-08-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-01-02 01:52:32', '2022-10-16 11:22:39'),
(102, 'eZW5yPggsb2bv8GXNDdqiEKVe', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' Pandemic Impact on Economy.  Nithin Basavaraj ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Pandemic Impact on Economy&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pandemics are large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruption.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Impacts of Pandemic:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Pandemics can cause significant, widespread increases in morbidity and mortality and have disproportionately higher mortality impacts on LMICs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Pandemics can cause economic damage through multiple channels, including short-term fiscal shocks and longer-term negative shocks to economic growth.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Individual behavioural changes, such as fear-induced aversion to workplaces and other public gathering places, are a primary cause of negative shocks to economic growth during pandemics.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Some pandemic mitigation measures can cause significant social and economic disruption.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; In countries with weak institutions and legacies of political instability, pandemics can increase political stresses and tensions. In these contexts, outbreak response measures such as quarantines have sparked violence and tension between states and citizens.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Factors affecting the risk of Pandemic:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In recent decades, several trends have affected pandemic probability. Various factors such as population growth, increasing urbanization, greater demand for animal protein, greater travel and connectivity between population centres, habitat loss, climate change, and increased interactions at the human-animal interface. As for poverty, the factors are mixed. On the positive side, enormous gains in poverty reduction have decreased the number of people living in extreme poverty. This may contribute to the mortality shock of a mild pandemic. On the negative side, extreme poverty is now concentrated in a small number of low-growth, high-poverty countries. In such countries, progress in building health system capacity also has been significantly slower. Likewise, for countries with weak institutions, building institutional capacity for complex tasks like pandemic and response is likely to be a slow process even under the most optimistic assumptions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Economic Impacts of Pandemic:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Pandemics can cause acute, short-term fiscal shocks as well as longer-term damage to economic growth. Early-phase public health efforts to contain or limit. As an outbreak grows, new facilities may need to be constructed to manage additional infectious cases; this, along with increasing demand for consumables (medical supplies, personal protective equipment, and drugs) can greatly increase health system expenditures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Diminished tax revenues may increase fiscal stresses caused by increased expenditures, especially in LMICs, where tax systems are weaker and government fiscal constraints are more severe. During a mild or moderate pandemic, unaffected can offset fiscal shocks by providing increased official development assistance (ODA) to affected countries, including direct budgetary support&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The direct fiscal impacts of pandemics generally are small, however, relative to the indirect damage to economic activity and growth. Negative economic growth shocks are driven directly by labour force reductions caused by sickness and mortality and indirectly by fear-induced behavioural changes. Fear manifests itself through multiple behavioural changes. These effects reduce labour force participation over and above the pandemic&rsquo;s direct morbidity and mortality effects and regional trade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;During a severe pandemic, all sectors of the economy agriculture, manufacturing, services face disruption, potentially leading to shortages, rapid price increases for staple goods, and economic stresses for households, private firms, and governments. A sustained, severe pandemic could or will cause significant and lasting economic damage.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The consequences of outbreaks are not distributed equally throughout the economy. Some sectors may even benefit financially, while others will suffer disproportionately. Pharmaceutical companies that produce vaccines, antibiotics, or other products needed for outbreak response are potential beneficiaries. Health and life insurance companies are likely to bear heavy costs, at least in the short term, as are livestock producers in the event of an outbreak linked to animals. Vulnerable populations, particularly the poor, are likely to suffer disproportionately, as they may have less access to health care and lower savings to protect against financial catastrophe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Economic policymakers managing various forms of risk, such as trade imbalances, exchange rate movements, and changes in market interest rates. There are also risks that are not strictly economic in origin. As with other forms of risk, the economic risk of health shocks can be managed with policies that reduce their likelihood and that position countries to respond swiftly when they do occur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Social and Political Impacts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Evidence suggests that pandemics can have significant social and political consequences, creating clashes between states and citizens, eroding state capacity, driving population displacement, and heightening social tension and discrimination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Severe p pandemics have been associated with significant social and political clashes driven by large shocks and the resulting demographic shifts. Evidence does suggest that pandemics can amplify existing political tensions and spark unrest, particularly in fragile states with legacies of violence, weak institutions and countries with high levels of political polarization, recent civil war, or weak institutions, sustained outbreaks could lead to more sustained and challenging political tensions. Pandemics also can have longer-term impacts on state&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease have direct and consequential social impacts Sudden population movements can have major effects, and migrants face elevated health risks arising from poor sanitation, poor nutrition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Finally, outbreaks of infectious disease can cause already vulnerable social groups, such as ethnic minority populations, to be stigmatized and blamed for the disease and its consequences.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Impact on Financial sectors:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Channels linked to an economic slowdown&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Before pandemic and its impact on growth are clear, financial markets are likely to start assigning increased risk premia to assets that are expected to be exposed to the pandemic. This would especially be the case for vulnerable regions and sectors, such as East Asian economies or firms dependent on travel and tourism. Credit spreads and other risk premia for emerging economy assets are likely to rise, particularly for countries where public health systems are considered weak and for those that are highly dependent on trade flows. Equity prices, except those for the healthcare sector, may fall sharply. A recession could also trigger many of the vulnerabilities that have emerged in the global economy in recent years. Thus, high levels of household indebtedness could make it harder for workers in some countries to outlast a pandemic-linked slowdown. Market volatility could rise sharply from present low levels. The direction of the impact on global imbalances is unclear, but a less certain market environment could make it harder for deficit countries to obtain adequate financing of their capital accounts, putting pressure on their exchange rates and perhaps other asset prices as well. Broadly speaking, financial system effects might stem from two sources:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&bull; Reduced capacity of institutions: Absences of key personnel could reduce the operating capacity of intermediaries and infrastructure providers, and in the event of a severe pandemic may lead to disruptions to functions such as processing transactions and keeping ATM machines stocked with cash. For some institutions, such as banks, reduced capacity may be matched by reduced demand for services. Others, however, may face sharply increased workflow; for example, insurance companies are likely to face greater demands for assessing and processing claims in lines such as business interruption insurance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&bull; Reduced capacity of markets:&amp;nbsp; Absenteeism in front-office and back-office staff could reduce the ability of dealers and organised exchanges to handle large order volumes. Offsetting this, there may be fewer transactions as investors scale back their activities.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Widespread sickness in the general population could cause prolonged or rolling waves of absences of staff, not just those who are themselves sick, but those looking after sick.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&bull; Firms may face sharply changed behaviour from customers, in ways that are difficult to predict, even as their ability to provide those services and adjust to new consumer patterns is disrupted. For instance, concern about the reliability of electronic payment systems or ATM machines could lead to increased precautionary demand for cash. Alternatively demand for cash could fall because of fear that banknotes carried germs or because of reduced retail activity. Similarly, demand patterns for short-term credit, internet banking and payment facilities are likely to shift in unpredictable ways. Sudden shifts in demand patterns could overwhelm operating capacity in a given functional area and spill over to other business functions. Even if most financial institutions themselves are able to continue operating normally, a pandemic may introduce dynamics that disrupt the functioning of the financial system as a whole.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&bull; Concerns about the operating capacity of counterparties and infrastructure providers may reduce the willingness of institutions to engage in transactions, even if no evidence of disruption has yet emerged. These concerns may be stronger in the case of complex transactions, smaller counterparties and counterparties outside of an institution&rsquo;s home market.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&bull; A broad increase in risk aversion could well involve a flight to safe, liquid assets. To the extent that safe assets are hoarded, the liquidity for these assets could fall, leading in turn to a further search for safety and liquidity. Alongside these generalised channels, some financial sectors may face pandemic-related effects specific to them&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; The impact on the balance sheets of pension schemes would depend critically on the demographic profile of the illness, which at this point is impossible to predict.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;References:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Ben Oppenheim, Mark Gallivan and Edward Rubin. (2017) Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Tassier, T., n.d. The Economics of Pandemic.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; David E. Bloom and David Canning. (2015) Pandemics and Economics. Harvard School of Public Health.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;By&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Nithin Basavaraj&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '90dcb18a4e1f219b5742ee6fc3ced562.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:41:29', '2021-01-26 04:14:45');
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(103, '002bTqKyFruaaNebUTo8vY0uy', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Paris Agreement on Climate Change Paris Accord.  Abhilasha Ashwitha and Anagha', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Paris Agreement on Climate Change (Paris Accord)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;HISTORICAL BACKGROUND&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Climate change is a global challenge and requires a global solution. Greenhouse gas emissions have the same impact on the atmosphere whether they originate in Washington, London or Beijing. Consequently, action by one country to reduce emissions will do little to slow global warming unless other countries act as well. Ultimately, an effective strategy will require commitments and action by all the major emitting countries. In 1992, countries joined an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as a framework for international cooperation to combat climate change by limiting average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change, and coping with impacts that were, by then, inevitable. By 1995, countries launched negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change, and, two years later, adopted the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol legally binds developed country Parties to emission reduction targets. The Protocol&rsquo;s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. The second commitment period began on 1 January 2013 and will end in 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;WHAT IS PARIS ACCORD?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The 2015 Paris Agreement, adopted in Paris on 12 December 2015, marks the latest step in the evolution of the UN climate change regime and builds on the work undertaken under the Convention. The Paris Agreement charts a new course in the global effort to combat climate change. To reach these ambitious goals, appropriate financial flows, including by, before 2025, setting a new goal on the provision of finance from the USD 100 billion floor, and an enhanced capacity building framework, including an Initiative for Capacity Building, will be put in place: thus supporting action by developing countries and the most vulnerable countries, in line with their own national objectives. The Agreement will also enhance transparency of action and support through a more robust transparency framework. The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions involved in the international climate change negotiations, particularly the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties (CMP), the subsidiary bodies (which advise the COP/CMP), and the COP/CMP Bureau (which deals mainly with procedural and organizational issues arising from the COP/CMP and also has technical functions). For a brief depiction of how these various bodies are related to one another, please see Bodies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;WHAT DOES THE PARIS AGREEMENT MEAN FOR THE WORLD&rsquo;S OTHER 8 MILLION SPECIES ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In December, the world&rsquo;s nations agreed on an aggressive plan to combat climate change. But what, if anything, will the landmark Paris agreement do for thousands of species already under threat from global warming? The word &ldquo;biodiversity&rdquo; is employed once in the Paris agreement&rsquo;s 32 pages. &ldquo;Forests&rdquo; appears a few times, but &ldquo;oceans&rdquo;, like biodiversity, scores just a single appearance. There is no mention of extinction. Wildlife, coral reefs, birds, frogs, orchids, polar bears and birds never show up anywhere in the document. Most biodiversity experts concurred that the Paris agreement was an important step forward, but none thought it would be enough to counter the vast risks posed to biodiversity by global warming. Indeed a recent study in science found that more than 5% of the world&rsquo;s species will likely go extinct even if we manage to keep temperatures from rising more than 2C, the uppermost target outlined in Paris.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Biodiversity in the oven Scientists have identified thousands of species that have already been hit by global warming or will likely be in the near-future. World&rsquo;s most-researched birds have already been negatively impacted by climate impacts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Birds are a good example of how climate change is already impacting wildlife because they are the best studied group on the planet. Yet, they aren&rsquo;t the only ones feeling the heat.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Experts said they hoped the agreement would boost initiatives like REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a UN programme that proposes to use funding from rich nations to pay developing countries to keep forests standing. Under negotiation for the better part of a decade, REDD+ projects are just beginning to launch &ndash; and the initiative made a number of important appearances at the Paris talks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;WHY DID USA PULL OUT FROM PARIS ACCORD ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;President Donald Trump laid out his reasons for pulling out of the Paris climate agreement&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) The Paris Agreement was costly and ineffective. If carried out, the energy regulations agreed to in Paris by the Obama administration would destroy hundreds of thousands of jobs, harm American manufacturing, and destroy $2.5 trillion in gross domestic product by the year 2035. In withdrawing from the agreement, Trump claims he removed a massive barrier to achieving the 3 percent economic growth rates America is accustomed to.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) The agreement wasted taxpayer money.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In climate negotiations leading up to the Paris conference, participants called for a Green Climate Fund that would collect $100 billion per year by 2020. The goal of this fund would be to subsidize green energy and pay for other climate adaptation and mitigation programs in poorer nations&mdash;and to get buy-in (literally) from those poorer nations for the final Paris Agreement. The Obama administration ended up shipping $1 billion in taxpayer dollars to this fund without authorization from Congress. Some of the top recipients of these government-funded climate programs have in the past been some of the most corrupt, which means, corrupt governments collect the funds not those who actually need it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c). Withdrawal is a demonstration of leadership. The media is making a big to-do about the fact that the only countries not participating in the Paris Agreement are Syria and Nicaragua.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;But that doesn&rsquo;t change the fact that it&rsquo;s still a bad deal. Misery loves company, including North Korea and Iran, who are signatories of the deal. Some have argued that it is an embarrassment for the U.S. to cede leadership on global warming to countries like China. But to draw a moral equivalency between the U.S. and China on this issue is absurd.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d). Withdrawal is good for American energy competitiveness. Some proponents of the Paris Agreement are saying that withdrawing presents a missed opportunity for energy companies. Others are saying that it doesn&rsquo;t matter what Trump does because the momentum of green energy is too strong. Neither argument is a compelling case for remaining in the agreement. That&rsquo;s a big market incentive for the private sector to pursue the next energy technology without the aid of taxpayer money.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;CONSEQUENCES OF US PULLING OUT OF PARIS ACCORD&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1) It weakens the entire goal of the agreement. There are 195 nations that signed the Paris deal, but only one of them , China &mdash; plays a bigger part in its goals than the United States. The U.S. is the second biggest polluting country in the world, contributing 16% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2015, according to data from BP. That&rsquo;s half of the amount from every other nation in the world combined except for China, Russia, Japan, India and the EU countries.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2) It would be the final nail in the coffin for Obama&rsquo;s climate legacy. Trump started chipping away at Obama&rsquo;s environmental actions as soon as he got into office. He got the Keystone XL Pipeline going away, rolled back Obama-era regulations and gutted the funds and staff of the Environmental Protection Agency. Stepping out of the Paris deal would essentially deal a deadly blow to Obama&rsquo;s biggest efforts to help the environment. At the time of its signing last year, Obama hailed the agreement as &ldquo;the best possible shot to save the one planet we&rsquo;ve got.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3) It chills some of America&rsquo;s most vital alliances.Trump ended his otherwise drama-free foreign trip last week on a sour note after standing as the only G-7 leader who would not pledge support to the accord. That puts the United States at odds with some of its most important allies in G-7 and beyond, including Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and China . That clash could bring trickle-down damage to many other diplomatic issues.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4) It would upset American businesses. It&rsquo;s ironic to see American corporate behemoths jumping behind the Paris deal, when climate change regulations are often bad for their bottom line. More than 300 companies, including Starbucks, Microsoft, Apple, Google and ExxonMobil, a company that challenged climate change awareness for years , signed an open letter in November demanding Trump stand by the Paris agreement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;INDIA&rsquo;S CONTRIBUTION TO THE PARIS ACCORED.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Paris Climate Change Accord was a historic deal with nearly 200 countries signing it to address climate change. India being a large and rapidly developing country, our role was often made out to be as one that could either make or break the Paris negotiations. The Paris accord, as agreed upon by member countries, sets the architecture for carbon emission reduction after 2020. It safeguards the principle of common but differentiated responsibility that has remained a non-negotiable aspect of India&rsquo;s climate position. This principle squarely puts the major responsibility on developed nations to drastically cut their carbon emissions and provide the necessary finance, technology and capacity building for developing economies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. After considerable pressure from island nations and least developed countries, parties to the conference agreed on pursuing long-term efforts to limit global average temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. India &mdash; which set a target of increasing its renewable power capacity to 175 gigawatts by 2022 &mdash; has exceeded its targets for wind power this fiscal year and has made some strides in increasing its solar capacity, according to a study from the World Resources Institute. Recent low solar prices may make renewable power increasingly competitive, the study said. In addition, the country is holding off on the construction of some new coal-fired power generating plants because the extra capacity may not be needed for now, according to a new draft electricity plan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;SIMILAR ACCORDS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. The Copenhagen Accord&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Accord endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. It underlines that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and emphasises a &quot;strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities&quot; It&rsquo;s objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, recognizes &quot;the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius&quot;, in a context of sustainable development, to combat climate change.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;2.The Kyoto Protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (a) global warming is occurring and (b) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions has predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997 and entered into force on February 16, 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to &quot;a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system&quot; (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations,set up at the request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP. The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the published literature, which includes peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;4.The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UNFCC is an international environmental treaty adopted on May 9, 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It then entered into force on 21 March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified it. The UNFCCC objective is to &quot;stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system&quot;. The framework sets no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international treaties (called &quot;protocols&quot; or &quot;Agreements&quot;) may be negotiated to specify further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A critical analysis by Abhilasha, Ashwitha and Anagha &ndash; Law Interns at Daksha Legal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '009b86cfe43ef7819b207eecd01804f9.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:42:14', '2021-01-26 04:14:15'),
(104, 'N03g0aeCvVoGscId1fscdoWG2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Prior User concept Neophyte of Intellectual Property Rights .  Athira Ramesh Harini V.S. Jincy Ansa Jose', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prior User concept - Neophyte of Intellectual Property Rights&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Trademarks are unique visual representations that help customers distinguish a product of a manufacturer compared to another. Trademark law in India is governed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999 &amp;amp; Trade Marks Rules, 2002. Registration of a Trademark helps in instant recognition for buyers thereby ensuring that brand loyalty is created. Under the Indian laws a letter, number, word, phrase, logo, graphic, shape, smell, sound or combination of these things is registerable. The easiest way to protect the rights to use a particular trademark is to register it with the Registrar of Trade Marks in India. The statutory rights of registered trademark owner are mentioned in the Act under section 28. This enables the holder of a registered trademark to sue any business who imitates the mark for infringement. That being said, it is not just the registered marks that are protected in India. There are numerous trademarks in India used by businesses that are not registered, but enjoy goodwill and reputation in the minds of customers. The genuine interests of those businesses need to be protected from being violated by other traders whether registered or not.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;As the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights was agreed upon by the World Trade Organisation, it set a minimum global standard in order to protect the intellectual property, and the significantly increasing and mounting intellectual property rights, and produced clear profit for the advanced world.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The principle of &ldquo;Priority in adoption and use prevails over priority in registration&rdquo;, is a well-accepted judicial principle that the rights of a prior user of the mark are kept on a higher pedestal than even that of the proprietor of a registered trademark. Prior user&rsquo;s rights will override those of a subsequent user even though the subsequent user had been accorded registration of its trademark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;According to Section 34 of the Trademarks Act, 1999 &ldquo;the proprietor of registered trademark or a registered user cannot interfere with the use of any identical or similar mark if the person has been using the mark from an earlier date&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The section provides for protecting the vested rights preventing a proprietor or registered user of a trademark from interfering with the honest use of an identical trademark or a mark nearly resembling with the registered mark.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The defence available to a prior user under sec 34 of the Act, if allowed has the effect of diluting the protection granted to a registered mark. Therefore, the establishment of requirements under Section 34 necessitates cogent materials indicating prior use. There has to be a forceful demonstration of the mark being used in connection with the goods and services for which the registered mark is also being used.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Therefore, &ldquo;first user&rdquo; rule is a pivotal part of the Act and it has always appreciated pre-eminence. The proprietor of a prior user, by using and making known the mark or get up in relation to his goods, and thus causing it to be associated or identified with those goods, will acquire a quasi-proprietary right to the exclusive use of the mark and invasion of this right by any person who, by using the same or some deceptively similar mark and inducing the customers to buy from him goods not of the proprietor of a prior user as his own amounts to trademark infringement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;PRIOR USER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Prior user is the primary user of a trademark who is protected under both statutory provisions under Trademark Act as well as common law. Rights of registered trademark owner are mentioned in the Act under section 28. This enables the holder of a registered trademark to sue any business who imitates the mark for infringement. Prior use can be identified evaluating the following characteristics as follows:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(i) the use of a mark identical or nearly resembling the registered mark, by a third person, must be in relation to the goods and services for which the first-mentioned mark is registered;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) a continuous usage of the aforementioned trademark in India;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iii) the trademark must be used by the proprietor in order to avail the protection;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iv) the mark must have been used from a date prior to the use of the registered trademark or the date of registration whichever is earlier.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the landmark judgement of R. J. Components and Shafts vs. Deepak Industries Limited, the Hon&rsquo;ble Delhi High Court recognized the legal principle of Prior user of a mark. The Court&rsquo;s verdict in the case has reiterated the law that prior user of a trademark will override the subsequent user even if the subsequent user has registered the trademark. Further, in N.R Dongre V Whirlpool Corporation1996 (5) SCC 714 the worldwide prior user was given preference over the registered trademark of India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;RIGHTS OF A PRIOR USER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is a well settled principle of Trademark Law that prior use of the goods will override the subsequent user, even though subsequent user has a registered trademark. Thus, the rights conferred by registration of trademark is subject to the rights of the prior user of the mark. The aforesaid principle is recognized under section 34 of Trademarks Act of 1999, which enumerates that a registered proprietor or registered user of a trademark cannot interfere with the use of any identical or similar mark is a person has been using a mark from an earlier date. Article 17 of TRIPS agreement enumerates the exceptions of the rights conferred by prior user.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the landmark case of S. Syed Mohideen Vs. P. Sulochana Bai (2016) 2 SCC 683&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Plaintiff issued notice as &ldquo;Iruttukadai halwa&rdquo; their trademark was infringed as the defendant started using it as &ldquo;Tirunellveli iruttukada halwa&rdquo;, which was refused by the defendants. The plaintiff filed a suit for declaration, permanent injunction and rendition of accounts. On the basis of the documents produced, the trial court recorded the finding that the respondent is the prior user of the word &ldquo;Iruttukadai Halwa&rdquo; therefore, plaintiff was entitled to the decree for declaration and injunction. The learned High Court judge observed, under section 34 of Trade Marks Act, 1999, &ldquo;The vital right of the prior user of the trademark has been well recognised. Even a registered trade mark holder like the defendant cannot lawfully interfere with or restrain the use of the trade mark by the prior user, for, the law is well settled that even a registration by the recent user cannot be a ground to reject the plea of the prior user that he/she is the prior user of the trade mark.&rdquo; The Trade Mark Act, 1999 collectively reading of the provisions especially sections 27, 28, 29, and 34 of the trade Marks Act, 1999 would show that the rights conferred by registration are subject to the rights of the prior user of the trade mark. The court thought about the opinion on allowing the defendant to use the trade mark &ldquo;Tirunelveli Iruttukadai Halwa&rdquo; will amount to deceiving the public. It said no one can be permitted to encroach upon the goodwill and reputation of other party, particularly when a specific mark, though may be a descriptive word, has acquired a subsidiary meaning and is fully admitted by the particular company and when a party who cannot be termed as honest current user of the mark on the reputation and goodwill of the company, it will constitute invasion of the proprietary right.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In another leading case of Neon Laboratory Limited V/s Medical Technologies Limited &amp;amp; Others (2016) 2 SCC 672. Respondent are involved in manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products and medicinal preparation. They introduced generic drugs PROFOL in 1998. In 2000 they applied for registration on learning that appellant same generic drug under trademark ROFOL find suit for the identical and deceptively similar. The appellant claims they gave application for registration of trademark in 1992 and got registered in 2001 but they commenced business from 2004. The respondent introduced from 1998 whereas the appellant was dormant for past twelve years. According to section 34 of Trade Mark Act, 1999 &quot;Nothing in this Act shall entitle the proprietor or a registered user of registered trade mark to interfere with or restrain the use by any person of a trade mark identical with or nearly resembling it in relation to goods or services in relation to which that person or a predecessor in title of his has continuously used that trade mark from a date prior to the use of the first-mentioned trade mark in relation to those goods or services be the proprietor or a predecessor in title of his.&quot; The first user test was introduced in this said case to prove who were first in the market. In section 47 it has said that trade mark would be taken off on the registered application which is being made by any aggrieved party on the ground that it has not been in the market for the continues period of five years of three months from the date of registration, there is no bona fide use. Right is lost if it is not exercised within a reasonable time. The court approved the grant of an injunction in favor of prior user.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;In the recent decision S. Syed Mohideen V/s. P. Sulochana Bai the court has pithily underscored that the rights in a passing off action emanate from common law and not from statutory provisions, nevertheless the prior user&#039;s rights will override those of a subsequent user even though it had been accorded registration of its trade mark.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In view of the aforesaid settled Law, it is advisable that companies and individuals who are seeking trademark registration in India shall conduct a prior trademark search of similar marks which though not registered are in being used prior to registration of their trademark.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vikas Makhija v Bengal Phenyle and allied products Ltd 2001(2) CTMR 338 (Del):(2001) 93 DLT 817: 2001 PTC 612 it was held that section 34 confers absolute protection or immunity on a defendant who is able to prove or establish continuous use prior to the date of registration of the trademark of the plaintiff.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;First in the market relevant over First to register&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Judicial decisions regarding prior user in the early stage was enumerated in the basis of &ldquo;first to register&rdquo;. The registered user&rsquo;s right could override subsequent user&rsquo;s and statue protected the trademark from infringement and passing off. Moreover, registered user was the absolute user other than the exception of fair use and others. Trademark Act protected unregistered trademark&rsquo;s infringement through passing off but prior user as a doctrine was not recognized.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Later in Neon laboratories V Medical industries the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court upheld the decision of the learned trial court decision of granting interim injunction on the basis of the &ldquo;first in the market&rdquo; test. While upholding the prima facie view court considered the fact the first user is a seminal part of the act, but the lethargic interval of 12 years after getting the trademark registered indicated the abandonment of the mark. Court also observed that it would be fanciful or unfair to favour the view of the delayed user who intent to exploit the niche already created. The &ldquo;first in the market&rdquo; test has always enjoyed pre-eminence. Furthermore, court bifurcated the legislative intent of section 34 and section 47 of Trademarks Act which is not to protect hoarding of or appropriation without utilization or introduction in the market.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The prior user should also use the trademark without any break. The continuous usage can ensure the goodwill and reputation. The extent, quantum and nature of the use of the mark, claiming and justifying prior user right, is a mixed question of law and facts. While it is accepted that registered trademarks in India have greater rights than unregistered marks, it remains to be seen whether the application of the &ldquo;first in the market test&rdquo; as applied in the recent judgments will give primacy to unregistered marks in India which are otherwise in prior use worldwide or to a mark which is used and registered in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Recognizing the rights of prior user can be considered as tremendous development. Even then bridging the gap between proving the prior usage, the technical glitches and scientific efficacy required in the medical as well as pharmaceutical industries stand still. The question that still needed to be answered is the providing enough regulations to prove the first in the mark as well as first in the world market, should the territorial goodwill be considered over global goodwill. Trademark Act needs to enhance its efficiency along with the changing technological development.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law of Trademarks and geographical indications, K.C Kailasam and Ramu Vedaraman: Second Edition&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Intellectual Property Rights, Dr J.K Das, Kamal Law House Kolkata (Economy Edition)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;SCC&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;MANUPATRA FAST&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article by:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt; Athira Ramesh, Harini V.S., Jincy Ansa Jose, Students of Law, K.L.E. Law College, Bangalore. Interns, Daksha Legal &reg;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '2a59bb57e0bb0ac66845aa3292cabf32.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:43:12', '2021-01-26 04:13:49');
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(105, 'HYDnQfOlF1jGz9NYUf2mzpwW0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Recent Development in E-commerce Laws.  Ms. Poornima Natarajan ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As e-commerce has been embraced by numerous industries over the last few decades, it has been defined many times in a variety of ways. These definitions have tended to vary widely and change frequently. From a business perspective, e-commerce is often thought of as a way to use the Internet to market and sell goods and services to consumers. Another commonly used, yet narrow, definition describes e-commerce as the use of computers and the Internet to buy and/or sell goods, services, or information. These definitions ignore the ability of e-commerce to aid individuals and organizations which may not be directly and specifically involved with the buying and selling of goods, services, and information . There are different models used by the e-commerce websites to commence their business. E-commerce business models can generally be categorized in following categories:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Business - to - Business (B2B) - Website following this business model sells its product to an intermediate buyer who then sells the product to the final customer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Business - to - Consumer (B2C) - Website following this business model sells its product directly to a customer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C) - Website following this business model helps consumer to sell their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles etc. or rent a room by publishing their information on the website.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Consumer - to - Business (C2B) - In this model, a consumer approaches website showing multiple business organizations for a particular service. Consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Business - to - Government (B2G) - Such websites are used by government to trade and exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Government - to - Business (G2B) - Government uses B2G model website to approach business organizations. Such websites support auctions, tenders and application submission functionalities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Government - to - Citizen (G2C) - Government uses G2C model website to approach citizen in general. Such websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery or any other material. Such website also provides services like registration for birth, marriage or death certificates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;These are few business models used for faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products. Therefore, for the purpose of this review we adopt a broader definition of the term which describes e-commerce as a means by which businesses and consumers can obtain and transmit information, build and maintain relationships, and conduct transactions of goods, services or payments through telecommunication networks. These processes include transactions and communications between businesses as well as transactions between businesses and consumers. The purpose of this review is to assess the current status and potential of e-commerce in the food marketing system which is assumed to be composed of five main sectors: agricultural input providers, agricultural producers, food manufacturing, agricultural and food wholesalers, food retailers and consumers. We use the generic name agribusinesses to refer to the first four sectors of the system. Purchasing products or services over the Internet, online shopping has attained immense popularity in the recent scene mainly because people find it convenient and easy to shop from the comfort of their home or office and also eased from the trouble of moving from shop to shop in search of the goods of choice .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Legal Issues Relating to E-Commerce Transactions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A. Contracts:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;At the heart of e-commerce is the need for parties to be able to form valid and legally binding contracts online. How e-contracts can be formed, performed, and enforced as parties replace paper documents with electronic media.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Offer and Acceptance: The Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) deals with contractual aspects of use of electronic records, such as attribution, acknowledgement, time and place of dispatch and receipt. Since the IT Act is only an enabling Act, it is to be read in conjunction with the Indian Contracts Act, 1872 (Contract Act).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Internet communication does not consist of a direct line of communication between the sender and receiver of e-mail as in ordinary means of communication. The IT Act has laid down certain methods for determining the exact time and place of dispatch and receipt of the e-mail. Further, section 3 of the Evidence Act provides that the evidence may be in electronic form.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Online Identity: Transactions on the Internet, like consumer-related transactions, often occur between parties who have no pre-existing relationship, which may raise concerns of the person&rsquo;s identity with respect to issues of the person&rsquo;s capacity, authority and legitimacy to enter the contract. Digital signatures, is one of the methods used to determine the identity. The framework to digital signatures is governed by the provisions of IT Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Security: Security is vital to promote e-commerce. Sensitive information stored on company websites must ensure they have adequate security, from threats. There are internal and external threats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Internal threats: Security against tech staff and employees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; External threats: Hackers and viruses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Security can be maintained by using various tools such as encryption, firewalls, access codes / passwords, virus scans and biometrics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Authentication: Different authentication technologies have evolved over a period of time to ensure the identity of the parties entering into online transactions. However, there are some issues that need to be considered by companies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Digital Signatures to be used as authentication tool: According to the IT Act, digital signatures should be used for the purposes of authenticating an electronic contract. The digital signature must follow the Public Key infrastructure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Privacy and Data Protection: Every e-commerce website is to maintain the privacy of its users. Use of innovative technologies and lack of secure systems makes it easy to obtain personal and confidential information. Privacy concerns have also been raised regarding the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, which is a publicly searchable resource used to determine the identity of domain name registrants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Now at present, there exists no legislation in India that upholds the privacy rights of an individual or organization against private parties. The Constitution of India upholds the right to privacy as a fundamental right of every citizen; the right is exercisable only against a State action. Even the IT Act addresses the issue of protecting privacy rights only from Government action.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;B. Intellectual Property Rights:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Any company intending to commence e-commerce activities should bear in mind is the protection of its intellectual assets. The Internet is an unregulated medium and therefore the protection of intellectual property rights is a challenge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Some of the significant issues that arise with respect protecting IPRs in ecommerce are discussed hereunder:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) Copy-right&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) Patent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) Trade mark&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d) Trade Secret&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e) Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Determining the subject matter of protection: With the invention of new technologies, new forms of IPRs are evolving and the challenge for any business would be in identifying how best its intellectual assets can be protected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Ascertaining novelty originality: Most intellectual property laws require that the work / mark / invention must be novel or original. However, the issue is whether publication or use of a work/ invention/ mark in electronic form on the Internet would hinder a subsequent novelty or originality claim in an IPR application.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;An ecommerce company would have to devote attention to satisfying the parameters of intellectual property protection including originality requirements in its works to preclude any infringement actions from third parties who own similar IPRs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Enforcing IPRs: It is difficult to adjudicate and decide cyber-disputes. The Internet makes the duplication, or dissemination of IPR- protected works easy, and its anonymity makes it virtually impossible to detect the infringer. The recent World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty explicitly mandates that all contracting parties to the treaty shall have to provide adequate legal remedies against actions intended to circumvent the effective technological measures that may used by authors to prevent infringement of their works.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Preventing unauthorized Hyper linking and Meta tagging: The Courts are fighting with issues concerning infringement of IPRs arising from hyper linking and Meta tagging activities. Courts in certain jurisdictions held that Hyper linking, especially deep-linking may constitute copyright infringement, whereas Meta tagging may constitute trademark infringement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Protection against unfair competition: Protection against unfair competition covers issues relevant for electronic commerce. Companies on the Internet, have to constantly adapt to and use the particular technical features of the Internet, such as its interactivity and support of multimedia applications, for their marketing practices. Problems may arise with regard to the use of certain marketing practices such as: a) Interactive marketing practices b) spamming and c) Immersive marketing .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;C. Domain Names:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A company that commences e-commerce activities would first have to get its domain name registered. While registering domain names, if the company chooses a domain name that is similar to some domain name or some existing trademark of a third party, the company could be held liable for cyber squatting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;D. Jurisdiction according to the traditional rules of private international law:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In e-commerce transactions, if a business derives customers from a particular country as a result of their website, it may be required to defend any litigation that may result in that country. As a result, any content placed on a website should be reviewed for compliance with the laws of any jurisdiction where an organization wishes to market, promote or sell its products or services as it may run the risk of being sued in any jurisdiction where the goods are bought or where the services are availed of.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;E. Liability:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Contractual Liability: A website that offers goods or services should contain an online contract to which the customer must assent. The contract needs to be carefully drafted to protect the website owner from liability and should address the key terms and conditions for the provisions of goods or services. The contract should clearly establish the exact time and manner of acceptance of the contract. In the event of dispute or breach of contract, the liability of the owner of the website would be limited only to the extent of the terms of the contract.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Statutory liability: Depending on the type of business, a website would have to comply with the provisions of the law, central or state, in that jurisdiction. The website would therefore, in addition to the state laws, be required to comply with the provisions of the statutes of the countries in which the website would be vastly accessed. Failure to comply with such foreign laws may lead to liability under such law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Tortuous Liability: Liability under tort may arise due to wrongful interference with the business or wrongful defamation or any remark or action that may cause injury to one&rsquo;s property or reputation. Thus, although no contractual relationship may exist as well as here the interference or damage is unintentional, the website owner may be liable for wrongful injury. The owner of the website must make sure to condone to above criteria .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Provision under Information Technology Act, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Information Technology Act 2008 (IT Act), under Section 10A provides for validity of contracts formed through electronic means and lays down that where in a contract formation, the communication of proposals, the acceptance of proposals, the revocation of proposals and acceptances, as the case may be, are expressed in electronic form or by means of an electronic record, such contract shall not be deemed to be unenforceable solely on the ground that such electronic form or means was used for that purpose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;FSSAI Draft Norms for E-Commerce Food Operators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) have on September 20, 2016, released a draft consideration, on the need for regulations regarding food delivery . The unfettered existence of such sites without any regulations poses a challenge to existing legal paradigm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Indian government established the FSSAI under the Food and Safety Standards Act, 2006. The rationale behind the establishment of such a regulatory authority was to supervise and look after matters related to the quality of food products, consumer related issues, and distribution of food products.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The recent upsurge in the number of e-commerce sites, which act as Food Business Operators (FBOs), and their popularity and widespread use led to the issuance of the draft regulatory norms by the FSSAI, with respect to the obtainment of licenses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Guidelines for Operation of E-commerce Food Business Operators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In pursuance of the given sections below of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006(herein after referred as Act), Food Safety and Standards Authority of India(FSSAI) issues guidelines for food business activities through e-commerce with effect from 2nd February 2017 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Section 18(1)(a) which is, endeavour to achieve an appropriate level of protection of human life and health and the protection of consumer&rsquo;s interest, including fair practices in all kinds of food trade with reference to food safety standard practices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Section 29(2) which talks about the authorities responsible for enforcement of Act under which the food authority and the state food authorities shall monitor and verify that the relevant requirements of law are fulfilled by food business operators at all stages of food business, and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Section 29(3) under which the authorities shall maintain a system of control and other activities as appropriate to circumstances, including public communication on food safety and risk, food safety and surveillance and other monitoring activities covering all stages of food business.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Food business, as defined in Section 3(n) of the Act, encompasses e-commerce mode of business in food articles. As such, all applicable provision of the Act and the Rules &amp;amp; Regulations made thereunder are to be complied with by e-commerce entities in food business.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Business Models of E-commerce FBOs:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;E-commerce FBO includes the following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) E-commerce entity providing listing facility to sellers / manufacturers / restaurants on their platforms, thereby providing platform for commerce to the sellers, manufacturers, restaurant, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) Sellers, vendors, importers, processors, packagers or manufacturers who display or offer their food products, including food services, catering services, sale of goods or food ingredients for sale to the customers through either market based model or inventory based model of e-commerce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) Operating and providing storage and/or distribution services to the sellers, vendors, importers or manufacturers of the food products listed on their marketplace.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d) Providing transportation services to the sellers, vendors, importers or manufacturers of the food products and/or providing last mile delivery transportation to the end consumer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Regularity Requirements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Registration &amp;amp; Licensing:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The e-commerce FBOs mentioned in clause (b), (c) and (d) shall be covered under Schedule I of Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulation 2011.These e-commerce FBOs have to obtain license from the Cental Licensing Authority for the entire supply chain i.e. Head Office/Registered office, Manufacturers, Transportation, Storage, Distribution, etc. It shall be ensured by the e-commerce FBOs that the last mile delivery undertaken by trained delivery personally and the safety food product is not compromised at the time of delivery.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; E-commerce entities providing listing/directory to the sellers, brand owners, restaurants, vendors, importers or manufacturers of the food products, may not be required to obtain license/registration under the Act, Rules &amp;amp; Regulations made thereunder, subject to their not being engaged in any activities as specified in the definition of Food Business as defined in Section 3(n) of the Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; However, these entities shall ensure that no misleading information/false claims pertaining to the sellers/brand owners, vendors, importers or manufacturers, or misleading images of food products are made available or shown on their platform. The e-commerce entities shall clearly specify on their platform, the liability of any violation of the FSS Act and applicable Rules and Regulations made thereunder would be with the sellers/brand owners, vendors, importers or manufacturers of food products.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Supply Chain Compliance:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The FSS Act 2006 stipulates that every food business operator shall ensure that the articles of food satisfy the requirements of the Act and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder at all stages of production, processing, import, distribution and sale within the businesses under his control. No FBO by himself, or by any person on behalf, manufacture, sell or distribute any article of food which is unsafe; or misbranded or substandard or contains extraneous matter; or for which a license is required, except in accordance with the conditions of the license. All e-commerce FBOs are required to sign an agreement with the sellers/brand owners/manufacturers averring that the said &lsquo;seller/brand owners/manufacturers&rsquo; are compliant with FSS Act and Rules and Regulations made thereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Food Product Listing and Information:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The sellers/brand owners/manufacturers&rsquo; who display or offer any &lsquo;pre-packed food&rsquo; for sale to the customers, either on their own e-commerce platform or on the marketplace based model of e-commerce, shall ensure that legible and clear picture of the &lsquo;principal display panel&rsquo; of such pre-packed food is made available for viewing by the customers. The Principal display panel excluding batch number/lot number, best before, expiry date and MRP shall be displayed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The seller/brand owners/manufacturers dealing in fresh produce will provide an indicative image of the same produce to the e-commerce FBOs for displaying on their platform to enable the consumers to help recognize the product.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The sellers/brand owners/manufacturers on the e-commerce platform shall be required to display their License/Registration obtained under the FSS Act and Regulations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Mandatory food information mentioned in the FSS Act, Rules and Regulations made thereunder shall be provided to the consumers without charging supplementary costs. The relevant mandatory food information should also be available before the purchase is concluded.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The food products offered for sale by any e-commerce FBO shall be liable to sampling at any point of the supply chain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The term &#039;seller/brand owners/ manufacturers used here should be read to mean seller / brand owner/ restaurant/ vendor/ importer/processor/packager/manufacturer responsible for the listing of their product/offering on the e-commerce platform, and will be visible to the end consumer as the &#039;seller&#039; of the said product/offering.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Liability of FBO:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;All the FBOs i.e. sellers/ brand owners, vendors, importers, manufacturers, restaurant, hotel etc. shall comply with the basic hygiene and sanitary practices mentioned in the Schedule 4 of Food Safety and Standards (Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses), Regulations 2011 .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Handling of Consumer Complaints:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; E-commerce FBO Consumer Complaint Cell shall act as under in respect of complaint received from consumers:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Complaints relating to product efficacy, quality, or any other such issues will be notified immediately by e-commerce FBO to the sellers/ brand owners / importers/ manufacturing company concerned for expeditious resolution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The consumer will also be redirected to the consumer call center of the manufacturer so that consumer directly pursues the matter further.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The sellers/brand owners, vendors, importers or manufacturers as the case may be, will be liable and bound to take action on the complaint raised by the consumer. The e-commerce FBO will cooperate with the consumers to enable the satisfactory resolution of the complaint by sharing with him all relevant information including seller/brand owner/manufacturer details.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Consumer complaints shall be redressed as per the timeline prescribed by Ministry of Consumer Affairs from time to time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Responsibility of E-commerce FBO towards Recall:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The e-commerce FBO/entities shall immediately delist any food products listed on their platform, which are not in compliance with the FSS Act or Rules or Regulations, made thereunder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The guidelines listed above took effect from 2nd February 2017. They are the explanatory memorandum and do not in any way supplant any of the requirements under the Act and any of the Rules &amp;amp; Regulations provided .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Amendments in Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Based on the stakeholder consultation process and industry experience in implementing the Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011 (Rules), the government has announced certain amendments effective from 1 January, 2018 . The Rules regulate the manner and content of declarations to be made on packaged commodities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The highlights of the proposed amended Rules are as under :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; That the E-commerce platforms will mandatorily have to declare the retail sale price, net quantity, name and address of manufacturer, packer and importer, name of the commodity, dimensions of product and grievance redress procedure on all packaged goods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; In addition to the aforesaid mandatory declarations required to be made on the package itself, Rule 4(10) (as amended), states that E-commerce websites will now require to ensure that all such mandatory declarations as specified in Rule 4(1), with the exception of month and year in which the commodity is packed, shall be displayed on the digital and electronic network used for e-commerce transactions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; If a package contains a commodity which may become unfit for human consumption after a period of time, such items have to prominently display on the packet &#039;Best Before&#039; or &#039;use by date, month and year&#039;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Clause (4A) to Rule 6, wherein, a manufacturer/packer/importer shall be allowed to declare the following declarations on the package, in addition to the mandatory declarations-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) Barcode/GTIN/QR Code;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) &#039;e-code&#039; for net quantity assurance of the commodity;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) Logos of the Government Schemes like Swatch Bharat Mission, where such use is authorized by the Government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; A proviso to Rule 9 Sub Rule 3 that no such declaration on the inner package is required, if the outer package contains all declarations under these Rules;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The amendments would double the display size of quantity, MRP on small packets, while on bigger ones it would be increased by 1.5 times. The width of the numeral or letter shall not be less than one third of its height, except in case of numeral &quot;1&quot; and letters (i), (I) and (l) .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Another aspect of the recent amendments is the introduction of Rule 4(10). The said rule describes that in a market place model of e-commerce, responsibility of the correctness of the declarations shall lie with the manufacturer/seller/dealer/importer, only if:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;i. The function of the e-commerce entity is limited to providing access to a communication system over which information made available by the manufacturer or seller or dealer or importer;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;ii. The e-commerce entity does not:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a) Initiate the transmission;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b) Select the receiver of the transmission;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c) Select or modify the information contained in the transmission;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;iii. The e-commerce entity has observed due diligence while discharging its duty as an intermediary under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and observes such other guidelines as the Central Government may prescribe in this behalf;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The result of this amendment is going to be an additional burden on the manufacturer, retailer, dealer or importer to ensure that all such declarations are printed on the packaging of the commodity being sold on the e-commerce website. However, this will certainly increase transparency in the way e-commerce websites operate and the consumers will end up benefitting from it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The need for these amendments started gaining currency as a result of the numerous complaints being filed by consumers regarding inadequacy in quality, quantity and lack of information furnished by the companies on the package/e-commerce platforms. Reportedly, the decision to amend the rules was triggered by a discussion conducted by FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India), wherein a number of consumers had shared their grievances pertaining to products sold on e-commerce websites. Following this amendment, the Director, Controller and Legal Metrology Officer would be empowered to take action against the company or vendor or even the e-commerce platform for any violation as per the Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodity) Rules, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The e-commerce business has increased its scope and online shopping has spread all over immensely. People find it convenient to shop in their comfort of their homes or offices. In consequence of the flourishing of e-commerce business, the legal issues are piling up. Therefore, the need for amendment in the pre-existing law is crucial. E-commerce site development, its advertising, electronic transaction, money transactions and such involve many legal issues, which need to be taken into account step by step. The provision under IT Act provides for the validity of contracts made through e-commerce. E-commerce has also gained market in delivering food products. The need to cover such business operators was necessary. Hence, there were amendments brought into force to regulate the e-commerce operators. The FSSAI brought in guidelines for the business operators under e-commerce to register themselves and also obtain license. These guidelines took effect from 2nd February 2017. The supply compliance, liability of the food operators and the consumer complaints were also dealt in this Notification. The e-commerce operators also come in the purview of the amendments in Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011 which will be effective from 1st January, 2018. These Rules regulate the manner and content of declarations to be provided in the packaged commodities. These amendments aim at regulating the vast scope of threat over e-commerce business for food products. It increases the transparency of e-commerce business and the consumer will be benefitted from it over the time. So e-commerce is a boon to the society which is everyday becoming more robust but to avoid it becoming a bane it should be properly regulated and should be covered under proper laws.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ms. Poornima Natarajan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Intern, Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'fbe2291855236b61ad4c1220d614df41.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:44:19', '2021-01-26 04:13:25');
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(106, '3pLHPdrCq6jFoBcPOXccIJmSq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Recusal of Judges A critical analysis.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recusal of Judges - a critical analysis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Motions to recuse or disqualify judges and other adjudicators have been made for many reasons. Most commonly such motions are predicated upon a claim that the judge is biased in favor of one party, or against another, or that a reasonable objective observer would think he might be. But such motions are also made on many other grounds, including the challenged judge&rsquo;s (a) interest in the subject matter, or relationship with someone who is interested in it (b) background or experience, such as the judge&rsquo;s prior work as a lawyer (c) personal knowledge about the parties or the facts of the case (d) ex parte communications with lawyers or non-lawyers (e) rulings, comments or conduct&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. In some jurisdictions the ability of a judge to recuse himself is constrained by the so-called &ldquo;duty to sit doctrine&rdquo;. According to this doctrine, unless a judge is required by law to disqualify himself he cannot simply choose to recuse himself, but must remain on the case.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Halsbury&rsquo;s Laws of England [Vol. 29(2), 4th Edn., Reissue 2002, para 560, p. 379], the test of disqualification due to apparent bias has been elucidated in the following words: &ldquo;560. Test of disqualification by apparent bias.&mdash;The test applicable in all cases of apparent bias, whether concerned with Justices, members of inferior tribunals, jurors or with arbitrators, is whether, having regard to the relevant circumstances, there is a real possibility of bias on the part of the relevant member of the tribunal in question, in the sense that he might unfairly regard with favour, or disfavour, the case of a party to the issue under consideration by him. In considering this question all the circumstances which have a bearing on the suggestion that the Judge or Justice is biased must be considered. The question is whether a fair-minded and informed observer, having considered the facts, would conclude that there was a real possibility that the tribunal was biased. Cases may occur where all the Justices may be affected by an appearance of bias, as, for instance, where a fellow Justice or the Justices&rsquo; clerk is charged with an offence; where this occurs, it has been recommended that Justices from another petty-sessional division should deal with the case, or, if the offence is indictable, that it should be committed for trial by a jury. It is because the court in the majority of cases does not inquire whether actual bias exists that the maxim that justice must not only be done but be seen to be done is applied, and the court gives effect to the maxim by examining all the material available and concluding whether there is a real possibility of bias&hellip;.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. In most American jurisdictions a judge may only be disqualified &ldquo;for cause.&rdquo; In other words, a person who would like a new judge to preside over her case is required to show either that a basis for disqualification exists that is expressly enumerated in A disqualification statute; or that, for some other reason, a reasonable person would question the judge&rsquo;s ability to be impartial in the case. But many (mostly western and mid-western) jurisdictions have laws on the books which authorize parties to seek disqualification on a &ldquo;peremptory&rdquo; basis, without making any showing of cause. This is referred to as &ldquo;peremptory disqualification,&rdquo; or making a &ldquo;peremptory challenge&rdquo;. In such jurisdictions, as long as the challenge is timely filed, and the prescribed procedure is complied with, the judge has no discretion to determine whether he should recuse himself; rather, he is disqualified automatically.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. In the United States, the United States Code under the heading &quot;Disqualification of justice, judge, or magistrate judge,&quot; provides that a federal judge &quot;shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.&quot; It also provides that a judge is disqualified &quot;where he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding&quot;; when the judge has previously served as a lawyer or witness concerning the same case or has expressed an opinion concerning its outcome; or when the judge or a member of his or her immediate family has a financial interest in the outcome of the proceeding. Section 144, captioned &quot;Bias or prejudice of judge,&quot; provides that under circumstances, when a party to a case in a United States District Court files a &quot;timely and sufficient Motion that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of an adverse party,&quot; the case shall be transferred to another judge.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Australian view Johnson vs Johnson (2000) 174 ALR That test has been adopted, in preference to a differently expressed test that has been applied in England, for the reason that it gives due recognition to the fundamental principle that justice must both be done, and be seen to be done. It is based upon the need for public confidence in the administration of justice. &lsquo;If fair-minded people reasonably apprehend or suspect that the tribunal has prejudged the case, they cannot have confidence in the decision.&rsquo; The hypothetical reasonable observer of the Judge&rsquo;s conduct is postulated in order to emphasise that the test is objective, is founded in the need for public confidence in the judiciary, and is not based purely upon the assessment by some Judges of the capacity or performance of their colleagues. At the same time, two things need to be remembered: the observer is taken to be reasonable; and the person being observed is &lsquo;a professional Judge whose training, tradition and oath or affirmation requires [the Judge] to discard the irrelevant, the immaterial and the prejudicial&rsquo;.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. English Court&rsquo;s view House of Lords in R. v. Gough 1993 AC 646 and R. v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p Pinochet Ugarte (2000) 1AC 119 observed: &ldquo;It is a &lsquo;fundamental rule&rsquo; of natural justice and an &lsquo;abiding value of our legal system&rsquo; that every adjudicator must be free from bias. This same principle has been accepted in the international law of human rights, which supports the vigilant approach this Court has taken to the possibility that the &lsquo;parties or the public might entertain a reasonable apprehension&rsquo; that an adjudicator may not be impartial.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. Article 14.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the starting point for consideration of the relevant requirements of international law, states: &lsquo;All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals. In the determination of any criminal charge against him, or of his rights and obligations in a suit at law, everyone shall be entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent independent and impartial tribunal established by law.&rsquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. In Karttunen v. Finland, elaborating that article, the United Nations Human Rights Committee concluded that &lsquo;impartiality&rsquo; of a court: &lsquo;&hellip; implies that Judges must not harbour preconceptions about the matter put before them, and &hellip; they must not act in ways that promote the interests of one of the parties &hellip;. A trial flawed by the participation of a Judge who, under domestic statutes, should have been disqualified cannot normally be considered to be fair or impartial within the meaning of Article 14.&rsquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. Appearance of justice: The reason commonly given for adopting the comparatively strict approach that has found favour in this Court in recent years is that it mirrors the importance attached by the law not only to the actuality of justice (that is, whether the adjudicator had, in fact, prejudged issues in the case) but also the appearance of impartiality both to the parties and to the community. From the point of view of public policy, the practical foundation for a relatively strict approach lies in the obligation on an appellate court to defend the purity of the administration of justice and thereby to sustain the community&rsquo;s confidence in the system. In the words of Lord Denning, M.R. &ldquo;justice must be rooted in confidence: and confidence is destroyed when right-minded people go away thinking: &lsquo;The judge was biased&rsquo;.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. In India, the courts have, by and large, applied the &ldquo;real likelihood test&rdquo; for deciding whether a particular decision of the judicial or quasi-judicial body is vitiated due to bias. In Manak Lal v. Dr. Prem Chand Singhvi AIR 1957 SC 425 it was observed &ldquo;5. &hellip; every member of a tribunal that [sits to] try issues in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings must be able to act judicially; and it is of the essence of judicial decisions and judicial administration that Judges should be able to act impartially, objectively and without any bias. In such cases the test is not whether in fact a bias has affected the judgment; the test always is and must be whether a litigant could reasonably apprehend that a bias attributable to a member of the tribunal might have operated against him in the final decision of the tribunal. It is in this sense that it is often said that justice must not only be done but must also appear to be done.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12. In A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India (1969) 2 SCC 262, the rule of bias was discussed in some detail in the context of selection for appointment to the Indian Forest Service. Although, Naqishbund who was a candidate for selection to the All-India Forest Service and was also a member of the Selection Board did not sit in the Selection Board at the time his name was considered but participated in its deliberations when the names of other candidates, who were his rivals were considered. Two important questions considered by the Court were whether the rules of natural justice were applicable in cases involving exercise of administrative power by the public authorities and whether the selection was vitiated due to bias. The Court answered both the questions in affirmative. While answering the second question, the Court noted that even though Naqishbund had not participated in the deliberations of the committee when his name was considered, but he was present when the claims of rivals were considered and observed: (SCC p. 270, para 15) &ldquo;15. &hellip; At every stage of his participation in the deliberations of the Selection Board there was a conflict between his interest and duty. Under those circumstances it is difficult to believe that he could have been impartial. The real question is not whether he was biased. It is difficult to prove the state of mind of a person. Therefore what we have to see is whether there is reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased. &hellip; In deciding the question of bias we have to take into consideration human probabilities and ordinary course of human conduct.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;13. In S. Parthasarathi v. State of A.P. (1974) 3 SCC 459, Mathew, J. applied the &ldquo;real likelihood test&rdquo; and restored the decree passed by the trial court which invalidated compulsory retirement of the appellant by way of punishment. In SCC para 16 of the judgment, Mathew, J. observed: (SCC p. 465) &ldquo;16. &hellip; We think that the reviewing authority must make a determination on the basis of the whole evidence before it, whether a reasonable man would in the circumstances infer that there is real likelihood of bias. The court must look at the impression which other people have. This follows from the principle that justice must not only be done but seen to be done. If right-minded persons would think that there is real likelihood of bias on the part of an inquiring officer, he must not conduct the enquiry; nevertheless, there must be a real likelihood of bias. Surmise or conjecture would not be enough. There must exist circumstances from which reasonable men would think it probable or likely that the inquiring officer will be prejudiced against the delinquent. The court will not inquire whether he was really prejudiced. If a reasonable man would think on the basis of the existing circumstances that he is likely to be prejudiced, that is sufficient to quash the decision&hellip;.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;14. In G. Sarana (Dr.) v. University of Lucknow (1976) 3 SCC 585 the Court referred to the judgments in A.K. Kraipak v. Union of India, and S. Parthasarathi v. State of A.P. and observed &ldquo;11. &hellip; the real question is not whether a member of an administrative board while exercising quasi-judicial powers or discharging quasi-judicial functions was biased, for it is difficult to prove the mind of a person. What has to be seen is whether there is a reasonable ground for believing that he was likely to have been biased. In deciding the question of bias, human probabilities and ordinary course of human conduct have to be taken into consideration.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;15. In Ashok Kumar Yadav v. State of Haryana (1985) 4 SCC 417, the Court while reiterating that the judgment in A.K. Kraipak case represents an important landmark in the development of administrative law and has contributed in a large measure to the strengthening of the rule of law, made a significant departure in cases involving selection by the Public Service Commissions. All this is evident from SCC para 18 of the judgment, which is extracted below: &ldquo;18. We must straightaway point out that A.K. Kraipak case is a landmark in the development of administrative law and it has contributed in a large measure to the strengthening of the rule of law in this country. We would not like to whittle down in the slightest measure the vital principle laid down in this decision which has nourished the roots of the rule of law and injected justice and fair play into legality. There can be no doubt that if a Selection Committee is constituted for the purpose of selecting candidates on merits and one of the members of the Selection Committee is closely related to a candidate appearing for the selection, it would not be enough for such member merely to withdraw from participation in the interview of the candidate related to him but he must withdraw altogether from the entire selection process and ask the authorities to nominate another person in his place on the Selection Committee, because otherwise all the selections made would be vitiated on account of reasonable likelihood of bias affecting the process of selection. But the situation here is a little different because the selection of candidates to the Haryana Civil Service (Executive) and Allied Services is being made not by any Selection Committee constituted for that purpose but it is being done by the Haryana Public Service Commission which is a Commission set up under Article 316 of the Constitution. It is a Commission which consists of a Chairman and a specified number of members and is a constitutional authority. We do not think that the principle which requires that a member of a Selection Committee whose close relative is appearing for selection should decline to become a member of the Selection Committee or withdraw from it leaving it to the appointing authority to nominate another person in his place, need be applied in case of a constitutional authority like the Public Service Commission, whether Central or State. If a member of a Public Service Commission were to withdraw altogether from the selection process on the ground that a close relative of his is appearing for selection, no other person save a member can be substituted in his place. And it may sometimes happen that no other member is available to take the place of such member and the functioning of the Public Service Commission may be affected. When two or more members of a Public Service Commission are holding a viva voce examination, they are functioning not as individuals but as the Public Service Commission. Of course, we must make it clear that when a close relative of a member of a Public Service Commission is appearing for interview, such member must withdraw from participation in the interview of that candidate and must not take part in any discussion in regard to the merits of that candidate and even the marks or credits given to that candidate should not be disclosed to him.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;16. The real likelihood test was again applied in Ranjit Thakur v. Union of India (1987) 4 SCC 611. In that case, the appellant had challenged his dismissal from service on the ground of violation of the provision contained in Section 130 of the Army Act, 1950. The facts of that case were that the appellant, who was already serving the sentence of 28 days&rsquo; rigorous imprisonment, is said to have committed another offence for which he was subjected to summary Court Martial and was dismissed from service. Respondent 4 who had earlier punished the appellant was a member of the summary court martial in terms of Section 130 of the Army Act, 1950. The appellant was entitled to object the presence of Respondent 4 in the summary court martial, but this opportunity was not given to him. The writ petition filed by the appellant was summarily dismissed by the High Court. This Court held that violation of the mandate of Section 130 militates against and detracts from the concept of a fair trial. The court held that-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;a. &hellip; The test of real likelihood of bias is whether a reasonable person, in possession of relevant information, would have thought that bias was likely and whether Respondent 4 was likely to be disposed to decide the matter only in a particular way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b. It is the essence of a judgment that it is made after due observance of the judicial process; that the court or tribunal passing it observes, at least the minimal requirements of natural justice; is composed of impartial persons acting fairly and without bias and in good faith. A judgment which is the result of bias or want of impartiality is a nullity and the trial &lsquo;coram non judice&rsquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c. As to the tests of the likelihood of bias what is relevant is the reasonableness of the apprehension in that regard in the mind of the party. The proper approach for the Judge is not to look at his own mind and ask himself, however, honestly, &lsquo;Am I biased?&rsquo;; but to look at the mind of the party before him.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;17. In Secretary. to Govt., Transport Deptt. v. Munuswamy Mudaliar 1988 Supp SCC 651, the Supreme Court considered the question whether a party to the arbitration agreement could seek change of an agreed arbitrator on the ground that being an employee of the State Government, the arbitrator will not be able to decide the dispute without bias. While reversing the judgment of the High Court which had confirmed the order of the learned Judge, City Civil Court directing appointment of another person as an arbitrator, this Court observed: &ldquo;12. Reasonable apprehension of bias in the mind of a reasonable man can be a ground for removal of the arbitrator. A predisposition to decide for or against one party, without proper regard to the true merits of the dispute is bias. There must be reasonable apprehension of that predisposition. The reasonable apprehension must be based on cogent materials. See the observations of Mustill and Boyd, Commercial Arbitration, 1982 Edn., p. 214. Halsbury&rsquo;s Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 2, para 551, p. 282 describe that the test for bias is whether a reasonable intelligent man, fully apprised of all the circumstances, would feel a serious apprehension of bias.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;18. P.D. Dinakaran v. Judges Inquiry Committee, (2011) 8 SCC 380, paragraph 58. The Constitutional Court of South Africa has, in President of the Republic of South Africa v. South African Rugby Football Union (1999) 4 SA 147, while holding that the onus of establishing that there was a ground for recusal of the members of the Court was on the applicant, made the following significant observations &ldquo;&hellip; The question is whether a reasonable, objective and informed person would on the correct facts reasonably apprehend that the Judge has not or will not bring an impartial mind to bear on the adjudication of the case, that is, a mind open to persuasion by the evidence and the submissions of counsel. The reasonableness of the apprehension must be assessed in the light of the oath of office taken by the Judges to administer justice without fear or favour; and their ability to carry out that oath by reason of their training and experience. It must be assumed that they can disabuse their minds of any irrelevant personal beliefs or predispositions. They must take into account the fact that they have a duty to sit in any case in which they are not obliged to recuse themselves. At the same time, it must never be forgotten that an impartial Judge is a fundamental prerequisite for a fair trial and a judicial officer should not hesitate to recuse herself or himself if there are reasonable grounds on the part of a litigant for apprehending that the judicial officer, for whatever reasons, was not or will not be impartial.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;19. P.D. Dinakaran v. Judges Inquiry Committee, (2011) 8 SCC 380, at page 426 ..no man can be a judge in his own cause and justice should not only be done, but manifestly be seen to be done. Scales should not only be held even but they must not be seen to be inclined. A person having interest in the subject-matter of cause is precluded from acting as a Judge. To disqualify a person from adjudicating on the ground of interest in the subject-matter of lis, the test of real likelihood of the bias is to be applied. In other words, one has to enquire as to whether there is real danger of bias on the part of the person against whom such apprehension is expressed in the sense that he might favour or disfavour a party. In each case, the court has to consider whether a fair-minded and informed person, having considered all the facts would reasonably apprehend that the Judge would not act impartially. To put it differently, the test would be whether a reasonably intelligent man fully apprised of all the facts would have a serious apprehension of bias. In cases of non-pecuniary bias, the &ldquo;real likelihood&rdquo; test has been preferred over the &ldquo;reasonable suspicion&rdquo; test and the courts have consistently held that in deciding the question of bias one has to take into consideration human probabilities and ordinary course of human conduct. We may add that real likelihood of bias should appear not only from the materials ascertained by the complaining party, but also from such other facts which it could have readily ascertained and easily verified by making reasonable inquiries.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;20. Chetak Construction Ltd. v. Om Prakash, (1998) 4 SCC 577, at page 586 Judges must act as impartial referees and decide cases objectively, uninfluenced by any personal bias or prejudice. A Judge should not allow his judicial position to be compromised at any cost. This is essential for maintaining the integrity of the institution and public confidence in it. The credibility of this institution rests on the fairness and impartiality of the Judges at all levels. It is the principle of highest importance for the proper administration of justice that judicial powers must be exercised impartially and within the bounds of law. Public confidence in the judiciary rests on legitimacy of judicial process. Sources of legitimacy are in the impersonal application by the Judge of recognised objective principles which owe their existence to a system as distinguished from subjective moods, predilections, emotions and prejudices. Judges must always ensure that they do not allow the credibility of the institution to be eroded. We must always remember that justice must not only be done but it must also be seen to be done.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;21. In P.K. Ghosh v. J.G. Rajput, (1995) 6 SCC 744, at page 749, the Supreme Court held at para 10. A basic postulate of the rule of law is that &ldquo;justice should not only be done but it must also be seen to be done&rdquo;. If there be a basis which cannot be treated as unreasonable for a litigant to expect that his matter should not be heard by a particular Judge and there is no compelling necessity, such as the absence of an alternative, it is appropriate that the learned Judge should recuse himself from the Bench hearing that matter. This step is required to be taken by the learned Judge not because he is likely to be influenced in any manner in doing justice in the cause, but because his hearing the matter is likely to give rise to a reasonable apprehension in the mind of the litigant that the mind of the learned Judge &mdash; maybe subconsciously &mdash; has been influenced by some extraneous factor in making the decision, particularly if it happens to be in favour of the opposite party. Credibility in the functioning of the justice delivery system and the reasonable perception of the affected parties are relevant considerations to ensure the continuance of public confidence in the credibility and impartiality of the judiciary. This is necessary not only for doing justice but also for ensuring that justice is seen to be done. 11. In the facts and circumstances of this case, we are afraid that this facet of the rule of law has been eroded. We are satisfied that B.J. Shethna, J., in the facts and circumstances of this case, should have recused himself from hearing this contempt petition, particularly when a specific objection to this effect was taken by the appellants in view of the respondent&rsquo;s case in the contempt petition, wherein the impugned order came to be made in his favour. In our opinion, the impugned order is vitiated for this reason alone.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;22. Unfortunately in India, many recusal motions by the parties/counsels result in not only dismissal of the applications but initiation of Contempt of Court proceedings!. One has to realise that when a recusal motion is moved on the ground of personal or financial interest it is easy to establish the bias on the basis of the records i.e. shares held by the judge or his relationship with the party. But when the motion is moved on the ground of &ldquo;real likelihood of bias&rdquo; or the &ldquo;strongest &amp;amp; justifiable impression on the mind of the party that he will not get justice from the judge&rdquo;, it is practically impossible to prove the exactitudes of the bias. Naturally the instances of Judge&rsquo;s utterances, his sarcastic remarks, or his one sided admonition are quoted for the motion. The judge is expected to rule on this motion not perturbed by the averments. If there is no merit in the motion, the judge shall simply ignore the averments and proceed with the case. However, every such dismissal of motion, invariably results in initiation of contempt of court proceedings as if the judge asserting &ldquo;you question my authority, let me show what my authority is&rdquo;. Such instances can only lead to judicial aberrations rather than rendering substantial justice in the matter.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;23. Many a times during the proceedings, the party/counsel can predict the mind of the judge and if a motion for recusal is made only on the dubious ground of avoiding the judge, the same will certainly amount to forum shopping. But there again, it is not very difficult for the judge to ascertain the real intention of the party. However, to treat every motion for recusal as a challenge thrown at the judge and to convert the recusal proceedings into Contempt of Court proceedings is wholly unreasonable and demonstrates the immaturity of the judicial system.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;24. The lawyers play a dominant role in advising their clients on the real likelihood of bias or the justifiable ground for moving the motion for recusal. Ultimately the responsibility of balancing the equity to render substantial justice in the matter lies both on the judge as well as the lawyer.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Writing and Compilation:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Advocate,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Daksha Legal&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'f5dce052e1c097e224e783e07dbdf8fd.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2019-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:45:18', '2021-01-26 04:12:53'),
(107, '7KpnATxRQ5vk7CuVKpJvIHZvH', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Religion and Religious Minority.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore.', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Religion and Religious Minority&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The term &ldquo;Religion&rdquo; is used in Articles 15, 16, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 325 of the Constitution of India. Article 30 recognises the right of the religious and linguistic minorities to establish the educational institutions of their choice.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;However nowhere in the Constitution of India is there a provision providing for mechanism to declare a community as a religion.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Then how did the other religions like Buddhism and Jainism get the religious minority tag?.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;We have to go back to TMA Pai case to answer this question. In TMA Pai case about 11 questions were framed for consideration by the bench. Few questions and answers are;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Question: (1) What is the meaning and content of the expression &ldquo;minorities&rdquo; in Article 30 of the Constitution of India?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Answer: Linguistic and religious minorities are covered by the expression &ldquo;minority&rdquo; under Article 30 of the Constitution. Since reorganization of the States in India has been on linguistic lines, therefore, for the purpose of determining the minority, the unit will be the State and not the whole of India. Thus, religious and linguistic minorities, who have been put on a par in Article 30, have to be considered State-wise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;What is meant by the expression &ldquo;religion&rdquo; in Article 30(1)? Can the followers of a sect or denomination of a particular religion claim protection under Article 30(1) on the basis that they constitute a minority in the State, even though the followers of that religion are in majority in that State?&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This question was never answered in TMA Pai. The Supreme Court left this question to be decided by the regular bench.However till today, this question is not considered.It may be noted that the judgment of the Supreme Court in TMA Pai was rendered on 31 October and 25 November 2002. That in the year 2004, the Parliament enacted the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions 2004.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Section 2(f) defines Minority as &ldquo;minority&rdquo;, for the purpose of this Act, means a community notified as such by the Central Government;. The Act also provides for establishing National Commission for Minority Educational Institution headed by a former HC Judge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Central Government, by the Notification dated 18 Jan 2005, in exercise of the power under Section 2(f) declared five religions as &quot;religious minorities&rdquo; namely Muslims, Christains, Sikhs, Budhists ann Parsis. Later Jainism was added.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The power to declare &quot;religious minorities&quot; is only with the Central Government. The State Government has no role to play. There is no power to declare any segment as a &quot;religion&quot; under any legislation let alone under the Constitution of India. So the move of the State of Karnataka can only at best be a recommendation to the Central Government.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hence, the only legal provision is National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions 2004 under which the Central Government can declare &ldquo;Religious Minorities&rdquo; for the purpose of Article 30 of the Constitution of India. No other provision is found under which a community can be declared as a &ldquo;Religion&rdquo;. If we consider a religious leader taking a clear departure from the existing larger religion and carves out a separate segment which does not follow the major religion, can it be said the newly found segment a religion? If you take Budhism and Jainism example of &quot;carving out&quot; from Hinduism then Lingayat community founded by Basavanna is a religion according to few. Lingayat community does not follow the practices of Hinduism especially caste system and all other practices related to Varnashram. It does not even recognise Idol worship.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Vachana sahitya, which is the exclusive feature of Lingayatism, is a form of rhythmic writing in Kannada that evolved in the 11th century C.E. and flourished in the 12th century, as a part of the Sharana movement. The word vachanas literally means &quot;(that which is) said&quot;. These are readily intelligible prose texts. Madara Chennaiah, an 11th-century cobbler-saint who lived in the reign of Western Chalukyas, is the first attested poet of this tradition. Later poets, such as Basava (1160), prime minister of southern Kalachuri King Bijjala II, considered Chennaiah to be his literary father. (Appanu namma maadara Chennayya. Bappanu namma Dohara Kakkayya. Annanu namma Kinnari Bramhayya)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Basava took a clear departure from Hinduism and created a social revolution in the 12th century. 800 years ago, Basava performed the marriage of a dalit boy son of Haralayya with a brahmin girl daughter of Madhuvarasa to lay the foundation for caste system annihilation. The path he founded paved the way for a new revolution of equality based on humanity and nothing else. Untouchability was discarded. Anubhava mantap, perhaps the first parliament, hosted hundreds of sharanas who wrote Vachanas in simple language thus breaking the barrier of knowledge confined only to Sanskrit specialists.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The question is whether one of the greatest social revolutions be called a &ldquo;Religion&rdquo; for the purpose of Article 30 of the Constitution of India? (I am referring to the Constitution since that is the only Article which confers some right on the religious minorities). Who will be benefitted by such a declaration? The leaders who run the professional colleges? The common man will not get any benefit under the Constitution of India by such a declaration. Only the &ldquo;Caste&rdquo; tag will confer benefits like reservation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;One view is that the presence of community like Lingyat with Basava Philosophy and the greatest swamiji&rsquo;s like Dr. Shivakumara Swamy will somehow save Hinduism from the ignominy attached in the form of Varnashshram. Many say Lingyats will do well in staying with Hindusim and spread Basava philosophy than departing from Hindusim.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'fdff550c021bce86d99793c9c7565c7c.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:46:33', '2021-01-26 04:12:26');
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(108, 'DiD8yGjYNO2Ta6Zu2LLYxnh4m', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Retrospective Operation of a Plenary Legislation A critical analysis.  Mr. K.V.Dhananjay Advocate Supreme Court', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Retrospective Operation of a Plenary Legislation - A critical analysis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Principles of interpreting a retrospective legislation: Well-established propositions: It is well settled that 1) a statute is not to have retrospective operation unless it specifically says so or 2) if retrospectivity is the necessary condition of its operation though not so stated in the statute itself. Of course, no court could lightly say that retrospectively is a necessary condition of a given statute if doubt remains in its language.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The following principles that apply when interpreting a statute that purports to be retrospective may be noted:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Principles of Statutory Interpretation by G.P.Singh, Tenth Edition, 2006&rsquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Statutes dealing with substantive rights &ndash;It is a cardinal principle of construction that every statute is prima facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary implication made to have retrospective operation. But the rule in general is applicable where the object of the statute is to affect vested rights or to impose new burdens or to impair existing obligations. Unless there are words in the statute sufficient to show the intention of the Legislature to affect existing rights, it is &lsquo;deemed to be prospective only nova constitution futuris formam imponere debet non praeteritis [2 c Int. 392]&rsquo;. In the words of LORD BLANESBURG, &lsquo;provisions which touch a right in existence at the passing of the statute are not to be applied retrospectively in the absence of express enactment of necessary intendment&rsquo;. &lsquo;Every statute, it has been said&rsquo;, observed LOPES, L.J., &lsquo;which takes away or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a new obligation or imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability in respect of transactions already past, must be presumed to be intended not to have a retrospective effect. As a logical corollary of the general rule, that retrospective operation is not taken to be intended unless that intention is manifested by express words or necessary implication, there is a subordinate rule to the effect that a statute or a section in it is not to be construed as to have larger retrospective operation than its language renders necessary. In other words close attention must be paid to the language of the statutory provision for determining the scope of the retrospectivity intended by Parliament&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Canadian case of Glenn Veale v. Law Society of Alberta [2001 ABQB 923]&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;20. The presumption against retrospectivity is well established, as is the test for determining if that presumption is rebutted: Upper Canada College v. F.J. Smith, (1921), 61 S.C.R. 413 (at 416) quoting the following passage from Phillips v. Eyre (1870) L.R. 6 Q.B. 1 (at 23):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Retrospective laws are, no doubt, prima facie a questionable policy, and contrary to the general principle that legislation by which the conduct of mankind is to be regulated ought, when introduced for the first time, to deal with future acts, and ought not to change the character of past transactions carried on the faith of the then existing law. &lsquo;Leges et constitutiones futuris certum est dare formam negotiis non ad facta praeterita revocari; nisi nominatum et de praeterito tempore et adhuc pendentibus negotiis cautum sit&rsquo;. Accordingly, the court will not ascribe retrospective force to new laws affecting rights, unless by express words or necessary implication it appears that such was the intention of the legislature.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;English decision of the House of Lords in the case of Wilson v. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [(2003) UKHL 40]:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The presumption against the retroactive operation of legislation:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;186. At common law there is a presumption that a statute does not have &lsquo;retrospective&rsquo; effect. The statement in Maxwell on The Interpretation of Statutes, 12th edition (1969), p 215 is frequently quoted:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Upon the presumption that the legislature does not intend what is unjust rests the leaning against giving certain statutes a retrospective operation. They are construed as operating only in cases or on facts which come into existence after the statutes were passed unless a retrospective effect is clearly intended. It is a fundamental rule of English law that no statute shall be construed to have a retrospective operation unless such a construction appears very clearly in the terms of the Act, or arises by necessary and distinct implication.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The very generality of this statement rather obscures the fact that it uses the term &lsquo;retrospective&rsquo; to describe a range of different effects, some more and some less extreme. It is therefore important to identify what it is about any particular provision that is said to be &lsquo;retrospective&rsquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;187. So far as matters of substance are concerned, the essence of the core common law rule is conveniently stated by Sir Owen Dixon CJ in Maxwell v Murphy (1957) 96 CLR 261, 267:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;The general rule of the common law is that a statute changing the law ought not, unless the intention appears with reasonable certainty, to be understood as applying to facts or events that have already occurred in such a way as to confer or impose or otherwise affect rights or liabilities which the law had defined by reference to the past events.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In Wainwright v Home Office [2002] QB 1334, 1345F, at para 27, Lord Woolf LCJ referred succinctly to:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;The general presumption that legislation should not be treated as changing the substantive law in relation to events taking place prior to legislation coming into force.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Since statutes which change the substantive law in relation to events in the past can obviously cause serious injustice, the presumption against a statute being intended to have such an effect is powerful - so powerful indeed that any statutory provision, such as section 1 of the War Damage Act 1965, which is intended to apply in this way can be expected to say so expressly&rsquo;&hellip;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;193. Often, however, a sudden change in existing rights would be so unfair to certain individuals or businesses in their particular predicament that it is to be presumed that Parliament did not intend the new legislation to affect them in that respect. If undue weight is not given to his use of the term &lsquo;retrospective&rsquo;, Wright J gives a strong statement of the presumption in In re Athlumney [1898] 2 QB 547, 551-552:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Perhaps no rule of construction is more firmly established than this - that a retrospective operation is not to be given to a statute so as to impair an existing right or obligation, otherwise than as regards matter of procedure, unless that effect cannot be avoided without doing violence to the language of the enactment.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Another statement of the presumption is to be found in the judgment of Dickson J in Gustavson Drilling [1977] 1 SCR 271, 282:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;The rule is that a statute should not be given a construction that would impair existing rights as regards person or property unless the language in which it is couched requires such a construction: Spooner Oils Ltd v Turner Valley Gas Conservation Board [1933] SCR 629, 638. The presumption that vested rights are not affected unless the intention of the legislature is clear applies whether the legislation is retrospective or prospective in operation. A prospective enactment may be bad if it affects vested rights and does not do so in unambiguous terms. This presumption, however, only applies where the legislation is in some way ambiguous and reasonably susceptible of two constructions.&rsquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The power to make a retrospective law is not an absolute power: It is well established that the legislature in India could legislate retrospectively. The challenge in this case is not to the power of the Parliament to legislate retrospectively. Rather, the challenge is to the justification of the Parliament to legislate retrospectively in the special circumstances of this case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Prior to the commencement of the existing Constitution of India, a law could have been patently unreasonable and excessively harsh in its operation and a court could not have invalidated the same on that ground &ndash; it could have only interpreted it in a relieving light if the statutory language was in some doubt. However, after the commencement of the Constitution, if such unreasonableness fell under Article 19(6) of the Constitution, the High Court or the Supreme Court could intervene and strike down the legislation to the extent of its unreasonableness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;For instance, a tax law would not be open to attack in our country on the ground of unreasonableness in its exaction. However, if a tax liability is introduced through an amendment and given a retrospective effect, courts do examine if the same would be unreasonable in its actual operation. In effect, the tax statute would have passed constitutional muster in the first instance. Yet, where the same tax legislation would introduce a retrospective tax liability, our courts would examine if such a retrospective legislation is unreasonable. If our courts do find the same to be unreasonable, then the same is necessarily struck down.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Authority: The case of Jawaharmal v. State of Rajasthan [(1966) 1 SCR 890 : AIR 1966 SC 764] may be noted. The Supreme Court held in this case that though a taxing legislation cannot be invalidated on the ground that the rate of tax is not reasonable to the mind of a court, where a tax is introduced through a retrospective legislation however, it would become necessary for the court to examine whether such a retrospective tax is reasonable. It said:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;25&hellip;It is true that cases may conceivably occur where the Court may have to consider the question as to whether excessive retrospective operation prescribed by a taxing statute amounts to the contravention of the citizen&rsquo;s fundamental right&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As such, it could be said with reasonable certainty that judicial systems in most modern democracies consider retrospective legislation to be a questionable policy if it travels backwards and changes the law in the past. It is this quality that our courts have often characterised as &lsquo;unreasonable&rsquo; or &lsquo;harsh&rsquo; in numerous cases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Principle behind the attack: For instance, a legislation that strives to give a reasonable notice of tax and yet fails therein could always be validated retrospectively so as to prevent any citizen from benefitting from any imprecision or error in drafting. However, where a legislation retroactively imposes a fresh liability for a bygone period upon a person who could not have foreseen such a liability at all, that legislation invites a careful judicial scrutiny.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In other words, a retrospective legislation is open to attack on the ground that the very principle on which modern laws are founded is a desire to affect behaviour of men by informing them of what the law expects of them. A law, it must be noted, generally has the function of affecting human behaviour yet to take place and if it seeks to penalize behaviour that has already run its course when the person who exhibited such a behaviour had no reason to vary his behaviour so as to conform to any known law then, the function of such a law could be said to be so derogatory to an evolved system of law and justice. And, a constitutional court would interfere in such an event because the law in each such case derogates from the essential rule by which men have organized themselves to be governed by the &lsquo;rule of law&rsquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Authority: In National Agricultural Coop. Marketing Federation of India Ltd. v. Union of India [(2003) 5 SCC 23], the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court clearly pointed out that excessive harshness or unreasonableness would be a valid ground to strike down a retrospective legislation. It said:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;15. The Legislative power either to introduce enactments for the first time or to amend the enacted law with retrospective effect is not only subject to the question of competence but is also subject to several judicially recognized limitations with some of which we are at present concerned. The first is the requirement that the words used must expressly provide or clearly imply retrospective operation .The second is that the retrospectivity must be reasonable and not excessive or harsh, otherwise it runs the risk of being struck down as unconstitutional. The third is apposite where the legislation is introduced to overcome a judicial decision. Here the power cannot be used to subvert the decision without removing the statutory basis of the decision.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In fact, the aforesaid National Agricultural Coop. Marketing Federation of India judgment is greatly helpful to this petitioner. The Income Tax Act of 1961 does not and cannot tax income on agricultural income; the power to tax agricultural income vests only in the State legislatures. However, the Parliament was keen to provide an incentive to cooperative societies that were engaged in &lsquo;marketing of the agricultural produce of its members&rsquo;. It accordingly exempted the gross total income of cooperative societies &lsquo;engaged in the marketing of the agricultural produce of its members&rsquo; from payment of tax [Section 80-P(2)(a)(iii)].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A controversy arose whether such members themselves should have produced the agricultural produce. A Bench of the Supreme Court in Assam Cooperative Apex Marketing Society Ltd. v. CIT, [1994 Supp (2) SCC 96] held that the said tax exemption was only available in respect of &lsquo;agricultural produce&rsquo; that was &lsquo;actually produced by the member societies&rsquo;; the Supreme Court held that it was not the intention of the Parliament to exempt even income of societies that trade in agricultural produce.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. was one such society that was unhappy with the interpretation of the Supreme Court in the aforesaid Assam Cooperative case. However, such societies were already being assessed by the tax authorities even prior to the Assam Cooperative case in a manner consistent with what came to be said in that case.[please see- para 28 of National Agricultural cooperative Marketing judgment: AIR 1993 SC 2575 : 1994 Supp (2) SCC 96&hellip;.The first authoritative interpretation of Section 80-P(2)(a)(iii) was made in 1994 in Assam Coop. when it was held that the word &lsquo;of&rsquo; must be construed as &lsquo;produced by&rsquo;. Therefore, the law as it stood from 1968 was, by this decision, required to be read in precisely this manner and presumably assessments of apex societies were commenced and concluded on this basis.]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;When the matter stood as such, the view expressed by the Supreme Court in the Assam Cooperative case was reconsidered a few years later by a larger Bench of the Supreme Court. A three judge Bench of the Supreme Court overruled the Assam Cooperative case in the case of Kerala State Co-operative Marketing Federation Ltd. v. CIT (1998) 5 SCC 48 and held that the benefit of tax exemption was simply available to any cooperative society that would market the agricultural produce of its members.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court expressed its opinion that the statutory language did not require the member societies to actually produce the agricultural produce themselves. Expectedly, the National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation Of India Ltd was happy with the aforesaid decision of the Supreme Court though its happiness came to be short lived.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In response to the aforesaid later decision of the Supreme Court, the Parliament immediately amended the language of Section 80-P(2)(a)(iii). It provided therein that the exemption is limited only to profits and gains attributable to &lsquo;marketing of the agricultural produce grown by its members&rsquo;. And, the said amendment was given a retrospective effect. The aforesaid amendment was challenged in the Supreme Court - National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd v. Union of India [(2003) 5 SCC 23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As a matter of fact, the Supreme Court set out to examine whether the retrospective amendment would result in excessive harshness or unreasonableness. On facts, it held that the retrospective amendment was not harsh or unreasonable. In reaching the said conclusion, it noted that:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The first time that the Supreme Court had an occasion to rule on the controversy in question, the judgment went against the petitioner. The petitioner as well as the Income Tax Department were therefore, bound to abide by the said judgment. As such, the petitioner could not claim to have relied upon any judgment in his favour and cannot, accordingly, claim to have been deprived of such reliance by a retrospective legislation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The factors that led to the Supreme Court holding that the retrospective amendment in the aforesaid case was neither harsh nor unreasonable are reversed in our case:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;28&hellip; To recapitulate the legislative background of the particular statutory provision in question before us - the first authoritative interpretation of Section 80P (2)(a)(iii) was made in 1994 in Assam Cooperatives when it held that the word &lsquo;of&rsquo; must be construed as &lsquo;produced by&rsquo;. Therefore, the law as it stood from 1968 was, by this decision, required to be read in precisely this manner and presumably assessments of Apex Societies were commenced and concluded on this basis. The situation continued till 1998 till this Court reversed Assam Cooperatives in Kerala Cooperative Marketing Federation Ltd. Before the assessment year was over, by the 1998 Amendment the word &lsquo;of&rsquo; was substituted with &lsquo;grown by&rsquo;. In real terms therefore there was hardly any retrospectivity, but a continuation of the status quo ante. The degree and extent of the unforeseen and unforeseeable financial burden was, in the circumstances, minimal and cannot be said to be unreasonable or unconstitutional.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Importantly, the Supreme Court noted that the retrospective amendment did not go so far as to reopen assessments that had already become time-barred. This is an important distinction for the purpose of our case as the Amendment Act goes so far as to force an employer to recall teachers who have already retired and to pay gratuity to such retired teachers when in fact, at the relevant time, those teachers themselves could not have asked for or had expected to receive gratuity at all. The Supreme Court said:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;29. It is hardly likely on the given facts, that assessments had been concluded on the basis of the decision in Kerala Marketing and the period for reopening such assessments had become time barred. In any event the 1998 amendment cannot be construed as authorizing the Revenue authorities to reopen assessments when the reopening is already barred by limitation. The amendment does not seek to touch on the periods of limitation provided in the Act, and in the absence of any such express provision or clear implication, the legislature clearly could not be taken to intend that the amending provision authorises the Income-tax Officer to commence proceedings which before the new Act came into force, had, by the expiry of the period provided become barred. Different considerations would arise if, by the amendment even final assessments were unambiguously sought to be opened. That is not the case here. The concession of the Solicitor General on behalf of the Revenue that the amendment would apply only to assessments which were yet to be finalised could not of course be a relevant consideration in upholding the amendment if it were found to be constitutionally infirm. But it was an unnecessary concession, since having regard to the limited operation of the amendment; it could only apply to pending assessments in the sense that it could not revive a power lost by efflux of time.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Chintaman Rao v. State of Madhya Pradesh [AIR 1951 SC 118:1950 SCR 759], the meaning of the word &lsquo;reasonable&rsquo; was laid down by the Supreme Court with great care. The Madhya Pradesh Government was anxious to ensure that agricultural labour does not migrate to other employment during the agricultural season. With such a laudable objective in mind, however, it altogether prohibited manufacture of beedis during the specified agricultural season &ndash; in the expectation that deprived of alternate employment, agricultural labourers would return to their fields. During the specified agricultural season, no manufacturer was permitted to manufacture beedis in the specified region nor was any person allowed to engage himself in the manufacture of beedis. This regulation was struck down by the Supreme Court as being unreasonable and excessive in relation to the need of the situation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court held:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4. Article 19 (1) (g) runs as follows:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;All citizens shall have the right to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.&rsquo;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The article guarantees freedom of occupation and business. The freedom guaranteed herein is, however, subject to the limitations imposed by clause (6) of article 19. That clause is in these terms:-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;Nothing in sub-clause (g) of the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing, in the interests of the general public, reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub-clause, and, in particular, nothing in the said sub- clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it prescribes or empowers any authority to prescribe, or prevent the State from making any law prescribing or empowering any authority to prescribe, the professional or technical qualifications necessary for practicing any profession or carrying on any occupation, trade or business.&quot;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;5.The question for decision is whether the statute under the guise of protecting public interests arbitrarily interferes with private business and imposes unreasonable and unnecessarily restrictive regulations upon lawful occupation; &hellip; Unless it is shown that there is a reasonable relation of the provisions of the Act to the purpose in view, the right of freedom of occupation and business cannot be curtailed by it.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;6. The phrase &lsquo;reasonable restriction&rsquo; connotes that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public. The word &lsquo;reasonable&rsquo; implies intelligent care and deliberation, that is, the choice of a course which reason dictates. Legislation which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in article 19 (1) (g) and the social control permitted by clause (6) of article 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;7. Clause (6) in the concluding paragraph particularizes certain instances of the nature of the restrictions that were in the mind of the constitution-makers and which have the quality of reasonableness. They afford a guide to the interpretation of the clause and illustrate the extent and nature of the restrictions which according to the statute could be imposed on the freedom guaranteed in clause (g)&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;8. Mr. Sikri for the Government of Madhya Pradesh contends that the legislature of Madhya Pradesh was the proper judge of the reasonableness of the restrictions imposed by the statute, that that legislature alone knew the conditions prevailing in the State and it alone could say what kind of legislation could effectively achieve the end in view and would help in the grow more food campaign and would help for bringing in fallow land under the plough and that this Court sitting at this great distance could not judge by its own yardstick of reason whether the restrictions imposed in the circumstances of the case were reasonable or not. This argument runs counter to the clear provisions of the Constitution. The determination by the legislature of what constitutes a reasonable restriction is not final or conclusive; it is subject to the supervision by this Court. In the matter of fundamental rights, the Supreme Court watches and guards the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and in exercising its functions it has the power to set aside an Act of the Legislature if it is in violation of the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. We are therefore of opinion that the impugned statute does not stand the test of reasonableness and is therefore void.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Closeness: Judgment of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Shew Bhagawan Goenka v. Commercial Tax Officer [(1973) 32 STC 368 Cal] is relied upon. This judgment is almost identical to the facts of our case.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The word &lsquo;business&rsquo; carries a certain meaning. It generally connotes an activity carried on for profit. A West Bengal taxing statute had taxed sales effected in the course of &lsquo;business&rsquo; &ndash; this word, however, had not been defined in any manner in this statute. As such, it was understood in its ordinary sense by both the taxpayers and the taxing authorities and taxed accordingly. A series of decisions of the Supreme Court had also reiterated the ordinary meaning of the word &lsquo;business&rsquo; as an activity carried on with a profit motive. Sometime later, the West Bengal legislature introduced an amendment to this statute and specifically defined the term &lsquo;business&rsquo; by declaring that even transactions carried out without a profit motive shall constitute &lsquo;business&rsquo;. Importantly, this amendment was given a retrospective effect so as to apply from the very inception of that taxing statute. In effect, transactions that were already concluded by then and never subject to the tax then were now made taxable and the dealers were burdened with such a new liability for a past period.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The West Bengal Government had argued that it should be able to correct errors in its legislation and to validate the same retrospectively. Rejecting this contention, the Calcutta High Court held that a validating statute has the purpose of curing a certain defect. However, where a legislation intends to give to a word in a statute, a meaning that is very different from a well-established meaning of that very word, it cannot do so retrospectively without creating harsh consequences upon those who had relied upon the well-established meaning to arrange their affairs in the past. The Government cannot call such a retrospective amendment as a validating legislation as there would be no defect to cure in the very first place. A statute that purports to cure such a defect retrospectively cannot be given the same consideration that retrospective validating statutes receive from courts. The Court will examine if such a retrospective legislation would invite harsh consequences upon the petitioner. If so, it would strike down the legislation to that extent. The &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Calcutta High Court held:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;3. The learned counsel for the petitioner has confined his argument mainly to the validity of the retrospective operation of the West Bengal Taxation Laws (Amendment) Act, (hereinafter referred to as the amending Act). It is contended that Section 4 of the amending Act in so far as it introduces the definition of business by inserting Section 2(1a) in the Act with retrospective operation from the inception of the Act offends Article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4. In order to examine the validity of this contention it is necessary to trace the circumstances which led to the introduction of the amending Act and to note the various legislative amendments made from time to time in this respect&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;7. &hellip; Although the Legislature can pass such a law which would make its provision retrospective, it is open to a party affected by the provisions of the Act to contend either that the retrospective operation of the law so completely alters the character of the tax imposed by it as to take it outside the limits of the legislative competence of the Legislature or that the restrictions imposed by the Act are so unreasonable that they should be struck down on the ground that they contravene the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution : Rai Ramkrishna and Ors. v. State of Bihar [1963] 50 I.T.R. 171 (S.C.). It would be, therefore, relevant in an appropriate case when such a challenge is thrown, to consider the effect of the retrospective operation of the law both in respect of the legislative competence of the Legislature and the reasonableness of the restriction imposed by it.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;8. In the present case, no attempt has been made to question the legislative competence of the State Legislature to introduce for the first time the definition of the word &lsquo;business&rsquo; with retrospective effect. The argument has been confined mainly to the reasonableness of the restriction imposed by the retrospective operation of the newly inserted definition of &lsquo;business&rsquo;. It is contended that by Clause 2(1a)(ii) a transaction which is in connection with, or ancillary or incidental to, trade or commerce or manufacture even without any motive to make profit is now clothed with the character of business and by the retrospective operation of the definition of &lsquo;business&rsquo;, transactions which were concluded several years back would now be liable to taxation under the Act as in respect of such a transaction, a person will be treated as a dealer for the purpose of his liability to tax under the Act. This, it is contended, imposes an unreasonable restriction upon a person&#039;s fundamental right to carry on business and to hold property under Article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;13. The word &lsquo;business&rsquo; was not defined earlier in the Act. The Supreme Court in the case of State of Andhra Pradesh v. H. Abdul Bakshi &amp;amp; Brothers [1964] 15 S.T.C. 644 (S.C), in interpreting the meaning of the expression &lsquo;business&rsquo; observed as follows :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;The expression &#039;business&#039; though extensively used is a word of indefinite import. In taxing statutes it is used in the sense of an occupation or profession which occupies the time, attention and labour of a person, normally with the object of making a profit. To regard an activity as business, there must be a course of dealings either actually continued or contemplated to be continued with a profit motive and not for sport or pleasure&rsquo;.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;14. The said judgment was delivered on 8th April, 1964. This view has been reiterated in the case of State of Gujarat v. Raipur Manufacturing Co. Ltd. [1967] 19 S.T.C. 1 (S.C). It appears, therefore, that the law was fairly settled since the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of State of Andhra Pradesh v. H. Abdul Bakshi &amp;amp; Bros. [1964] 15 S.T.C. 644 (S.C) that to regard an activity as a business there must be a course of dealings either actually continued or contemplated to be continued with a profit motive. There is nothing to suggest that the State Government before the present amendment understood the meaning and scope of the expression &lsquo;business&rsquo; in a different way and levied tax on sales which were effected not in the course of business of a dealer and without any profit motive. &hellip; The object of the present amending Act does not appear to remove and rectify any defect in phraseology or lacuna or to validate the proceedings, including realisation of tax which had taken place on the basis of the earlier enactment. Its object is to enlarge the scope and ambit of the expression &lsquo;business&rsquo; by including within it transactions which without the amendment could not be brought within the meaning of the word &lsquo;business&rsquo; as understood in a commercial sense and as interpreted by courts of law.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;16. The test of reasonableness should be applied to each individual statute impugned and no abstract standard or general pattern of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable to all cases. &lsquo;The nature of the rights alleged to have been infringed, the underlying purpose of the restriction imposed, the extent and urgency of the evils sought to be remedied thereby, the disproportion of the imposition, the prevailing conditions at the time, should all enter into the judicial verdict&rsquo; : State of Madras v. V G. Rao A.I.R. 1952 S.C, 196. As stated by Mahajan, J., in Chintamanrao and Anr. v. The State of Madhya Pradesh A.I.R. 1951 S.C. 118 the word &lsquo;reasonableness&rsquo; implies intelligent care and deliberation, that is the choice of a course which reason dictates. Legislation which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed under Article 19(1)(g) and the social control permitted by Clause (6) of Article 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality. Applying this test one has to examine whether there is any nexus between the retrospective operation of the amendment in question and the mischief sought to be remedied by such amendment. I have already stated that the amendment was not introduced to validate the proceedings which were taken on the basis of any enactment declared by court of law to be invalid. The object of the amendment is to widen the definition of business so as to include for the first time transactions which without the amendment fell outside the concept of business hitherto understood and judicially determined. The amendment for all intents and purposes seeks to impose sales tax for the first time on transactions which till the amendment fell outside the purview of the Act. In my view, the effect of retrospective operation of such an amendment would be to impose an unexpected liability in respect of transactions which when took place were not subject to any charge or liability under the Act. Under the Act, a dealer will be saddled with a liability to pay sales tax with respect to transactions which will now constitute business as defined by the amendment. He might have entered into such transactions several years back and at the time when these transactions took place such sales were not tax. As a result of the retrospective operation of the amendment, he is now to be treated as a dealer liable to pay tax in respect of such transactions of sales. A dealer who is liable to pay tax is prohibited under Section 7 of the Act from carrying on business as a dealer unless he has been registered and possesses a registration certificate. Any contravention of the statutory obligation of being registered as a dealer is treated as an offence under Section 22(1)(a) of the Act and is punishable with simple imprisonment which may extend to six months or with fine or with both. Thus, by introducing the amendment with retrospective effect, the petitioner is subjected to pay tax which could never be contemplated or foreseen at the time when sales were actually effected. No tax could be recovered by the petitioner from the purchasers nor any declaration form could be obtained from such of them as were registered under the Act. The fact that the dealer is not in a position to shift the incidence of sales tax to others may not be relevant for determining the legislative competence to enact the law with retrospective effect but is a relevant and cogent consideration to be taken into account in judging the reasonableness of the restrictions imposed by the retrospective operation of the law. For the reasons set out above, the retrospective amendment, in my view, imposes an unreasonable restriction upon the petitioner&#039;s fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution and as such is not protected by Article 19(5) and (6). In my view Section 2(1a) of the Act, in so far as it has been given retrospective operation by Section 4 of the amending Act, is ultra vires the Constitution as it offends Article 19(1)(f) and (g).&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A decision of a Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in the case of Basappa And Bros v. Deputy Commissioner [1971 27 STC 241 Kar] is relied upon for the proposition that &ndash; assuming that the Amendment Act is to be treated as a validating legislation - in determining the reasonableness of a retrospective statute, consideration is to be given to the time that elapses between the date of a decision of the court and the date on which a validating legislation is introduced with retrospective effect. The Court would examine in such cases whether the same was done within a reasonable time after the decision of the Court. An unreasonable delay could be construed by the Court as a hardship that would not pass constitutional muster.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In this case, a retrospective amendment was made to a taxing statute in response to a decision of the Supreme Court. However, the petitioner had argued that the amendment was brought in only after an unreasonable length of time had elapsed after the decision of the Court. This argument had appealed to the Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court &ndash; a ratio that would bind this Hon&rsquo;ble Court. However, the argument of hardship by the petitioner was in fact, rejected by this Court on merit. It relied upon a relief granted in the retrospective amendment itself - the validating statute itself had prevented hardship by exempting persons from retrospective liability if they had not collected taxes from their customers during the relevant time. Such a statutory relief is not present in the Amendment Act. Moreover, under the Gratuity Act, an employer does not collect any sum of money from his employees towards eventual payment of gratuity. The decision of this&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Hon&rsquo;ble Court may be noted:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;10. Re. GROUND No. I. - It was urged that since the period covered by the retrospective amendment of the Act is a long period of over 12 years, it should be held that the restriction imposed thereunder are unreasonable and so the Amendment Act should be struck down in regard to its retrospective operation on the ground that it violates the fundamental rights guaranteed under article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution of India.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;16. The Amendment Act was not passed within a reasonable time of the decision of the Supreme Court in Yaddalam&#039;s case. After the decision of the Supreme Court in Yaddalam&#039;s case , the dealers could not have foreseen that sales effected in the course of inter-State trade or commerce would be chargeable to tax under the Act and they would not have collected tax from the buyers. In order to relieve the hardship that might be caused to the dealers by the retrospective operation of the Amendment Act, section 10 of the Amendment Act provided for exemption of sales effected in the course of inter-State trade or commerce between 10th November, 1964, and 9th June, 1969, provided the dealers have not collected any tax. In view of the exemption provided under section 10, no hardship would be caused to dealers who have effected sales after the date of the decision of the Supreme Court. Therefore, the retrospective operation of the Act during the period between 10th November, 1964, and 9th June, 1969, cannot be said to have imposed unreasonable restrictions on the fundamental rights guaranteed under article 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mr. K.V.Dhananjay,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Advocate, Supreme Court of India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;and Karnataka High Court.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'cedc2dacfb50e8728d25527f03eee345.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:47:40', '2021-01-26 04:11:41');
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(109, 'Na4k3UfAEDNE8jQ1cE4JILUlu', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Role of Consent in Medical Negligence.  S.Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Role of Consent in Medical Negligence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dictionary meaning: &ldquo;Consent to medical treatment by a patient or to participation in a medical experiment by a subject, after obtaining an understanding of what is involved and especially of the risks.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Indian Medical Council (Professional conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2002 -&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chapter 7 Regulation 7. Misconduct: The following acts of commission or omission on the part of a physician shall constitute professional misconduct rendering him/her liable for disciplinary action.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7.16 Before performing an operation the physician should obtain in writing the consent from the husband or wife, parent or guardian in the case of minor, or the patient himself as the case may be. In an operation which may result in sterility the consent of both husband and wife is needed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7.17 A registered medical practitioner shall not publish photographs or case reports of his / her patients without their permission, in any medical or other journal in a manner by which their identity could be made out. If the identity is not to be disclosed, the consent is not needed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7.21 No act of invitro fertilization or artificial insemination shall be undertaken without the informed consent of the female patient and her spouse as well as the donor. Such consent shall be obtained in writing only after the patient is provided, at her own level of comprehension, with sufficient information about the purpose, methods, risks, inconveniences, disappointments of the procedure and possible risks and hazards.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Gynaecology&rdquo; (2nd Edn.) edited by Robert W. Shah, describes &ldquo;real consent&rdquo; with reference to gynaecologists (p. 867 et seq.) as follows:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;An increasingly important risk area for all doctors is the question of consent. No one may lay hands on another against their will without running the risk of criminal prosecution for assault and, if injury results, a civil action for damages for trespass or negligence. A woman must be assumed to consent to a normal physical examination if she consults a gynaecologist, in the absence of clear evidence of her refusal or restriction of such examination. The problems arise when the gynaecologist&rsquo;s intervention results in unfortunate side-effects or permanent interference with a function, whether or not any part of the body is removed. For example, if the gynaecologist agrees with the patient to perform a hysterectomy and removes the ovaries without her specific consent, that will be a trespass and an act of negligence. The only available defence will be that it was necessary for the life of the patient to proceed at once to remove the ovaries because of some perceived pathology in them.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;What is meant by consent? English Law The term &lsquo;informed consent&rsquo; is often used, but there is no such concept in English Law. The consent must be real: that is to say, the patient must have been given sufficient information for her to understand the nature of the operation, its likely effects, and any complications which may arise and which the surgeon in the exercise of his duty to the patient considers she should be made aware of; only then can she reach a proper decision.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;But the surgeon need not warn the patient of remote risks, any more than an anaesthetist need warn the patient that a certain small number of those anaesthetised will suffer cardiac arrest or never recover consciousness. Only where there is a recognised risk, rather than a rare complication, is the surgeon under an obligation to warn the patient of that risk. He is not under a duty to warn the patient of the possible results of hypothetical negligent surgery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In advising an operation, therefore, the doctor must do so in the way in which a competent gynaecologist exercising reasonable skill and care in similar circumstances would have done. In doing this he will take into account the personality of the patient and the importance of the operation to her future well-being.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It may be good practice not to warn a very nervous patient of any possible complications if she requires immediate surgery for, say, a malignant condition. The doctor must decide how much to say to her taking into account his assessment of her personality, the questions she asks and his view of how much she understands. If the patient asks a direct question, she must be given a truthful answer.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Samira Kohli vs. Dr. Prabha Manchanda and Another (2008) 2 SCC 1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Questions for consideration before the Supreme Court - Paragraph 17.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(i) Whether informed consent of a patient is necessary for surgical procedure involving removal of reproductive organs? If so, what is the nature of such consent?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) When a patient consults a medical practitioner, whether consent given for diagnostic surgery can be construed as consent for performing additional or further surgical procedure &ndash; either as conservative treatment or as radical treatment&mdash;without the specific consent for such additional or further surgery?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Discussion. Consent in the context of a doctor-patient relationship, means the grant of permission by the patient for an act to be carried out by the doctor, such as a diagnostic, surgical or therapeutic procedure. Consent can be implied in some circumstances from the action of the patient. For example, when a patient enters a dentist&rsquo;s clinic and sits in the dental chair, his consent is implied for examination, diagnosis and consultation. Except where consent can be clearly and obviously implied, there should be express consent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;American view: Physician must seek and secure his patient&rsquo;s consent before commencing an operation or other course of treatment. It is also clear that the consent, to be efficacious, must be free from imposition upon the patient.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Therapy not authorized by the patient may amount to a tort. And it is evident that it is normally impossible to obtain a consent worthy of the name unless the physician first clarifies the options and the perils for the patient.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and a surgeon who performs an operation without his patient&rsquo;s consent commits an assault, for which he is liable in damages.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;United Kingdom: The English Law on this aspect is summarised thus in Principles of Medical Law(published by Oxford University Press, 2nd Edn., edited by Andrew Grubb, p. 133, Para 3.04)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Any intentional touching of a person is unlawful and amounts to the tort of battery unless it is justified by consent or other lawful authority. In medical law, this means that a doctor may only carry out a medical treatment or procedure which involves contact with a patient if there exists a valid consent by the patient (or another person authorised by law to consent on his behalf) or if the touching is permitted notwithstanding the absence of consent.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Canada view Consent when not required. Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;A doctor can act without the consent of the patient where it is necessary to save the life or preserve the health of the patient. Thus under the principle of necessity the doctor is permitted to perform further or additional procedure (unauthorised) in cases where the patient is temporarily incompetent (being unconscious), to permit the procedure delaying of which would be unreasonable because of the imminent danger to the life or health of the patient&rdquo;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court of India&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Unless the unauthorised additional or further procedure is necessary in order to save the life or preserve the health of the patient and it would be unreasonable to delay the further procedure until the patient regains consciousness and takes a decision, a doctor cannot perform such procedure without the consent of the patient.&rdquo;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;General Medical Council of UK&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Patients have a right to information about their condition and the treatment options available to them. The amount of information you give to each patient will vary, according to factors such as the nature of the condition, the complexity of the treatment, the risks associated with the treatment or procedure, and the patient&rsquo;s own wishes. For example, patients may need more information to make an informed decision about the procedure which carries a high risk of failure or adverse side-effects; or about an investigation for a condition which, if present, could have serious implications for the patient&rsquo;s employment, social/personal life.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Declaration by Supreme Court. Para 27. In medical law, where a surgeon is consulted by a patient, and consent of the patient is taken for diagnostic procedure/surgery, such consent cannot be considered as authorisation or permission to perform therapeutic surgery either conservative or radical (except in life-threatening or emergent situations).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Similarly where the consent by the patient is for a particular operative surgery, it cannot be treated as consent for an unauthorised additional procedure involving removal of an organ, only on the ground that such removal is beneficial to the patient or is likely to prevent some danger developing in future, unless there is imminent danger to the life or health of the patient.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Nature of information that is required to be furnished by a doctor to secure a valid or real consent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A man cannot be said to be truly &ldquo;willing&rdquo;, unless he is in a position to choose freely. Freedom of choice is full knowledge of the circumstances on which the exercise of choice is conditioned. Absence of any feeling of constraint is necessary so that nothing shall interfere with the freedom of his will.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A physician must disclose facts which are necessary to form the basis of an intelligent consent by the patient to the proposed treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;True consent to what happens to one&rsquo;s self is the informed exercise of a choice. The average patient has little or no understanding of the medical arts. He has only his physician he can look for enlightenment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Due care normally demands that the physician warn the patient of any risks to his well-being which contemplated therapy may involve.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The doctor is required to communicate all inherent and potential hazards of the proposed treatment, the alternatives to that treatment, if any, and the likely effect if the patient remained untreated.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This stringent standard of disclosure was subjected to only two exceptions:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(i) Where there was a genuine emergency e.g. the patient was unconscious; and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) Where the information would be harmful to the patient e.g. where it might cause psychological damage, or where the patient would become so emotionally distraught as to prevent a rational decision.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;BolamTest In India, Bolam test has broadly been accepted as the general rule.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A doctor is not negligent if he has acted in accordance with a practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular art. &hellip;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Putting it the other way round, a doctor is not negligent if he is acting in accordance with such a practice, merely because there is a body of opinion that takes a contrary view. At the same time, that does not mean that a medical man can obstinately and pig-headedly carry on with some old technique if it has been proved to be contrary to what is really substantially the whole of informed medical opinion. (All ER p. 122 B-D)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) When a doctor dealing with a sick man strongly believed that the only hope of cure was submission to a particular therapy, he could not be criticised if, believing the danger involved in the treatment to be minimal, did not stress them to the patient.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iii) In order to recover damages for failure to give warning the plaintiff must show not only that the failure was negligent but also that if he had been warned he would not have consented to the treatment&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In the realm of diagnosis and treatment there is ample scope for genuine difference of opinion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;One man clearly is not negligent merely because his conclusion differs from that of other professional men, nor because he has displayed less skill or knowledge than others would have shown.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The true test for establishing negligence in diagnosis or treatment on the part of a doctor is whether he has been proved to be guilty of such failure as no doctor of ordinary skill would be guilty of if acting with ordinary care.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To establish liability by a doctor where deviation from normal practice is alleged, three facts require to be established.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. First of all it must be proved that there is a usual and normal practice;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Secondly it must be proved that the defender has not adopted that practice;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. Thirdly (and this is of crucial importance) it must be established that the course the doctor adopted is one which no professional man of ordinary skill would have taken if he had been acting with ordinary care.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Indian Scenario.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In India, majority of citizens requiring medical care and treatment fall below the poverty line. Most of them are illiterate or semi-literate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;They cannot comprehend medical terms, concepts, and treatment procedures. They cannot understand the functions of various organs or the effect of removal of such organs.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;They do not have access to effective diagnostic procedures. Poor patients lying in the corridors of hospitals after admission for want of beds or patients waiting for days on the roadside for an admission or a mere examination, is a common sight. For them, any treatment with reference to rough and ready diagnosis based on their outward symptoms and doctor&rsquo;s experience or intuition is acceptable and welcome so long as it is free or cheap; and whatever the doctor decides as being in their interest, is usually unquestioningly accepted.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;39. The poor and needy face a hostile medical environment &mdash; inadequacy in the number of hospitals and beds, non-availability of adequate treatment facilities, utter lack of qualitative treatment etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Many poor patients with serious ailments (e.g. heart patients and cancer patients) have to wait for months for their turn even for diagnosis, and due to limited treatment facilities, many die even before their turn comes for treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;What choice do these poor patients have? Any treatment of whatever degree, is a boon or a favour, for them. The stark reality is that for a vast majority in the country, the concepts of informed consent or any form of consent, and choice in treatment, have no meaning or relevance.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;40. The position of doctors in government and charitable hospitals, who treat them, is also unenviable. They are overworked, understaffed, with little or no diagnostic or surgical facilities and limited choice of medicines and treatment procedures. They have to improvise with virtual non-existent facilities and limited dubious medicines. They are required to be committed, service oriented and non-commercial in outlook. What choice of treatment can these doctors give to the poor patients? What informed consent can they take from them?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;41. On the other hand, we have the doctors, hospitals, nursing homes and clinics in the private commercial sector. There is a general perception among the middle class public that these private hospitals and doctors prescribe avoidable costly diagnostic procedures and medicines, and subject them to unwanted surgical procedures, for financial gain. The public feel that many doctors who have spent a crore or more for becoming a specialist, or nursing homes which have invested several crores on diagnostic and infrastructure facilities, would necessarily operate with a purely commercial and not service motive; that such doctors and hospitals would advise extensive costly treatment procedures and surgeries, where conservative or simple treatment may meet the need. What used to be a noble service-oriented profession is slowly but steadily converting purely into a business.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;42. But unfortunately not all doctors in government hospitals are paragons of service, nor fortunately, all private hospitals/doctors are commercial minded. There are many a doctor in government hospitals who do not care about patients and unscrupulously insist upon &ldquo;unofficial&rdquo; payment for free treatment or insist upon private consultations. On the other hand, many private hospitals and doctors give the best of treatment without exploitation, at a reasonable cost, charging a fee, which is reasonable recompense for the service rendered.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;43. Health care (like education) can thrive in the hands of charitable institutions. It also requires more serious attention from the State. In a developing country like ours where teeming millions of poor, downtrodden and illiterate cry out for health care, there is a desperate need for making health care easily accessible and affordable. Remarkable developments in the field of medicine might have revolutionalised health care. But they cannot be afforded by the common man.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;44. Law stepping in to provide remedy for negligence or deficiency in service by medical practitioners, has its own twin adverse effects. More and more private doctors and hospitals have, of necessity, started playing it safe, by subjecting or requiring the patients to undergo various costly diagnostic procedures and tests to avoid any allegations of negligence, even though they might have already identified the ailment with reference to the symptoms and medical history with 90% certainty, by their knowledge and experience. Secondly, more and more doctors particularly surgeons in private practice are forced to cover themselves by taking out insurance, the cost of which is also ultimately passed on to the patient, by way of a higher fee.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;45. As a consequence, it is now common that a comparatively simple ailment, which earlier used to be treated at the cost of a few rupees by consulting a single doctor, requires an expense of several hundreds or thousands on account of four factors:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(i) commercialisation of medical treatment;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) increase in specialists as contrasted from general practitioners and the need for consulting more than one doctor;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iii) varied diagnostic and treatment procedures at high cost; and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iv) need for doctors to have insurance cover.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;48. Having regard to the conditions obtaining in India, as also the settled and recognised practices of medical fraternity in India, we are of the view that to nurture the doctor-patient relationship on the basis of trust, the extent and nature of information required to be given by doctors should continue to be governed by the Bolam test rather than the &ldquo;reasonably prudential patient&rdquo; test evolved in Canterbury. It is for the doctor to decide, with reference to the condition of the patient, nature of illness, and the prevailing established practices, how much information regarding risks and consequences should be given to the patients, and how they should be couched, having the best interests of the patient. A doctor cannot be held negligent either in regard to diagnosis or treatment or in disclosing the risks involved in a particular surgical procedure or treatment, if the doctor has acted with normal care, in accordance with a recognised practice accepted as proper by a responsible body of medical men skilled in that particular field, even though there may be a body of opinion that takes a contrary view. Where there are more than one recognised school of established medical practice, it is not negligence for a doctor to follow any one of those practices, in preference to the others.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Supreme Court choice. There are two major schools of thought which govern the law of consent in medicine. One is the doctrine of &lsquo;informed consent,&rsquo;according to which it is the doctor&#039;s responsibility to disclose the necessary information to the patient to secure consent. Under the doctrine of &lsquo;real consent&rsquo; the doctor must warn his patient of the risks inherent in the recommended treatment and the terms of giving such warning must be in accordance with the practice accepted at that time as considered proper by a responsible body of medical opinion. The Supreme Court has preferred &lsquo;real consent&rsquo; followed in the UK (Bolam Test) over &lsquo;informed consent&rsquo; followed in America (Canterbury Test).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;49. We may now summarise principles relating to consent as follows:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(i) A doctor has to seek and secure the consent of the patient before commencing a &ldquo;treatment&rdquo; (the term &ldquo;treatment&rdquo; includes surgery also). The consent so obtained should be real and valid, which means that: the patient should have the capacity and competence to consent; his consent should be voluntary; and his consent should be on the basis of adequate information concerning the nature of the treatment procedure, so that he knows what he is consenting to.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(ii) The &ldquo;adequate information&rdquo; to be furnished by the doctor should enable the patient to make a balanced judgment as to whether he should submit himself to the particular treatment or not. This means that the doctor should disclose&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) nature and procedure of the treatment and its purpose, benefits and effect;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) alternatives if any available;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) an outline of the substantial risks; and&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d) adverse consequences of refusing treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;But there is no need to explain remote or theoretical risks involved, which may frighten or confuse a patient and result in refusal of consent for the necessary treatment. Similarly, there is no need to explain the remote or theoretical risks of refusal to take treatment which may persuade a patient to undergo a fanciful or unnecessary treatment. A balance should be achieved between the need for disclosing necessary and adequate information.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iii) Consent given only for a diagnostic procedure, cannot be considered as consent for therapeutic treatment. Consent given for a specific treatment procedure will not be valid for conducting some other treatment procedure. The fact that the unauthorised additional surgery is beneficial to the patient, or that it would save considerable time and expense to the patient, or would relieve the patient from pain and suffering in future, are not grounds of defence in an action in tort for negligence or assault and battery. The only exception to this rule is where the additional procedure though unauthorised, is necessary in order to save the life or preserve the health of the patient and it would be unreasonable to delay such unauthorised procedure until patient regains consciousness and takes a decision.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(iv) There can be a common consent for diagnostic and operative procedures where they are contemplated. There can also be a common consent for a particular surgical procedure and an additional or further procedure that may become necessary during the course of surgery.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(v) The nature and extent of information to be furnished by the doctor to the patient to secure the consent need not be of the stringent and high degree mentioned in Canterbury but should be of the extent which is accepted as normal and proper by a body of medical men skilled and experienced in the particular field. It will depend upon the physical and mental condition of the patient, the nature of treatment, and the risk and consequences attached to the treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Which consent applies in India? Real or Informed?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Difference between real and informed consent. There is a difference in the nature of express consent of the patient, known as &lsquo;Real&rsquo; consent in the United Kingdom (UK) and as &lsquo;Informed&rsquo; consent in the United States (US).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Real Consent: UK- consent is the voluntary and continuing permission of the patient to receive a particular treatment based on an adequate knowledge of the purpose, nature and likely risks of the treatment including the likelihood of its success and any alternatives to it. Permission given under any unfair or undue pressure is not consent. The elements of consent are defined with reference to the patient and consent is considered to be valid and &lsquo;real&rsquo; when:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. The patient gives it voluntarily without any coercion&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. The patient has the minimum of adequate level of information about the nature of the procedure to which he is consenting to&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. The patient has the capacity and competence to give consent&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Informed&rsquo; consent- US while retaining the basic requirements of consent, shifts the emphasis to the duty of the doctor to disclose the necessary information to the patient to secure his consent. It is an agreement for a proposed medical treatment or non-treatment or for a proposed invasive procedure. It requires physicians to disclose the benefits, risks and alternatives to the proposed treatment, non-treatment or procedure. It is the method by which fully informed, rational persons may be involved in choices about their healthcare. Taber&rsquo;s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary defines &lsquo;Informed&rsquo; consent as below: &ldquo;Consent that is given by a person after receipt of the following information:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. The nature and purpose of the proposed procedure or treatment&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. The expected outcome and the likelihood of success&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. The risks&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. The alternatives to the procedure and supporting information regarding those alternatives&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. And the effect of no treatment or procedure, including the effect on the prognosis and the material risks associated with no treatment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Also included are instructions concerning what should be done if the procedure turns out to be harmful or unsuccessful.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S.Basavaraj&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Advocate&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '9b8a108cde4d64cc6e0f74030e237659.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:49:00', '2021-01-26 04:11:13');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(112, '0g1LvAhXI5u5qTtXB7As5Kslk', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Terra Nullius No Mans Land.  Goutham Ramesh Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Terra Nullius - No Man&rsquo;s Land&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Recently a 24-year-old Indian has declared himself the king of unclaimed land of 800 square miles of land between Egypt and Sudan. He claimed to be the youngest monarch with his idea of &#039;virtual governance of a kingdom&#039; which he named &#039;Kingdom of Dixit&#039;. Can he do that? Well here is the answer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Meaning and concept&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Terra nullius is a Latin term that means land belonging to no one or no man&#039;s land. In international law, a territory which has never been subject to the sovereignty of any state, or over which any prior sovereign has expressly or implicitly relinquished sovereignty is terra nullius. Sovereignty over territory which is terra nullius can be acquired through occupation. A principle sometimes used in international law to describe territory that may be acquired by a state&#039;s occupation of it.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Most of these territories are inhabited and are &quot;empty&quot; territories, so the meaning of terra nullius grew to include territories considered &quot;devoid of civilized society.&quot; The most celebrated example is that of Australia, where the concept of terra nullius still features in lawsuits pressed by the Aboriginal peoples. Other examples of lands once considered terra nullius would be Siberia and the Americas. The United States seems to have treated its Western frontier as terra nullius in the rush to fulfill its perceived Manifest Destiny.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Starting in the 17th century, terra nullius denoted a legal concept allowing a European colonial power to take control of &quot;empty&quot; territory that none of the other European colonial powers had claimed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;THE ELEMENTS OF A STATE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Territory, Population, Government and Sovereignty&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is well established that only a state may claim rights over TERRA NULLIUS in the absence of habitation.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There are a few criteria for a country to be born:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A permanent population (not just a day visit),&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A defined territory&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Some form of a Government (a legitimate one).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sovereignty&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Under international law, only a state can assert dominance over territory.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Methods of acquiring territory:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;For European powers, there were four internationally recognized ways of acquiring new&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Territories in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They were through inheritance; by&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Conquest; by Purchase; and through Settlement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Inheritance&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;James II inherited Scotland from his father when he became king in 1685.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Conquest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A conquered country was one that was overtaken by another.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The English conquered India through force. However, in international law, or custom, the&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;consequence of conquest was that local law applied unless overruled by English law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Therefore, England had to take local Indian law into account when governing India as a&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;colony of the British Empire.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Purchase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;England purchased a number of territories in North America, such as Louisiana from France&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;and New Mexico from Mexico. England lost these colonies as a result of the American War&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;of Independence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Occupation or Settlement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A settled country was one that was uninhabited and this available for occupation by another.&amp;nbsp;By 1670, English jurists were talking of English colonists acquiring unoccupied territory.The Laws of England stated that English Law applied immediately on the occupation of&amp;nbsp;deserted and uncultivated land by English subjects. Unoccupied land was declared to be terra&amp;nbsp;nullius and English colonists going to a new unoccupied territory took with them &#039;...only so&amp;nbsp;much of the English law as is applicable to their own situation and condition of any infant colony.&amp;nbsp;Bir Tawil: An example of a territory often claimed to be terra nullius. Between Egypt and Sudan is the 2,060 km2 (800 sq mi) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil, which was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under Sudan&#039;s control and the Hala&#039;ib Triangle under Egypt&#039;s; the other border did the reverse. Both countries assert the border that lets them claim Hala&#039;ib, which is significantly larger and next to the Red Sea, with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either nation. The area is, however, under the de facto control of Egypt, although it is not shown on official Egyptian maps.Bir Tawil has no settled population but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. Bir Tawil, an 800 sq miles of empty no man&rsquo;s land, aka terra nullius that lies on the border of Eqypt and Sudan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Australia:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mabo v. State of Queensland (1992) 107 ALR 1&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Until the 1970s, the doctrine of terra nullius was generally accepted in Australia on the grounds that the continent had been &quot;settled&quot;, a classification which gives no legal consideration to indigenous customs. During the 1970s historians revisited the colonisation of Australia, reassessing the degree to which force had been used to dispossess the native inhabitants.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This prompted a number of lawyers and activists to suggest that Australia should be reclassified in law as &quot;conquered&quot; territory, a distinction which requires the conqueror to recognise the customs of those conquered. Court cases in 1977, 1979 and 1982 brought by or on behalf of Aboriginal activists challenged Australian sovereignty on the grounds that terra nullius had been improperly applied, therefore Aboriginal sovereignty should still be regarded as being intact. These cases were rejected by the courts but the Australian High Court left the door open for a reassessment of whether the continent should be considered &quot;settled&quot; or &quot;conquered&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The court&#039;s ruling in Mabo has enabled some Aboriginal peoples to reclaim territory appropriated under the doctrine of terra nullius. This has proved extremely controversial, as it has led to lawsuits seeking the transfer or restoration of land ownership rights to native groups. An estimated 3,000 further agreements have been reached in which Aboriginal peoples have regained former lands. One very recent example is that of a December 2004 case in which the Noonkanbah people were recognised as the traditional owners of a 1,811 km&copy;&tilde; plot of land in Western Australia. In the Northern Territory, 40 per cent of the land and most of its coastline is now in the hands of Aboriginal peoples.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Can an individual claim rights over Terra Nullius?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;No, as we can infer from the concept of terra nullius, only a state may claim terra nullius and it has to be recognized by the UNITED NATIONS as a legitimate claim.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Goutham Ramesh, Advocate, Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'bfac8cac24a978a34efa0a614dd38172.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:52:08', '2021-01-26 04:10:42'),
(113, 'fBsuGGkHlvxUxMg3Sjuw6oHTK', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The emergence of Robots and the Legal Issues arising therefrom.  Ms. Aishwarya Mishra ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The emergence of Robots and the Legal Issues arising therefrom&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;INTRODUCTION:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Artificial intelligence is a huge step towards the future cartoons like Jetsons and Jimmy Neutron envisaged in us. The field of robotics is evolving rapidly with huge technological advances taking place every day. Artificial intelligence has entered whole new levels with the development of Sophia, the first humanoid robot by Hanson Robotics, a Hong-Kong based company. Even more interesting is the fact that is received a citizenship from Saudi Arabia in October 2017, for which Saudi Arabia was criticized for giving more rights to machines than women of its country. Ironically, Sophia has started advocating for women&rsquo;s rights in Saudi and is emerging as a huge advocate for human rights. With Sophia occupying the intrigues of the world and the media, the question that arises is that the quick expansion of the world of robotics, how should the boundaries be maintained through law and what legal ethics and norms should govern such a dimension of technology.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;American science fiction author, Isaac Asimov had devised three laws for robots in 1942 in his story called, Runaround. These laws are also known as Asimov&rsquo;s laws, which are: &ldquo;(1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. (2) A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. (3) A robot must protect its own existence if such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law&rdquo; . Years later, while drafting a study on recommendations on the regulations and legal framework to govern the legislations on such laws by the European parliament as European Civil law rules for robotics and publishing Draft Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, Asimov&rsquo;s laws were used for guidance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;These drafts can be used by other States, inside or outside EU as relevant model while drafting codes for robotic legislations in future. This paper intends to roughly sketch the problems that are faced while drafting laws for robots and solutions which are posed on these problems. In addition, it would bring out the threats and warnings which have been brought on such advancements and technological changes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;PROBLEMS FACED WHILE DRAFTING RECOMMENDATIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Coming up with a common definition for robots&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Of the several issues faced by the committee, the first one was to pan out a common definition of a smart robot that would be acceptable by various communities and without a proper definition, such regulations would seem inoperable. What constitutes of a smart robot can be a subject hotly debated among many and would consist of a many subjective takes on who is or more appropriately put, what is a robot without any global consensus. Therefore, coming up with a definition which is inclusive of all categories of robots and is acceptable by globally is a grueling task. There are many problems with coming up with a unitary definition, for example, should &lsquo;Smart Robot&rdquo; only consider autonomous robots which need almost no human intervention to operate or should also include surgical robots which operate on a slave-master model and need human intervention to operate. Robots like Da Vinci&rsquo;s Surgical system which are highly revolutionary systems, should they also be counted under smart robots despite having to be controlled by human interference or should only highly automated and smart robots make the cut is a difficult to respond to.to. Robots&amp;nbsp;are highly diversified, consisting of various applications and codes, forming a definition to govern all the models would be next to&amp;nbsp;impossible. However, to tackle this issue, a broad definition with a narrower definition beside it which takes in account of all the relevant categories like autonomy, control, human intervention can be created. These narrower definitions with sub categories and sub classes of robots will aid in keeping all the different kinds of robots under the regulatory boundaries.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;2. ISSUE OF LIABILITY IN ROBOTICS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Error by machines is more common than expected. There will be many situations where there would be damage caused by the robots, and in these situations, the someone would have to take up the liability.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;For this reason, there is a motion of giving the robots another category of individuals, that of electronic persons. Legal consequences of providing a separate legal status to robots are being examined, this is so through a separate legal identity, the robots which are autonomous and designed to make decisions on their own can be held liable for damages and bear consequences of their actions. Because of some robots being autonomous and make decisions by themselves, there must be some liability for their actions and through awarding such a status as a separate legal person, they can make good the damage they caused.&amp;nbsp;However, this path poses some problems. Primarily, that begin a legal person confers upon you some rights and duties. A Legal person, is expected to have some human consciousness and natural feeling for some rights and duties being conferred on it. A Legal personality is expected to have some human force driving it. For example, a limited company is a separate legal person, however, it is controlled by its board of directors, shareholders and promoters. When the corporate veil is lifted, the controlling humans behind it are held liable. However, in this case, there is no human force for some categories of robots like the ones which are highly automated. Robots do not have the consciousness and thinking like a natural person, therefore giving them a status as a legal person just for the owning up for the liability doesn&rsquo;t transpire into a good idea. A legal person has rights, which a natural person has. These are rights like, right to life or right to live with dignity. Such rights if conferred upon a robot, would render it impossible to send them in inhumane conditions or situations like war leaving them useless as the purpose of robots is to perform tasks humans cannot. Thus attributing personhood to robots will erase the boundary between humans and machines and would present unprecedented problems.&amp;nbsp;Problem with determining liability of a Robot is fairly complex in nature. If a robot commits an error, it can be difficult to determine the source of such an error. There can be a problem with the decision of the autonomous robot, or it could be due to a technical glitch in the software, where the software company would be held liable. It could be due to user error. This does not only stretch till here. In situations like when a robot is learning to perform a task and causes harm to a third party, will the owner of the robot be held liable.&amp;nbsp;Instead, other options for compensation for damages can be set in place, for example insurance or organizations set up in different industries which specifically deal with this issue.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. FORMATION OF ROBOETHICAL GUIDELINES.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;With the emerging technology, it becomes imperative that there be some ethical standards and guidelines governing the actions of robots. These ethical guidelines must include, first and foremost the principle of protecting humans from harm by the robots. Deriving it from the laws of Asimov, his first and most fundamental law. Robots must do no harm to human beings. There is a lot of negative image of robots when it comes to including them in daily lives and the perception of robots taking over the control by humans and dominating the human species is widespread. Following such ideas, the touchstone of all the laws revolving around robotics should be the protection of human beings from any possible harm from any robot. These should include regulations like a robot should be incapable of being turned into a weapon to harm third party or can be used to self-harm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Other ethical guidelines include, refusing aid of robots or restraining robots from violating any form of human liberty or dignity. Human dignity and liberty forms one of the most core foundations of human rights, found in UDHR, in Article 5(1) of European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Another essential sphere which needs roboethical guidelines is protection of privacy of individuals. Robots will have access to mass information, from medical records to credit card information. Robots can be used to breach into such information. Right to privacy is fundamental to human life and dignity and therefore individuals needs to be protected from such breaches. Pivotal personal information can be leaked and obtained and therefore, guidelines surrounding the usage of data needs to be closely looked in. Robot in medical service or banking etc., need to be heavily monitored for protection of privacy. Similarly, there should be guidelines so social ties of humans don&rsquo;t end with the presence of robots. Robot companions or sex robots should not substitute human relations and therefore there should be restrictions regarding such a substitution to maintain human relations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;These are some areas where the guidelines need to be in place, similarly, there are many areas where roboethical guidelines need to be placed to avoid any harm or difficulties in the future.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;4. TESTING OF ROBOTS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;For such an advancement, it becomes imperative to provide an environment for the robots to be tested and developed. Such a space is needed however, these testing and development should be carried out in a heavily controlled ambience so no harm comes to humans in any form. The research and development space should be regulated and monitored to protect individuals. Therefore, proper and stringent technical standards need to be in place concerning the testing and monitoring such an environment to avoid emerging of any kind of danger to lives around it.These are some of the difficulties which can crop up while debating and drafting legislations for robots. Due to its rapidly advancing nature, sooner or later the need for such legislations will be inevitable and such problems pose huge difficulties in determining the laws which would be appropriate for laws governing robots.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;COMPETITION REGULATIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Other problems that could occur with expansion in Artificial Intelligence is that there could emerge a competition between countries for the technology. There could be weaker regulations and guidelines so that the investment and development of such technology happens in their country. Weaker regulations could prove disadvantageous for the citizens of that country as there would be less protection against the possible dangers that would be brought in by emerging expansion of artificial intelligence. Similarly, since such technology would give a huge advantage to people who have access to it, there would be many private actors who would try to acquire it. Thus, due to these reasons there needs to be efficient competition regulatory guidelines in place for no unfair advantage or unwanted use of the technology which could pose threats later.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Threats and warnings surrounding the emerging advances in robotic technology&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Apart from the obvious fear the persists in humans of robotic domination, there are other threats which have been brought into attention. First and foremost being the loss of labour due to human labor being substituted by Robots due to their efficiency. Many robots are made for the purpose to perform tasks which humans were incapable of performing or it was too dangerous for humans to performs however, leaders like Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and Bill gates have warned about the mass unemployment would be accelerated due to this robot revolution. Jobs in industries like transportation, Data analysis, coding or in customer care etc. would also be lost to robots due to their efficiency. This could lead to a massive damage in the economies of countries with huge populations who work in these industries on low wages due to the bulk unemployment. To combat this, Bill Gates has endorsed taxing robots who take human jobs suggested by Mady Delvaux in the draft report submitted to the European Parliament, however that idea was rejected by European Union.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Apart from huge hits on economies and loss of jobs, there is a section of robots which are being made to substitute soldiers from their jobs as they&rsquo;re risky and to avoid human casualties. Thus, robots to combat are being prepared. However, many researchers are worried that these robots could also become a threat to humans and turn into killer robots. These machines would become so automated that they would automatically become a danger to humans as killer machines. Military have started adopting automated machines already. For example, South Korea has deployed, Super aEgis II, which is a gun that can automatically identify the target and kill it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;With emerging revolution of robots, there are many problems that are emerging in various fields as well. Be it in regarding the protection of individuals&rsquo; dignity and liberty or relating to economy of a country. It isn&rsquo;t restricted to one sector and the difficulties exist in all fields.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Aishwarya Mishra,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2nd year law, OP Jindal Global University,Sonipat, Haryana&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(Intern, Daksha Legal)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'a77417d240396d37008c74f875726447.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:55:12', '2021-01-26 04:10:13'),
(114, 'qLpdUyVUavwcttF6EiTUGOfrR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The right against self incrimination.  Ms. Sanjana Mudhol Intern Daksha Legal.', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Nemo Teneteur Seipsum Accusare&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. INTRODUCTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Indian Constitution, 1950 includes a bundle of rights that are provided. Among them, the most significant rights that are made available to every citizen as well as the people are the fundamental rights. The concept of fundamental rights was borrowed from the Constitution of America. There are many fundamental rights that are provided for the people so that one can attain his full intellectual, moral and spiritual status.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 20 incorporates the fundamental right that is made available for the protection in respect of conviction for offences. The cases which attract this provision are when any person is accused of a crime that has been committed. This Article protects the interests of the convicts. One of the notable features of this Article is that it can not be suspended during the emergency period.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;It is evident that there are various attempts made in regard to the protection of rights of the convicts. For example, Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights speak of the provision that provides for the accused to be presumed innocent until proven guilty ; Article 14(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also provides for the protection of rights of convicts ; Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides that no man can be compelled to be a witness against himself. These are few of the many efforts made in the protection of rights of the convicts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. PROTECTION AGAINST SELF INCRIMINATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The right against self incrimination finds its origin as late as in the Roman church in the legal Latin maxim &ldquo;Nemo Teneteur Seipsum Accusare.&rdquo; It was late to be found in the common law developments and then found in the Indian Constitution under Article 20. By the virtue of the 42nd Amendment, the importance of this provision was made crystal clear by granting it a non-degradable status. It conveys that these rights are not to be taken away, even in the state of emergency. This stood as a testimony to the importance that was given to this provision.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Latin maxim stated supra means that no one is bound to incriminate or accuse himself. Article 20(3) encompasses the spirit of fair trial. The protection against self incrimination is provided for under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. It provides that no man can be forced to incriminate or be a witness against himself.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There are certain requirements that are to be present to attract this Article. Firstly, an offence must have been committed and the person must have been accused of committing that offence. Secondly, that person must have been compelled to be a witness. Lastly, he must have been compelled to be a witness against himself.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The burden of proof lies on the State to prove beyond all reasonable doubts to establish the guilt of the accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;4. THE LAW&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Article 20(3) is one of the most vital and significant principle in the criminal law. It states that no man can be compelled to be a witness against himself. Surprisingly, the protection of rights of the convicts was recognized even before the Indian Constitution came into force.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;During the pre-constitutional period, the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 recognized the rights of the convicts. Section 25, Section 26 and Section 27 of the 1872 Act were found to protect the rights and interests of the convicts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Incidentally, the protection guaranteed under Article 20(3) was further strengthened under the Criminal Procedural Code of 1973. Section 161, Section 162, Section 163 and Section 164 of the Criminal Procedural Code protects the rights and interests of the convicts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Further, the protection of rights under the rights provided under the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) that are provided for under the Article 14 that speaks of the right against self incrimination in full equality was also ratified by India.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;5. JUDICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A certain amount of ambiguity has been present in the Indian Constitution since the very first years of its coming. The contradiction that arose with respect to the Indian Constitution and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 occurred due to the ambiguity that was present in the Indian Constitution. One of the main role of the Judiciary is to interpret the provisions when there is ambiguity. Interpretation means to ascertain the true meaning of the provision. Due to this ambiguity, there were certain imbalances between the Article 20(3) that provided for the protection against self incrimination and the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The scepticism was cleared in the below mentioned landmark judgement.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; M. P.Sharma v. Satish Chandra&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Court in this case tried to unravel the mystery as to when a person can be said &lsquo;to be&rsquo; compelled to be a witness. The Supreme Court held that a person is said to be compelled to be a witness when there is anything that he provides can be produced in the court of law as evidence against him. So for example, if the fingerprints of the accused were to be taken, it would be considered as a violation of the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 20(3). This was considered to be too vague and hence was subsequently held otherwise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; State of Bombay v. Kathikalu Oghad&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This is one of the landmark judgments with regard to protection of rights against self incrimination. This case was decided by 11 judge bench. In this case, the Supreme Court held that the term &lsquo;to be a witness&rsquo; does not include in itself the fingerprints of the accused or so on. Such an act of accumulating evidences would not amount to the violation of the fundamental right that is guaranteed under Article 20(3). What would be considered as a violation is when the accused is compelled to say or convey something that is in his personal knowledge.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; State Through Spe &amp;amp; Cbi, Ap vs M. Krishna Mohan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The court reiterated the views of the judgment in the case of Kathikalu . They also went on to add to it and say that producing of the mechanical document does not amount to the violation of the fundamental right that is guaranteed under the Article 20(3).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Mohammed Dastagir v. State of Madras&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In this case, the court made it plain and direct that in order to attract the protection under this provision, it is required that the person compelled or who is claiming to be compelled, that he must be an accused.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Nandini Sathpathy v. P. L. Dani&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It was established in this case that the right to silence has been granted to the accused. It was held that no one can forcibly extract information who has the right to keep silent during interrogation or investigation. Forcibly administering foreign substance or as such would invalidate such a right to keep silent.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&bull; Smt. Selvi v. State of Karnataka&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The court had to determine whether brain mapping, narco analysis, truth serum, lie detector and such other methods should be included within the ambit of this provision, whether or not they violate the right guaranteed. In this case, the court held that the involuntary administration of foreign substance into the body of a person or an accused that was meant to make him say something that is present in his personal knowledge, is considered to violate his fundamental right.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In this case the Hon&rsquo;ble Chief Justice, Justice K.G&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Balakrishnan spoke of behalf of the Apex Court, and drew the following conclusions:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;1. The right against self-incrimination and personal liberty are non-derogable rights, their enforcement therefore is not suspended even during emergency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. The right of police to investigate an offence and examine any person do not and cannot override constitutional protection in Article 20(3);&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3. The protection is available not only at the stage of trial but also at the stage of investigation;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. That the right protects persons who have been formally accused, suspects and even witnesses who apprehend to make any statements which could expose them to criminal charges or further investigation;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. The law confers on &lsquo;any person&rsquo; who is examined during an investigation, an effective choice between speaking and remaining silent. This implies that it is for the person being examined to decide whether the answer to a particular question would be inculpatory or exculpatory;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Article 20(3) cannot be invoked by witnesses during proceedings that cannot be characterised as criminal proceedings;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. Compulsory narco-analysis test amounts to &lsquo;testimonial compulsion&rsquo; and attracts protection under Article 20(3);&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. Conducting DNA profiling is not a testimonial act, and hence protection cannot be granted under Article 20(3);&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. That acts such as compulsory obtaining signatures and handwriting samples are testimonial in nature, they are not incriminating by themselves if they are used for the purpose of identification or corroboration;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. That subjecting a person to polygraph test or narco-analysis test without his consent amounts to forcible interference with a person&rsquo;s mental processes and hence violates the right to privacy for which protection can be sought under Article 20(3);&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. That court cannot permit involuntary administration of narco-tests, unless it is necessary under public interest.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;6. CONCLUSION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;We live in a dynamic society. If at all anything is constant, it is change. The law lives and operates in the realm of society and thus has to change according to the needs, wants and what is best for the society. Law is a living process and it has to change accordingly. With due regard to the developments in the medical science fields, the accuracy of the scientific tests are found to be very reliable. The law must cope up with the changes and must use these beneficial tools to render justice to the society. The law has to cope up and balance the harmony between the protection of rights and the immediate need of the society for speedy disposal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Among the various fundamental rights that are provided for by the Constitution of India, Article 20 deals with the protection of rights of the convicts. Article 20(3) speaks of the right against self incrimination. This right operates on the very basic principles of law like fair hearing and complies with the principles of the natural justice. Article 20(3) provides for the right to remain silent, but is it an absolute right? Such a right provided by the Constitution is a limited one and is subject to the circumstances and situations where the law requires him to speak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The fundamental right guaranteed under Article 20(3) acts as bulwark for the accused in order to save him from being compelled to be a witness against himself.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;-Sanjana Mudhol,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law Student, Karnataka State Law University,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hubli.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7442c51271b96ef4b53af745f7e406ce.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:56:45', '2021-01-26 04:09:38');
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(115, 'AWbmdFbPJo7HlbvzJfVYDS3qV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Trademarks. Trans border Reputation of Foreign vis a vis Indian Companies. Raja Sharma and Rohan Koshy Cherian Interns at Daksha Legal ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Trademarks. Trans-border Reputation of Foreign vis-a-vis Indian Companies&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A trade mark is a visual symbol applied to an article with a view to indicate the trade source from which it comes. It can be a word, device, label, name, letter, numeral, brand, heading or colours. The purpose of the trade mark is to distinguish goods or services of one origin from those of the others. It advertises the product and creates an image for it. As the trade mark creates a separate identity of a product, it should be protected from infringement and passing off.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Trademark infringement in India is defined under Section 29 of the Trademarks Act, 1999. Simply put, when an unauthorized person uses a trademark that is &#039;identical&#039; or &#039;deceptively similar&#039; to a registered trademark, it is known as infringement. Passing off is a form of tort, and its substantive part is founded upon the common law principles. The general principle of passing-off states that no man can have any right to represent his goods as the goods of another person. As stated above, the Trade Marks Act, 1999 does not define &ldquo;Passing Off&rdquo;. However, the Act denies the registration of any trademark if the use of the mark is prevented in India by virtue of the law of passing off and enables an individual to claim his rights under the Act, even if the mark is unregistered. Therefore, an action for passing off can also be filed by a person who does not have a registered trademark in India.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Reputation of a trade mark is an important factor in case of a passing off action. Reputation is the knowledge and awareness among the public about a product of particular trade source or trade mark. Reputation is the means by which a trade mark is recognized. Traditionally, reputation of a trade mark used to exist within territory of the concerned country. Thus, the trade mark was needed to be registered in that country only.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;But with the globalization of trade and commerce, products are widely available in every nook and corner of the world. Further, with the modern communication technology like TV, internet, newspapers, magazines, cinemas, the knowledge about the products reach the other countries, long before the actual availability of the product. The reputation of a trade mark is not limited to the country of its origin, but has surpassed the geographical frontiers and is nowadays spread all across the world. This is known as transborder reputation of a trade mark. Transborder reputation is provided in Section 35 of the Indian Trade Marks Act, 1999 and offers protection to foreign trade marks on the basis of their international reputation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 35 in the Trade Marks Act, 1999:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&quot;Saving for use of name, address or description of goods or services.&mdash;Nothing in this Act shall entitle the proprietor or a registered user of a registered trade mark to interfere with any bona fide use by a person of his own name or that of his place of business, or of the name, or of the name of the place of business, of any of his predecessors in business, or the use by any person of any bona fide description of the character or quality of his goods or services.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;With the rapidly growing international trade, where physical frontiers are no more a restraint and the products are widely available in every country of the world, it is important to recognize the transborder reputation attached to the products of an international company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The principle of transborder reputation has been recognized and protected by Indian Courts. The Supreme Court in Ruston &amp;amp; Hornby Ltd. v. Zamindara Engineering Co. 1970 2 SCR 222, held that &ldquo;there does not seem to be any requirement that the plaintiff must carry on business in India before bringing an action for passing off for he can prove that he has otherwise acquired reputation in the country.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Over the years, the concept of trans-border reputation has only been expanded by the Courts in India. The change in the interpretation of the concept of trans-border reputation can be seen by way of the following judgments;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In one of the most important cases on trans-border reputation in India, that is, Laverana Gmbh &amp;amp; Co Kg vs Mac Personal Care Pvt Ltd &amp;amp; Ors 2015(63)PTC87(Del), he Court held that &ldquo;a product and its trade name transcend the physical boundaries of a geographical region and acquire a trans-border or overseas or extraterritorial reputation not only through import of goods but also by its advertisement. The knowledge and the awareness of the goods of a foreign trade and its trade mark can be available at a place where goods are not being marketed and consequently not being used. The manner in which or the source from which the knowledge has been acquired is immaterial&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the year 2004, In the case of Milmet Oftho Industries &amp;amp; Ors. Vs. Allergen Inc. (2004) 12 SCC 624, while the Supreme Court upheld that the goods don&rsquo;t need to be sold in India for the reputation to transcend the geographic boundaries, the SC also expressed its concern to the extent that people who have no intention of coming to India or introducing their products here should not be allowed to throttle an Indian Company by not permitting it to sell a product in India, if the Indian Company has genuinely adopted the mark and developed the product and is first in the market;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Lowenbrau Ag &amp;amp; Another vs Jagpin Breweries Ltd &amp;amp; Another on 14 January 2009, it was reiterated by the Delhi High Court that the world has to be viewed as one common market;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the case of Trans Tyres India pvt ltd vs Double Coins Holdings Ltd. and anr. 2012(49)PTC209(Del) ,states in paragraph 14 &quot;Trademark, as we all know is territorial in nature. Thus, under the Territoriality Doctrine, a trademark is recognized as having a separate existence in each sovereign territory in which it is registered or legally recognized as a mark. The Universality Doctrine, which posits that a mark signifies the same source wherever the mark is used in the world has been rejected by Courts all over the world. Thus, the registered proprietor of a trademark would be entitled to the protections conferred by law and exclusivity vested within the territorial limits as conferred by a Municipal Law. Prior use of a trademark in a dominion would ipso facto not entitle its owner to claim exclusive trademark rights in another dominion.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In 2014, in an important case between Cadbury U.K. Limited &amp;amp; Anr vs. Lotte India Corporation Ltd, the Court had not only relied on the cases mentioned upon but also extended the principle of trans-border reputation by observing that the existence of a merchant on web pages which are of foreign origin and social media are sufficient to show the trans- border nature of reputation without having any activity in India at the relevant time;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Further, the Bombay High Court and the Delhi High Court reiterated the above view in Kamal Trading v. Gillette U.K. (1988) PTC 1 (Bom-DB) and also in Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association v. Blue Cross Health Clinic (1990) IPLR 92 (Del) respectively. In N.R. Dongre v. Whirlpool Corporation 1996 PTC (16) 583(SC), the doctrine of &ldquo;transborder reputation&rdquo; was considered in detail for the first time. It was held that &quot;In today&rsquo;s world it cannot be said a product and the trade mark under which it is sold abroad, does not have a reputation or goodwill in countries where it is not available. The knowledge and awareness of it and its critical evaluation and appraisal travels beyond the confines of the geographical area in which it is old.&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In Apple Computer Inc. vs Apple Leasing &amp;amp; Industries (1993) IPLR 63 (Del), the High Court of Delhi held that &ldquo;if the reputation of a trader, trading or carrying on business in another country, had travelled to a country where he carried on no business, this reputation having been acquired. On the basis of extensive advertisements and publicity, then another trader could be injuncted to protect the reputation of the trader who was not trading in the country.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court finally established the law related to the transborder reputation in the case of Milmet Oftho Industries &amp;amp; Ors. Vs. Allergen Inc. (2004) 12SCC 624, by giving the view, &quot;the mere fact that the respondents have not been using the mark in India would be irrelevant if they were first in the world market&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The Intellectual Property Rights have 2 doctrines; The Universal Doctrine and The Territorial Doctrine. According to the Universal Doctrine, all trademarks, whether they are from a foreign country or not, those who are the prior users or have more goodwill or their products are better so on and so forth, irrespective of who registered in a particular country first, will have their trademark rights. According to the Territorial Doctrine, whosoever has registered their trademark first, irrespective of prior use, goodwill, quality, etc, will have rights over their trademark. The Doctrine in use the most is The Universal Doctrine. In cases like Trans Tyres India pvt Ltd. vs Double Coins Holdings Ltd., Cadbury U.K. Limited &amp;amp; Anr vs. Lotte India Corporation Ltd, Milmet Oftho Industries &amp;amp; Ors. Vs. Allergen Inc., and in many more, the Universal Doctrine has been used where the foreign company, though not under registration, still retains their trademark rights in competition to those who have already registered. This caused a lot of confusion and conflict among both the learned judges and even to those who don&#039;t know the law. This went on until a recent case where the Territorial Doctrine was used.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The recent case of Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha v/s M/S Prius Auto Industries Limited, 2017 SCC OnLine Del 12535 (also found in MANU/SC/1619/2017), it was stated that &quot;to prove and establish an action of passing off, three ingredients are required to be proved i.e., goodwill, misrepresentation and damages. A foreign claimant may succeed in a passing off action on proof that his business has a goodwill in a particular jurisdiction, which criterion is broader than the &quot;obsolete&quot; test of whether a claimant has a business/place of business in that jurisdiction. If there are customers for the claimant&#039;s products in that jurisdiction, then the claimant stands in the same position as a domestic trader. The Territoriality Doctrine would hold the field and the Plaintiff should necessarily establish that its reputation had spilled over to the Indian market prior to the date of adoption of the mark by the Defendant&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Indian Courts through their various decisions have protected the intellectual property of foreign companies, even if the products are not available in India. It must be noted that foreign owners were allowed to exercise rights in India on the basis of transborder reputation without completing any formality or payment to Indian Trade Marks Registry. Neither the Indian economic interest nor any of the international treaties or the practice of developed country courts had warranted this indulgence on the part of Indian Courts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Conclusion :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Till the Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha v/s M/S Prius Auto Industries Limited, the Universal Doctrine was mostly used. This made prior use or goodwill trump over the legal procedure of registration. This has caused the business faction of the local society to slowly lose faith in the Indian Trademark Registrar and as a result, faith in the judicial system also. This de-motivates Traders to register their Trademark in the Indian Trademark Registrar and also create fear in the mind of the registered or people who are to register, that in the future a company having majority goodwill in the Global market will enter the Indian market and file for passing off against said traders and in the process have the judgement in the Global companies favour. They fear that even though they fulfill their duties by applying for trademarks, any moment a foreign company can file for passing off. But if a foreign company registers with the registrar of trademarks of India before any other trader, then it ipso facto goes in favour of the foreign company. So the question before the courts of India is which doctrine is to be used when giving final judgement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Raja Sharma and Rohan Koshy Cherian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Interns at Daksha Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Bangalore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e8e7ecd6b2a837ef6c0e555c58aac78f.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:57:34', '2021-01-26 04:09:15'),
(116, 'GxRM0eLKZM1gzwiqO5o8fqzyH', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'TRANS BOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.  Diksha M. Kambli Intern Daksha Legal ', '&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TRANS BOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Abstract:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This paper considers the manner in which the pollution emission in one country effects the environment of another country. Transboundary pollution is not a domestic problem, rather it is an international problem and therefore requires the global attention. Earlier there were certain theories for sharing of resources, at present it has been replaced with various treaties and conventions. This paper also considers the due diligence obligations which are crucial for preventing transboundary harm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Transboundary Environmental Pollution is the pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly in one country but is able to cause damage to another country&rsquo;s environment by travelling through pathways like Air and Water. The main problem regarding environmental pollution is that it does not have any defined boundary. As quoted byChief Seattle in 1855 &ldquo;Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. ALL THINGS CONNECT.&rdquo; Transboundary pollution can take many forms, but the most developed among these are air pollution and water pollution with finest examples.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Traditional Approaches towards Trans Boundary Environmental Harm.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Traditional approaches were based on the actions and reactions of the state. These approaches allowed the state to utilise its own resources but restrictions were imposed when it started destroying other countries environment.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Theory of Absolute Territorial Sovereignty&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;This theory holds that the state has absolute sovereignty over its resources and the waters therein.[1]This theory gives liberty to a state to have absolute right over the resources within its territory. The upper riparian states have always asserted to the sovereignty theory to claim absolute right over the resources within its territory for instance when there was a water dispute between Mexico and US on diversion of Rio Grande waters by the US farmers, wherein the US Attorney General, Judson Harmon asserted, &ldquo;The fundamental principle of international law is absolute sovereignty of every nation, as against all others, within its own territory.&rdquo; This doctrine was popularly known as the Harmon Doctrine. The Harmon Doctrine gives every right to upper riparian states to use the resources at their discretion and the natural flow of water to lower riparian states are allowed more in the terms of charity. Therefore this principle was rejected by many states, in fact the US itself did not invoke this doctrine in its dispute with Canada over the Columbia river.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;US also took contrary argument in Trail Smelter Case.[2]In this case, a smelter near Trail, Canada, emitted 300-350 tons of sulphur dioxide daily. The United States contended that these emissions were harming the forest in Washington State. The Arbitration Tribunal held that Canada was legally responsible for the actions of the smelter, and therefore ordered Canada to pay damages as well as to refrain from causing further damage.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;2. Theory of Absolute Territorial Integrity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The principle of absolute territorial integrity is theoretically opposite to the principle of absolute territorial sovereignty. This principle restricts the upper riparian states to allow free flow of water to lower riparian states without any depletion in quality and quantity of water. Unlike Absolute Territorial Sovereignty, this theory supports lower riparian states but somewhere it destroys the right of upper riparian states to enjoy the resources present within its territory as it imposes an obligation on them to not alter the nature of water. Indirectly it leads to stoppage of usage of water resources by upper riparian states and compromising with their liberty. Since this theory is biased towards lower riparian states it is far from practice. The fact that is to be considered is that some states share status of both, upper riparian states as well as lower riparian states. In these circumstances it is difficult to analyse the status of the each state.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;3. Limited Territorial Sovereignty&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The above two theories were focused towards uplifting individual interest which lead to many dispute between states. Contrary to the above two theories, there was a need for a doctrine which collectively supports both the riparian states. This lead to the evolution of Limited Territorial Sovereignty Theory. This theory holds that the state can exploit the resources flowing through its territory, only to that extent that it does not interfere with the rights vested with the neighbouring states to use the resources. Limited territorial sovereignty is an international law analogue of the Roman law maxim &ldquo;sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas&rdquo; which means use your property so as not to injure that of another.&rdquo;[3]This theory is also called as Equitable Utilisation Theory. Here the sovereignty of each state is limited so as to not to cause significant harm to others. In Lake Lanoux Arbitration,[4]it was held that, any state in exercise of its sovereignty over the resources should be subjected to the correlative duty of not injuring the interest of neighbouring states.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Stockholm Declaration&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In 1972, the UN sponsored the First Global Conference on the Environment in Stockholm. In this Declaration, the Stockholm Conference parties set forth 26 principles that addressed the major environmental concerns and established global approach to the problems of environment protection.[5]According to the principles of Stockholm, the states have the right to exploit their own resources but the states must ensure that &ldquo;activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to other states or areas beyond their limits&rdquo;[6]. This is also called as &ldquo;No Harm Rule&rdquo;. On the other hand it affirms that states should cooperate in developing international law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused.[7]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Partly as a result of the Stockholm Conference, the United Nations General Assembly created UNEP,[8] a specialized subsidiary organ of the United Nations(UN) that coordinates environmental protection activities for UN as whole. Their main functions include gathering information on environmental problems, find solutions for the same, and funding chosen environmental protection programs. UNEP plays a lead role in formation of international environmental law, and sponsored major international environmental agreements including the Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;World Character for Nature&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The World Charter sets forth environmental principles. These principles focus on the importance of incorporating the UN Charter principles into the law and practice of each state. Out of all principles, Principle 21 is of particular importance. It provides that the states and other entities shall cooperate between themselves in order to conserve nature, establish and maintain the standards of manufacturing processes which has adverse effects on nature, ensure that their own activities do not harm the natural systems of other jurisdictions and to safeguard the environment.[9]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Draft Articles on State Responsibility&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The International Law Commission (ILC) has drafted various articles focusing on the state responsibility and liability for transboundary pollution and environmental damages and managing chemical, hazardous and nuclear wastes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;The Rio Declaration&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Principle 2 of Rio Declaration is a revision of Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration which is the no harm rule. It says that, states have sovereign right to exploit their own resources but in addition to that it has the responsibility to not cause harm to other states. There are number of other concepts that address problems associated with transboundary pollution present in Rio Declaration viz., liability and compensation for pollution victims (Principle 13), notification of environmental emergencies and disasters (Principle 18), consultation of states regarding transboundary effects of proposed activities (Principle 19).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Helsinki Rules and Berlin Rules&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;These rules were developed by the International Law Association(ILA), for codification of International Water law. Article X and Article XI speaks about the liability of the state to prevent water pollution and take all reasonable measures to abate existing water pollution, and in case of violation of the rule the state should the neighbouring state like it did in Sandoz Spill Case.[10]The Helsinki Rules were completely revised in 2004, which has resulted in the Berlin Rules on Water Resources, 2004. These rules consists of provisions for improving cooperation between states.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;United Nation Convention&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It has adopted the principle of equitable and reasonable use in Article 5 use of resources. This convention emphasizes the concern over changes in the Earth&rsquo;s climate. In 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, a Protocol was adopted that held states bound to meet certain timetables in reducing emissions by 2012.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Convention on Long Range Trans Boundary Air Pollution 1979&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;This convention was adopted in Geneva. The purpose of this is to limit, reduce and prevent air pollution. In addition to this there are other specific protocols like Sulphur Emission Protocol and Nitrogen Oxide Protocol which deals with the limitations to the emissions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Agenda-21&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is a program of action for sustainable development and environmental preservation. It includes set of priorities viz., achieving sustainable growth, fostering an equitable world, making the world habitable, encouraging efficient resource use, protecting global and regional resources and managing chemical, hazardous and nuclear wastes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Due Diligence in International Environmental Law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The obligation to prevent significant transboundary harm is generally recognized as due diligence and is evolving principle of international law. Due diligence is an important concept for dealing with issues concerning environment.[11]Due diligence looks to that whether the states have complied with its obligations and standards. However these obligations and standard will vary depending upon the circumstances. Article 3 of the Draft Articles on Prevention of Transboundary Harm From Hazardous Matters says that the state has a duty to prevent significant transboundary harm. [12]The International Court of Justice(ICJ) imposes an obligation on the state to not knowingly allow its territory to be used for the acts contrary to the rights of other states. This was held in Corfu Channel Case.[13]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Principle 15 of Rio Declaration deals with Precautionary Principle. It mandates that when there is a threat of significant loss of Bio diversity, it is preferable to control that activity rather than waiting for transboundary harm to occur. The states must cooperate to avoid adverse effect on other states this may be done by impact assessment. In Pulp Mills case.[14]the ICJ found the requirement to conduct transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA). This assessment will ascertain the consequences of the project and based on this the state will decide whether to bring up the project or drop it. Any proposed activity likely to have adverse effect on environment must undertake environmental impact assessment.[15]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;International Law has expanded to consider environmental aspects. The laws relating to transboundary harm strives at preventing exploitation of resources by neighbouring state. These laws are necessary in order to maintain harmonious relation between the states. Due diligence is the evolving principle of international law as it aims to prevent transboundary harm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Submitted by :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Diksha M. Kambli&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[1] P. Ishwara Bhat, &rdquo;Inter-State and International Water Disputes, First Edition, (Lucknow:Eastern Book Company,2013) pg no &ndash; 157.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[2] Trail Smelter Case (United States v. Canada), 3 RIAA 1905 (1941).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[3] https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C14/E1-36-02-02.pdfaccessed on 23-01-2020.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[4] (Australia v. France), 12 R.I.A.A. 281 (1957).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[5] Linda A. Malone, &rdquo;Emanuel law outlines: Environmental law&rdquo;, Fourth Edition, (Netherlands : Wolters Kluwer&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law and Business, 2010) pg. no &ndash; 206.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[6] Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration, 1972.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[7] Principle 22 of Stockholm Declaration, 1972.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[8] United Nations Environmental Programme 1972.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[9] World Charter for Nature 1982.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[10] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-009-0156-yaccessed on23-01-2020.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[11] file:///C:/Users/FRONTLINE/Desktop/Downloads/laws-07-00036.pdfaccessed on 23-01-2020&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[12] Supranote 11.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[13] (United Kingdom v. Albania), 1949 I.C.J 4.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[14] Argentina v Uruguay ICJ GL No 135, [2006].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;[15] Principle 17 Rio Declaration 1992.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd1d92a757bade45e12807539ff1e3782.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:58:29', '2021-01-26 04:08:42'),
(145, 'tFVntWOlMygnA8HtPUk22cVJQ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Three State Organs in 1950 and 2020 – Losses and Gains.  Mr. B.V. Acharya Senior Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;Three State Organs in 1950 and 2020 &ndash; Losses and Gains.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h5 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. B.V. Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;img src=&quot;http://dakshalegal.com/beta/uploads/articles/a308555937f9049e65eecbd02cae5345.PNG&quot; alt=&quot;Article Image&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.875rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;Constitution of India is hailed as one of the best federal Constitutions in the World. It has adopted parliamentary system of Government based on British model. It provides for three organs of the State viz., Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. It recognize separation of powers, though not with all rigidity. The Constitution has specified the powers, duties and responsibilities of each of the organs. Though each of the organs is equal; by its very nature, functions and power, the judiciary occupies a pre-eminent position. It has the responsibility to see that the other two organs function within the sphere earmarked to them under the Constitution. It has the power to invalidate any legislative or executive action if the same is unauthorized. However, if the judiciary and in particular the Supreme Court acts in excess of authority, there is no remedy available.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Since the Constitution has been in force for the last 70 years, it may be worthwhile to consider the relative status and powers of these organs as it existed&amp;nbsp; at the commencement of the Constitution and as on today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Legislature Let us first consider the position of the Legislature. By legislature, I mean the parliament, as there is not much of a change so far as State legislatives are concerned. Under the Constitution, the Parliament is empowered to legislate on subjects earmarked in List-I (Central List) and List-III (concurrent List). There has been no noticeable change in the power of the parliament in this regard.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;However, in addition to the power to legislate as stated above, the parliament is also authorized to amend the Constitution as provided by Article 368 of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp; Soon after the coming into force of the Constitution the parliament and State legislatures had enacted certain legislations by way of Land Reforms as also providing for reservation in service and admission to educational institutions for schedule castes and tribes and other backward classes. As these enactments were invalidated&amp;nbsp; by the judiciary as unconstitutional being violative of fundamental rights, the parliament with a view to validate them, brought about constitutional amendments.&amp;nbsp; These amendments to the Constitution were unsuccessfully challenged as the Supreme Court upheld the power of the parliament to amend the Constitution without any limitation on such power.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This position continued till about the year 1967 when, for the first time Supreme Court in the case of Golaknath ruled that the parliament had no power to amend Part-III of the Constitution which provided for Fundamental Rights. In the year 1973, in the case of Keshavananda Bharathi Vs State of Kerala (1973 (4) SCC 225) 13 Judge Bench of the Supreme Court considered the question of validity of the Kerala Land Reforms Act as also certain Constitutional Amendments effected by the parliament. The correctness or otherwise of the decision of the Court in Golaknath&rsquo;s case also came up for consideration. The controversy in the case centered round the power of the parliament to amend the Constitution. For the petitioners it was contended that the power of the parliament to amend the constitution was not unlimited and that there were implied limitations on such power.&amp;nbsp; The plea forcefully put forth was that the power does not include authority to amend the constitution which alters the basic structure / framework of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp; Respondents strongly refutedthis contention and urged that the power to amend conferred by Article 368 is without any limitation or restriction, and implying any such limitation will be doing violence to the language employed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The court after hearing the matters for about 68 days delivered a split verdict. Seven out of 13 judges (forming the majority) ruled in favour of the petitioners and held that the power does not empower the parliament to effect such amendment which will alter the basic structure of the constitution. It in fact also struck down latter part of Section 31-C (which precluded judicial review of legislationwhich was enacted in furtherance of any of the directive principles of State Policy) on the ground that it altered the basic structure of the constitution as power of judicial review is part of it. Six of the Judges, however, strongly maintained that the power of the parliament to amend any part of the constitution is without any limitation or restriction and that it is a constituent power vested with the parliament. Naturally majority decision angered the executive so much that soon thereafter the Government deviating from the convention, passed orders appointing Justice A.N.Ray as the Chief Justice of India, superseding 3 judges senior to him viz., Justice J.M.Shelat, Justice K.S.Hegde and Justice A.N.Grover. This decision of the Government evoked strong protest from the public and in particular legal fraternity. The three superseded judges resigned, which had no effect on the firm decision of the Government.&amp;nbsp; After Justice A.N.Ray assumed office of the Chief Justice of India an attempt was made to get the majority decision in Keshavananda Bharati case reviewed and a 13 judge was constituted for the said purpose.&amp;nbsp; However, the attempt proved futile on account of strong objection by team of Advocates led by late Sri N.A.Palkhivala and on the second day,&amp;nbsp; as hearing of the review was in progress, the Chief Justice of India simply dissolved the Bench without any formal order.&amp;nbsp; Thus the majority view in Keshavananda&rsquo;s case became law of the land and continues to be so even now.&amp;nbsp; Yet another attempt to curtail Supreme Court&rsquo;s power of judicial review was thwarted by the judgment in Minerva Mills case. The net result is, the power of parliament to amend the constitution stood restricted and subsequently few amendments also stood invalidated on the basis of doctrine of basic structure.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Though purely on a point of law the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Keshavananda was considered erroneous by a section of the legal experts, the public in general welcomed the decision as it was felt that such a check on the power of the parliament to amend the constitution was quite necessary and imperative. It is widely believed that, but for this decision, by now the parliament would have amended the constitution many times and to such an extent that to-day we would not have had this constitution. In fact this decision virtually saved the constitution and in-turn the country. To-day we have this constitution only because of the decision in Keshavananda Bharati.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;For the purpose of this articles, suffice it to say that w.e.f. 1973 parliament was deprived of its very important power of amendment of the constitution without any limitation on account of the decision in Keshavananda Bharati.&amp;nbsp; This is a case of loss of power of parliament and gain for the judiciary as will be explained later.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '817c6edece32c8c6e7a79d576373d7de.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 23:50:50', '2021-01-26 03:47:07');
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(117, 'mNBm2hhSUxFsrBHycnSlFzLFd', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Geneva Conventions a brief note.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What are the Geneva Conventions?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;The Geneva Conventions (and their Additional Protocols) are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the barbarity of war. They protect people do not take part in the fighting (civilians, medics, aid workers) and those who can no longer fight (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war).&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What are the rules of war?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The rules of war, or international humanitarian law (as it&#039;s formally known) are a set of international rules that determine what can and cannot be done during an armed conflict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The main purpose of international humanitarian law (IHL) is to maintain some humanity during conflicts, saving lives and reducing suffering.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Is everybody obliged to follow the rules of war?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Yes, IHL is universal. The Geneva Conventions, which are central to IHL, have been ratified by 196 States. Very few international treaties have this level of support.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Moreover, everyone fighting a war needs to respect IHL, that means governmental forces and non-State armed groups.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What happens if you break the rules of war?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A State responsible for IHL violations must make full reparation for the loss or injury it has caused. Serious violations of IHL are war crimes. Individuals responsible for these crimes can be investigated and prosecuted.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Who enforces the rules?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;States can enforce the rules through their national legal systems, diplomatic channels or international dispute resolution mechanisms. War crimes can be investigated and prosecuted by any State or, in certain circumstances, by an international court. The United Nations can also take measures to enforce IHL. For example, the Security Council can compel States to comply with their obligations or establish a tribunal to investigate breaches.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Why is torture not okay if it elicits life-saving information?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Torture and other forms of ill-treatment are absolutely prohibited everywhere and at all times. States have agreed that there can be no excuse for torture. Experts also question the effectiveness of torture in terms of the quality of information obtained. The suffering caused by such practices may have profoundly disturbing effects on victims that can last for years.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Is it illegal to bomb a civilian neighbourhood during wartime?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Over the last century, armed conflicts have been increasingly fought in populated areas. It&#039;s illegal to intentionally target civilians and civilian objects such as houses. All sides must, as much as possible, avoid locating military targets in or near population centres. If an attack is expected to cause &quot;incidental civilian damage&quot; that is excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated, then the attack must not take place.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;If armed groups are using a hospital or school as a base to launch attacks or store weapons, are those places then a legitimate military target?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The laws of war prohibit direct attacks on civilian objects, like schools. They also prohibit direct attacks against hospitals and medical staff. That said, a hospital or school may become a legitimate military target if it contributes to specific military operations of the enemy and its destruction offers a definite military advantage for the attacking side.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;What does IHL say about refugees?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Refugees are people who have crossed an international border and are at risk or have been victims of persecution in their country of origin. People can become refugees for many different reasons, including reasons related to armed conflict. IHL generally protects refugees in the same way as other civilians who are affected by armed conflict. Some of these rules are adapted for refugees in order to reflect their particular vulnerability in the absence of protection by their State of nationality. IHL also protects persons who have not crossed an international frontier, but have, for whatever reason, also fled their homes. They&#039;re usually referred to as &quot;internally displaced persons.&quot; Under IHL, people are protected from and during displacement as civilians, provided they do not take a direct part in hostilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;If I&#039;m a detainee and I&#039;m tortured, how can I seek legal recourse?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As said above, torture and other forms of ill treatment are absolutely prohibited. When committed in the context of armed conflict, they constitute a war crime, which may be punished by a national or international court. People who have suffered torture may seek recourse against the responsible authority within their domestic legal system or by making a complaint to a competent human rights tribunal or human rights body.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;How does IHL respond to the use of autonomous weapons like robots and drones?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;IHL limits the right of parties to develop and use new means or methods of warfare like these. Whether or not a particular autonomous weapon is lawful depends on how it works and whether it can be used in a way that complies with international law, for example the requirement to distinguish between combatants and civilians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Are (so-called) &quot;terrorist&quot; groups accountable under the rules of war?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Organizations designated as &quot;terrorist&quot; are bound by IHL if they are organized armed groups engaged in armed confrontations of a certain intensity with another organized armed group or a State. In situations of armed conflict, IHL must be observed by all parties. When the situation of violence does not amount to an armed conflict, IHL does not apply to the armed group but the individual members of the organization remain accountable under applicable national law.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Why can&#039;t I imprison or kill the family of a terrorist after s/he has attacked my community?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A person must not be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. IHL reflects this principle by prohibiting collective punishment and reprisals against civilians. Civilians are protected against attack, unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;How does IHL determine what is and isn&#039;t acceptable in time of war? Who are the people making these decisions?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;IHL is developed by States through codification in legally binding documents or State practice. These two processes often overlap, and sometimes they are influenced by others such as the ICRC, international organizations or non-government organizations. This process continues today as the international community responds to new challenges.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;States and armed groups break the rules of war all the time. Why and how exactly is IHL still relevant?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The instances where IHL is violated receive far greater attention than the consistency with which IHL is respected and applied. In many ways, the fact that compliance is unremarkable demonstrates the effectiveness of IHL in shaping parties&#039; behaviour. Unfortunately, the violations are still too frequent, which is why States and the ICRC are working on strengthening compliance with IHL.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Geneva Conventions came about at a time when war was fought between States. Today the majority of conflicts involve non-State armed groups as well. How has IHL kept up with the changing nature of conflict?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The rules of war contain fundamental principles that can be applied to new situations as they arise. States and other international actors work on developing the law as the need arises, for example when States agreed Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions in 1977, providing more detailed rules for conflicts involving non-State armed groups. Rules can also develop over time as customary international law.&lt;/h4&gt;', 'a2f72cfeb60dcc2338b883fc766c9685.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 22:59:27', '2021-01-26 04:08:03'),
(118, 'BBcUaJrcbJZeLX6P67ZNaRTqe', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'What is Fractional Reserve Banking.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What is &ldquo;Fractional-Reserve Banking ?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fractional-reserve banking is the practice whereby a bank accepts deposits, makes loans or investments, but is required to hold reserves equal to only a fraction of its deposit liabilities. Reserves are held as currency in the bank, or as balances in the bank&#039;s accounts at the central bank.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It allows banks to act as financial intermediaries between borrowers and savers, and to provide longer-term loans to borrowers while providing immediate liquidity to depositors (providing the function of maturity transformation).&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;To explain the idea behind fractional reserve banking, we first have to consider its opposite: 100 percent reserve banking. In this system banks are required to hold all deposits as reserves. To give an example, let&rsquo;s assume we have an economy with a money supply of Rs. 2,000 crores. In this economy, the first ever bank just opened, we&rsquo;ll call it the Super Safe Bank. This bank is only a depository institution. That means, it accepts deposits, but it does not give out any loans. By keeping all deposits in its vault (i.e. as reserves) the bank provides its customers with a safe place to keep their money. Nothing more, and nothing less.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Fractional Reserve Banking - For the sake of the example, let&rsquo;s now assume that Super Safe Bank has Rs. 2,000 crores in its vault. Most of this money is just sitting there idle. Of course, there must always be some reserves for customers who want to make a withdrawal. However, if the flow of withdrawals is roughly the same as the flow of new deposits, is not necessary for the bank to keep all deposits as reserves. Instead, it can use some of them to make loans to people who need money (e.g. to buy a house, a new car, or go to university). This is what we call fractional reserve banking.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In most countries, the fraction of total deposits the banks need to keep as reserves (i.e. the reserve ratio) is regulated by the government and/or bank policies. Let&rsquo;s assume that Super Safe Bank is required to keep 10 percent of all deposits (i.e. Rs. 200 crores) as reserves, it can use the remaining 90 percent Rs. 1800 crores to make loans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The problem comes when there are large changes in the rates of borrowing&hellip; Imagine for a moment a period in which there was great enthusiasm for borrowing, say for example in the years running up to a housing bubble. People are borrowing like crazy because they think that house prices can only ever go up.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Dangers: The fact that reserves are a fraction of total liabilities means that problems can arise when a large number of depositors suddenly ask for their money back and banks are unable to get their hands on enough cash to meet demand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;This is either because of a liquidity crisis (assets can&rsquo;t be converted into cash quickly enough), a solvency problem (assets aren&rsquo;t worth enough), or a combination of the two. If that happens banks face going out of business unless the central bank helps them with cash.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Banks in Britain and Europe have typical reserve ratios as low as 3%, so even a small loss of confidence can threaten their survival. While central bank intervention as &lsquo;lender of last resort&rsquo; can solve the problem, it also creates moral hazard (because it shields banks from the consequences of unwise loans).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Advocate&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '72ffa2c65d1258ad31f92ac491412e9a.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 23:00:07', '2021-01-26 04:07:40'),
(120, 'kzTXeKzhJkUovS6svpOQREu4I', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'How President of USA is elected.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore.', '&lt;div class=&quot;kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px;&quot; segoe=&quot;&quot; ui=&quot;&quot; historic&quot;,=&quot;&quot; &quot;segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; helvetica,=&quot;&quot; arial,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;=&quot;&quot; color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(228,=&quot;&quot; 230,=&quot;&quot; 235);=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 15px;=&quot;&quot; background-color:=&quot;&quot; rgb(36,=&quot;&quot; 37,=&quot;&quot; 38);&quot;=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;1. The election of the President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a set of members of the U.S. Electoral College. These electors then cast direct votes for the President and Vice President. If both votes result in an absolute majority, the election is over. If a majority of electors do not vote for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if a majority of electors do not vote for Vice President, the Senate votes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;2. Presidential elections occur quadrennially on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The 2016 U.S. presidential election is scheduled for November 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;3. The process is regulated by a combination of both federal and state laws. Each state is allocated a number of Electoral College electors equal to the number of its Senators and Representatives in the U.S. Congress. Additionally, the District of Columbia is given a number of electors equal to the number held by the least populous state. U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;4. Under the U.S. Constitution, each state legislature is allowed to designate a way of choosing electors. Thus, the popular vote on Election Day is conducted by the various states and not directly by the federal government. In other words, it is really an amalgamation of separate elections held in each state and Washington, D.C. instead of a single national election. Once chosen, the electors can vote for anyone, but &ndash; with rare exceptions like an unpledged elector or faithless elector &ndash; they vote for their designated candidates and their votes are certified by Congress, who is the final judge of electors, in early January. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. The presidential term then officially begins on Inauguration Day, January 20 (although the formal inaugural ceremony traditionally takes place on the 21st if the 20th is a Sunday).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The nomination process, consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions, was never specified in the Constitution, and was instead developed over time by the states and the political parties. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;6. The primary elections are staggered generally between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. This too is also an indirect election process, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party&#039;s nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party&#039;s presidential nominee. Each party&#039;s presidential nominee then chooses a vice presidential running mate to join with him or her on the same ticket, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election. Thus, the entire modern presidential campaign and election process usually takes almost two years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;text from Wikipedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'dbb43e6da194f36aba77929a4048fa03.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-01 23:07:06', '2021-01-26 04:06:53'),
(141, 'af4LKcfgFeICL1S2z9gBPcKjZ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Why Constitutional Court Judges are called Justice?.  Shri. Shivarudra Swamiji Belimutt Bangalore ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;We use words &ldquo;Judge&rdquo; and &ldquo;Justice&rdquo; while addressing judges of trial courts and constitutional courts respectively.&amp;nbsp; Many of us do not know the exact reason for addressing them as such. Judges of Constitutional Courts are addressed with a prefix &lsquo;Justice&rsquo; even after their retirement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The article &ldquo;The History, Meaning and Use of the Words Justice and Judge&rdquo; by Jason Boatright, published in St. Mary&rsquo;s Law Journal explains the terms Judge and Justice as follows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The similarities and differences between justices and judges are not just matters of title or courtesy, they are also important matters of law. A justice of a final court of appeal might make new law through a judicial decision, while another justice might consider this an unconstitutional usurpation of legislative power.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;During the birth centenary celebrations of former Chief Justice D.M. Chandrashekar on 26 September 2020 organised by Basava Samithi,&amp;nbsp; Shri. Shivarudra Swamiji of Belimutt, Bangalore&amp;nbsp; gave a new and beautiful dimension to this prefix &lsquo;Justice&rsquo;.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Judges who discharge their duties in trial courts are often constrained by legislation, rules and precedents of higher courts. They decide lis between parties. However, a Constitutional Court Judge travels beyond these shackles to do complete justice to parties. The vision and aim of Constitutional Court Judge is to do justice no matter what. This is why they are called &lsquo;Justice&rsquo;. They are not bound by constraints. They are the very embodiment of the concept of Justice. This noble work undertaken by them does not stop with their retirement. They continue to do justice in all walks of life by enlightening the general public and bringing changes in society. The oath they take at the time of their appointment continues till they meet their Creator. In this way, they are Justices for life. This is why we call them &lsquo;Justice&rsquo;&rdquo; even after their retirement&rdquo; &ndash; Swamiji said.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The words justice and judge have similar meanings because they have a common ancestry. They are derived from the same Latin term, jus, which is defined in dictionaries as &ldquo;right&rdquo; and &ldquo;law.&rdquo; However, those definitions of jus are so broad that they obscure the details of what the term meant when it formed the words that eventually became justice and judge. The etymology of jus reveals the kind of right and law it signified was related to the concepts of restriction and obligation. Vestiges of this sense of jus survived in the meaning of justice and judge.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Although justice and judge have similar meanings rooted in a shared ancestry, they are not quite the same. There are two reasons for this. First, they are constructed from the addition of different Latin suffixes to jus, and those suffixes had different meanings. Second, justice and judge entered the English language at different times; people began to use the word justice when England&rsquo;s legal system was different from how it was when they started to use judge. Centuries ago, these two facts combined to make justice refer to one who embodies the law and judge to mean one who speaks the law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;There are more similarities than differences between the words justice and judge, but the differences are important. For example, justices may insist they are not judges, and judges sometimes correct people who call them justices. These distinctions can be difficult to keep straight. Trial and intermediate appellate court judges in most states and in the federal judicial system are called judges, while those on the highest courts are justices. But that is not the case in New York, where some trial judges are known as justices, or in Texas, where intermediate appellate judges are called justices, and some of the highest court judges are judges.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Though the above explanation sounds logical, Swamiji&rsquo;s explanation gives a new dimension imposing a larger social responsibility on the Constitutional Court Judges during and after their tenure. They continue to be torchbearers. If we look at the lives of Justice D.M. Chandrashekar and Justice Billappa of Karnataka High Court after their retirement, it is not very difficult to perceive the words of Swamiji in the right perspective.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal &ndash; raj@dakshalegal.com&lt;/h4&gt;', 'f128c248961ff843e8b495606719e8fc.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 19:12:26', '2021-01-26 03:49:13');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(159, '73yik4WBOMJum4U8rfkbjyiRg', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hindu Succession Act. Section 6. From State Amendments to Vineeta Sharma decision. ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. The recent judgment of the Supreme Court in Vineeta Sharma vs Rakesh Sharma decided on 11 August, 2020, has cleared many confusions and doubts. Importantly, many pending disputes have been resolved in the Mega Lok-Adalat conducted by the Karnataka State Legal Services Authority on 19 December 2020 on the basis of this judgment. This article which is in continuation of my earlier Article published on www.livelaw.in&amp;nbsp; on 23 October 2019, titled &ldquo;Amended Section 6 of Hindu&amp;nbsp; Succession Act&amp;nbsp; Cauldron&amp;nbsp; of&amp;nbsp; confusions&rdquo;, (web link to the publication - https://www.livelaw.in/columns/amended-section-6-of-hindu-succession-act-cauldron-of-confusions-149178 makes an effort to analyse the legal position starting from the State Amendments to Vineet Sharma latest judgment. The article mainly focuses on Mitakshara School of Hindu Law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Shastric and customary law, varying from region to region, governed Hindus prior to 1956. Under the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law, woman in a joint Hindu family had merely a right of maintenance/sustenance but had no right of inheritance to property. Common male ancestor was the basis. The family properties were held as a coparcenary. Male members of the family had right to the property by virtue of birth. Their interest in the coparcenary property would keep varying depending upon the death or a birth of a male in the joint Hindu Family. The property of a male coparcener on his death used to pass by survivorship in the Mitakshara School of Hindu Law. No female was a member of the coparcenary though, she was a member of the joint Hindu family. The coparcenary would normally consist up to four degrees i.e. the common ancestor (coparcener), his son, grandson and great grandson.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. The Constitution of India which came into force on 26 January 1950 removed discrimination against women and made equal treatment of women a part of the fundamental rights (Articles 14, 15(2) &amp;amp; (3) and 16). To achieve this objective, the Parliament enacted the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. However, the discrimination against women continued even under this Act since the Act did not provide any rights to the daughters in the coparcenary property. The only right of the daughter would be to get a notional share in the father&#039;s share in the coparcenary property that too after his death.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Section 6 retained substantially the Rule of survivorship. However, the proviso provided that if the deceased coparcener has any female relatives specified in Class I of the Schedule to the Act, then the property will devolve by succession. (The proviso is interpreted by the Supreme Court in Uttam v. Saubhag Singh, (2016) 4 SCC 68)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. State Amendments: The State Legislatures of Andra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu amended the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 in 1990 to bring gender equality. The Karnataka Amendment provided that the daughter of a coparcener shall by birth become a coparcener in her own right in the same manner as the son and have the same rights in the coparcenary property as she would have had if she had been a son inclusive of the right to claim by survivorship and shall be subject to the same liabilities and disabilities in respect thereto as the son (Section 6A). However, the section is inapplicable to a daughter married prior to or to a partition which had been effected before the Amendment Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. The Law Commission in its 174th report of May 2000 called for gender reforms taking note of the steps taken by Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. The resultant position was Act 39 of 2005 which came into force on 9 September, 2005 conferring the status of coparcener on the daughter by birth and share in the ancestral property. Married daughter were also included. However, the amendment excluded disposition or alienation including any partition or testamentary disposition of property which had taken place before the 20th day of December, 2004, the date of introduction of the Bill in Rajya Sabha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9. Effect of State amendments. One of the State amendments (Karnataka) came into force with effect from 30 July 1994. The Division Bench of the Karnataka High Court in Padmavathi and another vs Jayamma and others, Regular First Appeal 916/2014 decided on 15 May 2020 held that the State amendment holds the field from 30:7:1994 to 9:9:2005. The applicability of the Karnataka Amendment during this period is subject to limitations provided in the amendment itself. Learned single judge of the Karnataka High Court has in H.P. Chikkarama Reddy and another vs Kanthamma and others. Civil Revision Petition 431/2014 decided on 14 September 2020, held that even when the ancestral property was partitioned and sold prior to 2005 amendment, a suit for partition by daughter is maintainable under the 1994 Karnataka amendment. (The effect of Vineet Sharma judgment is discussed in the later paragraphs)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10. Immediately after the Central amendment, the question regarding prospective or retrospective operation of the amendment cropped up before few high courts. One set of argument was that in the absence of express provision or implied intention to the contrary, an amendment dealing with a substantive right is prospective and does not affect the vested rights. If a coparcener had died prior to the commencement of the Amendment Act, succession opens on the date of the death as per the prevailing provision of the succession law and the rights of the heirs get crystallised even if partition by metes and bounds does not take place and that the amendment cannot re-open the partition. The counter argument was that the amendment being piece of social legislation to remove discrimination against women in the light of 174th Report of the Law Commission, the amendment should be read as being retrospective.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11. The division bench of the Karnataka High Court in Pushpalatha N.V. v. V. Padma, ILR 2010 Kar 1484 took the view that the amendment is retrospective in its operation. The court held that the status of a coparcener is conferred on the daughter on and from the date of the commencement of the Amendment Act and the right is given to her by birth. However the Court said, to be eligible under the amended section, she must have born after 17:6:1956, the day on which the Act came into force. Therefore, the court said by substituted Section 6, the daughter of a coparcener in a Joint Hindu Family governed by Mitakshara Law has been conferred the status of a coparcener by birth and conferred same rights in the coparcener properties as she would have had if she had been a son. Simply put, the Karnataka High Court held that a woman is conferred with coparcener status by birth provided she was born after the Hindu Succession Act 1956 came into force. The Court also held that the woman would get a right in ancestral property &ldquo;on her own&rdquo; whether her father is alive in 2005 or not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12. The interpretation of the amendment came up for consideration before full bench of the Bombay High Court in Badrinarayan Shankar Bhandari and others vs Omprakash Shankar Bhandari decided on 14 August 2014. The Bombay High Court framed, inter alia, the following questions for consideration.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&quot;(a) Whether Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by the Amendment Act, 2005 is prospective or retrospective in operation?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(b) Whether Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by the Amendment Act, 2005 applies to daughters born prior to 17:6:1956?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(c) Whether Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as amended by the Amendment Act, 2005 applies to daughters born after 17:6:1956 and prior to 9.9.2005?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(d) Whether Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act,1956 as amended by the Amendment Act,2005 applies only to daughters born after 9:9:2005?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13. On question (a), the full bench held that, bearing in mind the words &#039;on and from commencement of the Hindu Succession Act, 2005&#039; found in Section 6, the rights under the amended Section 6 can be exercised by a daughter of a coparcener only after the commencement of the Amendment Act 2005. The Court held that the daughter who seeks to exercise such a right must herself be alive at the time when the Amendment Act, 2005 was brought into force. The court didn&rsquo;t make distinction between the daughter born before 1956 or after 1956.&amp;nbsp; The only requirement, the court held, is that when the Act is being sought to be applied, the person concerned must be in existence/ living.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;14. While the Karnataka High Court held that by substitution the amended provision is there in the principal Act from 1956 itself and that the daughter born after 1956 is conferred coparcener status &ldquo;retrospectively&rdquo; by birth, the Bombay High Court held that the daughter is conferred coparcener status only with effect from 9 September 2005. However, by construing the amended section &ldquo;retroactive&rdquo; in operation, the Bombay High Court held that the Amendment Act applies to daughters born even before 1956 provided daughter is alive on the date of coming into force of the Amendment Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;15. On questions (b), (c) and (d), the Bombay High Court held that the amended Section 6 applies to daughters born prior to 17 June 1956 or thereafter, provided they are alive on 9 September 2005 that is, on the date when the Amendment Act of 2005 came into force and that undisputedly the amended Section 6 applies to daughters born on or after 9:9:2005.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;16. On the interpretation of the proviso to section 6(1) (saving partitions of property which had taken place before the 20th December, 2004), Both Karnataka and Bombay High Courts relied on Ganduri Koteshwaramma v. Chakiri Yanadi, (2011) 9 SCC 788 that a preliminary decree determines the rights and interests of the parties and that the suit for partition is not disposed of by passing of the preliminary decree and that it is by a final decree that the immovable property of joint Hindu family is partitioned by metes and bounds.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;17. Another division bench of the Karnataka High Court in Phulvati vs Prakash (AIR 2011 Kar 78) followed the judgment in Pushpalatha N.V. v. V. Padma, ILR 2010 KAR 1484. This judgment was challenged before the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court rendered its judgment in Prakash v. Phulavati&amp;nbsp; (2016) 2 SCC 36 on 30 November 2015.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;18. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in Prakash v. Phulavati&amp;nbsp; (2016) 2 SCC 36 held that that the right conferred on a &ldquo;daughter of a coparcener&rdquo; is &ldquo;on and from the commencement of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005&rdquo;. The Court noticed absence of an express provision for giving retrospective effect to the amended provision. The Court held that the rights under the amendment are applicable to &ldquo;living daughters of living coparceners as on 9:9:2005&rdquo; irrespective of when such daughters are born. It also held that disposition or alienation including partitions which may have taken place before 20:12:2004 as per law applicable prior to the said date will remain unaffected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;19. The confusion. (i.e. till 2019). The subsequent judgment of the Supreme Court in Danamma v. Amar, (2018) 3 SCC 343 created confusion for, it granted share in ancestral property to a daughter under the amendment even though the father died in the year 2001. As a matter of fact, in the first paragraph itself the Supreme Court takes note of the fact that father Gurulingappa Savadi died in the year 2001 leaving the daughters. However, the Supreme Court granted share to daughters even in the ancestral properties. At the same time, the Supreme Court relies on Prakash v. Phulavati in paragraphs 21 and 23 with approval.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;20. Danamma vs Amar resulted in insinuations as though the earlier decision in Prakash v. Phulavati&amp;nbsp; was impliedly overruled. Several suits were instituted on behalf of daughters claiming right in ancestral properties though the father died much before 2005. Few suits were even decreed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;21. The judgment in Danamma v. Amar was later clarified in Mangammal v. T.B. Raju, (2018) 15 SCC 662. The Supreme Court in Mangammal declared that Prakash vs Phulvati would still hold precedent on the issue of death of coparcener for the purpose of right of daughter in ancestral property. Shortly put, the Supreme Court reiterated that only living daughters of living coparceners would be entitled to claim a share in the ancestral property.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;22. The declaration of law in Prakash vs Phulvati, the confusion created by Danamma v. Amar and the later clarification in Mangammal v. T.B. Raju was taken note of by the Delhi High Court while delivering judgment in RFA 301/2017. The High Court granted certificate of fitness to appeal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;23. The Supreme Court referred the issue to a larger bench in Vineeta Sharma vs Rakesh Sharma (2019) 6 SCC 164. It may be noted that all the three judgments aforesaid were rendered by the bench of two judges.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;24. The three judges bench of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court delivered the judgment in Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, (2020) 9 SCC 1 on 11 August 2020 holding that;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(i) The provisions contained in substituted Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 confer status of coparcener on the daughter born before or after the amendment in the same manner as son with same rights and liabilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(ii) The rights can be claimed by the daughter born earlier with effect from 9-9-2005 with savings as provided in Section 6(1) as to the disposition or alienation, partition or testamentary disposition which had taken place before the 20th day of December, 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(iii) Since the right in coparcenary is by birth, it is not necessary that father coparcener should be living as on 9-9-2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(iv) The statutory fiction of partition created by the proviso to Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 as originally enacted did not bring about the actual partition or disruption of coparcenary. The fiction was only for the purpose of ascertaining share of deceased coparcener when he was survived by a female heir, of Class I as specified in the Schedule to the 1956 Act or male relative of such female. The provisions of the substituted Section 6 are required to be given full effect. Notwithstanding that a preliminary decree has been passed, the daughters are to be given share in coparcenary equal to that of a son in pending proceedings for final decree or in an appeal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(v) In view of the rigour of provisions of the Explanation to Section 6(5) of the 1956 Act, a plea of oral partition cannot be accepted as the statutory recognised mode of partition effected by a deed of partition duly registered under the provisions of the Registration Act, 1908 or effected by a decree of a court. However, in exceptional cases where plea of oral partition is supported by public documents and partition is finally evinced in the same manner as if it had been effected by a decree of a court, it may be accepted. A plea of partition based on oral evidence alone cannot be accepted and to be rejected outrightly.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(vi) In view of the aforesaid discussion and answer, we overrule the views to the contrary expressed in Prakash v. Phulavati and Mangammal v. T.B. Raju. The opinion expressed in Danamma v. Amar is partly overruled to the extent it is contrary to this decision.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;25. Effect of Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, (2020) 9 SCC 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(i) Daughter of a coparcner, who is alive in 2005, can claim partition of coparcneray property whether her father is alive in 2005 or not.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(ii) Such claim is subject to conditions found in amended Section 6 as to the disposition or alienation, partition or testamentary disposition which had taken place before the 20th day of December, 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(iii) Though the amendment says that only registered partitions are recognised (to non-suit daughter), in exceptional cases where plea of oral partition is supported by public documents and partition is finally evinced in the same manner as if it had been effected by a decree of a court, it may be accepted. A plea of partition based on oral evidence alone cannot be accepted and to be rejected outrightly. To this extent, the Supreme Court has read down provisions of the amended section.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(iv) Since the amendment creates a vested right, the children of female coparcener can sue for partition if the daughter dies after 2005. (my interpretation)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;26. Effect of Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, (2020) 9 SCC 1 on State amendments:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Karnataka State amendment held the field from 30:7:1994 to 9:9:2005 (Padmavathi and another&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt; vs Jayamma and others, Karnataka High Court (supra). This view was taken relying on Prakash vs Phulvathi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;which gave prospective effect to amendment so far as a daughter whose father demised prior to 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In view of Vineet Sharma, the amendment holds the field retrospectively provided the daughter is alive in 2005.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;27. However, the State amendments assume significance if the State amendment had created a vested right in favour of daughters. This is explained as hereunder. Suppose a daughter was unmarried in 1994 when the State amendment came into force and she gets married in 1997. The coparcenary properties were not partitioned or alienated. She gets a right to sue for partition under the State amendment. However, she dies in 2003 leaving behind her, a son. Under the Central amendment no share could be allotted to her son since the right accrued only in 2005. However, if the State amendment conferred vested right in her, her son can sue for partition even after 2005 amendment relying on the State amendment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;28. There is a clear indication in the State amendment that the right conferred on a daughter is a vested right which can be enforced even after her death.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;29. Few questions:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Whether female coparcener who acquires ancestral property under the amended Section 6 takes it absolutely or whether her children also acquire a share in such property by survivorship and sue her for partition of such property?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Whether the coparcenary system continues even in female coparcener family.?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;On questions 1 and 2, there are indications to contend both ways i.e the female getting the property absolutely and also that her children getting share in such property by birth and sue her for partition of such property. The following extracts from the amendment support the view that the property acquired by the female under the amended Section 6 is available for partition in the hands of her children by survivorship&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(a) the daughter of a coparcener shall, by birth &ldquo;become a coparcener in her own right in the same manner as the son&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(b) have the same rights in the coparcenary property as she would have had &ldquo;if she had been a son&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(c) be subject to the &ldquo;same liabilities&rdquo; in respect of the said coparcenary property &ldquo;as that of a son&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(d) any property to which a female Hindu becomes entitled by virtue of&amp;nbsp; sub-section (1) shall be held by her &ldquo;with the incidents of coparcenary ownership&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;30. These words clearly indicate continuance of coparcenary system even female&rsquo;s family.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;31. One can invoke Section 14 of the Act to confer absolute right on the female in the ancestral properties acquired in a family partition as above said. However, the words &ldquo;notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, or any other law for the time being in force&rdquo;, may oust applicability of Section 14. The words &ldquo;as property capable of being disposed of her by testamentary disposition&rdquo; refers only to her share.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;32. A categorical declaration in this regard is needed. Several suits are already being filed by the children of female coparcener seeking partition. Few courts have dismissed such suits invoking Section 14. The issue has not reached any High Court so far.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '22a9a1559a66c2814cc8cb3ae857937a.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-09-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-01-05 01:06:57', '2021-02-24 21:23:19');
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(128, 'Y9IWluch8VVeotDor8QOFgBdT', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Panama Papers a brief note.  S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. What are the &#039;Panama Papers&quot;?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The &#039;Panama Papers&#039; are a set of confidential documents leaked from one of the biggest law firms of Panama - &#039;Mossack Fonseca&#039;. The Panama Papers provide information about thousands of offshore entities, identities of their shareholders and directors. It listed various world leaders, public officials, billionaires, celebrities, sports stars and politicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. How much data has been leaked and by whom?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; The leaked data consists of 11.5 Million Documents in around 2,600 GB taken from the Mossack Fonseca&#039;s internal database by one of its employees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; These documents were obtained by Sueddeutsche Zeitung, a daily newspaper headquartered in Munich, Germany. Sueddeutsche shared the Panama Papers with the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and other news outlets, including the BBC, the Guardian and the Indian Express.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Sueddeutsche mentioned that an employee at the law firm had leaked the data, telling the newspaper that he had risked his life in doing so.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. What does the Panama Papers reveal?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; The Panama Papers contain information on 2.15 lakhs offshore entities connected to people from more than 200 countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; The leaked data covers nearly 40 years period from 1977 through the end of 2015.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; It reveals the database of individuals who have set-up offshore entities through the Panama law firm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; These individuals are either holding direct ownership or indirect ownership (beneficial ownership) in the offshore entities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Some of the Indians have also floated offshore entities at a time when foreign exchanges laws of India did not allow them to do so.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. What is the authenticity of documents leaked?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ramon Fonseca, one of the co-founder of the Mossack Fonseca, confirmed the authenticity of the papers being used in articles published by more than 100 news organizations around the world. He told to one of the Panama&#039;s news channel that the documents are real and were obtained illegally through a hacking method.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Who is &#039;Mossack Fonseca&#039; and what is its role in this entire controversy?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Mossack Fonseca &amp;amp; Co. is a law firm and corporate service provider based in Panama with more than 40 offices worldwide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; It specializes in commercial law, trust services, investor advisory and international structures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; It provides services like incorporating companies in offshore jurisdictions, wealth management, private banking, accounting services, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; This law firm is one of the seven firms that collectively represent more than half of the companies incorporated in Panama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; It also provides assistance in transferring funds, buying property, setting-up trusts or signing agreements with entities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Mossack Fonseca plays a crucial role in incorporating entities in tax havens. It had incorporated 14,658 active companies in Panama till August, 2013 out of which 4,646 companies were incorporated without providing any information about their shareholders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. How entities incorporated in Panama provide secrecy about the beneficial owners?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Panama offers the most favorable and most flexible company incorporation laws available in the world. Private Interest Foundations are also available, and are one of the most widely used estate planning structures in the world today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Panama is the registered domicile for over 400,000 corporations &amp;amp; foundations, making it one of the most popular jurisdictions in the world to incorporate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Panama does not impose any reporting requirements for non-resident Panamanian corporations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Panama does not allow &quot;piercing the corporate veil&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Panamanian corporations share certificates can be issued in Nominative or Bearer form (anonymous form of ownership), with or without par value.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Panamanian Companies can have directors, officers and shareholders of any nationality and resident of any country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; The offshore entity in Panama need not appoint natural persons as directors or have individuals as shareholders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;h)&amp;nbsp; Neither the directors nor the officers of Panamanian corporations need to be shareholders. Meetings of directors, officers, and shareholders may be held in any country and accounting books may be kept in any country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;i)&amp;nbsp; It is not necessary for the interested parties to be present in Panama for the purpose of establishing a corporation. Corporations conducting business outside of Panama do not require a commercial license for offshore business activities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;j)&amp;nbsp; Registered Panamanian Agents offers its own executives to serve as shareholders or directors. Sometimes an intermediary law firm or a bank acts as a director or a nominee shareholder. So the real beneficiary remains hidden.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;k)&amp;nbsp; The registered agent provides an official overseas address, a mail box, etc., none of which traces back the entity to the beneficial owner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. What are the key advantages of incorporating a Panamanian Company?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; The incorporation process is fast and can be achieved in 3 days.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; The identity of the shareholders is not publicly available.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Nominee and bearer shares are allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; There are no currency restrictions although the US dollar is regularly used.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; The transfer of shares can be done freely, which facilitates the transmission of assets in a confidential manner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; The shareholders, directors and officers can be of any nationality and residents of any country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; Meetings can be held in Panama or in any jurisdiction, subject to tax advice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;h)&amp;nbsp; Accounts do not need to be held in Panama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. What are Panama foreign exchange rules?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Panama&#039;s circulating currency is the US Dollar, and Panama has no currency exchange controls or currency restrictions, so funds can flow in and out of the country freely.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Panama uses the U.S. dollar as its legal currency, instilling tremendous fiscal and monetary discipline while keeping inflation very low - under 2 percent for the last 40 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Panama has no restrictions on monetary remittances abroad, including dividends, interests, branch profits and royalties. No restrictions on funds flowing in or out of the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; A dollar economy insulates Panama from global economic shocks. During the Asian monetary crisis of 1998, Panama became one of the healthiest economies in Latin America.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9. How secure is banking infrastructure of Panama?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Panama is one of the most secure offshore financial center - where privacy and confidentiality is vigorously protected by constitutional law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Panama offers the best bank secrecy and corporate book secrecy laws in the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Panama has no provision for &quot;piercing the corporate veil&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Revealing banking information to third parties is a crime, punishable by prison.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Panama has no mutual legal assistance treaties (MLAT&#039;s) for sharing of banking information with any other nation and does not recognize court rulings from other countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Panama City is home to the second largest international banking center in the world next to Switzerland. Panama has the most modern and successful international banking center in Latin America, with more than 150 banks from 35 different countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; Approximately 150 international banks are located in Panama. Total assets in Panamanian banks are over US$150 billion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;h)&amp;nbsp; Some of the banks present in Panama&#039;s banking center are: Citibank, HSBC, Dresdner Bank, Bank of Tokyo, Bank of Boston, Banco Nacional de Paris, International Commercial Bank of China, Societe Generale, Banque Sudameris, BBVA, Banco Uno, Banco General, PriBanco, Banco del Istmo, Global Bank, MultiCredit Bank, PanaBank, ABN Amro, Banco Aliado, Banco Continental, BancoLat, BIPAN, Lloyds TLB Bank, Bank of Nova Scotia BIPAN, Bank of Nova Scotia, and much more.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10. Why an offshore company is incorporated in Panama or other tax havens?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Shell Companies are non-operational companies. These are legal entities having no independent operations, significant assets or employees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; It is not time consuming or expensive to establish anonymous shell corporation. Agents charge fees of $800 to $6,000 as upfront cost and an annual charge for formation of companies and other additional services such as nominee director arrangement or annual documentation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; The two big draws that offshore entities in jurisdictions such as British Virgin Islands, Bahamas, Seychelles or Panama offer are: secrecy of information relating to the ultimate beneficiary owner and zero tax on income generated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; In fact, in Panama individuals can ask for bearer shares, where the owner&#039;s name is not mentioned anywhere. Besides, it costs little or nothing to set-up an entity abroad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; The Registered Agent charges a few hundred dollars to incorporate an entity. It doesn&#039;t take much time to incorporate one either. Companies are available off-the-shelf and can be registered in a couple of days.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11. What is the purpose of creating &quot;Shell Companies&quot;?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Generally, Shell Companies are used to hide the real identity behind creators or buyers of assets. These are not established to pursue a legitimate business but to obscure the identity of beneficial owners.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;By utilizing an offshore company, it may be possible to secure a number of advantages. The motivations for individuals and corporations to utilize offshore planning and offshore companies include following:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Have low tax in the country of residence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Anonymity of the shareholders or directors so as to shield private assets from third parties.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; The compliance reporting requirements for offshore companies are limited, as most offshore shell companies are not required to file annual reports and accounts in the jurisdiction of the company formation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Registering an offshore company requires minimal capital, usually less than what is required for an onshore registration. In certain jurisdictions there is, in fact, no capital needed for registration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Offshore companies are regularly utilized to own property and real estate. In addition to confidentiality, the benefits and advantages they offer include exemption from certain types of taxes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Offshore companies are very often used for share or foreign exchange transactions. The main reasons being the anonymous nature of the transaction (the account can be opened under a company name) and little or no tax levied on profits made.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; Capital gains arising from the disposal of particular investments can be made without taxation. In the case of dividend payments, lower withholding taxes can be achieved through the use of a company incorporated in a zero or low tax jurisdiction that has double tax agreements with the contracting state.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;h)&amp;nbsp; Companies wishing to invest in countries where a double tax agreement does not exist between both countries can establish an intermediary company in a jurisdiction where there is a suitable treaty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;i)&amp;nbsp; Intellectual property including patents, trademarks and copyrights can be owned by, or assigned to an offshore company upon acquisition of the rights. The rights can then be franchised to companies around the world and the resultant income can be accumulated offshore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;j)&amp;nbsp; Individuals who provide professional services, such as consultants, entertainers, aviators, film executives, etc., can realize considerable savings by accumulating fees in offshore entities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;k)&amp;nbsp; Internet traders can use an offshore company to maintain a domain name and to manage internet sites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12. Is incorporating an overseas company allowed?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;RBI has permitted resident individuals to remit up to US$ 2, 50,000 abroad per year for any purpose under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS). Under LRS, Indian residents were permitted to acquire immovable properties or shares or any other asset outside India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the year 2010, RBI clarified that the LRS scheme only allows residents to purchase shares outside India and it does not allow setting-up a company abroad. Thus, companies incorporated abroad during this period were considered as having violated FEMA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;From 2013 onwards, RBI allowed a resident individual (single or in association with another resident individual or with an &#039;Indian Party&#039;) satisfying the prescribed criteria, to make overseas direct investment in the equity shares and compulsorily convertible preference shares of a Joint Venture (JV) or Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS) outside India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13. What is Liberalised Remittance Scheme?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme all resident individuals, including minors are allowed to freely remit up to USD 2,50,000 per financial year (April &ndash; March) for any permissible current or capital account transaction or a combination of both. If an individual remits any amount under LRS in a financial year, then the applicable limit for such individual would be reduced from USD 250,000 by the amount so remitted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Limit under LRS scheme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;YearLimit[2004]$25,000[2006]$ 25,000 to $50,000[2007] May$50,000 to $ 1,00,000[2007] September$100,000 to $ 2,00,000[2013]$ 2,00,000 to 75000[2013]$75000 to $125000[2015]$125000 to $ 2,50,000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;There are no restrictions on the frequency of remittances under LRS. However, the total amount of foreign exchange purchased from or remitted through all sources in India during a financial year should be within the cumulative limit of USD 2,50,000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Once a remittance is made for an amount up to USD 2,50,000 during the financial year, a resident individual would not be eligible to make any further remittance under this scheme, even if the proceeds of the investments have been brought back into the country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;14. What are the prohibited items under the LRS Scheme?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The remittance facility under the Scheme is not available for the following purposes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Remittance for any purpose specifically prohibited under Schedule I (i.e., purchase of lottery tickets, prohibited magazines, etc.) or any item restricted under Schedule II of FEM (Current Account Transactions) Rules, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Remittance from India for margins or margin calls to overseas exchanges/overseas counterparty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Remittances for purchase of FCCBs issued by Indian companies in the overseas secondary market.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Remittance for trading in foreign exchange abroad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Capital account remittances, directly or indirectly to countries identified by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) as &quot;non- cooperative countries and territories&quot;, from time to time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Remittances directly or indirectly to those individuals and entities identified as posing significant risk of committing acts of terrorism as advised separately by the Reserve Bank to the banks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;15. Can a person resident in India hold assets outside India?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; A person resident in India is free to hold, own, transfer or invest in foreign currency, foreign security or any immovable property situated outside India if such currency, security or property was acquired, held or owned by such person when he was resident outside India or inherited from a person who was resident outside India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Further, a resident individual can also acquire property and other assets overseas under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;16. Is it illegal to invest in foreign countries or acquire foreign assets?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Rule 3 of the FEM (Acquisition and Transfer of Immovable Property outside India) Regulations, 2000 restricts acquisition or transfer of immovable property outside India without general or special permission of the Reserve Bank.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;17. In which circumstances a person is allowed to invest in foreign companies or acquire foreign assets?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;An individual person resident in India may acquire immovable property outside India or invest in companies outside India:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; by way of gift or inheritance from prescribed persons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; by way of purchase out of foreign exchange held in Resident Foreign Currency (RFC) account maintained in accordance with the FEM (Foreign Currency Accounts by a Person Resident in India) Regulations, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A company incorporated in India having overseas offices may acquire immovable property outside India for its business and for residential purposes of its staff in accordance with the direction issued by the Reserve Bank of India from time-to-time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;As per Sec. 186 of the Companies Act, 2013, a company can&#039;t make investment through more than two layers of investment companies. However, a company can acquire any other company incorporated in a country outside India if such other company has investment subsidiaries beyond two layers as per the laws of such country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;18. What are offshore accounts?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Offshore bank accounts are located outside a person&#039;s country of resident, usually in a &#039;tax haven&#039; because of financial and legal advantages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Companies or trusts can be set-up in offshore locations for legitimate uses such as business finance, amalgamation or merger and tax planning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; However, these accounts are being used to avoid tax. The secrecy they provide make them attractive to corporates and high-income earning individuals who wish to conceal the sources of their funds or to evade payment of taxes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;19. Will regulators be interested in Panama Papers?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Non-disclosure of an overseas assets by resident individuals or companies or other legal entities will be of interest to Indian authorities and regulators.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Floating these companies could also violate following laws, individually or jointly:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Foreign Exchange Management Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Prevention of Money Laundering Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Prevention of Corruption Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Income-tax Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? SEBI Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;? Companies Act&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;20. How Panama Papers will be relevant under Anti-Black Money Act?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; With increased globalisation and economic liberalisation, there has been manifold increase in cross-border transactions. This has also resulted in increased opportunities for avoiding tax though use of tax havens. The main objective of the Anti-Black Money Act is to tax the undisclosed foreign income or asset of a person resident in India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; The Anti-Black Money Act came into force with effect from 01-07-2015. This Act is applicable to all persons resident in India (not being &#039;not ordinarily resident&#039;). This Act has been enacted to tax the foreign income and assets (including financial interest in any entity located outside India) of a resident individual which were not declared earlier to the tax authorities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; If information leaked in the Panama Papers provides evidence that Indian residents did not declare their foreign income or foreign assets in their return of income or under Voluntary Disclosure Scheme, they shall be taxed at a flat rate of 30%. The penalty for such suppression of income or asset shall be equal to 3 times of the amount of tax payable thereon. Further, there shall be rigorous imprisonment from 3 years to 10 years for such tax evasion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;21. What action can CBDT take on basis of these leaked documents against persons involved?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;If the persons named in the leaked documents have not disclosed their financial interest, income or assets in overseas entities, CBDT can take following action against them under Income-tax Act:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; A notice can be issued under Section 147 or Section 143(2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Survey under Section 133A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Search and seizure under Section 132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Can call for information under Section 133&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Imprisonment of minimum 6 months which can be extended to 7 years with fine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Penalty of 100% to 300% of tax evaded.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; Transfer pricing provisions can be invoked in case of under-invoicing or over-invoicing, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;22. When income or asset shall be deemed to be un-disclosed one?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;All ordinary residents filing return of income for the financial year 2011-2012 and subsequent years were required to disclose their foreign assets and income earned outside India, even though they were not liable to file their returns. If resident individuals have not disclosed the following information in their returns of income, it shall be deemed to be un-disclosed:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;a)&amp;nbsp; Details of income earned outside India&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;b)&amp;nbsp; Details of Foreign bank accounts and peak balance of that account.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;c)&amp;nbsp; Details of foreign interest in any entity with total investment in rupees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;d)&amp;nbsp; Details of immovable property with total investment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;e)&amp;nbsp; Details of concerns in which the person have signing authority&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;f)&amp;nbsp; Details of any other overseas asset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;g)&amp;nbsp; Details of trust in which individual is a trustee&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;23. Requirement to disclose the foreign assets to the RBI?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Annual return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (&#039;FLA&#039;) has been notified under FEMA 1999. It is mandatory to submit the returns by all the Indian companies which have received FDI and/or made overseas investment. Non-filing of the returns before due date will be treated as a violation of FEMA and penalty may be invoked for violation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Bangalore&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'b350384e1985a2bb9759b24b4f7b744e.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-02 20:58:26', '2021-01-26 04:05:52');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(139, 'JAmYCRxGAofhtcdoXaxfrSVvN', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A Study on Bitcoins.  Nithin Basavaraj', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Invention Of Bitcoins: Bitcoins was released as an open source software in the year 2009. The transactions takes place between users directly, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bitcoin was creation as a reward for the process called as Mining. (Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bitcoins are exchanged for other products and services globally. Bitcoins can also be used as investments.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;On 6 August 2010, a major vulnerability in the bitcoin protocol was spotted. Transactions were not properly verified before they were included in the blockchain, which let users bypass bitcoin&#039;s economic restrictions and create an indefinite number of bitcoins&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Commercial Use:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;User Anonymity:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bitcoin purchases are discrete. Unless a user voluntarily publishes his Bitcoin transactions, his purchases are never associated with his personal identity, much like cash-only purchases, and cannot be traced back to him. In fact, the anonymous Bitcoin address that is generated for user purchases changes with each transaction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;No Third-party Interruptions:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;One of the most widely publicized benefits of Bitcoin is that governments, banks and other financial intermediaries have no way to interrupt user transactions or place freezes on Bitcoin accounts. The system is purely peer-to-peer; users experience a greater degree of freedom than with national currencies.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Purchases Are Not Taxed:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Since there is no way for third parties to identify, track or intercept transactions that are denominated in Bitcoins, one of the major advantages of Bitcoin is that sales taxes are not added onto any purchases.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Very Low Transaction Fees:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bitcoin transactions have no intermediary institutions or government involvement, the costs of transacting are kept very low. This can be a major advantage for travellers. Additionally, any transfer in Bitcoins happens very quickly, eliminating the inconvenience of typical authorization requirements and waiting periods. Bitcoin users can pay for their coins anywhere they have Internet access. This means that purchasers never have to travel to a bank or a store to buy a product.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;No Paperwork:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anyone, from any country, of any age can accept Bitcoins within minutes.&amp;nbsp; There is no ID card, passport or proof of address that all conventional banks required to open an account.&amp;nbsp; All you need to do to start sending and receiving Bitcoins is to download a Bitcoin Wallet program and generate a Bitcoin Address.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Irreversible Transactions:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bitcoin is the only payment method that is 100% irreversible and cannot be charged back.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Quick and Cheap Transactions:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;When making a Bitcoin transfer the fees are extremely low compared to conventional methods of moving money.&amp;nbsp; Accepting credit cards will generally cost 3-5% of the transfer amount, which again is much more expensive than a Bitcoin transaction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Payment service providers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Merchants accepting bitcoin ordinarily use the services of bitcoin payment service providers such as BitPay or Coinbase. When a customer pays in bitcoin, the payment service provider accepts the bitcoin on behalf of the merchant, converts it to the local currency, and sends the obtained amount to merchant&#039;s bank account, charging a fee for the service.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criticism:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bitcoin has been criticized for the vast amounts of electricity consumed by mining. It has been estimated that annual consumption (as of 2017) was 23 terawatt hours, approximately the same as the country of Ecuador. Bitcoin is also criticised because it has never shown has a source of stable value and its price has been highly volatile and it hasn&rsquo;t yet established itself as a widely accepted transactions medium. It is also criticised for the lack of transaction reversals because there are pros and cons to the irreversible nature of bitcoin, but it should be pointed out that the possibility for refunds can be built on top of the base protocol. If someone wishes to pay an extra escrow fee to make sure that they can reverse a transaction after it has been sent, there is nothing stopping that platform from being built tomorrow.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bitcoins are Ponzi Scheme because it is a dishonest top-down approach where founders promise investors that they&rsquo;ll profit. The success of an investor in a Ponzi scheme comes at the expense of those who invest after them. In a Ponzi scheme early adopters rule the roost and it&rsquo;s a zero-sum game for the majority who proceed them. Also, bitcoins can be hacked.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Scandal on Bitcoins:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Bitstamp hacked&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The world&rsquo;s third largest bitcoin exchange amounting to 6% of all bitcoin transactions had to suspend its operations on January 5, 2015 after less than 19,000 bitcoins were stolen from operational bitcoin wallets were compromised resulting in a $5 million loss. The Slovenia based company reopened operations a week later with extra security processes in place. Similar incident was followed in February 2016 where there was a collpase of Mt Gox bitcoin exchange in Japan. The exchange folded after hackers allegedly breached its systems stealing about $450 million worth of bitcoins. The company filed for bankruptcy protection leading to investigators in both Japan and US to probe the incident.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Indian Ponzi Scandal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The case is centered around a new private startup called Webwork Trade Links, that launched in September last year, with the paid-up (cash for stock) capital of a relatively measly ?1 lakh, about $1,500. Four months later, the company&rsquo;s revenue had grown to ?260 crores, nearly $400 million, entirely from investors&rsquo; money. The money came in after the founders of Webwork launched Addsbook.com in October. Investors were promised rich rewards for clicking on advertisements posted on the website. More pointedly, the founders of the website had collected ?500 crore, nearly $775 million, from 200,000 &lsquo;investors&rsquo; over the same period. The accused founders reportedly purchased luxury automobiles, an Audi and a Mercedes Benz, for ?2 crores, about $310,000 According to the Times of India, the company bought bitcoin worth ?13 crores, approx. $2 million, for payments to those who saw their returns cut off.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Silk Route Founder Ross Ulbricht convicted&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31 year old Ross Ulbricht known by his online alias &ldquo;Dread Pirate Roberts&rdquo; and the man behind the now shut website Silk Road was convicted for his role in orchestrating a scheme that enabled around $200 million of anonymous online drug sales using bitcoins on the website.He was found guilty of charges including conspiracies to commit money laundering, computer hacking and drug trafficking. His appeal for a new trial was rejected by a federal judge in Manhattan this April.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Bitcoin Start-up Neo &amp;amp; Bee disappears&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A promising new bitcoin start-up based in Cyprus which came up with the idea of serving as a kind bitcoin bank mysteriously went under in March last year, a month after its conception and highly publicised launch. Its 28-year-old British born CEO Danny Brewster was served an arrest warrant for suspicion of fraud and is allegedly on the run.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Hong Kong&rsquo;s Mycoin shuts shop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hong Kong police arrested six people in connection with an alleged scheme by Mycoin investment company to defraud investors of at least HK$169 million ($21.8 million) after the&amp;nbsp; bitcoin trading platform suddenly collapsed in February this year. All arrested are still awaiting formal charges. According to a report by the South China Morning Post, the arrests followed after more than 50 clients claimed they were unable to withdraw funds from investment accounts. Another report said that under the alleged ponzi scheme, the victims were told that for every 90 bitcoins they bought through MyCoin, they would receive 219 a year later &ndash; more than double their return.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Current Status of Bitcoin:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The capital market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is planning to bring Initial Coin Offerings (ICO) under its existing legal framework. In recent times, popularity of crypto currencies has increased rapidly and number of entities looking at raising funds through ICO. Crypto currencies like bitcoin, ethereum and such offerings have been under government radar for long time. Even discussions were held between various regulatory bodies, including SEBI and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate crypto currencies. The RBI is of the view that these instruments are&amp;nbsp; securities and so SEBI should be the regulating body. But these crypto-currencies are neither &lsquo;commodities derivatives&rsquo; nor &lsquo;securities&rsquo; under Securities contract.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Union government has constituted a time-bound inter-disciplinary committee to come up with an action plan for dealing with virtual currencies so&amp;nbsp; as to fix the regulatory gaps in the existing framework governing virtual currencies. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has also cautioned the users, holders and traders of Virtual currencies about the potential financial, operational, legal and customer protection and security related risks through press releases in December 2013 and February 2017. The current value of Bitcoin is 617390.58 Rupees for 1 Bitcoin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Established in 2009 after the financial crash, Bitcoin is a worldwide cryptocurrency and digital payment system called as the first decentralized digital currency, as the system works without a central repository or single administrator. The word bitcoin first occurred and was defined in the white paper that was published on 31 October 2008. It is a compound of the words bit and coin. The white paper frequently uses the shorter coin. It was invented by an unknown person or group of people under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. Satoshi Nakamoto claimed to be a man living in Japan, born on 5 April 1975. As of 24 May 2017, Nakamoto is believed to own up to roughly one million bitcoins, with a value estimated at approximately $9 billion USD as of November 2017. He also owns an estimated one million Bitcoin Cash coins as on 1 August 2017. The identity of Nakamoto remains unknown, though many have claimed to know it.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', 'b26f51623300843898da467117503de2.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 18:17:12', '2021-01-26 03:50:11'),
(131, 'W810mzJ8ihYN6HJqgWChnp4lN', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A Brief Note on Real Estate Regulatory Act 2016.   Ms. Rahisha Sinan Intern Daksha Legal', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. The real estate regulatory act was brought in by the Union Parliament to regulate this sector. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The State Governments are liable to notify the Rules under this Act within a statutory period of six months which was stipulated in Section 84 of the Act.&amp;nbsp; Measures were brought in to bring in transparency and accountability to the real estate sector. The Act has brought in new features that primarily seek to protect the interest of the consumers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Real Estate Regulatory Authorities are to be set up in the state level to regulate commercial and residential transactions. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;The Regulatory Authorities must dispose of the complaint within 60 days and the Appellate Tribunals will adjudicate disputes within 60 days. The disputes are to be settled within 120 days.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Registration of Real Estate Projects. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;Mandatory registration of real estate projects where the land is over 500 sq. mt. or where there are more than eight apartments, was brought in through the Act. The registration of properties includes those properties that have not been completed or have not received its completion certificate. Developers cannot sell before registration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The application for registration must either be approved or rejected by the regulatory authority within 30 days from the date the application was filed. Failure to register with the regulatory authority will lead to a penalty of up to 10% of the project cost or three years imprisonment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In order to register a property, the builders are required to set aside 70% of the funds collected from buyers and place it in a separate bank account.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Penal Interest Rate.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; Builders and customers are now liable to pay interest in case of delay of completion of project or payment. This will ensure timely delivery of property to consumers and will ensure that developers are paid in due time. The penal interest rate will be determined by SBI&rsquo;s Marginal Cost of Lending Rate plus 2%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Pricing.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; A distinct feature of the Act is that builders can now only quote prices based on the carpet area, not the super-built up area which serves the interest of the buyers. The term &lsquo;carpet area&rsquo; has been defined in the Act as the usable area of an apartment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Developer&rsquo;s Duties and Liability. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;The liability of developers in case of structural defects has been increased from 2 years to 5 years. The Act has made it mandatory for developers to publicly disclose all the project details including project plan, its layout, government approvals, land title status, sub-contractors to the project, schedule for completion and so forth with the State Regulatory Authority. This information must then in effect be passed onto the buyers. Additionally, developers are handicapped from making any changes to a plan that has been sold. Changes may only be made after written consent is obtained from the buyer. In case of lack of after sales services, buyers have been given 1 year to approach the builders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. Mandatory Registration of Real Estate Agents&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Real estate agents who facilitate selling or purchase of properties must take prior registration from the regulatory authority in order to facilitate a transaction. Such agents will be issued a single registration number for each State or Union Territory, which must be quoted by the agent in every sale facilitated by him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. Impact on property transactions&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; The implication of the Act is a decline in the projects that were set up in the real estate sector. The Act has the potential to weed out those projects that do not meet the standards and requirements. Stringent measures enacted will ensure that the real estate sector is regulated.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A Cushman and Wakefield report discloses that project launches have declines 8% since RERA was enacted.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; Under RERA, all property brokers will have to register with real estate regulators in their states, thus sieving out the small-time players and consolidating major ones&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&bull; RERA has curbed the inflow of black money in the real estate sector by putting certain measures in place.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;Ms. Rahisha Sinan, Intern Daksha Legal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '511eabb9af2d65123b43111d04629538.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-02 21:30:50', '2021-01-26 04:05:18'),
(155, 'Gqk2b10CV4fPFAbOWbqLRCO9T', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Disguising Civil Disputes as Criminal offences. Mr. B.V. Acharya. Senior Advocate Bangalore.', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disguising civil disputes as criminal offences&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. B.V. Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://dakshalegal.com/beta/uploads/articles/a308555937f9049e65eecbd02cae5345.PNG&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. The judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Sai Kamal Shivaji Pokarnekar Vs State of Maharashtra in Crl.A.255/2019 (DD 12.02.2019) is likely to open floodgates for frivolous complaints which arise out of disputes purely of civil nature.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. It is true that a wrong may give rise to both civil and criminal liability and in such a case where offence under the penal law is clearly made out, a court cannot threw out a complaint merely on the ground that remedy by way of civil suit is available.&amp;nbsp; However, experience has shown that recently with the expansion of commercial activities, large number of criminal complaints are filed regarding disputes purely or predominantly of civil nature by camouflaging the same as criminal offence by clever drafting by legally trained persons.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Above decision of the Supreme Court has stated propositions of law so broadly that the courts may be compelled to entertain a complaint purely of civil nature, as the same has been drafted cleverly including therein all the ingredients of the alleged offence.&amp;nbsp; The Supreme Court has laid down the following direction:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;If the ingredients of the offence alleged against the accused are made out in the complaint the criminal proceedings shall not be interdicted &rdquo; (emphasis supplied)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. A complaint of the type referred to above are mostly in commercial transactions where business houses file such complaints which are drafted not by the laymen but by advocates or legally trained persons.&amp;nbsp; One cannot expect such complaints authored by people with legal background not to contain all the ingredients of the offence alleged.&amp;nbsp; The Supreme Court did not even say that the court should be guided by the substance of the matter rather than by its form.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. If the above dicta of the Supreme Court is taken literally even a computer can successfully perform the functions of magistrate.&amp;nbsp; The computer can tell you whether the complaint contains allegations which constitute ingredients of the offence or not and accordingly pass orders.&amp;nbsp; As early as in the year 1969, the Supreme Court while dealing with judicial function of a Judge in appreciating the material on record observed as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Judges are not computers.&amp;nbsp; They must call in aid their knowledge of Worldly affairs in appreciating evidence&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp; (1969 SCR (1) 412 Chaturbhuj Panda &amp;amp; others Vs. The Collector).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Again in the case of Niranjan Singh (AIR 1990 SC 1962 para 7), the Supreme Court observed that even at the initial stage one &ldquo;need not consider everything that prosecution says as gospel truth even if it is contrary to common sense and broad probabilities of the case&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. By the present judgment the discretion of the magistrate is confined to only reading of the complaint and nothing else, not even referring to the documents produced with it to determine if the dispute is of civil&amp;nbsp; nature or not.&amp;nbsp; Observation of the Supreme Court that &ldquo;correctness or otherwise of the allegations has to be decided only in the trial&rdquo; further puts embargo on the power of the court to treat the case as a civil dispute at any stage earlier than conclusion of the trial.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. The Supreme Court appears to have given undue importance to the wordings of the complaint rather than the substance of the dispute which has to be ascertained from all circumstances available on record.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A 3 Judge Bench of the Supreme Court in the case of&amp;nbsp; Madhava Rao Scindia (AIR 1988 S.C. 709) observed as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;A case of breach of trust is both a civil wrong and a criminal offence.&amp;nbsp; There would be certain situations where it would be a civil wrong and may or may not amount to criminal offence&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Again in Parbathbai Aahir&rsquo;s case 2017 (9) SCC&amp;nbsp; 641, the Supreme Court held as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;16.7. As distinguished from serious offences there may be criminal cases which have an overwhelming or predominant element of a civil dispute.&amp;nbsp; They stand on a distinct footing in so far as exercise of inherent power to quash is concerned&rdquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;11.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The present decision of the Supreme Court does not refer to above earlier rulings and primarily or exclusively give importance to the wordings in the complaint and virtually directs exclusion of all other material.&amp;nbsp; Thus indirectly it lays emphasis on the capacity of the author to draft the complaint mentioning the Ingredients of the offence.&amp;nbsp; If that is successfully done, then the accused is bound to face harassment till the conclusion of the trial, as according to the Supreme Court the decision on the question could be only after trial.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is a matter of common knowledge that with the increase in the volume of commercial transactions, courts are over burdened with cases involving such&amp;nbsp; complaints.&amp;nbsp; Such&amp;nbsp; entities make all attempts to get their claims settled early.&amp;nbsp; It is well known that civil cases takes years to attain finality.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, in most cases, business entities try to initiate criminal actions so as to secure early settlement of their disputes.&amp;nbsp; To achieve this end, services of police are utilized by adopting questionable means and the power of police is abused to compel parties to settle the disputes on threat of criminal action including arrest.&amp;nbsp; Many a times to shield themselves against criticism of registering FIRs in civil disputes, on the advise of police, private complaints are filed before the Magistrates and routine orders under section 156 (3) of Cr.P.C are secured for ordering registration of FIR and investigation.&amp;nbsp; These developments lead to enormous pressure on criminal courts and police whose time is wasted in such frivolous cases purely of civil nature, thereby ignoring genuine cases involving serious offences.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;13.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The Supreme Court and the High Courts must bear above practical aspects in mind while laying down law on the question of taking cognizance of alleged offences which are purely or predominantly of civil nature.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;14.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;According to Article 141 of the Constitution, law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on everyone including all courts and tribunals.&amp;nbsp; Of course, in many cases the Supreme Court has clarified that &ldquo;it is not every observation or opinion expressed by the Supreme Court is law of the land&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp; It is only the ratio decidendi&amp;nbsp; which is binding.&amp;nbsp; However, in practice, no judge or Magistrate can afford to ignore even a stray sentence in the judgment of the Supreme Court on the ground that it is not ratio but only obiter.&amp;nbsp; It is therefore, imperative that Supreme Court should be careful in making observations on legal aspects which, if followed in the context of different fact situation, might result in miscarriage of justice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;15.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;It is therefore, suggested that it is&amp;nbsp; expedient and in the interest of justice that the superior courts rest their judgments on the facts of the case rather than lay out broad propositions of law in general terms.&amp;nbsp; Even where such proposition of law is laid down, it would be advisable&amp;nbsp; to use expressions such as&amp;nbsp; &ldquo;ordinarily&rdquo; or &ldquo;normally&rdquo; so that in a given case courts are empowered to carve out an exception to render justice.&amp;nbsp; It is also advisable for superior courts to make it clear that only in exceptional circumstances; the normal rule could be relaxed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;16.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;In many cases of breach of contract, which enables only civil remedy, an attempt is made to give it colour of criminality by making out of a case of cheating.&amp;nbsp; The dividing line between the two is rather thin. While mere breach of contract can never be cheating, if&amp;nbsp; at the time of promise itself, the party had intention to deceive, a case of cheating is made out.&amp;nbsp; According to the above decision of the Supreme Court, if the complaint contains an allegation that at the time of promise itself the opponent entertained an intention to cheat, (though not supported by circumstance) then the courts cannot terminate the proceedings till the trial is over. It is hoped that the Supreme Court will very soon clarify its above decision to enable quashing of cases involving civil dispute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;17.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;The power of courts to terminate frivolous proceedings at initial stages such as taking cognizance or discharge or even quashing&amp;nbsp; under section 482 Cr.P.C should not be unduly curtailed by using such expressions as &ldquo;rarest of rare cases&rdquo; etc., without leaving the decision to the sound judicial discretion&amp;nbsp; of the High Courts. This will enable criminal courts to usefully utilize their time and energy to dispose of genuine criminal cases involving serious crimes rather waste their time on luxury litigation involving purely civil disputes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. B.V. Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3d28701e49f271d0c4ac8d3a5ed73211.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-12 18:23:11', '2021-01-26 03:41:29');
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(144, 'N1MdDIKpL2IFmOz4mLsdY6G9h', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Optimizing economy during and after a disaster Economic and Legal measures.  Nithin Basavaraj and S. Basavaraj. ', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Optimizing economy during and after a disaster Economic and Legal measures.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Disaster is considered as a catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes, or by accident or negligence which results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to, and destruction of, property, or damage to, or degradation of, environment, and is of such a nature or magnitude as to be beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area. (Section 2(d), Disaster Management Act, 2005.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;1. Loss due to disaster is both demographic and economic. The loss of life in recent events alone is staggering. Some 2,50,000 were killed across several countries in the 2004 tsunami. An estimated 1,40,000 lives were lost in the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. In Myanmar, 120,000 perished when Cyclone Nargis hit in 2008. The Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan in 2005 and the Sichuan earthquake in China in 2008 each killed more than 85,000. The earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan in 2011 resulted in the death of 18,000 people. Extreme drought was one cause of 2,30,000 deaths in Somalia between 2010 and 2012. Every one of those lives was precious&mdash;individual, intricate, human. The glare of numbers sometimes blinds us to this.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2. Pandemics can cause significant, widespread increases in morbidity and mortality and have disproportionately higher mortality impacts on LMICs (low and middle income countries). Pandemics can cause economic damage through multiple channels, including short-term fiscal shocks and longer-term negative shocks to economic growth. Individual behavioural changes, such as fear-induced aversion to workplaces and other public gathering places, are a primary cause of negative shocks to economic growth during pandemics. Some pandemic mitigation measures can cause significant social and economic disruption. In countries with weak institutions and legacies of political instability, pandemics can increase political stresses and tensions. In these contexts, outbreak response measures such as quarantines have sparked violence and tension between states and citizens.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. Measures during a pandemic:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;The systemic insurance that is needed for demands of a government-led effort are in four main areas:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) Redirecting the economy&rsquo;s existing productive capacity to overcome the rapidly growing shortages of equipment and services required to respond effectively to the pandemic.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) Supporting firms that are not directly involved in efforts to combat the crisis, so that they can continue to supply essential goods and services.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) Ensuring that the population has sufficient means to purchase these goods and services.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d) Creating a financial facility to help those unable to pay their mortgage and meet other obligations, thereby mitigating cataclysmic risks to the financial sector.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. Such systemic insurances go well beyond current proposals to spend trillions, much of which is marked for policy initiatives that misdiagnose the crisis as one of deficient aggregate demand or as the result of an ordinary supply shock. Substantial sums are to be dedicated to bailouts without conditioning the money on a firm&rsquo;s participation in the effort to combat the health crisis and its economic consequences.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. Government officials around the world will have to consider large outlays to combat the pandemic crisis. The most immediate question that comes to doubt is whether the policies currently under consideration provide sufficient insurance against the systemic risks that are now rising. The criteria are;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) Is government spending sufficiently laser-focused on overcoming the public-health crisis?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) Is the economic rescue package adequate to sustain the population&rsquo;s wellbeing?&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Considering the second criterion first, expanding unemployment benefits, together with expanded eligibility for food and other payments, would also help provide the means to pay for essential goods and services.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. In order to repurpose existing capacity, the government should support any private firm on the firm&rsquo;s commitment in producing vital equipment (specified by medical experts) and meet its payroll at reasonable wages. To avoid price-gouging, medical supplies must be priced at pre-crisis levels.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. This conditionality should not apply to firms producing equipment. The systemic approach to allocating taxpayer funds would require that large service-sector companies such as airlines or hotel chains receive bailouts only if they repurpose their capacity to support the fight against the pandemic. Rather than standing idle waiting for passenger travel or resume, airlines should be able to provide funds to re-equip their airplanes to transport medical supplies and equipment, or to move sick patients to locations with the capacity to care of them. Recent transportation of Indians stranded in abroad for example. Similarly, hotel chains should be supported by the government only if they agree to repurpose their hotels to serve as temporary hospitals. Beyond repurposing existing capacity, systemic insurance would require that employees of bailed-out companies continued to be paid an adequate wage. The bailouts should not be allowed to divert to the management pay raises, stock buybacks, or dividends.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Measures After a Pandemic (Moving to a new normal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. Fiscal measures are needed to save companies and banks from bankruptcy, so that they can recover quickly once the pandemic is over. Policymakers should be considering various forms of tax relief and public guarantees to help firms borrow if necessary. But the most promising option is a short-time work allowance. This approach, which has been tried and tested in Germany, compensates for the underemployment of the workforce through the same channels that are already used for unemployment insurance. Better yet, it costs hardly anything, because it prevents the losses that would follow from increased real unemployment. All countries should be replicating this part of Germany&rsquo;s policy to prevent job losses.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;10. Stability is fundamental. It provides a deep insight to view the contours of the future. If we could make an informed guess as to whether the future will be more or less stable than the present, we would know a lot about what&rsquo;s to come. That&rsquo;s because we know how peoples and societies have reacted during past periods of instability.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;11. Stability for ecologists, stable systems are characterized by attributes such as persistence and resilience. Resilience, for instance, enables a system to recover from shocks. These attributes aptly describe the post-World War II period, which saw the global economic order power through the collapse of the Communist empire, multiple financial crises (including 2008), religious fanaticism, and other shocks. Whether the present stability, with its reliance on globalization, will survive the shock of the ongoing pandemic remains an open question. Stability has benefits. A sense of innovation, investment, and technological experimentation and advance. There is also more social experimentation and blurring of cultural identity.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Helicopter Money (importance on Indian economy)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;12. Helicopter money is the term used for a large sum of new money that is printed and distributed among the public, to stimulate the economy during a recession or when interest rates fall to zero. It is also referred to as a helicopter drop, in reference to a helicopter scattering supplies from the sky. It is a proposed unconventional monetary policy, when the economy is in a liquidity trap (when interest rates near zero and the economy remains in recession). Although the original idea of helicopter money describes central banks making payments directly to individuals, economists have used the term &#039;helicopter money&#039; to refer to a wide range of different policy ideas, including the &#039;permanent&#039; monetization of budget deficits &ndash; with the additional element of attempting to shock beliefs about future inflation or nominal GDP growth, in order to change expectations.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;13. A second set of policies, closer to the original description of helicopter money, and more innovative in the context of monetary history, involves the central bank making direct transfers to the private sector financed with base money, without the direct involvement of fiscal authorities. This has also been called a citizens&#039; dividend or a distribution of future. This method however should be used only as a last resort&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;14. While advanced economies are not using helicopter money in the original sense as most of their liquidity infusion is through secondary market, they are printing money to buy these securities.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;How does helicopter money work?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;15. Normally, the Central/Reserve Bank prints money and gives it to the Centre for distribution to individuals or corporates, directly as cash or as tax cuts. Money can be transferred to the government as the central bank buys primary issuances of government bonds. But this method can work best in an extremely low interest environment. Also, it will increase government debt.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;16. Helicopter money theory explains that since the central bank is but an arm of the government, when the balance sheets of the government and the central bank are consolidated, the bonds held by the central bank on the asset side will be cancelled by the same bonds held on the liability side of the government. Also, the future cash flows to the government through higher tax revenue, with demand getting stimulated, will enable it to repay the debt. Money transfer to the Centre can also happen by directly crediting the government&rsquo;s account with the central bank by using the central bank&rsquo;s existing reserves or equity. There are many supporters for this route of money transfer as well.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;16. There are 7 ways in which the business industry can have a landscape shift globally embracing to a new normal&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) The shift towards localisation: The supply chain disruption has brought to light the impact of pandemic events. This is expected to lead to more localisation of supply chains, especially of essentials and for sectors that are seen as strategically important.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) Digital gets a real push: Most companies have opted to work remotely and their employees are now &lsquo;online&rsquo; and working from home. We have court hearings via Zoom even in High Court of Karnataka. While these trends were already &lsquo;in-motion&rsquo;, they have now hit the fast-forward button. Even the most brick and mortar organisations have been forced to experiment with digital channels. This presents a real and immediate opportunity to drive efficiencies through digital. At the same time, this crisis has highlighted the importance of investment in enabling technologies like cloud, data and cyber security. This will change the way we &lsquo;work&rsquo; with far reaching implications on B2B, B2C, commercial real estate, e-commerce, e-governance, cyber security, process automation, data analytics, self-service capabilities, etc.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) Cash is king for businesses: Most situation has proven that cash is king - companies that are over leveraged and &lsquo;living on the edge&rsquo; are the most vulnerable. The crisis has reiterated that it is important to be financially prudent and conserve cash.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d) Move towards variable cost models: One of the biggest lessons, amongst others, is the importance of reducing overall business costs. One significant way to accomplish this is to convert fixed costs to variable costs wherever feasible. For instance, businesses will now determine what they must keep in-house, and explore outsourcing the rest so that fixed costs can be lowered. As with other trends, this will further impact the labour force and &lsquo;how they work&rsquo;, contract manufacturing, supply chain considerations, etc.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(e) Building sensing and control tower capabilities: This is especially necessary for areas where information is scarce. The downside to this is also challenges such as short histories, collection systems that are prone to change etc. Nevertheless, governments and companies have realised the importance of sensing capabilities, building transparency through &lsquo;digital control towers&rsquo; and the ability to process are structured.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(f) Supply chain resilience is key: Individual companies will want to ensure their supply chains are resilient to remain competitive. Risks to supply chains are numerous and continuously evolving. Hence, it is imperative that resilience capabilities are developed in order to respond to repercussions of unexpected events and either quickly return to original state of business or move to a new and better state after being affected by the risk and continue business operations as efficiently as possible. Achieving this will require initiatives from both internal business as well as from the wider network.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(g) Building agility: Going forward, policies will need to evolve faster than the market and policymakers will need to be more responsive, inclusive and agile.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;17. Legal provision &ndash; During disaster. In India we have Disaster Management Act, 2005 a law on disaster management to provide for requisite institutional mechanisms for drawing up and monitoring the implementation of the disaster management plans, ensuring measures by various wings of Government for prevention and mitigating effects of disasters and for undertaking a holistic, coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;18. The Act provides for setting up of a National Disaster Management Authority under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of Chief Ministers and District Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of District Magistrates. The Act also provides for concerned Ministries or Departments to draw up department-wise plans in accordance with the National Disaster Management Plan. It provides for constitution of a National Disaster Response Force and setting up the National Institute of Disaster Management. The Act also provides for the constitution of the National Fund for Disaster Response and the National Fund for Disaster Mitigation and similar Funds at the State and District levels. It also provides for specific role for Local Bodies in disaster management including Panchayati Raj Institutions as well as Urban Local Bodies like Municipalities.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;19. Disaster Management is a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;20. Under the Act, mitigation measures are aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effect of a disaster or threatening disaster situation; capacity-building; preparedness to deal with any disaster; prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief; rehabilitation and reconstruction.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;21. The Act provides for several plans to tackle disaster.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) National Planprovides for measures to be taken for the prevention of disasters, or the mitigation of their effects; measures to be taken for the integration of mitigation measures in the development plans; measures to be taken for preparedness and capacity building to effectively respond to any threatening disaster situations or disaster; roles and responsibilities of different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) State Plan includes vulnerability of different parts of the State to different forms of disasters; measures to be adopted for prevention and mitigation of disasters; manner in which the mitigation measures shall be integrated with the development plans and projects; capacity-building and preparedness measures to be taken; roles and responsibilities of each Department of the Government of the State in relation to the measures and the roles and responsibilities of different Departments of the Government of the State in responding to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) District Plan includes areas in the district vulnerable to different forms of disasters; measures to be taken, for prevention and mitigation of disaster, by the Departments of the Government at the district level and local authorities in the district; capacity-building and preparedness measures required to be taken by the Departments of the Government at the district level and the local authorities in the district to respond to any threatening disaster situation or disaster; response plans and procedures, in the event of a disaster, providing for allocation of responsibilities to the Departments of the Government at the district level and the local authorities in the district; prompt response to disaster and relief thereof; procurement of essential resources; establishment of communication links; and dissemination of information to the public;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;22. The District Authority is empowered to give directions for the release and use of resources available with any Department of the Government and the local authority in the district; control and restrict vehicular traffic to, from and within, the vulnerable or affected area; control and restrict the entry of any person into, his movement within and departure from, a vulnerable or affected area; remove debris, conduct search and carry out rescue operations; provide shelter, food, drinking water and essential provisions, healthcare and services; establish emergency communication systems in the affected area; make arrangements for the disposal of the unclaimed dead bodies; recommend to any Department of the Government of the State or any authority or body under that Government at the district level to take such measures as are necessary in its opinion; require experts and consultants in the relevant fields to advise and assist as it may deem necessary; procure exclusive or preferential use of amenities from any authority or person; construct temporary bridges or other necessary structures and demolish structures which may be hazardous to public or aggravate the effects of the disaster; ensure that the non-governmental organisations carry out their activities in an equitable and non-discriminatory manner and take such other steps as may be required or warranted to be taken in such a situation.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;23. The Act empowers the authorities and the officers to requisition (subject to payment of compensation) any resources (men and material resources) any premises (any land, building or part of a building and includes a hut, shed or other structure or any part thereof) are needed or likely to be needed for the purpose of rescue operations; or any vehicle (vehicle used or capable of being used for the purpose of transport, whether propelled by mechanical power or otherwise) is needed or is likely to be needed for the purposes of transport of resources from disaster affected areas or transport of resources to the affected area or transport in connection with rescue, rehabilitation or reconstruction.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;24. Loan repayment: The National Authority may, in cases of disasters of severe magnitude, recommend relief in repayment of loans or for grant of fresh loans to the persons affected by disaster on such concessional terms as may be appropriate.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;25. The State and subordinate authorities work in tandem with the National Authority and the policy laid down by it.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;State Plan includes,&mdash;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(a) the vulnerability of different parts of the State to different forms of disasters;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(b) the measures to be adopted for prevention and mitigation of disasters;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(c) the manner in which the mitigation measures shall be integrated with the development plans and projects;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(d) the capacity-building and preparedness measures to be taken;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(e) the roles and responsibilities of each Department of the Government of the State in relation to the measures specified in clauses (b), (c) and (d) above;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;(f) the roles and responsibilities of different Departments of the Government of the State in responding to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;26. The steps undertaken by few States, especially State of Karnataka worked well to mitigate the vulnerable scenario. However, the issue of migrants who want to return to their places and the inability/failure of the Government of Karnataka to effectively deal with this issue haunts us for time to come.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;27. Article 123 of the Constitution of India speaks about the power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament. Ordinances can be issued to deal with extraordinary situations. The issuance of Pandemic Diseases (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 is one such measure. The Ordinance makes assault on health workers a non-bailable offence. The recent order by Government of Karnataka regarding collection of fee by Schools is under the executive power of the Government read with Karnataka Education Act.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Going ahead: Legal measures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;28. Tax holidays, rebates and incentives to small scale industries, consumer care industries are very essential. Legislations at the State and Central level can be enacted providing for fresh provisions or amendments to deal with unforeseen circumstances such as relocation of migrants, outsourcing work etc.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;29. Apart from migrants issue, one more tragic scenario we witnessed during this pandemic is our farmers losing their products and on many occasions throwing away for want of transportation and sale. The APMC was shut down during the lockdown resulting in untold misery to farmers. Apart from providing monetary compensation, suitable legislations can be enacted and Government orders be issued for movement of goods vehicles carrying agricultural produce and sale to end customers.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;30. Judiciary may consider increasing working hours to deal with pendency issue on war footing. The actual working of courts may not be possible for few months. This results in huge burden on judiciary both in terms of pendency of cases and filing immediately after court re-opening. The Supreme Court has passed an extraordinary order extending period of limitation in exercise of power under Article 142 of the Constitution of India. This, perhaps, first time in judicial history.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;27. Law creating separate fund for lawyers who suffer due to loss of work is required. The present legal provisions, schemes and rules do not deal with this issue at all. The Bar Councils must be empowered under the Advocates Act to create a separate funds to help needy lawyers in distress. Today&rsquo;s judgment of Karnataka High Court shows how badly a legislation is required.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Nithin Basavaraj, I year MBA, Greenwich University, Cutty Sark London&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate and Member, Karnataka State Bar Council, Bangalore.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;References:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Helicopter Money Must Be The Last Resort. [online] @businessline. Available at: &lt;https: www.thehindubusinessline.com=&quot;&quot; ...=&quot;&quot; article31408347.ece=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Time. 2020. What Might The Post-Pandemic World Look Like? [online] Available at: &lt;https: time.com=&quot;&quot; 5818578=&quot;&quot; post-pandemic-world-look-like=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; World Economic Forum. 2020. What Will the Post-Pandemic Economy Look Like? [online] Available at: &lt;https: www.weforum.org=&quot;&quot; ...=&quot;&quot; insuring-the-survival-of...=&quot;&quot;&gt; [Accessed 27 April 2020].&lt;/https:&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Disaster Management Act, 2005.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&middot; Constitution of India&lt;/h4&gt;', 'b79296851a36d29740f762bee538726f.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 23:43:03', '2021-01-26 03:47:37'),
(142, 'vKquUjmWbAWxuhOeyYKbZUgUL', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Advocate enrolled in one State cannot practice in another State after six months unless he applies for transfer. Failure is a professional misconduct.', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chapter III of Bar Council of India Rules, 1975 speaks about Conditions for right to practice. Rule 1 which is relevant reads thus:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#9c0000&quot;&gt;&quot;1. Every advocate shall be under an obligation to see that his name appears on the roll of the State Council within whose jurisdiction he ordinarily practices.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#9c0000&quot;&gt;Provided that if an advocate does not apply for transfer of his name to the roll of the State Bar Council within whose jurisdiction he is ordinarily practising within six months of the start of such practice, it shall be deemed that he is guilty of professional misconduct within the meaning of Section 35 of the Advocates Act.&quot;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hence, it is mandatory for an advocate who has enrolled in one State Bar council, if he wishes to shift his practice to another State, to apply for transfer of his name to the roll of the State Bar Council within those jurisdiction he is ordinarily practices. Failure, as stated above, amounts to professional misconduct. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Link to Bar Council of India Rules.&nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.lawsindia.com/Advocate%20Library/Amendments/Bar%20consi_rules/BAR%20COUNCIL%20OF%20INDIA%20RULES.htm#PART_2_CHAPTER_3&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.lawsindia.com/Advocate%20Library/Amendments/Bar%20consi_rules/BAR%20COUNCIL%20OF%20INDIA%20RULES.htm#PART_2_CHAPTER_3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e8fd5f9641bdf9dd2b1df9c0c0ee7752.jpg', 'cb653e9e32354a8d5d49ad67f04e99db.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-03-15', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 19:36:23', '2021-03-15 19:46:03'),
(170, '2qDrW9CBdejycAej7x5qoxPYz', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Purchase of Residential Sites - Guidelines. S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal. Bangalore  ', '&lt;h4&gt;Purchase of residential sites. Guidelines. S.Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Please note: This Article has to be read along with the earlier Articles on purchase of agricultural lands and converted lands since many aspects overlap. Links are given below: &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Agricultural lands: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/articles/actionRead/wg9fSoBJPvjyeiBeksZPGGMqO&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/articles/actionRead/wg9fSoBJPvjyeiBeksZPGGMqO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Converted lands: &lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/articles/actionRead/6Oyl8YUGx898eSZCxu2faFoGY&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/articles/actionRead/6Oyl8YUGx898eSZCxu2faFoGY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;Documents required:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;1. Title deed.&lt;br&gt;2. Family tree.&lt;br&gt;3. Khata Certificate, Extract and Endorsement issued by Town Municipality, Corporation, Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike etc.&lt;br&gt;4. If Bangalore Development Authority site, then Allotment letter, Possession Certificate, Lease cum sale agreement, sale deed and khata in favour of allotee.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;5. Death certificate.&lt;br&gt;6. Special notice issued by BBMP for amalgamation of sites and assigning single khata.&lt;br&gt;7. Mortgage deed, if any.&lt;br&gt;8. Encumbrance Certificates.&lt;br&gt;9. Public notice.&lt;br&gt;10. Tax paid receipt.&lt;br&gt;11. Litigation, if any.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;1.Title deeds: When it comes to title search of sites, there are three aspects. Firstly, site which is in a newly formed layout by real estate developers; secondly, sites formed by House Building Co-operative Societies and lastly, the sites which are being re-sold.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;(a) In the first case i.e. site in a new layout, title deeds of the vendors who sold the lands to the developer have to be verified. However, conversion of land and sanction of layout plan by the planning authority plays a dominant role since at this juncture, the revenue and planning authorities have scrutinized legal aspects.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;(b) In the case of stray sites which are re-sold, careful title search has to be undertaken on all aspects.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;(c) In case of sites offered by house building co-operative societies, title deeds under which the lands were purchased by the society have to be verified. Moreover, if you are not a member of the society, it necessary to carefully read the byelaws of the society to avoid future objection/litigation from the members. Here also, conversion order and sanction from planning authority is a must.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Please note: I have exhaustively discussed the manner of title search of converted lands and agricultural lands in separate articles. Please read them carefully since all the parameters that are applicable to the lands apply to sties also. Several aspects like deeds, family tree, death certificate etc are exhaustively discussed in my two articles regarding purchase of agricultural lands and converted lands. They can be accessed in the following two links.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;2. Khata Certificate, Khata Extract and Endorsement issued by City Corporation/Bangalore Mahanagara Palike/BBMP. In case of newly formed sites, these documents may not be available. One has to see whether the site numbers mentioned in the sale agreement with the developer is found in the layout plan and the release order of the Planning Authority. Always make a spot inspection before making initial payment. However, sites which changed hands and being re-sold would possess Khata certificate. Hence these documents along with Property Identification number allotted by Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagarapalike have to be verified.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;3. If the site is originally allotted by Bangalore Development Authority, then Allotment letter, Possession Certificate, Lease cum sale agreement, Sale deed and khata in favour of allotee have to be verified.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;4. If two or more sites are combined together, Special notice issued by BBMP for amalgamation of sites and assigning single khata have to be scrutinized.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;5. Mortgage deed, if any in respect of the site has to be verified by obtaining encumbrance certificate from the date of original purchase from the vendor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;6. Public notice. Most of the owners do not take out paper publication to save money. However, in case of sites situated in urban areas and sites which are being re-sold, it is always advisable to take out paper publication calling for objections, if any, for the sale.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;7. Litigations, if any. This again has to be examined with the help of a lawyer. Search has to be undertaken with reference to original survey number also from which the site is carved out.&lt;br&gt;8. Up-to-date property tax paid receipts. Payment of property tax to Municipality or Municipal Corporation is must. Hence, it is necessary to scrutinize and satisfy payment of property tax of sites which are being re-sold.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;9. Site with construction. Apart from undertaking title search of the site, when the site comes with construction, it is necessary to verify the plan sanction from the Municipality or Municipal Corporation etc. Please examine the location of the site since the authority for issuing plan sanction differs area-wise. It is necessary to verify adherence to plan sanctioned. Buyers should be careful about major deviation like unauthorized additional floor.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Please note: &lt;/b&gt;This article does not deal with other forms of sites like revenue sites, village gramthana sites, khaneshumari sites etc. Strictly speaking, agricultural lands cannot be used for non-agricultural/residential purposes without conversion, plan sanction etc. Hence it is better to avoid purchase of sites carved out of non-converted agricultural lands.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Note: This article will be updated from time to time depending on changes in legal provisions, judgments etc.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '55967ea30685bad10f36f45c5181c63e.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-03-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-03-22 00:05:45', '2021-03-22 00:23:53'),
(171, 'cBZbrnpMq5vv5II29iNFSziBa', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Daksha Legal introduces - Judgments Through QR Codes.', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#050505&quot; face=&quot;Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;For the very first time, Daksha Legal introduces &quot;Judgments through QR codes.!&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#050505&quot; face=&quot;Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is easy to click a link to access and read judgments on your cellphone or laptops. However accessing judgments when the link is printed on paper is not possible. Daksha Legal introduces QR Code Judgments.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#050505&quot; face=&quot;Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Use this simple technique to save, access and read judgments by converting them into to QR codes. First, access any judgment of the court and copy the link. Then convert it into a QR code and print it. You can make booklet of hundreds of judgments in few pages. You can access them through your mobile camera QR reader. A sample of the latest Supreme Court judgment on Hindu Succession Act is converted into QR code in the picture above .&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;', 'e64b7932763f36f22102b2f5f7e25b67.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-03-22', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-03-22 14:25:29', '2021-03-22 03:55:42');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(172, 'tXp9fp0khOYl0WL3iNaiDqj6v', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Power of Pardon: Raison D’être of Constitution of India', '&lt;h4&gt;&quot;Power of Pardon: Raison D&rsquo;&ecirc;tre of Constitution of India&quot;&lt;br&gt;- S.P. Shankar, Senior Counsel&lt;br&gt;Conflicts and controversies in interpreting the Constitution are both natural and inevitable. Apex court is trusted to be the Custodian of Law in general and of the Constitution of India, in particular. Constitution of India came into being on 26-1-1950. It has certain features which really do not coalesce or coagulate with other relevant provisions of Constitution. Those Articles which do not gel with concept of Constitutionalism are still Constitutionally valid. Constitutionality is thus different from Constitutionalism. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Justice Harilal J. Kania, CJI, said at the inauguration of Supreme Court of India &ldquo;the courts must be quite untouchable by the legislature or the executive in the performance of its duties.&rdquo; Courts&rsquo; authority, it was felt, would have to flow principally from the respect for performance by courts. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;The executive and legislature learnt the hard way, as to what are basic features and conceded a real separation of powers between the three organs/wings of Democracy. Article 50 claimed attention. Modern Law on theory of separation of powers was the watch word for the working device. Trust deficit between Executive and the Judiciary gave rise to some Amendments to the Constitution by introduction of IX schedule into the Constitution, to shield certain enactments and protect or immunise them from judicial review which really created a tense situation. Judiciary felt that these laws, sought to be put in IX schedule, were beyond, nay above, the Constitution, since they were not amenable to judicial review, as the law stood then.&lt;br&gt;It took 57 years for Supreme Court to decide and declare law in I.R. Coelho v. State of T.N. (AIR 2007 SC 861) (9 Judges) for erasing the creases left by series of decisions. It is held that there are principles of Constitutionality which formed basis for judicial review, apart from Rule of Law and separation of powers vide para 49. It is declared in para 42 that Supreme Court is duty bound to uphold constitutional values and enforce constitutional limitations. It is also held that principles of constitutionalism would ensure that democratic principles of&nbsp; Constitutionalism advocates checks and balances, mode of separation of powers, necessitating different independent centres of decision-making within the constitutional limitations. Apparent or seeming conflict is to be avoided. All provisions found in the original Constitution form the basic structure. They shall not operate one against another. If any provision, found in the original constitution, is seen to work against the spirit of the other provisions, in the perspective of separation of powers those articles should be balanced and Constitutionalism and Constitutionality should prevail. The ultimate interpreter of Constitution is Supreme Court. Apex court is duty bound to uphold Constitutional values and enforce Constitutional limitations.&lt;br&gt;In balancing the ethos, values and limitations of the Constitution one is bound to come across a situation where there is apparent conflict in implementation of two sets of provisions in the vibrant Constitution of India. They are Articles 72 and 161 on the one hand and Articles 50,141 and 144 on the other. What is held as binding law in IR Coelho is attracted in this situation and would serve as torch bearer.&lt;br&gt;Article 72 posits power of pardon in the President of India in terms narrated in the Article. Likewise Article `161 empowers Governor of a State in India to exercise the power of pardon. Are they absolute powers? Can the power be exercised in disregard of the golden Rule of Separation of Powers and the inviolable Constitutional mandate set out in Articles 141 and 144? What are Constitutional ethos, values and limitations, when the above sets of Articles are juxtaposed. Is there or not, difference between a Monarch (hereditary Post) and an elected President of people of Republic? Is there no difference between White House and Buckingham Palace? Can accountability, the basic foundation of an elected democracy, be ignored only because Constitution of India incidentally and per chance accommodates Articles 72 and 161, which do not coagulate/coalesce with theory of Separation of powers vide Articles 50, 141 and 144?. Can it be understood that after successful prosecution, the State is authorised in law, to disobey or dilute or obliterate the conviction imposed by highest court of law, by exonerating the convict, at least as far as sentence is concerned? When the accepted theory of crime and punishment enable the State to proclaim that State has long arms of Law and that Law is unforgiving, how can it advise President and Governor to exercise the unintended power to remit, reprieve, pardon or commute and let the convict go unpunished? The irony of the matter is that legal tempo or concern is maintained by the State when it seriously prosecutes the offender spending considerable public time and money in investigating and spending many&nbsp; man hours in scrutiny and analysis of material evidence for purposes of prosecuting the matter to its logical end. Then, on conviction and sentencing of accused, the State suddenly suffers from change of heart/mind and does everything at its control and power and fights every inch to secure remission, reprieve/pardon in favour of the convict. Sudden change of role or commitment of the State is practised to perfection, only because Articles 72 and 161 have, unwittingly, found their incorporation in the Constitution, more as a legacy or relic of Monarchy.&lt;br&gt;By reason of Article 53(1) the Executive power of the Union is vested in the President and shall be exercised by him in accordance with the Constitution. Article 53(3) mandates that nothing in Article 53 shall be deemed to transfer to the President of India any function conferred on the State or other Authority in favour of the President. This would suggest that President shall be excluded from the exercise pf power assigned to State or other Authority which means Judiciary or the Legislature. In addition, oath of office in terms of Article 60 enjoins the President to uphold and implement provisions of Constitution. Similar are the powers exercisable by Governor of a State. Article 154 mandates that only the Executive power is vested in the Governor. Governor is therefore not a repository of the power of the Judiciary. Oath of office of the Governor vide Article 159 inhibits the power and authority of the Governor. Hence neither President nor the Governor can sit in judgment, review or remit the decisions of the court. The statement of the First Chief Justice that Judiciary is untouchable as far as executive and legislature or concerned is to be recalled. Hence it is impermissible to even conceive that after judiciary pronounces itself and hands down conviction/punishment neither a State nor the Union of India can advise the Governor or the President to grant pardon. President and Governor can only exercise the executive power of the Union or the State and never that of the Judiciary. Constitutional ethos, values and limitations define Constitutionalism. Constitutionalism cannot be violated in view of the law laid down in Coelho. For an eternal student of law, the present effort is to trace the origin of this anomaly and to find a way out, as otherwise one has to read Articles 141 and 144 &ldquo;subject to the provisions of Articles 72 and 161&rdquo; and or to read down Article 50 as a non- issue, obliterating constitutionalism.&lt;br&gt;Objectives specified in the Preamble, contain the Basic Structure of the Constitution vide Keshavananda Bharathi (AIR 1973 SC 1461), Indira Nehru Gandhi, (AIR 1977 SC 69) and Minerva Mills (AIR 1980 SC 1789). Concept relating to separation of powers between the legislature, executive and the judiciary as well as fundamental concept of an independent&nbsp; judiciary are elevated to the level of basic structure and they are considered as the very heart and soul of the constitutional scheme vide State of Bihar V/s Bal Mukund Sha, (AIR 2000 SC 1296), para 32. Separation of judiciary is held to be a basic feature of Constitution in Kalpana Mehta v. Union of India (2018) 7 SCC 1.&lt;br&gt;Article 50 mandates that State shall take steps to separate the Judiciary from the Executive in the public services of the State. Judiciary is thus an independent public service institution, answerable only to the Constitution. Decision of the Supreme Court is final, authoritative and shall be obeyed by all i.e. civil and judicial authorities, in terms of Articles 141 and 144. By civil authorities it is meant the executive. It is clear that decision of the Supreme Court affirming or convicting or sentencing with death penalty based on oral and documentary evidence is final and no civil or judicial authority shall meddle with the decision of the Apex Court. Article 72 reads that President has the power to grant pardons/reprieves /respites, remissions of punishment or suspend/remit, commute the sentence awarded against any person convicted by court martial or under Central law where the punishment is death sentence. Article 161 concedes a similar power to Governor of a State. A student of Law cannot miss the fact that these two Articles are not to be invoked in spite of Articles 50,53, 60, 141 and 144, in the light of Separation of powers.&lt;br&gt;In the scheme of Constitution of India and in the perspective of criminal jurisprudence, decision of the Apex Court is final, authoritative and shall not brook any obstruction in its implementation. Be it noted that it is a State/Union of India through its executive, which prosecutes the matter and seeks conviction of the accused with all seriousness. When conviction is secured, the very same executive feels persuaded to abandon its commitment in carrying out the sentence. It is ironical that executive is allowed fictionally or metaphorically to change its stand after conviction by the highest authority of the Country. This is never the intention of law. Alchemy is unknown to Constitutional law. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Power of pardon is a known legacy/attribute/relic of Monarchy, since a Monarch is the fountain head of all the powers. Concept of Monarchy has no relevance or role in the scheme of Constitution of India. Hence it is permissible to say that power of pardon by the Executive is alien to the scheme, frame and fabric of Constitution of India. Power of pardon found in&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Articles 72 and 161 juxtaposed with Articles 50, 53, 60 141 and 144, would cause a stutter. Further, judicial review of the correctness of the exercise of power of pardon by the executive, that has come to stay by reason of judicial interpretation, would confound the issue. Apex Court has held that delay in disposal of mercy petition would itself be a ground for setting the convict at liberty. This is judicial adhocism. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Seriousness with which absolute authority of primacy and omnipotence of judiciary, reassured by Articles 141 and 144 read in the context of state policy set out in Articles 50, 53 and 60 and are seemingly checkmated with the unintended power conceded in favour of President of India and Governor of a state. This certainly would smack of masked Monarchy, which is antithetical to the concept of democracy and the most adorable Preamble found in the Constitution of India. It is noticeable that Articles 72 and 161 invest power in President of India and Governors of states with certain power to grant reprieve. Correspondingly there is no enabling provision in the Constitution creating a right in favour of convicts, who have received death penalty, to seek reprieve from President. If there is no right created in favour of a convict to have de-nova enquiry into the punishment meted out to him, Article 21 cannot be pressed into service, since conviction resulting in death penalty is preceded by Trial according to procedure established by law. Article 21 can be of some assistance only where death penalty is awarded de-hors the procedure established in law. This aspect has not been gone into in any of the decisions where Presidential order denying deprival is once again tested under Article 21. A strong case is made out for revisiting Articles 72 and 161, to make the order of conviction entered followed by sentencing by the Apex Court, final and beyond any further challenge, atleast to do justice to victims.&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;Doctrine of Separation of Powers&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;Montesquieu, the modern exponent of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers, asserted &ldquo;when the legislative and executive powers are vested in the same person, or in the same body or Magistrates, there can be no liberty. Again there is no liberty if the judicial power is not separated from the legislative and executive powers.Were it joined with the legislative power,the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control, for the judge would then be the legislator.Were it joined with the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression. There could be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body to exercise these three powers&hellip;&rdquo; Dealing with the above statement, James Madison has explained thus &ldquo;the accumulation of all powers- legislative, executive and judiciary- in the same hands may justly be pronounced as the new definition of tyranny&hellip; but the great security against department consists in giving to those who administer such motive, to risk encroachment of others. Ifmen were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls in the government would be necessary. In forming the government which is to be administered by men over men, great difficulty lies in this you must be tenable the Government to control the governed and in the next place, oblige it to control itself.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;The Apex court in In Re The Delhi Laws Act (AIR 1951 SC 332) has noticed that Constitution of India does not vest the legislature any judicial power and the judiciary impartsthe essence of theory of separation of powers, by applying the doctrine of constitutional limitation and trust, which is restated in A.C. Companies v. Sharma, (1965) 1 SCA 723 at 737. In Javantilal Amrit Lal Shodhanv (AIR 1964 SC 648). Law in Re The Delhi Laws Act is reiterated in Rajnarain Singh v. The Chairman, Patna Administration Committee, Patna and Another (AIR 1954 SC 569), Harishankar Bagla and Another v. The State of M.P. (AIR 1954 SC 465), D.S. Garewal v. The State of Punjab and another (AIR 1959 SC 512) and Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Birla Cotton, Spinning and Weaving Mills, Delhi and Another (AIR 1968 SC 1232). Judicial function is also entrusted to tribunals, statutory authorities and other administrative officers, though they are not included in the State or Union Judiciary.&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;Synthesis of Articles 141 and 144&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;In the perspective of theory of Separation of Powers, orders of the Supreme Court shall be final and shall not be disobeyed by anybody. In such a situation, investing power in President of India and Governor of a state to reprieve, remit, pardon or grant relief to a person sentenced to death looks a little odd. Primacy as well as inviolability attached to the order of the Supreme Court, in terms of Article 141 and 144, is seemingly capable of being meddled or interfered with, as well as set at naught by the power conceded in favour of the President or Governor of a state, in the matter of granting pardon in Articles 72 and 161. Simultaneously such power is exercised by an officer of an armed forces to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by a Court Martial. It is often said that law is unforgiving. Situation that&nbsp; obtains as above, enables the Executives to be over-forgiving. Thus Article 72/161and Articles&lt;br&gt;141,144 read with Article 50,read with 53 and 60 and Doctrine of Separation of power are contrary to each other and have come under declaration of law in I R Coehelo and Kalpana Mehtha, as being contrary to Constitutionalism. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;u&gt;Scheme of the Constitution for exercise of power by President. &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;President has to act on the advice of Council of Ministers in terms of Article 74. wherein, on the advice of Council of Ministers, President had rejected the mercy petition of Harbans Singh v. State of UP (AIR 1982 SC 849). Here, the Apex Court assumed the role of council of ministers and recommended (not advised) reprieve and remission of death sentence to imprisonment for life. What happened thereafter is not to be discussed here, as the present discussion is on larger issue as to whether President/Governor can annul or undo judicial verdict (may be of the last court) and destroy the theory of Separation of powers or allow the executive to do judicial work and violate the concept of checks and balances. Case of Nirbhaya would haunt the Nation on one hand and Judiciary on the other.&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;Power of Pardon -Relic of the Monarch&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;What happens in USA or England where provisions of law are not identical, may not be treated as a precedent in India or even as a source of law of persuasive value. The law on the point is rendered by the Apex Court in AIR Karmachari Sangh and Ors. v. AIR Ltd. (AIR 1988 SC 1325) which is followed with approval in Delhi Transport Corporation v. D.T.C. Mazdoor Congress AIR 1991 SC 101, and Nanda Kishor v. State of Punjab, (1995) 6 SCC 614 wherein it is held that judgments of Supreme Court constitute the &ldquo;source of law.&rdquo; The term &lsquo;source of law&rsquo; is referable to Article 13 (2) of the Constitution, since law made by Supreme Court is indeed referred to as &lsquo;law&rsquo; for purposes of testing the correctness of statute, executive actions and judicial pronouncements. Apparently, the law in Harbans Singh is not to be considered as binding precedent in as much as in terms of para 8 and 12 of Harbans, Supreme Court assumed power to recommend to the President of India that death sentence awarded against Harbans Singh and confirmed by the Apex Court, be commuted into imprisonment for life. The same does not amount to declaration of law for purpose of Article 141. The nuances of Article 141 synthesised with Article 144, may hold out a different impact, making out a scenario to&nbsp; conclude that the order in Harbans Singh granted in a writ petition, under Article 32, is not &lsquo; &lsquo;law.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;In Virendra Singh v. State of U.P. (AIR 1954 SC 447) para 32, Apex Court (through Justice Vivian Bose) has observed &ldquo;we have upon us the whole armour of the Constitution and walk, from henceforth, in its enlightened ways, wearing the breast plate of its protecting provisions and flashing the flaming sword of its inspiration.&rdquo; Over the years starting from K. M. Nanavathi v. State of Bombay (2014) 3 SCC 1, perception of power of pardon by the Apex Court has not been consistent. Evolution of law of pardon is dealt well in the dissenting judgment of Justice Kapoor in Kalpana Mehata, para 28 onwards. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Delay in considering the plea under Article 72/161 is held to be sufficient cause to set the convict free. Power of pardon is never exercised by sovereign in terms of the Constitution. It is held in State of Punjab v. Joginder Singh (AIR 1990 SC 139)6 that the power of pardon is unfettered by Cr. P.C. or &lsquo;Prison Rules.&rsquo; In Mara Ram v. Union of India (AIR 1980 SC 2147) it is held that power under Article 72 is widest in amplitude and enjoys the status of constitutional scheme needing no guideline. In T. V. Vatheeswaran v. state of Tamil Nadu (AIR 1983 SC 361), it is held that delay of more than 27 years in execution of death sentence is sufficient to commute the sentence to 14 years imprisonment for life. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Pardon does not amend or modify judgment but only alters the sentence. If sentence is meddled with by President, a stranger to set process of law, in terms of Articles 50, 53, 60,141, and 144 particularly in the face of separation of powers, can it be said that it is Constitutional . Constitutionalism is different from constitutionality. According to I R Coeholo if Article 72 /161 and Article 50, 141 and 144 conflict with each other, separation of power shall prevail. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Grant of power of pardon under Article 72 or 161 or order under Sections 306,432 or 433 of Cr P.C. is always in exercise of Sovereign power. In terms of Constitution, especially the preamble, the Sovereign is neither the President nor Governor. It is the people of India who are the Sovereign. While a sovereign is not accountable, President and Governor are both accountable to the people. Power of pardon is a prerogative of mercy and is invoked only&nbsp; after completion of the process of Law. It is paradoxical that on completion of due process of law the convict is enabled to upset the decision of the Supreme Court, as though President and Governor are authorised in law to over-rule the sentencing part, or punishment imposed on the basis of conviction, without even being accountable. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Apex court was neither emphatic nor authoritative when it declared in Rai Sahib Ram Jawaya Kapur v. State of Punjab (AIR 1955 SC 549), vide para 12, to the effect that &ldquo;the Indian Constitution has not indeed recognised the doctrine of Separation of powers in its absolute rigidity but the function of different part or branches of the Government have been sufficiently differentiated and consequently it can very well be said that our Constitution does not contemplate assumption, by one organ or part of the State, of functions that essentially belonging to another. The Executive indeed can exercise the powers of departmental or subordinate legislation when such powers are delegated to it by the legislature. It can also, when so empowered, exercise judicial function in a limited way. The executive Government, however can never go against provisions of the Constitution or of any law.&rdquo; Law in I.R. Coelho and Kalpana Mehtha is different. It is certain, clear and emphatic unlike Ram Jawaya. The view in I.R. Coelho is by 9 judges and hence can be said to have overruled Ram Jawaya. Executive cannot advise the President to ignore or disobey the provisions of Articles 141 and 144. An anomaly is thus created by reason of Articles 72/161 and a student is likely to read Article 141 and 144 as subordinate to Article 72/161. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Apex court has viewed delay in disposal of mercy petitions itself as a ground to set the convicts at liberty. This aspect encouraged or activated the Executive to sit over the issue and delay in taking the decision. This in turn enabled the convicts to seek judicial review of unjustified delay and as a consequence sought liberty as well. The following instances would illustrate as to how judicial review was sought in odd and peculiar situations. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Section 432 of Cr. P.C., provides enough checks in this regard. This situation gave rise to declaration of law in Devendar Singh Pal Bhullar v. State, NCT, Delhi (AIR 2013 SC 1975). At a given point of time when a particular person was President of India, there were 18 mercy petitions filed under Article 72 which were not even noticed or read or considered. In Mahendarnath Das v. UOI (2013) 6 SCC 253 the Apex Court has observed that scope of judicial&nbsp; review of an order of rejecting mercy petition is very limited and courts should be weary of this.&lt;br&gt;A bench of 3 Judges in Shatrughan Chouhan v. Union of India (AIR 2014 SC 1368) has held that clemency power is essentially an executive action to be exercised with the aid and advice of council of ministers. It is neither a matter of grace nor a matter of privilege, but is an important constitutional responsibility/duty reposed by the people in the highest authority. Said power has to be exercised with the aid of justice and not in defiance of it. President/Governor may also personally examine the evidence afresh. This exercise of power is clearly independent of judiciary vide Nanavati. Shabanum v. UOI is a classic case of manipulation of Rule of Law (the very same words used by the Apex Court in the decision ending with (2015) 9 SCC 552 dated 30-7-2015.&lt;br&gt;Shabanum is the member of family of Afzal Guru and Yakub Abdul Razak Menon is the brother of Afzal Guru. Both approached Supreme Court alternatively or together in regard to keeping the fate of Afzal Guru&rsquo;s litigation alive. On 9-4-2015 a bench of 3 Judges decided the matter relating to Afzal Guru. It gave rise to multiple manipulation of Rule of Law. On 21-7- 2015 a bench of 3 Judges decided the matter against the convict. The matter again came up before a bench of 2 Judges, which differed from each other in their order dated 28-7-2015. Supreme court constituted a bench of 3 Judges which decided the matter on 29-7-2015. This was at 4.15 p.m. on 29-7-15. Past the midnight of that day, a posse of advocates led by Senior Advocates, woke up Hon&rsquo;ble the Chief Justice with a request to constitute a bench to hear a petition under Article 32, challenging the order of President to hang Afzal Guru. Hon&rsquo;ble the Chief Justice constituted a special bench to hear the matter in the residence of one of the judges which sat through the early morning of 30-07-2015 and passed orders at about 3 a.m. Afzal Guru was hanged on 30-7-2015, giving a quietus to the long drawn litigation and highlighting on all the dimensions of Article 72 of Constitution of India. Decision reported in (2015) 9 SCC 552 is worthy of being read over and over again.&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;Intrigue: Conflict between Centre and State, qua remission&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;In Sriharan v. Union of India (AIR 2014 SC 1365), the Apex Court through a Bench of 3 Judges has commended the steps taken by Union of India regarding early disposal of mercy petition and has suggested that criterion of delay could be added as a ground for grant of&nbsp; mercy. In the middle of 2018 Tamil Nadu was confronted with another aspect, touching the same subject namely the release of convicts of Rajeev Gandhi. Stand of Union of India and that of Tamil Nadu are opposed to each other. Judicial review in this behalf makes discussion on the subject more relevant than ever before. &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;State of Tamil Nadu proposed to remit the sentence of life imprisonment and to release 7 convicts in Rajeev Gandhi assassination case in pursuance of commutation of death sentence of 3 of the accused by the Supreme Court in its order dated 18-2-2014. This was objected to by Government of India and petition under Article 32 was presented by Union of India impugning the decision of State of Tamil Nadu to release the convicts within 3 days and seeking to quash the said decision of the state government reached in terms of Sections 432, 435 of Cr. P.C and Article 162 of Constitution. Supreme Court through a bench of 3 Judges, stayed release of the convicts by its order dated 25-4-2014. The matter was referred to Constitution Bench for consideration of 7 questions formulated in paras 52.1 to 52.7 of the decision reported in (2014) 11 SCC 1. On 20-09-2018, Supreme Court reacting to the piquant situation that obtained in view of disinclination of the Union of India to release convicts in Rajeev Gandhi assassination Case, observed that Governor of Tamil Nadu can consider the mercy petition of A.G. Perarivilan, a convict. Justices Ranjan Gogoi, Naveen Sinha and K.M. Joseph disposed of the matter holding &ldquo; it appears that an application under Article 161 has been filed before the Governor of Tamil Nadu by the respondent A.G. Perarivalan @Arivu. Naturally, the authority concerned will be at liberty to consider the same as deemed fit.&rdquo; Hence, onus lies on the Advocates and Jurists to discuss the issue and assist the Executive and the Judiciary.&lt;br&gt;&lt;u&gt;Conclusion&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;It has become imperative for the profession and the body of Jurists to discuss this and set right the sights for nation as to whether clemency and separation of powers would gel well or would it give rise to knots in the fabric of the Constitution. It is apparent that India, in the attire of Democracy, assured by separation of powers with checks and balances, is indeed practising Monarchy. Masked Monarchy is hard to hide in the present scenario. A discussion in this behalf is never too late, if not overdue.&nbsp;If we can persuade ourselves to do, as above, it is permissible to present a neat case to read down Articles 72 and 161 to allow primacy to Articles 141 and 144 R/w Article 50, 53 and 60 in the backdrop of Separation of Powers in the matter of granting pardon and to restrict the same to exceptional cases of grave hardship likely to disturb the conscience of mankind and never otherwise.&lt;br&gt;S.P. Shankar&lt;br&gt;Sr Counsel&lt;/h4&gt;', 'b93412f700efa555cbac2f09b9bd7da9.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-03-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-03-31 18:29:44', '2021-03-31 19:57:59'),
(140, 'ZXRMmTMNbLNmw942Xn6SkPbUc', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sri Prashanth Bhushan conviction for contempt Justified.  Mr. B.V.Acharya. Senior Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp; By judgment dated: 14.08.2020 pronounced by a Bench of 3 Judges of the Supreme Court, Sri Prashanth Bhushan an Advocate practicing before the Supreme Court and having a standing over 30 years (hereinafter referred to as Contemnor) was found guilty of having committed criminal contempt of court and the case is adjourned to hear regarding sentence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;CJI rides a 50 lakh motorcycle belonging to a BJP leader at Rajbhavan, Nagpur without a mask or helmet at a time when he keeps the SC in lockdown mode denying citizens their fundamental right to access justice&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The second tweet reads as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;When historians in future look back at the last six years to see how democracy has been destroyed in India even without a formal emergency they will particularly mark the role of the Supreme Court in this destruction and more particularly the role of the last 4 CJIs&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and Former Advocate General, Karnataka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp; This judgment has evoked strong protest by a group of advocates and also a section of the press.&amp;nbsp; Some articles and write-ups are published finding fault with the judgment on the ground that the same infringes Fundamental Right of Freedom of Speech and Expression.&amp;nbsp; Certain procedural irregularities, such as want of consent of the Attorney General, are also pointed out to contend that the decision is vitiated.&amp;nbsp; It appears that an attempt is made to create and influence public opinion in favour of the Contemnor, not only in the country but also abroad.&amp;nbsp; It is shocking to find that the Bar Human Rights Committee of England and Wales has thought it fit to plead for contemnor and has demanded repeal of the statutory provision regarding criminal contempt.&amp;nbsp; This is a clear case of interference in the internal affairs of the country and in particular the sovereign power of the Indian Parliament which is competent enough to take decisions without any external influence.&amp;nbsp; A group of advocates are trying to enlist support from lawyers and carrying on a signature campaign as if the matter is to be decided on the basis of opinion of the majority and not on the merits of the matter.&amp;nbsp; These developments are both disturbing and unfortunate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp; The basis for action for contempt are two tweets admittedly posted by the contemnor.&amp;nbsp; The first one reads as follows:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4. A preliminary objection is raised with regard to procedure. It seems a private party had filed the contempt petition alleging contempt with regard to the first tweet without the consent of the Attorney General. It appears on the administrative side an order was passed to list the matter before court.&amp;nbsp; Accordingly, it was listed.&amp;nbsp; The Bench on a consideration of the matter decided to take suo moto action for contempt and directed issue of notice not only in respect of the first tweet but also in respect of the second one which appears to have been published in the English daily that day.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;5. The Supreme Court has rightly rejected the preliminary objection relying on several earlier decisions of the Supreme Court.&amp;nbsp; There is no dispute that the Supreme Court has power to take action suo moto and that, in such an event, consent of the Attorney General is not required.&amp;nbsp; It is only when a private party intends to move the court, such a consent is required.&amp;nbsp; In the present case, no doubt, a private party has moved the court regarding first tweet without&amp;nbsp; the consent of the Attorney General. The court is entitled to take suo-moto cognizance, when the information regarding contempt comes to its notice from any source.&amp;nbsp; It could be even a petition filed before it.&amp;nbsp; Therefore, there is no illegality in the court taking suo-moto action on the basis of information found in the petition filed before it.&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to contend that cognizance taken is without jurisdiction.&amp;nbsp; The assertion in an article that &ldquo;once a petition is filed, it is only for the Attorney General to decide whether it amounts to criminal contempt or not&rdquo; is clearly an erroneous statement of law. The power to decide whether it amounts to criminal contempt or not is the exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. There is no law which has transferred this power to the Attorney General.&amp;nbsp; The consent of the Attorney General is provided only to lend assurance that there is a prima facie case.&amp;nbsp; The decision of the Attorney General is also not final and the same is subject to judicial review.&amp;nbsp; Even where permission is refused by the Attorney General, it is open to the party to approach the court with relevant information and the court is entitled to take suo-moto action.&amp;nbsp; In the present case, even at the earliest stage, the court has made it clear that it has taken suo-moto cognizance and issued notice accordingly.&amp;nbsp; The judgment of the Supreme Court has effectively answered this preliminary objection and rightly rejected the contention which is of a highly technical nature without any merit.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;6. Even on merits, the judgment appears to be totally sound with cogent reasons for its conclusions.&amp;nbsp; To decide whether the remarks&amp;nbsp; amount to criminal contempt or not, one has to see the effect of such imputation in the mind of the public.&amp;nbsp; In the first tweet the allegation that CJI was riding the motor cycle is admittedly not true (underlining supplied) and hence the question of wearing a helmet does not arise.&amp;nbsp; Reference to the owner of the motorbike as a BJP leader and reference to the premises of Rajbhavan are also not without significance.&amp;nbsp; . Evidently, the contemnor intends to inject politics into the episode. More than all these, as pointed out in the judgment, the averment that the &ldquo;CJI has kept the Supreme Court in a lockdown mode, denying citizens of their Fundamental Right to access justice&rdquo; is patently false.&amp;nbsp; The court has been functioning even during lockdown through video conference and the contemnor himself has approached the court both as a litigant and a lawyer and has obtained relief.&amp;nbsp; The tweet read as a whole is calculated to create an impression that the Chief Justice of India has closed down the Supreme Court disowning his&amp;nbsp; responsibility and is enjoying ride in a costly motorcycle.&amp;nbsp; Undoubtedly this remark (which is partly false), is scandalous and calculated to undermine the dignity and authority of the court.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;7. So far as the second tweet is concerned, not much argument is required to show that it amounts to gross criminal contempt.&amp;nbsp; The clear meaning of the imputation is that the Supreme Court in general and the four Chief Justices of India in particular, have been responsible for destroying democracy in this country during the last 6 years.&amp;nbsp; This is a clear case of condemnation of the Supreme Court and four Chief Justices,&amp;nbsp; as responsible for destruction of democracy.&amp;nbsp; What will be the impression created in the mind of the public? &ndash; That an institution which has to protect democracy has destroyed it. Undoubtedly it lowers the dignity and authority of the Supreme Court and four Chief Justices, in the estimation of the public in general.&amp;nbsp; It is impossible to comprehend, that these assertions have been made bonafide in public interest.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;8. The circumstances clearly indicate that remarks have been made in the two tweets with&amp;nbsp; malicious intention to malign the Supreme Court and its Judges. They are portrayed as people who have destroyed democracy in the country. These remarks are scandalous, tending to bring the court into disrespect and disrepute. Such remarks shake the confidence of the people in the judiciary in general and the Supreme Court in particular. Therefore the finding that the contemnor is guilty of criminal contempt is unexceptionable.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;9. In the circumstances, raising a hue and cry and claiming that the judgment has dealt a deathblow to the Fundamental Right of freedom of speech and expression is totally unjustified. The demand for repeal of the law relating to criminal contempt is certainly not advisable.It is also dangerous, in as much as, in such an event, vested interests will be free to scandalize the judges and lower the dignity and authority of the courts with impunity.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', 'd7ceaa710a21477d6501fd85ccef1299.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-10 18:47:55', '2021-01-26 03:49:46');
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(132, 'ZIeg0GLelMUnmWQ7MEz7IlD66', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A tribute to fifteen outstanding women who shaped the Indian Constitution and homage and honor to the legacy of the architects of the Indian Republic', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&ldquo;A tribute to fifteen outstanding women who shaped the Indian Constitution and homage &amp;amp; honor to the legacy of the architects of the Indian Republic&rdquo; &ndash; Justice B.V. Nagarathna, Judge, High Court of Karnataka&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Speaking on the occasion of Constitution Day organised by the High Court of Karnataka and Karnataka State Legal Services Authority in association with Karnataka State Bar Council and Advocates&rsquo; Association, Bengaluru, Justice B.V. Nagarathna, Judge, High Court of Karnataka through the speech, paid tribute to fifteen outstanding women who shaped the Indian Constitution and homage and honor to the legacy of two important architects of the Indian Republic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Text of the speech:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt; &ldquo;We have gathered here today to celebrate the Constitution of India, which was adopted on this day 71 years ago. On this day I extend my greetings to all, as it is a very significant day for us in the legal and judicial fraternity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;At the outset, I wish to pay homage and honor to the legacy of two important architects of the Indian Republic. First, the members of the Constituent Assembly, which included personalities such as Dr B.R. Ambedkar, as the chairman of the drafting committee. Babu Rajendra Prasa, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Subramanyam, Alladhi Krishnaswamy Iyer, to name a few and a great many stalwarts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;But today I would like to remember fifteen women architects of the Indian Constitution and secondly, the advisor to the Constituent Assembly, Sir Benegal Narasing Rau and the chairman of the drafting committee, Dr B.R.Ambedkar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;The Constituent Assembly comprised of 299 members had the benefit of their erudition and experience of fifteen outstanding women and I would like to name them to this august gathering. 1. Ammu Swaminathan, 2. Dakshayani Velayudhan, 3. Begum Aizaz Rasul, 4. Durgabai Deshmukh, 5. Hansa Jivraj Mehta, 6. Kamla Chaudhary, 7. Leela Roy, 8. Malati Choudhury, 9. Purnima Banerjee, 10. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, 11. Renuka Ray, 12. Sarojini Naidu, 13. Sucheta Kriplani 14. Vijalakshami Pandit, 15. Annie Mascarene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Drawn from diverse backgrounds, they were united by their vision for an egalitarian society and polity. Each one of these remarkable women, not only played an active role in public life, but also had several individual achievements to their credit. Their participation in the Constituent Assembly debates and persistence ensured that their vision for an equal, fair and just nation is firmly embodied in our Constitution. The nation owes a deep debt of gratitude, not just to these 15 women, but also my humble tribute to all the members of the Constituent Assembly, who focus their attention to give to our country, our Constitution, which has stood the test of times. despite 103 amendments made to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Coming to Sir Benegal Narasing Rau, he was an astute civil servant, and later a judge of the International Court of Justice. Sir B.N. Rau, as he is popularly known was appointed as the constitutional adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in the year 1946. He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework and prepared the initial draft. The draft prepared by the constitutional advisor was submitted in October 1947. The people of India were given eight months&rsquo; time to debate about it. And in light of the criticisms comments and suggestions, a second draft was prepared and it was introduced by Dr B.R. Ambedkar on fourth November 1948 for a first reading of it. Later for one year, clause by clause consideration took place and after three drafts and three readings, the Constitution was declared as passed and adopted on 26th&amp;nbsp; of October 1949. Sir B.N. Rau prepared the draft constitution consisting of 243 articles and the drafting committee worked over it to expand it to 315 Articles. After 2473 amendments, the final form of the Constitution emerged with 395 articles. An important aspect I would like to dwell and to reiterate are the values embodied in our Constitution, which I would like to collectively term as constitutionalism, though there is a great debate as to whether to call it as constitutional morality. But I would not like to go into that aspect today. These values have recognized the judicial recognition by way of the doctrine of basic structure in the famous Keshavananda Bharati case where the defining features of the Constitution, cannot be defied. We need not go any further than the preamble to remind ourselves of the values of the Constitution namely, Justice, Equality, Fraternity and Liberty in India&amp;nbsp; that is sovereign socialist secular democratic republic. These values breathe life into another spirit animating the substantive provisions of the Constitution.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;It is not necessary for me to give a very elaborate elaboration of the Constitution to this very learned and erudite audience, but I will be failing in my duty if I do not refer to part three of the Constitution which deals with the fundamental rights and freedoms and part four of the Constitution, which deals with the Directive Principles of the State Policy. In the context of today&rsquo;s topic, I would like to only highlight Article 47 of the director principles which deals with improvement of public health as a primary duty of the State, which is most relevant in today&rsquo;s world, and in India, where the pandemic is raging.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Apart from this, from the citizens point of view, the Constitution is significant, not only for the fundamental rights, but the fundamental duties imposed on every citizen, which are essential to lead the nation to greater heights. In today&rsquo;s context, I would like to only refer to the promotion of harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious linguistic and regional or sectional diversities to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women, and to abide by the Constitution and respected ideals and institutions, the national flag, and the national anthem. On this occasion, one cannot forget the role of the Indian judiciary in ensuring that the values embodied in this living document are protected and remain relevant by constantly adapting it to a changing nation with differing needs. I&rsquo;d like to remember Justice Vivian Bose words, when he said, in State of Bengal vs Anwar Ali Sirkar, and I quote, &ldquo;The Constitution is not made of dull lifeless words, but living flames intended to give life to a great nation&rdquo;. I can only say that, bearing in mind this responsibility of judges in the wake of covid 19 pandemic, the courts have made laudable efforts in bringing to life, constitutional values in ensuring access to justice through various innovations. I would like to recall to this august gathering, what I said on last Saturday, about the leadership of our Chief Justice in ensuring that the judicial work is not stopped despite this pandemic. Therefore, it apt that we have in our midst, Chief Justice Kehar to enlighten us on the topic. On this auspicious occasion, I would like to end my address with the following prayer. Loka Samastha Sukino Bhavantu meaning, may all the people be well comfortable and happy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Thank you, and namaskaar.&ldquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Video Link:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29hGkYqijMQ&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29hGkYqijMQ&amp;amp;feature=youtu.be&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '73c50ddc6aba197bc562be6d8bc4084c.jpg', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-11-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-06 05:25:59', '2021-01-26 04:04:32'),
(133, 'XcSL47Av7vlhneUjltEp14DWQ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Civil Procedure Code Using interrogatories effectively to aid cross-examination', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Civil Procedure Code. Using interrogatories effectively to aid cross-examination&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ajay J Nandalike, Advocate, Bangalore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In the aftermath of COVID-19, courts and arbitrations are beginning to adopt virtual hearings as a means of justice dispensation. There is some debate about conducting cross-examination online. A view that is possible is that cross-examination can be conducted online, however, someone from the other side is physically present in the same room as the witness to avoid tutoring. Another view is to have a physical hearing in respect of cross-examination but restrict the scope of cross-examination by encouraging the use of interrogatories. In this background, this article explores how one can use interrogatories effectively to aid cross-examination. The benefits of an effective use of interrogatories include restricting the scope of cross-examination, creating more effective cross-examination, reducing superfluous questions etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Instances where an Interrogatories are beneficial&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;1. Narrowing the scope of controversy:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; The opponent may not refer to certain facts in the proof affidavit or be silent in respect of some information. It does not mean that the opponent is denying the information. In this situation, the scope of the dispute can be reduced by asking the opponent to admit certain facts by way of interrogatories. These admissions may not harm the case of the opponent but may aid another party&rsquo;s narrative or may be required for the sake of completeness. This will reduce the necessity of cross-examination on that issue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;2. Reducing the reliance of documentary evidence in relation to certain aspects: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;The witness may be relying on some voluminous documents or it may contain detailed technical specifications. In order to avoid the court / Arbitral Tribunal to rely on complete document, one can ask interrogatories seeking the witness to state the relevant procedure or provide technical details or as to which page number of the Exhibit where the details are available. This will ensure that the cross-examination will only be restricted to those page numbers of the Exhibits. It may also so happen that a document produced by the witness may not at all be relevant to the matter. In such a situation, one could seek reasons for reliance on a particular document. This will restrict the scope of cross- examination in relation to that document.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;3. Excluding aspects which the witness does not have knowledge of:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; If the Legal Manager of the Company files the proof affidavit on behalf of the Company, it is possible that he is deposing entirely on the basis of records. However, there may be several statements in the affidavit which may not be based on records. These need to be carefully gleaned out and the witness can be asked to identify the source of the statement made in the affidavit. If the witness refers to a document, then if the document is not produced or if the document does not depict the said fact, the fact is not proved. If the witness refers to some information obtained from other company personnel and names such a person, then without that person stepping into the witness box, the fact is not proved. The reference to that fact in the proof affidavit of the witness would be hearsay evidence and cannot be accepted. There would be no need to cross-examine the witness on those facts in the affidavit at all.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;4. Identifying the source of the information: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;The witness may be making certain assertions without stating the supporting facts or producing the supporting documents on the basis of which such statements are made. If questions are asked in cross-examination for the first time regarding the source, the answers may surprise the cross-examiner and one may require more time to prepare to cross-examine further in response to such answers. It may also result in a situation where one is not able to fully cross-examine on that issue because of an unexpected answer. Hence, interrogatories will provide an opportunity to prepare for such surprises.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;5. Establishing timelines and dates: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;It is also possible to utilize the interrogatories to establish a timeline and to organize the information in the affidavit if it has been put in a haphazard manner. If one is required to connect facts stated in the opponent&rsquo;s affidavit in a manner which is suitable for one&rsquo;s case, then it is possible to do so. If the affidavit omits a crucial link, it is possible to bring out that information in the timeline by seeking the opponent to confirm that particular fact. Similarly, one can ask the witness to confirm certain dates and events. If the witness intends to deny the timeline, it will help one focus the cross-examination on that specific aspect in the timeline which is denied. This saves considerable time during cross-examination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;6. Getting more information / better particulars relating to technical or procedural aspects: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;Answer to Interrogatories may be more complete than cross examination. Unlike depositions, interrogatories may inquire not only into the responding party&rsquo;s present recollection, but also into the collective knowledge available to him or her, including knowledge of his or her agents and attorneys. One may want certain undocumented details or technicalities about some procedure on record. This information requires reference to certain documents which may not be on record or may be just an undocumented business practice of the company, then it is a good idea to ask it in interrogatories. Witness cannot say that he does not have personal knowledge or that he needs to examine records. For instance, one can ask a question regarding the procedure followed internally for clearing an invoice, which departments are involved, who needs to sign off etc. This information will provide a foundation for cross-examination on whether an invoice was improperly cleared, whether there was waiver etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;7. Evasive Witness:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; One of the problems that is faced during cross-examination is the witness may not want to reveal certain information despite being aware of the same. So, the witness may say that the he does not have personal knowledge, he will need to refer to document, he did not understand the question etc., or he may not deliver a complete answer. However, in an interrogatory, he cannot say so. He will have the benefit of looking at all relevant documents, seeking information from other persons in the company, seeking advice from counsel, technical persons etc. Although it is possible to give an evasive answer, if care is taken to identify what relevant facts one wants the witness to state, the witness will have to give a yes or no answer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;8. Pinning down the opponent&rsquo;s case:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; It is possible that an opponent will have multiple defences which are taken without prejudice to one another or case may be based on multitude of facts. When the opponent is being cross- examined, it would be possible to give contradictory answers or misconstrue the questions or provide caveats in some manner. In construction arbitrations, interpretations of actions of parties revolve around what constitutes general or best engineering / construction practice. If one is able to pin the opponent&rsquo;s case on any particular issue by eliciting in an interrogatory as to whether they would accept xyz as the best engineering practice and if not, the reasons for the same, one would have a foundation to cross-examination on that issue and elicit appropriate responses. If you are able to rebut the case of the other side with some new information / documents, then interrogatories are an excellent place to pin down the witness. In cross, the witness may want to clarify his statement or say that he misunderstood the question. However, a tightly worded interrogatory requiring an absolute answer will ensure that the opponent is pinned to that position. While cross-examining, one can rebut the case by producing the information / document and create contradictions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;9. Denied document &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;&ndash; Before the trial begins, parties exchange statement of admissions and denials of the documents produced by the other party. Typically, one will deny the receipt of the document or deny the contents of the document. If the receipt of the document is denied, the attempt is to either to verify if the document is referred in any other document which is admitted by the opponent or proof of receipt is to be furnished. An interrogatory could focus on referencing some event or action that would have been undertaken pursuant to the denied letter so that portions of the letter can be admitted. If the content of the document is denied, it would be beneficial to identify which portions of the letter are admitted and which portions are denied so that the cross-examination is restricted only to that portion. denial of basis of such denial. If you have received the document, did you reply back to the letter and details of the letter so replied back. You could ask under what circumstances did you decide not to reply back to the letter. Document identification interrogatory is useful if you intend to tie a document to a specific event.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;10. Getting information not obtainable from an individual deponent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt; &ndash; When conducting discovery against corporations, e.g., in a products liability case, the plaintiff may need to discover information about every other person injured by the same product. Probably no individual employee of the corporation would know the answer, because it would require a search through records. An interrogatory would require the corporation to search its records and conduct a reasonable investigation to gather the information. It&rsquo;s often useful to have a corporate deponent designate the person who&rsquo;s most qualified to testify on specified matters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Breaking down the complex claim &lt;/b&gt;&ndash; In construction arbitrations / claims, there may be complex claims which are bunched together. For instance, idle charges may be bunched together for the entire contract period. It would make sense to seek clarity on the break-up of the claims, basis for the claims, what documents are being relied on for what claim. Additionally, it would be possible to ask questions on mitigation steps. The answers given by a witness can be tested in cross-examination under a more thorough questioning. This will enhance the value of the cross-examination.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;12. Create contradictions &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;&ndash; One must bear in mind that the interrogatories are drafted with the aid of the opponent&rsquo;s counsel. Hence it is possible that the counsel&rsquo;s thoughts and legal correctness may gloss over the facts or assume facts which may not be true. If the same question is asked in another context, the answer may be different in the course of cross-examination. This is extremely risky as the witness may stick to the counsel&rsquo;s stand. It is also advisable not to ask about incidents which are based on personal knowledge as the counsel may add relevant details, make it complete. Witnesses have imperfect recollections, details of conversations may actually be different, but a counsel can bring a sense of completeness by covering all loopholes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Effective use of interrogatories will not only aid the cross-examination, but also help the Arbitral Tribunal / Civil Courts to focus on the relevant facts and reign in the cross- examination. Interrogatories form part of the evidence of the parties and would have a greater weightage than cross-examination. If strict time periods are imposed on the cross-examination, then meandering around unnecessary questions can be avoided, a lot of the necessary information can be gleaned out in interrogatories. Typically, there is a need to establish certain background facts during cross and this can be achieved in cross-examination. However, it is not being used effectively due to lack of awareness of its benefits. One hopes that this article will aid practitioners to use interrogatories effectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;(Ajay J Nandalike is an advocate practicing in Pragati Law Chambers, Bangalore)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '390ab5c519ab931441938c80c230cad2.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-06 05:34:55', '2021-01-26 04:04:00'),
(134, 'TJUlHa5HdejGx1m8PADrjcG2I', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Transfer of Property Act, 1882. Different kinds of  mortgages explained with case laws.  S. Basavaraj Advocate, Bangalore', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;Transfer of Property Act, 1882. &ndash; Simple mortgage, Mortgage by conditional sale, Usufructuary mortgage, English mortgage, Mortgage by deposit of title-deeds &ndash; explained with Supreme Court Judgments.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58(b) Simple mortgage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;.&mdash;Where, without delivering possession of the mortgaged property, the mortgagor binds himself personally to pay the mortgage-money, and agrees, expressly or impliedly, that, in the event of his failing to pay according to his contract, the mortgagee shall have a right to cause the mortgaged property to be sold and the proceeds of sale to be applied, so far as may be necessary, in payment of the mortgage-money, the transaction is called a simple mortgage and the mortgagee a simple mortgagee.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mathai Mathai v. Joseph Mary, (2015) 5 SCC 622. Paragraph&nbsp; 20.2 Simple mortgage is a mortgage where property is mortgaged without delivering possession of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58. (c) Mortgage by conditional sale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;.&mdash;Where the mortgagor ostensibly sells the mortgaged property&mdash;on condition that on default of payment of the mortgage-money on a certain date the sale shall become absolute, or on condition that on such payment being made the sale shall become void, or on condition that on such payment being made the buyer shall transfer the property to the seller, the transaction is called a mortgage by conditional sale and the mortgagee, a mortgagee by conditional sale: Provided that no such transaction shall be deemed to be a mortgage, unless the condition is embodied in the document which effects or purports to effect the sale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Ganpati Babji Alamwar v. Digambarrao Venkatrao Bhadke, (2019) 8 SCC 651. Paragraph 10. Whether an agreement is a mortgage by conditional sale or sale with an option for repurchase is a vexed question to be considered in the facts of each case. The essentials of an agreement, to qualify as a mortgage by conditional sale, can succinctly be summarised. An ostensible sale with transfer of possession and ownership, but containing a clause for reconveyance in accordance with Section 58(c) of the Act, will clothe the agreement as a mortgage by conditional sale. The execution of a separate agreement for reconveyance, either contemporaneously or subsequently, shall militate against the agreement being mortgage by conditional sale. There must exist a debtor and creditor relationship. The valuation of the property, and the transaction value, along with the duration of time for reconveyance, are important considerations to decide the nature of the agreement. There will have to be a cumulative consideration of these factors, along with the recitals in the agreement, intention of the parties, coupled with other attendant circumstances, considered in a holistic manner. The language used in the agreement may not always be conclusive.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58 (d) Usufructuary mortgage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;.&mdash;Where the mortgagor delivers possession&nbsp; of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee, and authorises him to retain such possession until payment of the mortgage-money, and to receive the rents and profits accruing from the property or any part of such rents and profits and to appropriate the same in lieu of interest, or in payment of the mortgage-money, or partly in lieu of interest or partly in payment of the mortgage-money, the transaction is called an usufructuary mortgage and the mortgagee an usufructuary mortgagee.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Mathai Mathai v. Joseph Mary, (2015) 5 SCC 622. Paragraph&nbsp; 20.2 The mortgagor delivers possession or expressly or by implication binds himself to deliver possession of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee and further authorises him to retain such possession until payment of the mortgage money, and to receive the rents and profits accruing from the property or any part of such rents and profits and to appropriate the same in lieu of interest, or in payment of the mortgage money, or partly in lieu of interest or partly in payment of the mortgage money.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Narpatchand A. Bhandari v. Shantilal Moolshankar Jani, (1993) 3 SCC 351. Paragraph 7. A usufructuary mortgagee is a transfer of a right to possession of the mortgaged property and the right to receive the rents and profits accruing from such property. Tenanted premises, if is mortgaged by the landlord by way of usufructuary mortgage, the usufructuary mortgagee thereunder would become entitled to receive the rents and profits accruing from such property in his own right and on his own account&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58(e) English mortgage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;&mdash;Where the mortgagor binds himself to repay the mortgage-money on a certain date, and transfers the mortgaged property absolutely to the mortgagee, but subject to a proviso that he will re-transfer it to the mortgagor upon payment of the mortgage-money as agreed, the transaction is called an English mortgage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Raj Kishore v. Prem Singh, (2011) 1 SCC 657 . Paragraph 21. A transaction to constitute an English mortgage the following essential conditions must be satisfied: (1) The mortgagor must bind himself to repay the mortgage money on a certain date. (2) The property mortgaged should be transferred absolutely to the mortgagee. (3) Such absolute transfer should be made subject to the proviso that the mortgagee shall reconvey the property to the mortgagor upon payment by him of the mortgage money on the date the mortgagor binds himself to pay the same. 22. It is only in cases where all the three requirements indicated above are satisfied that the transaction constitutes an English mortgage and not otherwise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58(f) Mortgage by deposit of title-deeds&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;.&mdash;Where a person in any of the following towns, namely, the towns of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, and in any other town which the State Government concerned may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf, delivers to a creditor or his agent documents of title to immoveable property, with intent to create a security thereon, the transaction is called a mortgage by deposit of title-deeds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;State of Haryana v. Narvir Singh, (2014) 1 SCC 105. Paragraph 13. Mortgage by deposit of title deeds is the actual handing over by a borrower to the lender of documents of title to immovable property with the intention that those documents shall constitute a security which will enable the creditor ultimately to recover the money which he has lent. 14.2. No instrument is required to be drawn for this purpose. However, the parties may choose to have a memorandum prepared only showing deposit of the title deeds. In such a case also registration is not required. But in a case in which the memorandum recorded in writing creates rights, liabilities or extinguishes those, the same requires registration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;58(g) Anomalous mortgage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: 500;&quot;&gt;&mdash;A mortgage which is not a simple mortgage, a mortgage by conditional sale, an usufructuary mortgage, an English mortgage or a mortgage by deposit of title-deeds within the meaning of this section is called an anomalous mortgage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Sardar Govindrao Mahadik v. Devi Sahai, (1982) 1 SCC 237.&nbsp; (as an example) Paragraph 2. Even though the mortgage was mortgage with possession, it was not a usufructuory mortgage but an anomalous mortgage in that the mortgagor had agreed to pay interest at the rate of 12 per cent and the mortgagee was liable to account for the income of the property earned as rent and if the mortgagee himself occupied the same he was bound to account for the rent at the rate of Rs 515 per annum.&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Compiled by S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '4497e50125bb067d25c68cb7a8a278a9.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-06', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-07 05:05:27', '2021-04-27 18:15:14'),
(136, 'Ce45fqrj9Ovshza5WzFvRcdxf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Succession to property Per Capita and Per Stripes explained.  Mr. S. Basavaraj Advocate Daksha Legal ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Succession to property. &ldquo;Per Capita&rdquo; and &ldquo;Per Stripes&rdquo; &ndash; explained in simple diagram &amp;amp; words.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Per Stirpes a person&rsquo;s share of the inheritance will go to his heir. In Per Capita heirs will not receive any share.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://dakshalegalhome.files.wordpress.com/2020/11/22499228_1463101443775318_1645434551987931674_o.jpg?w=964&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Consider an example where, Mr.X has two children A and B. A has a son S1 and daughter D1 and B has a son S2 and daughter D2. A dies before X. Then after the death of X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In per stripes, A and B each will get 1/2 the share after a notional partition and their share will go to their respective children according to the rules of intestate succession applicable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;In per capita the entire property will go to B and the heirs of A will not get any share. So Per Capita distribution looks at the number of surviving heads on the generational line.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Before the 1956 Act in the above example on death of X &ndash; B, S1 and S2 would be the coparcenors( per capita) and would hold the property as joint tenants and their share would decrease on birth of a new coparcenor and increase on death of an exsisting coparcenor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;After the 1956 Act, on death of X &ndash; since A and B have a class 1 female heir they hold the property as tenants in common. A notional partition would be done and A and B would first get 1/2 share each ( per stripe )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Then A&rsquo;s 1/2 share would be divided between himself and his son. So A is left with 1/4 and S1 will get 1/4. Then the 1/4 share in the hands of A would become his separate property and in this his son and daughter would have equal share. So D1 would get 1/8 and S1 will finally get 1/8 + 1/4. same per stripe division will happen in B&rsquo;s branch.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;After the 2005 Amendment on the death of X, A and B will get 1/2 share and on death of A and B their children will get equal shares. So S1, S2, D1 and D2 will all get 1/4 share each.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;', '1ad40325aa4e31094b3beb25a02c70b5.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-07', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-08 04:51:17', '2021-01-26 04:02:57');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(137, 'BbD6KArSU2UTPCDVlVqMRD2wH', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Whether a tenant can claim adverse possession against his landlord? Case laws on the point.  Mr. S. Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore.', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether a tenant can claim adverse possession against his landlord? &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Case laws on the point.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Abhiram Goswami v. Shyama Charan Nandi, 1909 SCC OnLine PC 16 : (1908-09) 36 IA 148 : (1909) 6 All LJ 857 : (1909) 19 Mad LJ 530 : (1909-10) 14 CWN 1&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Besides, Anangamohini and her successors had paid rent under their lease up to 1902, and if the lease was void as ultra vires the grantor, they were at least tenants from year to year, and therefore no question of adverse possession could arise. A tenant could not while paying rent acquire an absolute proprietary tenure against his landlord. R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Disclaimer: The text is computer generated. The user must&amp;nbsp; verify the authenticity of the extracted portion with the original in Supreme Court Cases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Jagdeo Narain Singh v. Baldeo Singh, 1922 SCC OnLine PC 46 : ILR (1923) 2 Pat 38 : (1921-22) 49 IA 399: AIR 1922 PC 272 : (1923) 45 Mad LJ 460 : (1922-23) 27 CWN 925&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;With regard to the claim by adverse possession, as already observed, the mahal had all along been heir in thika; the lessee collected the rents and paid a fixed sum to the proprietor. If the thikedar failed to collect the rent from any individual tenant it would not create adverse possession against the proprietor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Abdul Rahman v. Prasony Bai, (2003) 1 SCC 488&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;32. In this case, we are also satisfied that having regard to the fact that the appellant himself was the tenant of Mangal Singh, he could not have raised the plea of adverse possession. As a tenant he could not have questioned the title of Mangal Singh. The very fact that escheat proceedings were initiated at the instance of the State also points out that the State proceeded on the premise that Mangal Singh had the right title in relation to the land in question and as he died intestate without leaving behind him any legal heir/representative, the same vested in the State. The appellant, as noticed hereinbefore, was allotted the land in question admittedly on the aforementioned premise, namely, Mangal Singh at the time of his death had title to the land in question or the suit property, but he died intestate. He, therefore, cannot be permitted to prevaricate from his stand at this stage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;G. Sathyanarayana Raj v. State of Karnataka, 2012 SCC OnLine Kar 1446 : ILR 2012 KAR 1831 : (2012) 2 Kant LJ 498 : (2012) 2 AIR Kant R 581 : (2012) 1 KCCR 628&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Furthermore, adverse possession, by its very nature, must be open and hostile to the person against whom it is sought to be claimed. It is inherently illogical to accept a claim for adverse possession in circumstances where the claimant essentially bases his title on a conveyance from a person against whom adverse possession is claimed. For example, a tenant may remain in possession for decades without end, but his tenure would not metamorphosise or transform into ownership by adverse possession.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;S.K. Lakshminarasappa v. B. Rudraiah, 2011 SCC OnLine Kar 3545 : ILR 2012 KAR 4129 : (2012) 4 AIR Kant R 424 : (2013) 1 KCCR 672&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;73. From the aforesaid stand in the written statement it is clear that, the case of the first defendant is he is in possession of the land as a tenant from the year 1950. He has filed an application for grant of occupancy rights. Now the matter is in Supreme Court.&amp;nbsp; When a person gets into the possession of the land as a tenant, his possession is lawful at the inception and if he is continuing as tenant, his possession is lawful and therefore, such a tenant who according to him got into land under a tenancy continuing in possession as a tenant is not entitled to the plea of adverse possession.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;G.M. Venkatareddy v. Deputy Commissioner, Kolar District, 2012 SCC OnLine Kar 7533 : ILR 2012 KAR 3168 : (2012) 3 AIR Kant R 527 : (2012) 3 KCCR 1999, at page 3206&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;A person in possession of property without the authorisation or permission of the title holder/owner of that property for the period prescribed by law, attains recognition and protection of his possession on equitable considerations comes to enjoy the rights of adverse possession. This possession must be (a) continuous, (b) exclusive&amp;nbsp; and (c) open, in the sense of being obvious and not covert, and most importantly (d) hostile to the title owner. In Thakur Kishan Singh v. Arvind Kumar, (1994) 6 SCC 591 their Lordships have clarified that &ldquo;possession for howsoever length of time does not result in converting permissive possession into adverse possession&rdquo;. A tenant or licencee cannot claim adverse possession; but if he sets up a claim rivalling and challenging the title of the lessor/licensor and deliberately stops payment of rent/fee, his initial legal possession transforms into the illegal occupation of a trespasser. If the period of prescription, twelve years for a citizen and thirty years for the Government, elapses without the title owner initiating legal action for regaining possession from the trespasser, the latter&rsquo;s adverse possession is protected. This doctrine may appear to favour the transgressor, but it is arguable that in actuality it respects the human right to enjoyment of property possessed, j improved and developed by the transgressor, against an indolent and careless owner. A presumption can also be drawn that the title holder is not interested in the property any longer. It need not be equated with stealth, since the possession of the trespasser has to be open and hostile to the title owner. As has been explained in Taylor v. Twinberrow (1930) All ER 342 and Fair Weather v. St. Marlebone Property Co (1962) 2 All ER 288 adverse possession &ldquo;is a negative and consequential right effected only because somebody else&rsquo;s positive right to access the Court is barred by operation of law&rdquo;. Such rights&amp;nbsp; are protective in character and akin to the doctrine of &lsquo;part performance&rsquo; can be employed only as a shield and not as a sword. Expectedly therefore, a suit for declaration of ownership cannot be predicated on a plea of adverse possession, as has been held in Prem Nath Wadhawan v. Inder Raj Wadhawan 1993 (3) PLR 70 (Delhi Section) State of Haryana v. Mukesh Kuma (2011) 10 SCC 404, contains a detailed debate on the equities which arise whenever adverse possession is pressed into service. The preponderance if opinion is that the operation of adverse possession protects a trespasser or transgressor of the law and therefore ought not to be made available. References to the modern jurisprudence in America, United Kingdom and European Commission of Human Rights prefers the abolition or non-application of this principle&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Compiled by S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1093db28d7adb34759ede583fb63cd45.png', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-08 19:42:13', '2021-01-26 04:02:11'),
(138, 'NRaZs6rZpATQuDUt1tiP3vuf9', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Law of mortgages with special reference to Banking Law.  Mr. S.P. Shankar Senior Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Law of mortgages with special reference to Banking Law&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Banking institutions, in India, are primarily supporting every commercial transaction in aid of development of commercial enterprise. Howsoever well possessed a man is, he would not convert his assets into liquid cash, for purposes of investment in trade/commerce. He necessarily starts such enterprises with borrowed funds. It is in this manner banking institution would picture itself in trade and commerce. A banker is obviously a stranger to an entrepreneur. Words of entrepreneur are taken as true and correct and on that basis the banker would take up the proposal of the entrepreneur for processing loan and the like. Risk&ndash;appetite is common to the banker and the entrepreneur. The banker who deals with public money has greater responsibility in marshalling its funds, channelizing the same for various purposes and closely supervise utilization/application of funds by the borrower and lastly, ensure recovery with interest and costs. The whole process is complicated. Bankers have neither experience nor enterprise much less expertise in running the industry itself, should the repayment of borrowed money is delayed or staggered. Entrepreneurs have often ended penniless, midstream in their business. This aspect would destroy the confidence in the entrepreneur and hopes of the banker besides affecting the security of the depositors.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;It is in the above background, collaterals and security for repayment of loan with interest assumes primary importance. As stated earlier, bank deals with funds of the depositor. Bank only manages such funds prudently and economically so that besides serving the depositors, the bank should make reasonable profit to take care of its administrative expenses and also provide for accumulation of funds. Technical terms are avoided. To strike a balance in the banking business, collaterals and securities for loan would assume greater role. Even in the matter of obtaining security, bank has to be prudent both in terms of getting the best security and loan processing is less expensive. It is in this background, Law of Mortgages would picture itself in the scenario. Mortgages of immovable properties and charges on them are found and dealt with in chapter IV of Transfer of Property Act vide Sections 58-104. Kinds of Mortgages are dealt with in Section 58. They are simple mortgage, Mortgage by conditional sale, Usufructuary mortgage, English mortgage, Mortgage by deposit of title deeds and Anomalous mortgage. Of several mortgages the one that facilitates the banker is the Mortgage by deposit of title deeds.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mortgage by deposit of title is also known as equitable mortgage. Subject matter of Equitable mortgage is the &ldquo;interest&rdquo; of the mortgagor in the mortgaged property, in contra distinction to &ldquo;Right, Title and Interest&rdquo; in the property itself. The striking illustration in this behalf is the interest of lessee in the mortgaged property, which could be merely the leasehold rights. This aspect is further supported by Law vide Section 108(j) of T.P. Act. Section 108(j) would empower and authorize lessees to transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his &ldquo;interest&rdquo; in the demised property. Section 58(d) R/w Section 108 (j) would thus permit a situation where a long term lessee may mortgage the lease hold rights and secure loan from a bank. This comes by way of assignment of lease hold rights. The earliest decision in this behalf is one rendered by five judges of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case reported in AIR 1952 SC 156. This decision is followed every now and then, to sustain the banking transaction of loan advanced by a banker on the security of lease hold rights.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Equitable mortgage is and shall not be a document containing terms of loan like the amount lent, rate of interest or other terms and conditions of loan. An equitable mortgage merely consists of a report or a writing by the borrower affirming that he has deposited the title deeds, with the intent of securing loan and creating a charge on his interest in the property and more importantly recording the fact that he has delivered possession of deeds of title. The anywhere in India can be subject matter of equitable mortgage at place other than where the property is situate and in the authorized cities vide Section 58(d). Only a few cities in India are designated cities, where title deeds are deposited. By fiction, equitable mortgage can be created by deposit of title deeds of property situated elsewhere, in a designated city. This facility afforded by the statute would augur well, in the matter of banking transactions. It does not involve stamp duty as it is a mere report or memorandum evidencing deposit of title deeds and delivery of those documents. It does not require registration. The question as to whether equitable mortgage by deposit of title deeds requires registration or not has been resolved by Apex Court in AIR 1950 SC 272, AIR 1965 SC 1591 and many more. High court of Karnataka in ILR 2000 Kar 1962 has held that memorandum accompanying the deposit of title deeds containing only a statement that a deposit is made by way of security for repayment of loan, does not need registration. The memorandum is only evidence of the fact that the title deeds are deposited with the Mortgagee. Documents of title could be mere patta of lands in mufassil areas. Document of Mortgage is itself is a title of the mortgagee. An expired lease is a document of title if it is renewed and kept valid. Share certificates could be document of title. Where possession is given to vendee on the basis of agreement to sell, such agreement is a good security. Original probate of a will accompanied by certified copy of redemption relating to the property, even if lost, can create equitable mortgage. The list of title deeds is only illustrative.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Essential aspect is delivery of title deeds made by the borrower to the creditor or his agent. Such delivery must be with intent to create security. The bank would save cost of stamp duty and registration and would therefore facilitate credit transaction. This would improve commercial enterprise, a positive aspect of Law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mortgage is a transfer of an interest in immovable property. The immovable property has to be and is always specific. Mortgage could be to secure existing or future debts. Mortgage can be effected by co-owners, Pardanashian woman or by beneficiaries under Trust. There could be mortgage in favour of a minor.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In Simple mortgage, possession remains with mortgagor. A mortgagor would bind himself personally to pay if the security offered in inadequate. Mortgagee shall have the right to sell or cause the mortgaged property to be sold for recovery of dues.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Mortgage by conditional sale creates liability. This type of mortgage is ostensible sale with personal liability on default of payment of mortgage money on a given date. There is distinction between mortgage by conditional sale and a sale with clause for repurchase. That stipulation/clause for repurchase should be in the same document contemporaneously entered while taking the loan.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Distinction between sale and mortgage would itself be a subject matter of serious discussion. Usufructuary mortgage involves delivery of possession, right of mortgagee to appropriate rents and profits. There is no personal liability of the mortgagor.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Time limit for redemption is stipulated. Distinction between usufructuary mortgage and lease is apparent and should be clearly understood. An English mortgage is one where personal liability exists. Transfer is absolute and not conditional, in contrast. There can be a proviso for re-conveyance.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Possession of the property is given to mortgagee.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Anomalous Mortgage is one that does not come under any of the above mortgages.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rights and remedies of mortgagee are set out in Chapter IV vide Sections 67, 67A, 68, 69, 69A -79. Marshalling and contribution are also provided in respect of security to the bank. Thus mortgage by deposit of title deeds would make the transaction ( borrowing from and lending by banks to debtors) an effective and economical mode from the point of view of the Banker and the borrower.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In addition, the bank has now the support of DRT Act and Securitization Act. Jurisdiction of civil courts is barred in respect of recovery of dues outstanding to a bank. Separate Forum is created in these days of Tribunalisation. Realising the rigors of civil litigation, accompanied by need to pay advolerm court fee and unimaginable contest raised by the borrowers and the never ending process of execution, Union of India enacted DRT Act and Securitization Act giving power to the banking institution to recover debts in an expeditious manner and in the most inexpensive procedure. The laudable object of Union of India in enacting this enactment is set out in Mardia&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Chemicals.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Bank has the right to sell the mortgaged property. Though this right to sell is available in common law it has its own inhibitions. Securitization Act has made the maters far easy and has stipulated several conditions against the borrower, were he to indulge in procrastinating means and methods. Sections 13 to 17 of Securitization Act serve as a Code by itself. Banks are authorized to sell the mortgaged property, realize the dues and make the recovered amount available for further advances. This perspective is laudable from the point of view of law makers. In reality even these two enactments have been deprived of the intended teeth and verve. Law of mortgages obtaining in common law, has yielded in favour of relieving the bank from rigors of unending litigation and has assisted the borrower in reducing the cost of litigation. This is hardly realized by the borrowers muchless by the institution of Courts. Validity of Securitization Act and the special procedure for bank for recovery of dues have been tested, to the relief of Bankers. The common law remedies available to a borrower including one time settlement is not be applied to or enforced on the bankers. One time settlement ( OTS) is a matter of discretion.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Circular of RBI confers discretion on the Bank but never confers a right on borrower. Inspite of this undeniable statement of Law borrowers invoke Article 226 and keep the banks under strangle hold. Yet, the society has witnessed large scale borrowings and un-pardonable defaults on the part of celebrated borrowers like Vijaya Malya, Nirav Modi, Subrotho Mukherji and the hallowed persons. Society has also evidenced public authorities like Ministers pressurizing the bank to lend money to these celebrated and favoured borrowers. It became the lot of court in England to notice and highlight in extradition proceedings that huge loans to Vijaya Malya was blessed by the then Finance Minister and Prime Minister. The other illustration is that of Punjab National Bank and allied banking institutions as well as Co-operative banks. It is time to rationalize banking practices and secure the interest of depositors irreversibly.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;RBI is the prime and Central Bank of India. It is enjoined under the Banking Regulation Act 1949 and RBI Act to assume responsibility, impose banking sanctions and help recover huge debts. No debt is less than 10 to 15 thousand crores. Interest is accruing. It is time that the Reserve Bank of India takes the role of monitoring and enforce fiscal discipline.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;S.P. Shankar&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;4-12-2020 Senior Advocate&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'cfcba32e27edc3930bc8894da36c2dc9.PNG', NULL, 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-12-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2020-12-09 02:15:00', '2021-01-26 04:01:36'),
(166, '6Oyl8YUGx898eSZCxu2faFoGY', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Guide to title search for converted lands in the State of Karnataka. ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;S. Basavaraj, Advocate, Bangalore&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#e76363&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTE. This Article is regarding purchase of converted immovable property in the State of Karnataka.Article regarding title search for sites and agricultural lands will be published separately. This article will be updated from time to time depending on the latest amendment to laws, judgments etc. Hence please visit this post often.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Purchase of immovable property like converted land in urban areas is a nightmarish. Hard earned money and life savings is involved and extreme care is required in this regard.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. This article is prepared based on the standard checklist followed by leading property lawyers in Bangalore. However, the prospective purchasers are advised to physically verify the property to check unauthorised encroachments, fencing by third parties etc.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#9c0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Check List for title search.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Title Documents (Sale Deeds, Partition Deeds, Release Deed, Gift Deed, Wills, Decree, Exchange Deeds, etc.);&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Litigation Documents.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Death Certificates;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Family trees;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Latest Khata Certificate in the name of the present owner by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagaraa Palike, Corporation or Municipal authority of the area concerned.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Latest Assessment Register Extract in the name of the present owner issued by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, Corporation or Municipal authority of the area concerned.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Khata Endorsement issued by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike or Corporation or Municipal authority of the area concerned on being registered as khatedars of the said property;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Special Notice assessing the property to tax and assigning a separate municipal number to the property;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Old and upto date Tax Paid receipts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Conversion of land.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Zonal classification under the Master Plan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Acquisition proceedings.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Up-to-date encumbrance certificate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Paper publication&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The checklist is discussed below.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#9c0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Title Documents (Sale Deeds, Partition Deeds, Release Deed, Gift Deed, Wills, Decree, Exchange Deeds, Government grants etc.).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) Please note; when it comes to immovable property, be it agricultural or converted, mere revenue entries like RTC or khata documents are NOT documents of tittle. The Supreme Court judgments on this aspect are very clear. RTC or khata are only for the purpose of identifying the person who is liable to pay land revenue or property tax. These are not documents of title.&amp;nbsp; (Please see the following Supreme Court judgment.)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/epLfTG9LUvaxdcCVHPFwWnJlb&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) What is relevant is the original document which is recognised under the Transfer of Property Act. Sale deed from the immediate owner and earlier sale deeds stretching for at least 30 years is advisable. The title also flows from Gift deed, Will, Partition, Release deed or Grant etc. Please also note mere partition deed howsoever old is NOT enough. Partition of property must be preceded by right to property. Hence the title source of the property prior to partition must be investigated.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c) Sale deeds. Mere repeated sale transactions is not enough to assume title to the property. The original owner who sold the land many decades ago must have had title to property. It is settled law that a person cannot pass on a better title than what he actually had. If a person had no title to sell the property in the first place, the subsequent sale transactions are of no use. Please the following Supreme Court judgment. Hence, the original source of title must be investigated. See the judgment.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/HtF7nbVQi2a0DoFLuh9wwcF6o.&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/HtF7nbVQi2a0DoFLuh9wwcF6o.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Partition deeds. &lt;/span&gt;Mere partition deed where persons partitioned property among themselves may not be enough. It is necessary to verify as to how the parties to the partition acquired right over the property. Please also ascertain entries are made in the relevant public documents in Mutation Register pursuant to the partition. Partition of the property means the parties divided the property in which had right. Mere partition of a property in which parties had no prior title will not confer any title on them. See Nepal Krishna Roy v. Baidya Nath Poddar, 1995 Supp (1) SCC 289.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Release deeds.&lt;/span&gt; Please note release deed in respect of immovable property requires registration since title is given up by the releaser in favour of the releasee. Please also make sure entry is mutated pursuant to the release deed. On aspect of the matter to be verified is whether the person who released the share had a right over the property. The principle discussed above equally applies to release deed also.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Gift deeds. &lt;/span&gt;Gift is defined under Section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act as the transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person, called the donor, to another, called the donee, and accepted by or on behalf of the donee. Please note gift deed in respect of immovable property requires registration if the parties are Hindus.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Will. &lt;/span&gt;Here again, extreme care has to be taken. Will comes into existence only after the death of testator. The person who confers title is no more. Though Will in respect of even immovable property does not require registration, it is always advisable to rely on registered Will. Here again, the title of the person executing the Will and mutation entries pursuant to his death have to be verified. When the person excludes close relatives from the Will, it is better to enquire into the issue even more carefully to avoid possible litigation after purchase.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Exchange deeds.&lt;/span&gt; Where two persons mutually transfer the ownership of one thing for the ownership of another, the transaction is called an &ldquo;exchange&rdquo;. (Section 118 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882) A transfer of property in completion of an exchange can be made only in manner provided for the transfer of such property by sale. All precautions as abovesaid must be taken even in in case of exchange deeds.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Government grants.&lt;/span&gt; Please note this is the most controversial field. There are several types of grants. It is better to take advice of lawyer in this regard. Many grants may turn out to be bogus or fraudulent or violating laws in the State. In many cases, original grant certificates are not forthcoming. However, if based on aged old grant, say more than 50-100 years, there are transactions like sale, partition etc, title may be forthcoming. However, extreme care and caution is required in this regard. Grant of land in favour of Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribe is again subject to conditions. Violation of grant results in forfeiture and resumption of land. Since we are dealing with converted land in this article, it is to be noted that conversion of land after the period of non-alienation amounts to &lsquo;prior permission&rsquo; as per the judgment of the Karnataka High Court. See&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/MpgVIi5oBaiprLIsTcKruGh0x&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/MpgVIi5oBaiprLIsTcKruGh0x&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. In all cases, where property is transferred under a registered document, it is strongly advised that certified copies of the said documents are obtained from the office of the Sub-Registrar concerned. This exercise must be done without fail since bogus documents insinuating original registered documents are manufactured by unscrupulous elements.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Litigation documents&lt;/span&gt;. This again can be undertaken with the help of a lawyer. Thorough scrutiny must be undertaken to find out pending litigation, if any. Sometimes, the litigation might have filed just a day before registration. Hence it is advisable to do search till registration of the sale is completed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Death Certificate&lt;/span&gt;. Whenever Will or partition is shown as tittle document, death certificate of the original prepositus/owner must be examined. A separate examination in the office concerned can be undertaken to find out the genuineness of the death certificate.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Family tree. &lt;/span&gt;Here again, this is extremely controversial area of title search. Bogus family tree suppressing shareholders are made available to the purchasers. After purchase, cases are filed by persons who were left out of the transaction. This is especially so after the amendment to Hindu Succession Act conferring coparcenary right on daughters. Unfortunately there is no perfect way to find out the genuineness of the family trees. Paper publication as discussed below may help to an extent.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Conversion of land&lt;/span&gt;. In the urban, semi urban areas, if the land is converted, the title exercise becomes comparatively easier since conversion process goes through elaborate legal process. Many factors are taken into consideration before conversion of land. However it is absolutely essential to find out and obtain the actual conversion order from the office concerned. Please note the conversion order is subject to many other aspect like Master Plan.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Zonal classification and Master Plan.&lt;/span&gt; Zonal classification of the land in question under the Master Plan prepared under the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act must be verified. The Master Plan identifies certain usages such as rajakaluve, storm water drain etc nearby which require buffer area to be left. Hence careful examination of the master plan to find out the classification and usages has to be verified.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt; Khata documents. &lt;/span&gt;When the land is converted from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes, the provisions of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act or Karnataka Land Reforms Act will not apply. Hence, latest Khata Certificate in the name of the present owner by the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagaraa Palike, Corporation or Municipal authority of the area concerned has to be verified. Special Notice assessing the property to tax and assigning a separate municipal number to the property and old and upto date Tax Paid receipts are to be verified.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Acquisition proceedings.&lt;/span&gt; Many times the land would&rsquo;ve been acquired by the authorities decades ago and the authorities would not have acted upon. Many bonafide purchasers have lost their lands since even the earlier owner would have purchased the land under the bonafide impression that the land is free from encumbrances. Hence it is better to obtain clarification from the authorities such as Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board, Bangalore Development Authority etc to find out the acquisition proceedings, if any in respect of the land.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Up-to-date encumbrance certificate.&lt;/span&gt; This is absolutely essential. Encumbrance on the property must be verified in proper format yearwise atleast for last 30 years. Please note till the date of registration of the property, one must obtain encumbrance certificate to make sure of any transaction or encumbrance whatsoever.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14.&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(156, 0, 0);&quot;&gt; Paper publication&lt;/span&gt;. Taking out paper publication is safest way of finding out objections, if any for purchase of property. This is so especially when there are shareholders who are not shown or suppressed in the family tree.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '11fd7f3f1dadb20c0cafa2f6ffb2b9d6.PNG', '', 'x7SZjzjafQLUTlVcMl06Cjfgy', '2021-02-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-02-21 01:22:43', '2021-04-23 20:35:55');
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(168, 'wg9fSoBJPvjyeiBeksZPGGMqO', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Purchase of agricultural lands in Karnataka. Guidelines. S.Basavaraj Advocate Bangalore ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntext-justify:inter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Preamble: &lt;/span&gt;Purchase of agricultural lands involves more careful scrutiny than converted land or site. This is because converted lands and sites undergo the statutory scrutiny like conversion, zonal classification, plan sanction etc. Moreover, agricultural lands are attached with several restrictive usages. &amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Checklist of required documents:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. Title documents&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. Village map&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. Tippani copy&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. Survey Hissa/Survey Tippani/ Podi extract&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;5. Atlas.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. Record of Rights Pakka book&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;7. Patta book&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&quot; arial=&quot;&quot; unicode=&quot;&quot; ms&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;book=&quot;&quot; antiqua&quot;;&lt;br=&quot;&quot;&gt;8. Akarband.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;9. Family tree.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;10. Death certificate.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;11. Grant certificate/Grant order.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;12. Mutation register extract.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;13. Mortgage deeds, if any.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;14. Index of land register extract.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;15. Record of rights register extract.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;16. RTC &ndash;Record of Tenancy and Crops extract &ndash; 1969 onwards.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Endorsements&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;17. No tenancy certificate.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;18. Endorsement on 79A, 79B and 80.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;19. No acquisition endorsement.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;20. No PTCL endorsement.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;21. Encumbrance 1960 onwards.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Details regarding&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;22. Nala/pathway /cart track road passing through the property.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;23. Litigation papers if any.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;24. Objection, if any, for registration in the Sub Registrar office.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;25. Forest, if any, abutting the land.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;26. Agreement to sell, if any, executed.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;27. Power of Attorney if any, executed.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;28. Loans/mortgages, if any, pending.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Title documents:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;Sale Deeds, Partition Deeds, Release Deed, Gift Deed, Wills, Decree, Exchange Deeds, Government grants etc.).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Please note&lt;/span&gt;; when it comes to immovable property, be it agricultural or converted, mere revenue entries like RTC or khata documents are NOT documents of tittle. The Supreme Court judgments on this aspect are very clear. RTC or khata are only for the purpose of identifying the person who is liable to pay land revenue or property tax. These are not documents of title.&amp;nbsp; (Please see the following Supreme Court judgment.) &lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/epLfTG9LUvaxdcCVHPFwWnJlb&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/epLfTG9LUvaxdcCVHPFwWnJlb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) What is relevant is the original document which is recognised under the Transfer of Property Act. Sale deed from the immediate owner and earlier sale deeds stretching for at least 30 years is advisable. The title also flows from Gift deed, Will, Partition, Release deed or Grant etc. Please also note mere partition deed howsoever old is NOT enough. Partition of property must be preceded by right to property. Hence the title source of the property prior to partition must be investigated.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Sale deeds.&lt;/span&gt; Mere repeated sale transactions is not enough to assume title to the property. The original owner who sold the land many decades ago must have had title to property. It is settled law that a person cannot pass on a better title than what he actually had. If a person had no title to sell the property in the first place, the subsequent sale transactions are of no use. Please the following Supreme Court judgment. Hence, the original source of title must be investigated. See the judgment. &lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/HtF7nbVQi2a0DoFLuh9wwcF6o.&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/HtF7nbVQi2a0DoFLuh9wwcF6o.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Partition deeds&lt;/span&gt;. Mere partition deed where persons partitioned property among themselves may not be enough. It is necessary to verify as to how the parties to the partition acquired right over the property. Please also ascertain entries are made in the relevant public documents in Mutation Register pursuant to the partition. Partition of the property means the parties divided the property in which had right. Mere partition of a property in which parties had no prior title will not confer any title on them. See Nepal Krishna Roy v. Baidya Nath Poddar, 1995 Supp (1) SCC 289.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e)&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt; Release deeds.&lt;/span&gt; Please note release deed in respect of immovable property requires registration since title is given up by the releasee in favour of the releaser. Please also make sure entry is mutated pursuant to the release deed. On aspect of the matter to be verified is whether the person who released the share had a right over the property. The principle discussed above equally applies to release deed also.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt; Gift deeds.&lt;/span&gt; Gift is defined under Section 122 of the Transfer of Property Act as the transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person, called the donor, to another, called the donee, and accepted by or on behalf of the donee. Please note gift deed in respect of immovable property requires registration if the parties are Hindus.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Wills.&lt;/span&gt; Here again, extreme care has to be taken. Will comes into existence only after the death of testator. The person who confers title is no more. Though Will in respect of even immovable property does not require registration, it is always advisable to rely on registered Will. Here again, the title of the person executing the Will and mutation entries pursuant to his death have to be verified. When the person excludes close relatives from the Will, it is better to enquire into the issue even more carefully to avoid possible litigation after purchase.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Exchange deeds&lt;/span&gt;. Where two persons mutually transfer the ownership of one thing for the ownership of another, the transaction is called an &ldquo;exchange&rdquo;. (Section 118 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882) A transfer of property in completion of an exchange can be made only in manner provided for the transfer of such property by sale. All precautions as abovesaid must be taken even in in case of exchange deeds.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Government grants.&lt;/span&gt; Please note this is the most controversial field. There are several types of grants. It is better to take advice of lawyer in this regard. Many grants may turn out to be bogus or fraudulent or violating laws in the State. In many cases, original grant certificates are not forthcoming. However, if based on aged old grant, say more than 50-100 years, there are transactions like sale, partition etc, title may be forthcoming. However, extreme care and caution is required in this regard. Grant of land in favour of Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribe is again subject to conditions. Violation of grant results in forfeiture and resumption of land. Since we are dealing with converted land in this article, it is to be noted that conversion of land after the period of non-alienation amounts to &lsquo;prior permission&rsquo; as per the judgment of the Karnataka High Court. See&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/MpgVIi5oBaiprLIsTcKruGh0x&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/view/MpgVIi5oBaiprLIsTcKruGh0x&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In all cases, where property is transferred under a registered document, it is strongly advised that certified copies of the said documents are obtained from the office of the Sub-Registrar concerned. This exercise must be done without fail since bogus documents insinuating original registered documents are manufactured by unscrupulous elements.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Village maps&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Chapter 12 of the Karnataka Land Revenue, 1964 deals with Boundaries and Boundary Marks. Sections 137 to 146 deal with Determination of village boundaries, etc, Settlement of village boundaries by agreement, Procedure in case of disagreement or dispute, Determination of boundaries of lands forming a survey number or a holding, Settlement of boundary dispute by arbitration, Effect of the settlement of a boundary, Construction and repair of boundary marks, Description of boundary marks, Responsibility for the maintenance of boundary marks, Deputy Commissioner to have charge of boundary marks after introduction of the survey settlement.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Village maps, though prepared decades ago, give details about public roads, lakes, tanks, kharab lands, rivers, canals etc. Please note under Section 67 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, all public roads, streets, lanes and paths, bridges, ditches, dikes and fences, on or beside the same, the bed of the sea and of harbours and creeks below high water mark and of rivers, streams, nallas, lakes and tanks and all canals and water-courses and all standing and flowing waters, and all lands wherever situated which are not the property of individuals or of aggregate of persons legally capable of holding property, and except in so far as any rights of such persons may be established, in or over the same, and except as may be otherwise provided in any law for the time being in force, are declared to be with all rights in or over the the same or appertaining thereto, the property of the State Government. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Village maps are uploaded on &quot;Revenue Maps Online&quot;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.landrecords.karnataka.gov.in/service3/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.landrecords.karnataka.gov.in/service3/&lt;/a&gt;. It is necessary to scrutinise village maps to find out the details above mentioned and also kharab portion. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;What is Kharab Land?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(206, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Kharab land is extensively explained by the Karnataka High Court (Justice N. Kumar) in Sadashivaiah v. State of Karnataka ILR 2003 KAR 5088 as hereunder:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kharab land is so called because it is not cultivable and is classification made for purposes of revenue exemption. Kharab land is also capable of ownership and cannot be regarded as an adjunct to cultivable land&amp;nbsp; which gets transferred along with the cultivable land. Acquisition of title to the kharab land is similar to acquisition of title to the cultivable land. The word &ldquo;Phut Kharab&rdquo; and &lsquo;pot&rsquo; kharab mean and have reference to a land which is included in an assessed survey number but which is unflit for cultivation. Every pot kharab land does not belong to government. For the purpose of assessment, the uncultivable portion of the land or phut kharab portion of the land is excluded from consideration on the ground that it is cultivable. But it does not cease to belong to the owner of the survey number. In volume I of the Mysore Revenue Manual, the word kharab is explained in this way. The expression &lsquo;phut kharab&rsquo; is similar to the expression &lsquo;pot kharab&rsquo;. That is so, is clear from the Mysore Revenue Survey Manual where at page 68 the words &lsquo;pot kharab&rsquo; land is defined thus: &ldquo;(13). Pot kharab means a piece of pieces of land classed as unarable and included in a survey number&rdquo;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The description has no relevance to ownership. The expression put kharab is explained in Gupte&rsquo;s book on the Bombay Land Revenue Code in the following words at page 278&rdquo;- &ldquo;By the term &lsquo;pot kharab&rsquo; is meant &lsquo;barren or uncultivable land included in an assessed survey number&rsquo; and includes &lsquo;any land comprised in a survey number. Which from any reason is held not to be likely to be brought under cultivation&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..&rdquo; The words phut Kharab, therefore, mean and have reference to a land which is included in an assessed survey number but which is unfit for cultivation. After coming into the force of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act 1964 the word phut Kharab has been defined under Rule 21(2) as under:&mdash;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;during the process of classification, land included as unarable shall be treated as &ldquo;Pot Kharab&rdquo;. Pot Kharab land may be classified as follows.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) That which is classified as unfit for agriculture at the time of survey including the farm buildings or threshing flours of the holder;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) That which is not assessed because, (i) it is reserved or assigned for public purpose; (ii) it is occupied by a road or recognised footpath or by a tank or stream used by persons other than the holders for irrigation, drinking or domestic purposes; (iii) used as burial ground or cremation ground; (iv) assigned for villager potteries.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. If the land falls within the category of 21(2)(a) it is not a government land, it belongs to the ownership of the owner. If it falls under 21(2)(b) then it belongs to the government and the owner cannot have a claim over the said land.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify; &quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;Hence, examination of kharab portion and its classification is necessary.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Tippani copy, Survey Hissa/Survey Tippani/ Podi extract, Atlas, Record of Rights Pakka book, Patta book, Akarband.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Mutation register extract.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Section 128 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act contemplates acquisition rights to be reported. On receipt of a document for registration as acquisition of any right it is mandatory on the part of the registering authority to make a report and mandatory on the part of the prescribed officer to entry in the register of mutation any such report received. Once the name of the person is mutated in accordance with law, the presumption is he is in possession. However, the presumption of possession as contained in Section 133 of the KLR Act arises only when an entry in the Record of Rights and the certified entries in the Register of Mutation are made in accordance with law. See Golden Valley Educational Trust Oorgam v. Vokkaligara Sangha, ILR 2016 KAR 2899. Hence, proper verification of the process is required in this regard. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Mortgage deeds, if any. &lt;/span&gt;Mortgage of land to banks etc can be examined from encumbrance certificate. &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;(explained below).&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;RTC &ndash;Record of Tenancy and Crops extract and Patta Book.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sections 127 to 134 in Chapter 11 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act deal with Record of Rights, Acquisitions of rights to be reported, Registration of mutations and register of disputed cases, Patta book, Obligation to furnish information, Requisition of assistance in preparing maps, Certified copies of records to be annexed to plaint or application, Presumption regarding entries in the records, Certified copies.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RTC contains the names of persons who are holders, occupants, owners, mortgagees, landlords or tenants of the land or assignees of the rent or revenue thereof; (b) the nature and extent of the respective interest of such persons and the conditions or liabilities (if any) attaching thereto; (c) the rent of revenue (if any) payable by or to any of such persons; and (d) such other particulars as may be prescribed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Patta Book&lt;/span&gt;. Section 129A of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act deals with Patta Book. Every holder of agricultural land (including a tenant if he is primarily liable to pay land revenue therefor), shall be supplied by the prescribed officer with a patta book. The book contains a copy of the record of rights pertaining to such land. The patta book shall also contain information regarding the payment of land revenue in respect of the land and other State Government dues of the holder or, as the case may be, the tenant, and information as respects the cultivation of the land and the areas of crops sown in it as shown in the village records and such other matters as may be prescribed. The patta book shall be prepared, issued and maintained in accordance with the rules made by the State Government in that behalf. Such rules may provide for fees to be charged for preparing, issuing and maintaining the book. Endorsements that land was not tenanted under the Land Reforms Act; there is no contravention of Sections 79A and 79B &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;(discussed separately)&lt;/span&gt;, violation, if any, under the Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prohibition of Transfer of Certain Lands) Act, 1978 have to be obtained and verified. Endorsement from National High Way Authority, Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board, Bangalore Development Authority, Karnataka Housing Board and similar acquisition bodies have to be obtained and verified.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Encumbrance&lt;/span&gt;: It is necessary to obtain encumbrance from 1966 onwards. The encumbrance certificate and detailed extract disclose mortgages, registered sale agreements, joint development agreements, power of attorneys and other encumbrances on the property.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Litigation documents.&lt;/span&gt; This again can be undertaken with the help of a lawyer. Thorough scrutiny must be undertaken to find out pending litigation, if any. Sometimes, the litigation might have filed just a day before registration. Hence it is advisable to do search till registration of the sale is completed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objection, if any, for registration in the Sub Registrar office. Many lawyers, after preparing the sale deed or agreement submit to the same to the Sub-Registrar for his views. Adjudication can also be got done from the Registrar to find out the stamp duty payable.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Forest abutting the land:&lt;/span&gt; The village maps normally show forest lands nearby. One must be careful about encroachment of forest land by the owner. Encroachment of government lands is a punishable offence under the&amp;nbsp;Karnataka Land Grabbing Prohibition Act, 2011.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;In many cases, landowners have encroached adjacent forest lands for cultivation. In many cases such encroachments are done d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1.3125rem;&quot;&gt;ecades ago and name of the encroachers are entered in revenue records. However, such illegal encroachments are being removed after many decades. The Karnataka High Court has dealt with one such issue recently. See&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/actionRead/CIurCR0mz9fwk3ZUF4Xk1IKRe&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://dakshalegal.com/judgements/actionRead/CIurCR0mz9fwk3ZUF4Xk1IKRe.&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(further additions will be made based on amendment, case law etc)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n', 'cc91737701756c108eb0a177aaf61d64.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-02-28', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-03-01 00:23:39', '2021-03-02 02:10:08'),
(176, 'JMKl38GVeUhrnZGH31Li6Ts6m', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Avoid Without Prejudice statements in litigation pleadings - Protection to such statements in negotiation comes to an end when matters reach Courts', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal, Bengaluru.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;We use &ldquo;Without Prejudice&rdquo; in offers made for the purpose of negotiating a settlement or compromise. It is the short form of &quot;without prejudice to my/our rights&quot;. It is used in order to guard against any argument by those with whom an argument exists that a concession offered in negotiations constitutes a waiver of a right or an admission of liability, in any legal proceedings. It is a protection to the person making concession. It is based on public policy.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;The protection is subject to the condition that &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo; offer was made as part of attempts made in good faith to negotiate a settlement of the case or some of the issues; and as expressly or impliedly without prejudice.&nbsp;When a correspondence is made or a letter is written &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo; during negotiations with a view to compromise, the protection would be given.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Without prejudice rule covers discussions that take place with a view to settlement and that this will not, therefore, cover general case management discussions. This is important to remember so as to avoid making an informal admission, or an acknowledgement of a state of affairs in an open, not without prejudice, forum.&lt;br&gt;Even in negotiations, without prejudice is not an absolute cloak to preventing the content of a communication being relied upon by the recipients. Care needs to be taken to avoid the contents causing great prejudice if this reality is overlooked.&lt;br&gt;What is the effect of &lsquo;without prejudice&rsquo; statement in pleadings before court of law?&lt;br&gt;Hitherto, most of us lawyers have been using &lsquo;without prejudice&rsquo; in court pleadings. However, the High Court of Karnataka has finally held that &lsquo;without prejudice&rsquo; can be used only till the matter reaches Court of law i.e. in correspondences, letters and negotiations. Once the matter reaches the Court, &lsquo;without prejudice&rsquo; protection cannot be sought for by the parties. This may be because, courts cannot be parties to such negotiations in a contested matter.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;The Karnataka High Court dealt with &lsquo;without prejudice&rsquo; concession made in the written statement. The court poses the question as to whether the party wriggle out of certain statements made? Authorities on the subject, the court says, clearly say &lsquo;no&rsquo;. The party is bound by the said statement. &ldquo;Without prejudice rule&rdquo; offers him no asylum.&lt;br&gt;At para 24 to 27 of the judgment, the court holds;&nbsp;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;24. &ldquo;Without prejudice rule&rdquo; is a rule of hoary lineage. Eminent law Lords have&nbsp; pronounced&nbsp; on&nbsp; this&nbsp; vexed rule often with a tone of exasperation. But if there&nbsp; was unanimity on any one aspect among them, it is this&nbsp; that the rule is based on sound public policy and the&nbsp; salutary object underlying this rule is to encourage and facilitate parties to seek negotiated settlement of disputes without recourse to Court and unless some protection is given to the parties for stating their mutual position they&nbsp; will be inhibited from placing their cards on the table lest what they have disclosed during negotiation might be used against them as evidence. &ldquo;The guiding principle is that parties should be encouraged so far as possible to resolve their dispute without resort to litigation, and that they should not be discouraged by the knowledge that anything that is said in the course of such negotiations may be used&nbsp; to their prejudice in the course of proceedings&rdquo;. [Lord Hope of Craighead, at para 24, Bradford &amp; Bingley v. Rashid (2006) All.E.R. 705]&lt;br&gt;25. It can, therefore, be taken as fairly well settled that &ldquo;without prejudice rule&rdquo; is a part of public policy and the same is sanctified almost to a rule of law to encourage negotiated settlements of legal disputes and, therefore, its applicability is limited to the stage before parties knock at the doors of the Court. Even during the negotiation stage before the litigation commences, the judicial opinions have been divergent on the extent of applicability of this rule. English authorities referred to in Bradford &amp; Bingley case (2006) All.E.R. 705 have sometimes taken the view that if&nbsp; a clear statement is made during the course of negotiations even after prefacing such statements&nbsp; as&nbsp; &ldquo;without&nbsp; prejudice&rdquo; such clear statements are not afforded the beneficial protection under the said rule. It may be added that the decision of the House of Lords in Bradford &amp; Bingley case has been approvingly quoted by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in ITC Limited v. Blue Coast Hotels Ltd. (2018) 15 SCC 99.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;26. Says Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court:&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 50px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;33. Much was sought to be made of the words &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo; in the letter containing the undertaking that if the debt was not paid, the creditor could take over&nbsp; the&nbsp; secured assets. The&nbsp; submission&nbsp; on&nbsp; behalf&nbsp; of&nbsp; the debtor that the letter of undertaking was given in the course of negotiations and cannot&nbsp; be held to be an evidence of the acknowledgement of liability of the&nbsp; debtor, apart from being untenable in law,&nbsp; reiterates the attempt to evade liability and must be rejected. The submission that the letter was written without prejudice to the legal rights and remedies available under any&nbsp; law&nbsp; and&nbsp; therefore the acknowledgement or the undertaking has no legal effect&nbsp; must&nbsp; likewise&nbsp; be rejected. This letter is reminiscent of a letter that fell for consideration in Spencer&rsquo;s case as pointed out by Mr. Harish Salve, &ldquo;as a rule the debtor who writes such letters has no intention to bind himself further than is bound already, no intention of paying so long as he can avoid payment, and nothing before his mind but a desire, somehow or other, to gain time and avert pressure.&rdquo; It was argued in a subsequent case that an acknowledgment made &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo; in the case of negotiations cannot be used as evidence of anything expressly or impliedly admitted. The House of Lords observed as follows: (WLR p. 2072, para 16)&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;16. .... But when a statement is used as acknowledgement for the purpose of s. 29 (5), it is not being used as evidence of anything. The statement is not an evidence of an acknowledgement. It is the acknowledgement.&rdquo; Therefore, the &ldquo;without prejudices&rdquo; rule could have no application. It said: (WLR p 2091, para 83)&lt;br&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;83. Here, the [respondent], Mr. Rashid was not offering any concession. On the contrary, he was seeking one in respect of an undisputed debt. Neither an offer of&nbsp; payment nor actual payment &rdquo;&lt;br&gt;We, thus, find that the mere introduction of the words &ldquo;without prejudice&rdquo; have no significance and the debtor clearly acknowledged the debt even after action was initiated under the Act and even after payment of a smaller sum, the debtor has consistently refused to pay up&rdquo;.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;27. In this case, the statement made by the&nbsp; defendant at para 10 of the written statement about his having withdrawn amounts from his Bank account and thereafter having made such payments to the plaintiff on numerous occasions is not during the course of&nbsp; negotiations, but it is after the litigation has commenced&nbsp; and in the written statement filed by him&nbsp; in&nbsp; response to&nbsp; the suit claim. It is therefore clear that the said portion of the statement made by the defendant cannot get the beneficial protection under the &ldquo;without prejudice rule&rdquo; and as already noticed, the defendant has&nbsp; not&nbsp; produced&nbsp; any semblance of proof to support the said contention. In that view of the matter, the statement made by the defendant in para 10 of the written statement is not entitled to the protection of &ldquo;without prejudice rule&rdquo;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/b&gt;The public policy protection to &ldquo;Without Prejudice&rdquo; statement is confined only to correspondences, communications, negotiations before the matter reaches court of law. Courts are not bound by &ldquo;Without Prejudice&rdquo; statements. The admission or concession given in &ldquo;Without Prejudice&rdquo; will be given effect fully. It is hence advised not to make any &ldquo;Without Prejudice&rdquo; in court pleadings either in plaint or written statement.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Case details:&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;R.Subbarao Maney by lrs vs B.C. Murthy Kumar.&lt;br&gt;Regular First Appeal 2047 of 2010 decided on 6 May 2021.&lt;br&gt;Judgment Link:&lt;a href=&quot;http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgmentsdsp/bitstream/123456789/380774/1/RFA2047-10-06-05-2021%20%281%29.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; http://judgmenthck.kar.nic.in/judgmentsdsp/bitstream/123456789/380774/1/RFA2047-10-06-05-2021%20%281%29.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Thanks to https://www.mondaq.com/isleofman/trials-appeals-compensation/371076/without-prejudice-understanding-what-it-means&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '98b6143c34a50ae0918a56e1b1661bbe.PNG', 'cb3357d84ecdee19d82aecbd81c932ac.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-18 02:52:18', '2021-05-18 03:00:29');
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(177, 'Ewa2X7sGpBbX9Ux25uNVPBVgR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sir Asutosh Mookerjee: A Commemoration -  V. Sudhish Pai, Advocate, Bengaluru. ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sir Asutosh Mookerjee: A Commemoration- V. Sudhish Pai, Advocate, Bengaluru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;Great lives spread a fragrance and an aura that outlive their mortal sojourn. It is for us to remember and pay tribute to such persons. One such person is Asutosh Mookerjee whose 97th death anniversary falls on May 25. If greatness consists in the combination of character and intellect of the highest order and if it is to be judged by the enduring value of solid work done in the fields of thought and action and its lasting impact on people and events, Sir Asutosh Mukhopadhyay was undoubtedly one of the most outstanding men, one of India&rsquo;s greatest sons. Mathematician, lawyer, judge, jurist, educationist, he was all this and more- true greatness personified. He is one of the best known Indian judges. His life is a story of one signal achievement after another.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;When we think of Sir Asutosh, his life and work, the range of his mind and the gamut of his activities and achievements, we are simply astounded that so much could be achieved so excellently in the span of one life which was not that long. To praise him or pay tribute to him is to paint the lily, gild refined gold and throw a perfume on the jasmine. So exemplary was he in his personal and functional qualities and accomplishments. One is reminded of Arthur Mee&rsquo;s tribute to Socrates: He was like a mountain peak dazzling in the last rays of the setting sun, a strange figure, almost lost to us in the mists of time, but living in the minds and hearts of men as long as right is might and life is stronger than death.&lt;br&gt;Asutosh Mookerjee was born on June 29, 1864. He had a brilliant academic career. He was a mathematical prodigy. His mathematical papers and theorems- some of them written while he was still at school- were published in journals of national and international repute. He secured a first class first both in B.A. and M.A. Mathematics winning all the coveted prizes. Though Mathematics was his first and great love, he was equally interested and at home in other subjects. His versatility was amazing. To say that he was a genius would only be to err on the side of restraint. Indeed he was looked upon as the incarnation of Saraswati- the Goddess of Learning. At a young age he became a Member or Fellow of various Societies. As a law student he attended the prestigious Tagore Law Lectures and won the gold medal awarded for high proficiency in the subject matter of the lectures for three successive years. Successive Vice Chancellors spoke very highly of his work. If he had devoted himself completely to Mathematics he would surely have been in the front rank of world Mathematicians. Sir Gooroodas Banerjee as Vice Chancellor of the University had made a desperate attempt to create a chair for Asutosh but he failed to collect even a sum which would yield a modest income of Rs.4000/- a year which was all that was thought would be&amp;nbsp; sufficient to maintain him as a Research Professor. The result was that to quote Asutosh himself &ldquo;I drifted into law.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;The multi-faceted personality and many- splendoured genius that he was, Asutosh Mookerjee&rsquo;s association with the law for about forty years and his career as a lawyer and a judge perhaps outscored many of his other accomplishments. Asutosh was articled to the legendary lawyer Sir Rashbehary Ghose who acknowledged his pupil&rsquo;s commendable assistance in bringing out the second edition of his Tagore Law Lectures- on the Law of Mortgage. He then joined the Bar on the Appellate Side of the Calcutta High Court in 1888. Asutosh had enough intellect to succeed without industry and enough industry to succeed without intellect. The combination of both which he unstintingly offered at the altar of the profession carried all before him and made him unique. In 1889 he became a Fellow of the Calcutta University and was elected a member of its Syndicate. While practising as a lawyer he was awarded Honours in Law and also Doctor of Law. At the young age of 34, Asutosh Mookerjee was appointed the Tagore Law Professor at the Calcutta University in 1898. This is considered the pole star on the Eastern horizon of jurisprudence and the Tagore Law Professors include some of the all time greats. The subject of his lectures was the Law of Perpetuities in British India.&lt;br&gt;Sir Asutosh had in him the making of a great leader and administrator. His impress is writ large over modern Bengal. In 1899 and 1901, he was elected to the Bengal Legislative Council representing the University of Calcutta and in 1903 he was re- elected as representative of the Calcutta Corporation. The same year he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council as representative of the non official members of the Bengal Council.&lt;br&gt;He distinguished himself as an educationist. Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy was deeply impressed by his work as a member of the Indian Universities Commission and considered him to be the one who could implement the Commission&rsquo;s recommendations as embodied in the Indian Universities Act, 1904. He, therefore, decided to appoint him Vice Chancellor of the premier University of Calcutta. That necessitated his elevation to the High Court because until then no non official had been appointed Vice Chancellor. Sir Gooroodas Banerjee was the first Indian Vice Chancellor.&lt;br&gt;Asutosh Mookerjee was appointed a judge of the Calcutta High Court in June 1904. While his elevation deprived public life and the nation of his active participation and service, it turned out to be a boon for education and the judiciary. His appointment as a judge and his tenure on the Bench significantly expanded the universe of judicial discourse. For the next almost twenty years he adorned the Bench of the Calcutta High Court and in the words of Sir Lawrence Jenkins, the most celebrated of British Judges and Chief Justices: &ldquo;Sir Asutosh may justly be said to be one of the brightest ornaments of the Bench of the High Court of Calcutta.&rdquo;&amp;nbsp; Sir Asutosh officiated as Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court for a few months in 1920 and 1923. He was felicitated both by the public and in the High Court. Few people have been considered brighter ornaments to the Court they presided over.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;A couple of instances will bear out the excellence of every work undertaken by him. As a young lawyer appearing in a criminal appeal, with his keen knowledge of Mathematics he applied the laws of Hydrodynamics to successfully disprove the prosecution case against his client and secure his acquittal. As a judge he learnt and mastered a language- Arabic, read the original texts and delivered judgment. The usual practice was for newly appointed judges to be put on the Division Bench with Sir Asutosh presiding. He was a trainer of judges- &lsquo;used as the break horse with each new judicial colt being harnessed to him.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;He brought to bear on his work as a judge his inexhaustible energy, devotion, learning and that highest kind of integrity &ndash; the integrity of scholarship. As a judge he had an open mind till the end. He used to repeat that a member of the Bench ceased to be a judge if he were opinionated and did not keep an open mind till the end; when it is claimed by one that he knows everything it only shows his ignorance; it is never too late to be a student and that is no disparagement even for a judge. As with all truly learned and great men he said that after more than three decades of diligent study of law he had a more profound and abiding sense of ignorance than what oppressed him at the beginning of his career. He cultivated a thorough knowledge of almost every system of law. His quest for principles took him far afield. He approached every matter and decided every case with utmost thoroughness and perspicacity. His scholarly judgments are monuments of perseverance and skill. He said that a judge should be considerate to the Bar and more specially help the inexperienced juniors, just as the Bar should be respectful, pleasant and firm to the Bench. Sir Asutosh also possessed utmost judicial integrity which is something much more than integrity in common parlance. Judicial integrity is essentially a passion for justice informed by a deep and abiding morality. It is the courage of conviction and the willingness to reach the result that a judge&rsquo;s understanding of the law tells him is right and not that which is most popular.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;He shared the belief with Justice Holmes that &ldquo;law like the life itself is not doing a sum, it is painting a picture.&rdquo; The pictures he painted will be looked to and studied as long as the art of judging remains part of our heritage. He enriched legal thought and contributed to the development of law in such ample measure as is sufficient to confer immortality on any judge anywhere. Indeed, so qualified an appraiser like Justice Hidayatullah, places Sir Asutosh along with Justice Mahmood among the six most eminent judges that India has produced and says that his learning was vast, his knowledge deep and exact and his exposition of law complete.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;He raised the standard of judging and writing judgments to exceptional levels approaching every matter comprehensively and perceptively. His reported judgments numbering more than 2000 cover every aspect of law. They are marvelous pieces of elucidation of legal problems and a source of lambent light on ticklish legal corners. He believed that judges owed great responsibility to society to give expression to its aspirations and values. Conscious that law was made for man he adapted it to meet the demands of a changing world. His great passion was to render real justice. Maintaining that procedure is the handmaid of justice, he adapted or devised it as the justice of the cause required.&amp;nbsp; To him law was a ministering angel tending the vestal flame of truth and justice.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;He was closely associated with the Calcutta University for almost 35 years from 1889 till his demise and ungrudgingly gave of himself to the University and the cause of higher education. He was of the view that education is the greatest agent of change and advancement. He served also as Vice Chancellor for a few terms. He transformed the Calcutta University from a mere examining body into a seat for post graduate teaching and research in various disciplines. He was responsible for spotting men of the highest talent and getting them to the University. He may be said to have ushered in the Golden Age of the University.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;He lived a rich life packed with intense activity covering a wide range. Even as a judge he continued his scientific studies. Besides his work in the Calcutta University, he was also closely associated with and fully absorbed in the activities of other bodies such as the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum, the Imperial&amp;nbsp; Library, the Mahabodhi Society, the Indian Science Congress of which he was the founder, to name a few. Struck by his versatility and innovation, Dr. Radhakrishnan aptly remarked, &ldquo;Genius anticipates experience.&rdquo; Perhaps no other judge in India had such varied interests making such enormous demands on his time. Seldom has so much been packed in one human life and it was so very distinguished, inspiring and ennobling.&amp;nbsp; He said that it behoves the great to be ever active.&lt;br&gt;Sir Asutosh&rsquo;s love of books is borne out by the fact that he had the largest private collection- nearly one lakh books on every conceivable subject. There was no catalogue- but he knew where exactly each book was. The books were presented by the family to the National Library and are now housed and available in its Asutosh wing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Simple in his lifestyle, tastes and habits, he was profound and sublime in his thinking and dynamic in action. He was extremely large hearted and humane. One of his greatest qualities was fearlessness. He believed with Walter Scott that without truth there can be no courage and without courage there can be no other virtue. This earned him the appellation of the Bengal Tiger. Sir Asutosh was a true nationalist in dress and outlook. Deeply rooted in our rich cultural heritage and traditions, he was never rigid and was a staunch votary of enlightened liberal values and an ardent social reformer. It may be said that he was a beautiful epitome of the best in Indian and Western cultures.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Justice Asutosh Mookerjee demitted his judicial office with effect from January 1924. What the Advocate General said on his retirement: &ldquo;No junior felt embarrassed in your court where good law was well administered. In the maze and labyrinth of adjudged cases you ever walked with a firm step holding aloft the torch of justice&rdquo;, represents perhaps the best and the most ideal in a judge. Asutosh Mookerjee was that.&lt;br&gt;His sudden and untimely demise on 25th May, 1924 brought down the curtain on an eventful life and career. He went ere his time leaving us wondering as to what might have been if he had been spared longer. It is impossible to estimate the magnitude of the magnificence of his personality and contribution and do justice to the content of so manifold a nature and so full a life. Sir Asutosh&rsquo;s personality was the sum total of all his achievements and more. As Dr. Radha Binod Pal said nothing in Sir Asutosh could absorb the whole man, nothing human was alien to him, he may be characterised as something of a Renaissance character. He can be said to have belonged not merely to his generation, but to a line, which reflecting the genius of the human race, has moved with unbroken continuity through the centuries. The three great driving forces of civilization- science, law and education found a remarkable meeting point in Sir Asutosh. He was thus the very spirit and embodiment of the Renaissance to which his contribution was substantial and significant.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;He received no material reward but had the immense satisfaction of his own sense of duty well done and winning the lasting love and gratitude of his fellowmen in abundant measure. Now 97 years since his departure from the mortal plane, his trail remains unblazed. It will be so. We may try to emulate him but we must fail because Sir Asutosh was an artiste and it can be said of him as was said of Beethoven: He traversed all, he comprehended everything. He who follows him cannot continue, he must begin anew, for his predecessor ended only where art ends. But his life and work are as relevant today as ever and will continue to inspire and enoble us. We treasure his memory and cherish his ideals and aspirations. He was truly a rare pilgrim of eternity who scaled high peaks of excellence. We have to record our gratitude for such a life. Carlyle in his French Revolution, describing the battle of Valmy, notes the presence of Goethe: &ldquo;One of the sort called Immortal, him mark.&rdquo; This aptly applies to Asutosh Mookerjee.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '6d46ccce55a94b7c4d198e8e806de61f.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-24 03:54:11', '2021-05-24 03:56:38'),
(178, '0IaDz7c7HR0Qvd8BrBcHX2nTB', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Law and Dharma - Daksha Legal discussion. 18 December 2016', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Law and Dharma&quot; - Daksha Legal whatsapp group discussion. 18December 2016&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h4&gt;Participants: Mr. Mohan Katarki, Mr. Puttige Ramesh, Mr. Krishna Dixit, Mr. G.V Chandrashekar, Mr. Vivenkananda Mrs. Sahana Pai, Mr. Vishwanath PB, Mrs. Pragya Patil, Mr. Sabareesh Gandhi, Mr. Aravind Kamath, Mr. Chandan Kalayya, Mr. N.Y.Vijaykumar, Mr. Sreevatsa Hegde, Mr. Prashant Padmanabhan, Mr.Goutham Ullal, Mr. Rohil Kuamar, Mrs. Chandini and S.Basavaraj - Advocates&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aravind Puttur Kamath&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Is Law and Dharma same or are they different?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S.Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: Great question!. Let&#039;s start with definitions. Law in general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts. Dharma is the basic principles of the cosmos;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pragya Patil&lt;/b&gt;: Law as we all know is right based and is governed by the state. Dharma is duty based, source being the humanity and wisdom of the learned, it governs even the ruler no matter which state or Kingdom..&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Puttige Ramesh&lt;/b&gt; : Law is blind but curable through amendments. Dharma is a practice of Justice &amp;amp; Equality prevailing for several centuries.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki:&lt;/b&gt; Dharma is a duty. Hindu philosophy believed in prescribing duties than declaring the rights. No doubt, every duty gives rise to a right to a person to whom duty is owed. Philosophically Dharma is a morality. But morality does not bind the sovereign. Whereas, Dharma in Hindu philosophy binds the sovereign if the sovereign is a Hindu. It&#039;s enforcement is by religious sanctions.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vishwanath PB&lt;/b&gt;: Laws are based on Dharma.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pragya Patil:&lt;/b&gt; Sanctions are imposed by the state in case of the law of the land and in case of Dharma it is believed that the nature/God punishes one according to his Karma&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vishwanath PB&lt;/b&gt;: Dharma is being righteous. It has nothing to do with religion or god.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katark&lt;/b&gt;i: Under the constitutional system, laws are made in public interest. Dharma is duty. But it&#039;s obedience was secured by religious sanction namely curse of god&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: So Law can ignore Dharma while being enacted ?&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katark&lt;/b&gt;i: The modern constitution places no such obligation on law maker to exercise his power by reading Manusmriti or Bible. Nor, it stops law maker from relying on them provided, the rule of conduct is secular.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gowtham Ullal&lt;/b&gt;: What according to you is Dharma?&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: As I have already said, I understand that Dharma is a duty in a juristic sense. It may mean more in a political sense which I cannot comment&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sahana Pai&lt;/b&gt;: Law is made by the state and can be changed by the state. It is therefore applicable at a certain time and place whereas dharma is universal and eternal. However, in my opinion despite the differences the ideology behind law and dharma is the same. Both strive for greater good.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Dharma can also be changed if a new commentator interprets it differently. Dharma is not a divine edict like Ten Commandments or Quran&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sahana Pai&lt;/b&gt;: Any new commentator can only give his interpretation but cannot change the essence whereas changes in law can be radical. From laws that said women cannot own properties or cannot vote...we have come a long way. But the basic principles of dharma have remained same. That&rsquo;s what i meant when i said it&rsquo;s eternal.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Dharma is not a divine edict, but a human interpretation of what is righteous. A new interpreter can say differently on what is righteous. If dharma is immutable or unchangeable, we are preaching rigidity. I don&#039;t think Hindu society is expected acquiesce itself into the wisdom of past.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arvind Kamat&lt;/b&gt;: But basis of Hindu law is manusmirithi&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pragya Patil&lt;/b&gt;: Dharma doesn&#039;t say women can&#039;t own property&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sahana Pai&lt;/b&gt;: Exactly. I said laws. Read it again pls.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Hindu law on personal matters is what the Anglo Indian courts, after 1773, declared subject to legislature&rsquo;s modification or reforms. The courts declared Hindu law having regard to customs, teachings of commentators (including Manu), etc. The courts refused to apply justice and good conscience as they were considered as alien to personal laws.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;P.B.Vishwanath&lt;/b&gt;: Manusmruthi is dharma grantha. It&rsquo;s not Dharma itself. I agree with Mohan sirs interpretation of Dharma.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arvind Kamat&lt;/b&gt;: So is Dharma different for different religions. So what is Dharma for non-believers?.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: Firstly, the basis of Hindu is NOT Manusmrithi. We are doing great injustice to Hinduism. The basis is Vedas. Much was changed during Manu period. I completely agree with Sahana. What changes is religious practices and not the basic principles. Law and religious practices may change. But the core religious principles like Righteousness, Non-violence, Good thinking, Good conduct - they never change&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: As I understand, Hindu philosophy of law is different from western philosophy of law in its approach. Hindu philosophy starts and end with dharma or duty; whereas western philosophy talks of rights with emphasis on freedom and duty of care towards all.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: Freedom and care towards all was believed and practiced during Vedic period. But somehow they altered during Manu period. When we say Manu, there was no sage by that name. It&#039;s a bundle of new principles evolved from 100Bc to 200Ad&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: I am not disagreeing. But window was duty and not right. Many preaching of Christ were twisted later after his death. That&#039;s not Christianity. May be under the compulsion, it was necessary. Let&rsquo;s not get into who twisted and who manipulated&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arvind Kamat:&lt;/b&gt; Law will come to rescue when duty is not performed...duty basis Dharma Example maintenance of patents.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: Agree. Many noble principles of Vedic period like right of women were cut short during Purana period&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chandan Kalayya:&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;I don&#039;t think dharma can be ascribed with one meaning called duty. Dharma is defined differently in different religion.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavara&lt;/b&gt;j: Heard this audio book of Will Durant. He says child marriage was unknown during Vedic and Manu period. It was introduced after Moghal entry to save the women. (female children)&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: The Hindu philosophy of law believed that prescription of dharma or duty will ensure rights, liberty or freedom leading to progress and happiness. Whereas, western philosophy of law thinks, declaration of rights with emphasis on freedom is a cornerstone of happiness and progress. Western approach is what guided in framing our constitution broadly&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chandan Kalayya&lt;/b&gt;.: In Hinduism, dharma signifies behaviours that are considered to be in accord with the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and &lsquo;&lsquo;right way of living&rsquo;&rsquo;. In Buddhism dharma means &quot;cosmic law and order&quot;, but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In Buddhist philosophy, dharma is also the term for &quot;phenomena&quot;. Dharma in Jainism refers to the teachings of tirthankara and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings. For Sikhs, the word dharm means the &quot;path of righteousness&quot;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: We ought to look at the foundation of any religion to understand. Many a time we tend &lsquo;not&rsquo; to look beyond a particular point of time and fall in error.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chandan Kalayya:&lt;/b&gt; If I remember right, sometime back we had a discussion regarding rule and principles of law. This discussion is akin to that. In my opinion dharma includes both rule and principles of law and law is only principles and no importance to rule.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: In any religion there is no right that works in isolation without corresponding duty attached to that right. Therefore to say that amongst Hindus concept of dharma is of duties in isolation may not be correct. Now coming to constitution there is no right conferred on any one unless he fulfils certain duties in the first instance. Then duties are envisaged or couched in a negative to say that it is in directive principles of state policy. Therefore duties are enforced.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Every right has a corresponding duty undoubtedly. But my point is that in Hindu legal philosophy, the approach is from prescription of a duty, whereas, in western legal philosophy the approach is from right with emphasis on freedom. The contents of duties in Hindu philosophy and rights in western legal philosophy is a different question.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar:&lt;/b&gt; Any system where duties are to be enforced has or being dragged in to back seat. No system can be corrected if duties are not taken seriously&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sreevatsa Hegde&lt;/b&gt;: Dharma has many dimensions. Broadly though it can be classified as following a path of righteousness. Rajadharma required the king to dispense justice in accordance with moral values. The moral values which were the basis for framing any regulation keep evolving though largely we indians had Nyayashasrtra to deal with all the dimensions of Dharma related to administration of justice. All the individuals had separate set of dharmas to follow. Grahastha dharma, Kshaatra Dharma , Guru Dharma, Sanyasa Dharma etc. By and large Dharma imposed upon an individual a duty to recognise rights of others which in turn protected his. &quot;Dharmo rakshati rakshitaha&quot;. Law on the other hand keeps changing with ruling institution a monarchy or democracy or oligarchy or aristocracy etc. These can be contrary to moral values and more to do with uniformity of ststem aimed at protecting the interest of the section of the people depending on the kind of ruling intitution.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar:&lt;/b&gt; In India constitution recognises both rights and duties equally. Duties are enforced through legislative enactments. Rights are also through the same mode except that certain rights are constitutionally given recognition directly. But indirect right on legislature to impose duties are much stronger&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: As I have said, India followed western legal philosophy both in framing constitution and laws. I have restricted to analysis in a juristic sense&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: But right and duties are in diff mode . Constitution also by and large follows ancient system that prevailed from time immemorial. I do not get in to an argument of religion base system . But ???&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Western legal philosophy&#039;s approach is on rights. Sometime, it declares duties leaving rights to be inferred. Part III is crafted as rights. It could have been crafted as duties of States as - duty to observe freedom ..., equality, etc&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: There was debate on issues like why certain provisions in directive principles be brought in to part 3. Then due to diversity it was given up. Nevertheless according to working modulation of constitution what is worked more often is directive principles rather than part 3. Part 3 very sadly has been misused by constitutional amendments than legislation&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Directive Principles are principles of State action. They could not have been made as enforceable duties because, the citizen would have acquired a right to enforce them&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: See constituent assembly debates .&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Yeah. They picked up from Irish constitution. Directive Principles are like Raj Dharma&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: If it is so then ??. It is not only raja dharma it is inculcation of entire society as then it existed. There are vexatious dharma s to be taken note off&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: DPs are an eclipse on part III rights to some extent. When DP is enforced, Court defers in favour unless there is a clear conflict. Ultimately, right prevail over the duties of the State.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: You are right. But the right in part 3 is not in isolation.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Typo: DPs are an eclipse on part III rights to some extent. When DP is enforced, Court defers in favour of DP unless there is a clear conflict. Ultimately, rights prevail over duties of the State in DP.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: May not be in practice. It is regulated by statutes and courts by and large have upheld those statutes. By statistics u hardly come across cases where statutes have held to be bad. Those which affected the basic structure apart&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Yes the Supreme Court has construed the DP in some instances as standards of reasonable restriction. But, if a clear conflict arises, DP has to yield. Minerva mills case clarifies unequivocally on this&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: Yes they are rare instances. See now the modern (if it can be said so) approach is to fall back on duties&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Part IV was not the invention as a raj dharma but it was invented as a socialistic concept of State - as morally bound to do X or Y&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: You are right . But there is an element of righteousness&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: True&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: You may call it dharma or not. It is immaterial&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Right. Expressions are immaterial. Point is duty imposed on state&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: We as a nation got ourselves came in to vogue so far as public actions are concerned with theory of right with a rider. The rider is D P. Rider is important in walks of life&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. Krishna Dixi&lt;/b&gt;: But Supreme Court in Sanjiv Coke construed the ratio in Minerva Mills almost as an obitar.... what was the dissenting opinion of Bhagawati J in Minerva finds the utterances as the ratio in Sanjeev Coke...... Chinnappa Reddy J discusses this aspect in his Autobiography &quot;Court and the Constitution&quot;. But Seervai bitterly criticises Sanjeev Coke as being bereft of precedential value.....&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: Please permit me. It is said in the texts that 80% of the fighting male population of the civilization was wiped out in the eighteen days Mahabharata war. Sanjay, at the end of the war went to the spot where the greatest war took place; Kurukshetra. He looked around and wondered if the war really happened, if the ground beneath him had soaked all that blood, if the great Pandavas and Krishna stood where he stood.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;You will never know the truth about that!&rdquo; said an aging soft voice.&lt;br&gt;Sanjay turned around to find an Old man in saffron robes appearing out of a column of dust.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;I know you are here to find out about the Kurukshetra war, but you cannot know about that war till you know what the real war is about.&rdquo; the Old man said enigmatically.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;What do you mean?&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;The Old man smiled luring Sanjay into more questions.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;Can you tell me what the philosophy is then?&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;Sanjay requested.&lt;br&gt;Sure, began the Old man.&lt;br&gt;The Pandavas are nothing but your five senses,&lt;br&gt;sight,&lt;br&gt;smell,&lt;br&gt;taste,&lt;br&gt;touch&lt;br&gt;and sound...,&lt;br&gt;and do you know what the Kauravas are? he asked narrowing his eyes.&lt;br&gt;The Kauravas are the hundred vices that attack your senses everyday but you can fight them and do you know how?&lt;br&gt;Sanjay shook his head again.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;When Krishna rides your chariot!&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;The Old man smiled brighter and Sanjay gasped at that gem of insight.&lt;br&gt;Krishna is your inner voice, your soul, your guiding light and if you let your life in his hands you have nothing to worry.&lt;br&gt;Sanjay was stupefied but came around quickly with another question.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;Then why are Dronacharya and Bhishma fighting for the Kauravas, if they are vices?&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;The Old man nodded, sadder for the question.&lt;br&gt;It just means that as you grow up, your perception of your elders change. The elders who you thought were perfect in your growing up years are not all that perfect. They have faults. And one day you will have to decide if they are for your good or your bad. Then you may also realize that you may have to fight them for the good. It is the hardest part of growing up and that is why the Geeta is important.&lt;br&gt;Sanjay slumped down on the ground, not because he was tired but because he could understand and was struck by the enormity of it all.&lt;br&gt;What about Karna? he whispered.&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;Ah!&rdquo; said the Old man. &ldquo;You have saved the best for last. Karna is the brother to your senses, he is desire, he is a part of you but stands with the vices. He feels wronged and makes excuses for being with the vices as your desire does all the time.&lt;br&gt;Does your desire not give you excuses to embrace vices?&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;Sanjay nodded silently. He looked at the ground, consumed with a million thoughts, trying to put everything together and then when he looked up the Old man was gone.... disappeared in the column of dust.........leaving behind the great philosophy of Life!&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: This is the beauty of Aranyakas. They say Aranyakas- part of Shruthi (Upanishad) are God&#039;s direct words whereas Smrithi -Puranas are manmade. This is what I said earlier. The Aranyakas period has be looked into to define Hinduism 500 bc to 100 ad. Then came Puranans which included Manu&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: SL Bhairappa in his magnum opus &quot;Parva&quot; discusses the characters in Mahabharatha with a very different perspective....&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;/b&gt;: We all commit mistake of condemning Hinduism by quoting only Puranas&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Exactly reverse appears to be the voice of Sanjeev Coke... going by Dr Upendra Baxi Method of discerning the Ratio Decidendi..... i may be wrong too....&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: Surely I will see&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: See for example Nagaraj case on service jurisprudence . Not withstanding 85th amendment and though court upheld the constitutionality still court gave room for catch up rule&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Unless one reads the &quot;History of Dharmashastras&quot; by PV Kanhe, ones views on Hinduism do not become authoritative.... and the criticism in such matters may degenerate into gossip...&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.V.Chandrashekar&lt;/b&gt;: P. V. KhanE was honoured with Bharath Ratna award which was given by the then President visiting his house in Bombay. History of Dharmashastra came in 7 volumes. One should know Sanskrit to understand in depth .&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Most of the bitter critics of Hinduism lack basics of Samskrit language and literature... if one does not know Hebrew and still one criticises the religious scriptures of Jews, what weight others can attach to ones views.....? Traslated works do help... but not much.....&quot;Blessed is the King who goes to the scholar and cursed is the Scholar who goes to the King....&quot; A Greek saying&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sabareesh Gandhi &lt;/b&gt;: The very first line of Mahabarata is &#039;this is a dharmakshetra&#039; and it was a sermon on what is dharma and adharma. Unfortunately, most interpret Mahabarata as a story of victors. The war is an epic on the victory of good versus bad and the ultimate victory of the good. Krishna Dixit sir, you&#039;re right in saying one needs to know Sanskrit to know the real essence Dharmashastras. This applies for any text which has to be read in the language it was originally written. I had read Gurcharan Das&#039;s &#039;The difficulty of being good-the subtle art of Dharma&#039;. He picks out 10 characters from the Mahabarata and dissects their acts and interprets what Dharma is according to each character. Only after reading it I looked forward to know the concept of Dharma in law and dharma in general (or in western concept Law and Morality). The only problem is that I dunno from where to start.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Dear sabarish, i rate SL Bhairappa&#039;s &quot;Parva&quot; to be a great work on Mahabharat... it has been translated into all Indian languages ... and into English by Prof Raghavendra Rao... some pages deeply dwelve into human sexuality... a matured reader may not feel it vulgar....&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sabareesh Gandhi&lt;/b&gt;: http://justicepddesaifoundation.org/?p=101 Shri.K Parasaran&#039;s speech on Dharma and rule of law at the Justice PD Desai lecture. Very good speech. Also https://youtu.be/hmoAX9f6MOc&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vivekananda W&lt;/b&gt;: I would say that Dharma is what you set out to do in life. It is the end goal, whereas karma is what you do to get to the end goal (or what you do not do). Dharma and law tend to coexist as both set out to do the right in the righteous way. What is done in a manner unknown to law or not acceptable to law would be adharma.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rohil Kumar&lt;/b&gt;: A must-read. What is special about being a Hindu? by Francois Gautier, born a Catholic, is a French political writer and journalist based in India since 1971. He has served as the South Asian correspondent for the French-language newspaper Le Figaro. (He has a blog if you want to follow him.)&lt;br&gt;Why Hinduism has stood the test of time! An interesting insight!&lt;br&gt;1) Believe in God? Aastik: Accepted.&lt;br&gt;2) Don&#039;t believe in God? You&#039;re accepted as a Nastik.&lt;br&gt;3) You want to worship idols: please go ahead. You are a murti pujak.&lt;br&gt;4) You dont want to worship idols: no problem. You can focus on Nirguna Brahman.&lt;br&gt;5) You want to criticise something in our religion. Come forward. We are logical. Nyaya, Tarka, etc. are core Hindu schools.&lt;br&gt;6) You want to accept beliefs as it is. Most welcome. Please go ahead with it.&lt;br&gt;7) You want to start your journey by reading the Bhagvad Gita: Sure!&lt;br&gt;8) You want to start your journey by reading Upanishads: Go ahead&lt;br&gt;9) You want to start your journey by reading Purana - Be my guest.&lt;br&gt;10) You just don&#039;t like reading the Puranas or other books. No problem, my dear. Go by Bhakti tradition: (bhakti, devotion)&lt;br&gt;11) You don&#039;t like idea of Bhakti! No problem. Do your Karma. Be a karmayogi.&lt;br&gt;12) You want to enjoy life. Very good. No problem at all. This is Charvaka Philosophy.&lt;br&gt;13) You want to abstain from all the enjoyment of life and find God: jai ho! Be a Sadhu, an ascetic!&lt;br&gt;14) You don&#039;t like the concept of God. You believe in Nature only: Welcome. (Trees are our friends and Prakriti or nature is worthy of worship).&lt;br&gt;15) You believe in one God or Supreme Energy. Superb! Follow Advaita philosophy.&lt;br&gt;16) You want a Guru? Go ahead. Receive gyaan.&lt;br&gt;17) You don&#039;t want a Guru? Help yourself! Meditate, Study!&lt;br&gt;18) You believe in Female energy! Shakti is worshipped.&lt;br&gt;19) You believe that every human being is equal. Yeah! You&#039;re awesome, come on, let&#039;s celebrate Hinduism! &quot;Vasudhaiva kutumbakam&quot; (The world is a family).&lt;br&gt;20) You don&#039;t have time to celebrate the festival. Don&#039;t worry. One more festival is coming! There are multiple festivals every single day of the year.&lt;br&gt;21) You are a working person. Don&#039;t have time for religion? It&#039;s okay. You will still be a Hindu.&lt;br&gt;22) You like to go to temples. Devotion is loved.&lt;br&gt;23) You don&#039;t like to go to temples: no problem. You are still a Hindu!&lt;br&gt;24) You know that Hinduism is a way of life, with considerable freedom.&lt;br&gt;25) You believe that everything has God in it. So you worship your mother, father, guru, tree, River, Prani-matra, Earth, Universe! Accepted.&lt;br&gt;26) And If you don&#039;t believe that everything has GOD in it: No problems. Your viewpoint is respected.&lt;br&gt;27) &quot;Sarvejana sukhino bhavantu&quot; (May you all live happily).&lt;br&gt;You represent this! You&#039;re free to choose, my dear Hindu!&lt;br&gt;This is exactly the essence of Hinduism&mdash;all-inclusiveness. That is why it has withstood the test of time in spite of repeated onslaughts both from within and outside and assimilated every good aspects from everything. That is why it is eternal!&lt;br&gt;There is a saying in the Rig Vedathe first book known to mankind, which depicts the philosophy of Hinduism in a nutshell: &quot;Ano bhadrah Krathavo Yanthu Vishwathah!&quot;_ (Let knowledge come to us from every direction!&quot;)&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: The principles of State craft found in the dharmashastras did not envisage political freedom; but these ancient works bear out high level of development in the human mind in ancient India. However, the rule of law ushered in last two centuries is a great human invention which changed the face of the world liberating human beings from the State imperialism and authoritarianism.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vishwanath PB&lt;/b&gt;: Karma can be good or bad and is the result of Dharma/Adharma. Karma is not proportional and the timing cannot be chosen.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mr. Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Also we may see &quot;Why I am a Hindu ?&quot; by David Fawley&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: I am not religious man. But I see with my very limited study that:&lt;br&gt;1. Hinduism is undoubtedly a great religion (or philosophy of life), which is why despite several centuries of jihad in india to convert and despite highly discriminatory caste system, it has survived and progressing.&lt;br&gt;2. Hinduism has no institutional structure - Rome, Mecca or Jerusalem, but has spread deep into the sub continent extending up to far East in Cambodia.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prashant Padmanabhan&lt;/b&gt;: It has survived because it was not rigid.. it allowed different philosophies within itself and gave birth to some of the most important personalities which the humanity will ever remember. Budha who challenged the Brahminical teachings, Sankaracharya who reiterated the philosophy, Swami Vivekananda who reinvented Hindu religion, Mahatma Gandhi who has demonstrated the power of peaceful protests. The moment Hinduism tries to become stringent like Abrahamic religions, with no scope for dissent_ its decay will start. Toleration of differing views is sine qua non for survival in the 21st century.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Puttige Ramesh&lt;/b&gt;: One of the best book on Dharma is Constitution &amp;amp; Dharma by Justice Rama Jois. In the book, author being legal luminary has highlighted how Dharma was respected in olden days and how it was followed even by Rulers in administering justice.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohan Katarki&lt;/b&gt;: After Gandhi, the constitution has played big role in saving Hinduism. De hors caste system, Hinduism comes out as a shining knight.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: &quot;In the world history there had been twenty one notable civilizations, of whom only three survive... and one of them is Hinduism...&quot; Arnold Toynbee&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;NY Vijaykumar&lt;/b&gt;: Culture and civilization are sometimes incorrectly used as synonyms. The quote probably refers to surviving cultures - includes faith, way of life, etc. - Hindu/Indic, Hebrew/Judeo-Christian, etc. I agree, even then, it&#039;s difficult to narrow them down to a mere three. But, need to admit, it was a brilliant discussion on the Dharma and its relation/interplay with (rule of) law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Krishna Dixit&lt;/b&gt;: Arnold Toynbee was a tall historian of great reputation... only once he was challenged by another Jewish historian cum diplomat Mr Yakov Herzog....&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chandini&lt;/b&gt;: Sir after going through of all views on dharma and law and I too little researched on websites it&#039;s all about tell that&lt;br&gt;Comparison of dharma and law is that&lt;br&gt;&quot;Dharma has come from ancient period which it signifies regularity of order universally accepted, it includes religion, duty and inseparable of a quality or an order, whereas present day law is based on reasons and does include religious aspects, dharma is duty based concept, however the present law focuses in rights rather than duties&lt;br&gt;Whereas dharma is all pervasive and universal. The law pre supposes man&#039;s idea of what ought to be and us based on reasonableness.&lt;br&gt;So however law is a part of dharma of without disharmony and they constitute single integrated whole&quot;.&lt;br&gt;And hence dharma and law are interlinked and closely related.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '95ee8977800a6b6c6c62fa23579db215.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2016-12-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-25 04:44:55', '2021-05-25 05:08:06'),
(179, '8T2pSsIFVl0815IKANGsHaQ13', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Trial of Partition Suits :Procedural Law (Part-I) Shri. S.R. Somashekara, Principal District Judge (Rtd) 28 May 2021. Video. Part-1', '&lt;h3&gt;Trial of Partition Suits :Procedural Law (Part-I) Shri. S.R. Somashekara, Principal District Judge (Rtd) 28 May 2021. Video Lecture. Click the link below to watch.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m90oSYBbXg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 1.53125rem; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m90oSYBbXg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;', '38500a4e5c942974e12400e32ba0f885.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-28', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-30 05:20:24', '2021-05-30 18:17:23'),
(180, 'fq1jAloMITcnwOBftDNXHTqWB', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Trial of Suits for Declaration of Title, Injunction and Possession. S.R.Somashekar, Principal District Judge (Rtd) ', '&lt;h3&gt;Trial of Suits for Declaration of Title, Injunction and Possession. S.R.Somashekar, Principal District Judge (Rtd)&amp;nbsp; Clink the link below to watch the lecture. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yepbMrfDbSw&amp;amp;t=4s&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yepbMrfDbSw&amp;amp;t=4s&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;', 'f47cc543a459d514023b0330b2fac985.jpeg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-30 18:00:02', '2021-05-30 18:08:21'),
(181, 'TvTWaOVoAhqDMqNVBOKP9LlhR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Video of the Lecture on “Trial of Partition Suits : Substantive Law. Part 2 ', '&lt;h3&gt;Video of the Lecture on &ldquo;Trial of Partition Suits : Substantive Law. Part-II&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz5qEyMhQdY&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz5qEyMhQdY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '37ac7710b3ddd3690358c6e62e031c86.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-05-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-05-31 16:46:59', '2021-05-31 16:50:24'),
(182, 'VatGOqGIaKUGVqucXw6eNJGjT', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Examination of witnesses in absence of accused. Section 299, Cr.P.C. Mr. A. S. Ravi, District Judge. 4 June 2021', '&lt;h3 style=&quot;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;mso-outline-level:1;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbackground:#F9F9F9;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric ideograph-other&quot;&gt;Examination of&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses in absence of accused&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Section 299&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, Cr.P.C. Mr. &lt;/span&gt;A. S. R&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;avi&lt;/span&gt;, D&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;istrict Judge.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Youtube video link:&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4II8lab95Ks&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4II8lab95Ks&nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/p&gt;', '1f1d5b149b0e2e41437e9f19d89973f7.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-08 01:13:40', '2021-06-08 01:18:49');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(183, 'Ph2oYadp48IkKQNvaT2eaid8C', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Lecture on \'Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code. Mr. Sajan Poovayya, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court. ', '&lt;h3&gt;Lecture on &#039;Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code. Mr. Sajan Poovayya, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court. &lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Click the link below to watch the lecture.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgH0-KwuVdc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgH0-KwuVdc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;', 'afc698c7ded6e21c7bd4e9f52d209eb5.jpeg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-09 02:02:02', '2021-06-08 15:32:09'),
(184, 'gF44EdPk8x7AUFibLBrL6hTGU', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Advocates practising at Taluka and District Courts are eligible and suitable for High Court Judgeship. Supreme Court judgment analysed.  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;S.Basavaraj, Advocate, Daksha Legal &amp; Member, Karnataka State Bar Council.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The legal implication of the 1961 Act is that any person whose name is enrolled on the State Bar Council would be regarded as &ldquo;an advocate of the High Court&rdquo; - Supreme Court.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;It is a matter of fact that the learned advocates practicing at Taluka and District level have an edge and advantage over High Court lawyers when it comes to trial and arguments covering factual and legal aspects. Their expertise in Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Evidence Act cannot be matched.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Unfortunately, the learned advocates practicing at Taluka and District level are not considered for elevation as High Court judges despite their eligibility and suitability. Many lawyers from taluka and district level, if elevated, would&rsquo;ve been assets to higher judiciary i.e. High Court and Supreme Court.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;The recent seminar held by Daksha Legal focused on eligibility of lawyers practicing before the Supreme Court of India being appointed as High Court judges. Mr. Mohan Katarki, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court pointed out a judgment of the Supreme Court in this regard in Mahesh Chandra Gupta v. Union of India, (2009) 8 SCC 273 at which according to me supports the demand of trial court lawyers at Taluka and District level for consideration to High Court Judgeship. The relevant paragraphs from the judgment are extracted below.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Meaning of the expression &ldquo;an advocate of a High Court&rdquo; in Article 217(2)(b)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;52. The said expression was placed in the Constitution at a time when the practice of advocates was governed by the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926. Section 2(1)(a) of that Act defined an &ldquo;advocate&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;an advocate entered in the roll of advocates of a High Court under the provisions of this Act&rdquo;. Section 8 provided that: &ldquo;8. Enrolment of advocates.&mdash;(1) No person shall be entitled as of right to practise in any High Court, unless his name is entered in the roll of the advocates of the High Court maintained under this Act:&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;It is this enrolment which gave a right to practise or entitlement to practise.&lt;br&gt;53. The scope of the said 1926 Act has been succinctly spelt out in the judgment of the Allahabad High Court in Durgeshwar Dayal Seth v. BarCouncil, Allahabad [AIR 1954 All 728] (vide paras 4 and 5), which judgment stands approved by this Court in O.N. Mohindroo v. Bar Council of Delhi [AIR 1968 SC 888] .&lt;br&gt;54. Paras 4 and 5 of the judgment in Durgeshwar case [AIR 1954 All 728] read as under: (AIR pp. 729-30)&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;4. The Bar Councils Act, 1926, was enacted by the Indian Legislature to provide for the constitution and incorporation of Bar Councils for certain courts. The Act extends to all the provinces of India. Under Section 1(2), it was made applicable to certain High Courts of Judicature including that at Allahabad and to such other High Courts within the meaning of clause (24) of Section 3 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, as the Provincial Government by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be High Courts to which this Act applies. Sections 1, 2, 17, 18 and 19 of the Act came into force at once and by Section 1(3) the Provincial Government was empowered by notification to direct that the other provisions of the Act would come into force in respect of any High Court to which the Act applies on such date as it may by the notification appoint.&lt;br&gt;The main provisions of the Act are as follows: under Section 3 for every High Court a Bar Council would be constituted which was to be a body corporate, having perpetual succession. Section 8 lays down that&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;8. Enrolment of advocates.&mdash;(1) No person shall be entitled as of right to practise in any High Court, unless his name is entered in the roll of the Advocates of the High Court maintained under this Act:&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;and requires the High Court to prepare and maintain a roll of advocates of the High Court. In the roll are to be entered the names of all persons who were, as advocates, etc., entitled as of right to practise in the High Court immediately before the date on which Section 8 comes into force, provided that they paid a fee, payable to the Bar Council, of Rs 10. Also the names of all other persons who have been admitted to be advocates of the High Court are to be entered in the roll on payment of such fee as may be prescribed. The High Court is required to send to the Bar Council a copy of the roll. This is also provided in Section 8.&lt;br&gt;The Bar Council is authorised to make rules to regulate the admission of persons to be advocates of the High Court, vide Section 9. The High Court is given the power by Section 10 to punish an advocate for misconduct; the enquiry into the allegation of misconduct is to be made by a committee of the Bar Council. Every person whose name is entered in the roll of advocates is entitled as of right to practise in the High Court of which he is an advocate, vide Section 14. Power is given by Section 15 to a Bar Council to make rules in respect of the rights and duties of the advocates of the High Court and their discipline and professional misconduct. When Sections 8 to 16 are applied to any High Court, the Legal Practitioners Act of 1879 stands amended to the extent and in the manner specified in the Schedule of the Act and if there is anything inconsistent with their provisions in the Letters Patent, they are deemed to have been repealed to that extent.&lt;br&gt;5. On the passing of the above Act, the Provincial Government issued a notification under Section 1(3) applying the rest of the sections of the Act to the High Courts then existing, the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad (which will be referred to as the old High Court) and the Chief Court of Avadh and Bar Councils were established for them. The applicant got himself admitted as an advocate on payment of the fee and his name was entered on the roll prepared by the old High Court of Allahabad. Under Section 14 he acquired the right to practise in the old High Court.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;55. An interesting question on interpretation of Section 4 of the Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 (&ldquo;the 1879 Act&rdquo;, for short) came up for consideration before the Patna High Court in Devasaran Lall Sinha, Re [AIR 1946 Pat 369] . The qualification for advocates, vakils and attorneys under Section 4 required for an advocate, who desired to appear in a court subordinate to a High Court in which he was not enrolled, that he should ordinarily be practising in the court in which he is enrolled.&lt;br&gt;56. In Devasaran Lall Sinha case [AIR 1946 Pat 369] in 1941, the applicant had appeared for an examination held by the Bombay High Court, the passing of which entitled him to be enrolled as an advocate of that Court and to practise in that Court and in courts subordinate to that Court. As a matter of fact, the applicant never practised in the Bombay High Court or in the courts subordinate to it. Since his enrolment as an advocate of the Bombay High Court he had practised only in the district of Gaya in Bihar.&lt;br&gt;57. In Devasaran Lall Sinha case [AIR 1946 Pat 369] this matter was brought to the notice of the High Court by the Registrar who pointed out to the High Court that the applicant was not enrolled as an advocate of the High Court. The applicant stated that he was entitled to practise as an advocate in courts subordinate to the Patna High Court by placing reliance on Section 14(1)(b) of the 1926 Act, which inter alia provided that an advocate shall be entitled as of right to practise in any other court in British India and before any tribunal authorised to take evidence. For that purpose, he placed reliance on the definition of the word &ldquo;advocate&rdquo; in Section 2(1)(a) of the 1926 Act, which inter alia defined an &ldquo;advocate&rdquo; to mean an advocate enrolled in the roll of advocates of a High Court under the provisions of the 1926 Act.&lt;br&gt;58. This contention of the applicant in Devasaran Lall Sinha case [AIR 1946 Pat 369] came to be accepted by the Patna High Court vide para 4, which reads as under: (AIR pp. 370-71)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4. The only point remaining for consideration is whether there is any law in force which debars the applicant from the right to practise in courts subordinate to this Court. The qualification for advocates, vakils and attorneys under Section 4, Legal Practitioners Act, 1879, requires for an advocate who wishes to appear in a court subordinate to a High Court in which he was not enrolled that he should ordinarily be practising in the court in which he is enrolled. As the applicant is admittedly not regularly practising in the Bombay High Court in which he is enrolled as an advocate, this section, had it stood by itself, would have been a bar to his practising as an advocate in courts subordinate to this Court. But Section 38, Legal Practitioners Act, provides that nothing in that Act, except Section 36, shall apply to persons enrolled as advocates of any High Court under the Bar Councils Act, 1926. From this it is clear that the provisions of Section 4 of the Act do not apply to, and cannot operate to debar the applicant from practising in courts subordinate to this Court as he is in fact an advocate of a High Court enrolled under the Bar Councils Act of 1926. Precisely the same point arose in Madras and was considered by a Full Bench of that Court in District Judge, Anantapur v. K.V. Vema Reddi [AIR 1945 Mad 144] . The Full Bench held that Section 4, Legal Practitioners Act, has no application to advocates enrolled under the Bar Councils Act by any High Court, and that being so, Section 4 had to be ignored in the cases with which they were dealing which were cases of persons enrolled as advocates in the High Court at Bombay and claiming to be entitled to practise in courts subordinate to the High Court at Madras as advocate by virtue of their enrolment as advocates by the Bombay High Court. These facts are indistinguishable from the facts of the present case, and with great respect, I can see no reason to differ from the view taken by the learned Judges who decided the Madras case [AIR 1945 Mad 144] . The letter of this Court from the Registrar referred to in the opening paragraph of this judgment must, therefore, be recalled and it must be declared that the applicant is entitled to practise as an advocate in the courts subordinate to this High Court.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;59. The above judgment in Devasaran Lall Sinha case [AIR 1946 Pat 369] clearly indicates the meaning of the expression &ldquo;an advocate of a High Court&rdquo; in Article 217(2)(b). The important point to be noted is that though the applicant had never practised in the Bombay High Court, where he was enrolled, the High Court held that the applicant could not be debarred from practising in courts subordinate to the Patna High Court as he was in fact an advocate of a High Court enrolled under the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926. In other words, entitlement or right to practise conferred on the applicant by his name being enrolled on the rolls of the Bombay High Court, where he had never practised, prevented him from being debarred from practising in the courts subordinate to the Patna High Court.&lt;br&gt;60. It is also important to note that the same view has been taken by the Full Bench of the Madras High Court in District Judge, Anantapur v. K.V. Vema Reddi [AIR 1945 Mad 144] .&lt;br&gt;61. At this stage, we may also refer to the provisions of the Advocates Act, 1961. The said 1961 Act provides for autonomous Bar Council in each State and also for All-India Bar Council consisting mainly of the representatives of the State Bar Councils. Under the 1961 Act, a State Bar Council has to enrol qualified persons as advocates and prepare a roll of advocates practising in the State and thereafter a common roll of advocates for the whole of India is to be prepared by the Bar Council of India. The advocates whose names are entered in the common roll would be entitled as of right to practise in all the courts in India including the Supreme Court. Under the 1961 Act, a State Bar Council has been empowered to enrol qualified persons as advocates on its roll. The class of legal practitioners known as attorneys was abolished by the Advocates (Amendment) Act, 1976 and the pre-existing attorneys were required to become advocates under the 1961 Act, subject to their seniority under Section 17 of the Act.&lt;br&gt;62. The scope of the 1961 Act came up for consideration before this Court in O.N. Mohindroo [AIR 1968 SC 888] . One of the points which arose for determination in that case related to legislative competence. This Court was required to consider the scope of Entries 77 and 78 of List I read with Entry 26 of List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.&lt;br&gt;63. It was held in O.N. Mohindroo [AIR 1968 SC 888] that Entries 77 and 78 in List I apart from dealing with the constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court and the High Courts also dealt with persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts. It was held that, Entries 77 and 78 of List I so far as they related to the persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts are concerned, the power to legislate stood carved out from the general power relating to the provisions in Entry 26 of List III. It was held that the power to legislate in regard to persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts is excluded from Entry 26 in List III and is made the exclusive field for legislation by Parliament alone. The important point to be noted is that emphasis has been placed on the expression &ldquo;entitled to practise&rdquo; or &ldquo;right to practise&rdquo; in the constitutional scheme evidenced by not only the provisions of Article 217(2)(b) but also by the provisions contained in Articles 145(1) and 246 read with Entries 77 and 78 of List I and Entry 26 of List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution.&lt;br&gt;64. We quote hereinbelow paras 8, 9, 10 and 11 of the judgment of this Court in O.N. Mohindroo [AIR 1968 SC 888] , which read as under: (AIR pp. 892-93)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;8. This being the scheme with regard to the constitution and organisation of courts and their jurisdiction and powers let us next proceed to examine Entry 26 in List III. Entry 26, which is analogous to Item 16 in List III of the Seventh Schedule to the 1935 Act, deals with legal, medical and other professions but is not concerned with the constitution and organisation of courts or their jurisdiction and powers. These, as already stated, are dealt with by Entries 77, 78 and 95 in List I, Entries 3 and 65 in List II and Entry 46 in List III. Enactments such as the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947, the Dentists Act, 1948, the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 and the Pharmacy Act, 1948, all Central Acts, would fall under the power to deal with professions under Entry 26 of List III in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution and Item 16 of List III of 1935 Act. It will, however, be noticed that Entries 77 and 78 in List I are composite entries and deal not only with the constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court and the High Courts but also with persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts. The only difference between these two entries is that whereas the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court are dealt with in Entry 77, the jurisdiction and powers of the High Courts are dealt with not by Entry 78 of List I but by other entries. Entries 77 and 78 in List I apart from dealing with the constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court and the High Courts also deal with persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts. This part of the two entries shows that to the extent that the persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Court are concerned, the power to legislate in regard to them is carved out from the general power relating to the professions in Entry 26 in List III and is made the exclusive field for Parliament. The power to legislate in regard to persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts is thus excluded from Entry 26 in List III and is made the exclusive field for legislation by Parliament only (Lily Isabel Thomas [AIR 1964 SC 855] and also Durgeshwar Dayal Seth v. Bar Council, Allahabad [AIR 1954 All 728] ). Barring those entitled to practise in the Supreme Court; and the High Courts, the power to legislate with respect to the rest of the practitioners would still seem to be retained under Entry 26 of List III. To what extent the power to legislate in regard to the legal profession still remains within the field of Entry 26 is not the question at present before us and therefore it is not necessary to go into it in this appeal.&lt;br&gt;9. The Advocates Act was passed to amend and consolidate the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide for the constitution of Bar Councils and an All-India Bar. Sections 2(a) and (i) define an &lsquo;advocate&rsquo; and a &lsquo;legal practitioner&rsquo;. Chapter II deals with the establishment of Bar Councils and their functions viz. to admit persons on its roll, to prepare and maintain such roll, to entertain and determine cases of misconduct against advocates on its roll, etc. Section 7 lays down the functions of the Bar Council of India, that is, to prepare and maintain a common roll of advocates, to lay down the standards of professional conduct and etiquette, to lay down procedure to be followed by its disciplinary committee and the disciplinary committee of each State Bar Council, to exercise general supervision and control over State Bar Councils, etc. Chapter III deals with admission and enrolment of advocates. Section 16(1) provides that there shall be two classes of advocates, senior advocates and other advocates. Chapter IV deals with the right to practise. Section 29 provides that subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, there shall, as from the appointed day, be only one class of persons entitled to practise the profession of law, namely, the advocates. Section 30 provides that subject to the provisions of this Act, every advocate whose name is entered in the common roll shall be entitled as of right to practise throughout the territories to which this Act extends in all courts including the Supreme Court and before any tribunal or any other authority before whom such advocate is by or under any law for the time being in force entitled to practise. Chapter V deals with the conduct of advocates. Section 35 lays down that where on receipt of a complaint or otherwise a State Bar Council has reason to believe that any advocate on its roll has been guilty of professional or other misconduct, it shall refer the case for disposal to its disciplinary committee. The disciplinary committee has to fix a date for the hearing of the case and give a notice thereof to the advocate concerned and to the Advocate General of the State. Sub-section (3) provides that such committee after giving the advocate concerned and the Advocate General an opportunity of being heard, may make, inter alia, an order suspending the advocate from practice as it may deem fit. Similar powers are also conferred on the Bar Council of India under Section 36 in relation to an advocate on the common roll. Section 37 gives a right of appeal to the Bar Council of India by any person aggrieved by an order of the disciplinary committee of a State Bar Council. Section 38 confers a right of appeal to the Supreme Court on any person aggrieved by an order by the disciplinary committee of the Bar Council of India under Section 36 or Section 37 and empowers the Supreme Court to pass such orders thereon as it deems fit.&lt;br&gt;10. The object of the Act is thus to constitute one common Bar for the whole country and to provide machinery for its regulated functioning. Since the Act sets up one Bar, autonomous in its character, the Bar Councils set up thereunder have been entrusted with the power to regulate the working of the profession and to prescribe rules of professional conduct and etiquette, and the power to punish those who commit breach of such rules. The power of punishment is entrusted to the disciplinary committees ensuring a trial of an advocate by his peers. Sections 35, 36 and 37 lay down the procedure for trying complaints, punishment and an appeal to the Bar Council of India from the orders passed by the State Bar Councils. As an additional remedy Section 38 provides a further appeal to the Supreme Court. Though the Act relates to the legal practitioners, in its pith and substance it is an enactment which concerns itself with the qualifications, enrolment, right to practise and discipline of the advocates. As provided by the Act once a person is enrolled by any one of the State Bar Councils, he becomes entitled to practise in all courts including the Supreme Court. As aforesaid, the Act creates one common Bar, all its members being of one class, namely, advocates. Since all those who have been enrolled have a right to practise in the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the Act is a piece of legislation which deals with persons entitled to practise before the Supreme Court and the High Courts. Therefore the Act must be held to fall within Entries 77 and 78 of List I. As the power of legislation relating to those entitled to practise in the Supreme Court and the High Courts is carved out from the general power to legislate in relation to legal and other professions in Entry 26 of List III, it is an error to say, as the High Court did, that the Act is a composite legislation partly falling under Entries 77 and 78 of List I and partly under Entry 26 of List III.&lt;br&gt;11. In this view, the right of appeal to this Court under Section 38 of the Act creates a jurisdiction and power in relation to a matter falling under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List and the Act would, therefore, fall under clause (1) and not clause (2) of Article 138. The argument that Section 38 falls under Article 138(2) and is invalid on account of its having been enacted without a special agreement with the State Government is therefore, without merit.&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;65. Apart from what is stated above, the judgment in O.N. Mohindroo [AIR 1968 SC 888] also emphasises the fact that the 1961 Act inter alia provides that once a person is enrolled by any one of the State Bar Councils, he becomes entitled to practise in all courts including the Supreme Court. The 1961 Act creates one common Bar, all its members being of one class, namely, advocates.&lt;br&gt;66. Thus, it becomes clear from the legal history of the 1879 Act, the 1926 Act and the 1961 Act that they all deal with a person&#039;s right to practise or entitlement to practise. The 1961 Act only seeks to create a common Bar consisting of one class of members, namely, advocates. Therefore, in our view, the said expression &ldquo;an advocate of a High Court&rdquo; as understood, both, pre and post 1961, referred to person(s) right to practise. Therefore, actual practise cannot be read into the qualification provision, namely, Article 217(2)(b). &lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;The legal implication of the 1961 Act is that any person whose name is enrolled on the State Bar Council would be regarded as &ldquo;an advocate of the High Court&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;. The substance of Article 217(2)(b) is that it prescribes an eligibility criteria based on &ldquo;right to practise&rdquo; and not actual practice.&lt;br&gt;67. The question still remains as to why in Article 217(2)(b) the Constitution-makers have used the expression &ldquo;an advocate of a High Court&rdquo;? Answer to the above query is given by Basu&#039;s Commentary on the Constitution of India, 6th Edn., p. 236, which reads as under:&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;(2) Qualifications for appointment as High Court Judge.&mdash;The points to be noted, in comparison with the Government of India Act, 1935, are &mdash; (a) the exclusion of barristers of the United Kingdom who are not advocates of a High Court of India within the meaning of sub-clause (b); (b) the exclusion of members of the ICS from post-Constitution appointments unless they satisfy clause (2)(a).&lt;br&gt;It is clear from clause (2) that all appointments to the High Court Bench, made after commencement of the Constitution must go only to those who satisfy one of the two tests laid down in sub-clauses (a) and (b) of clause (2).&rdquo;&lt;br&gt;68. Under the 1926 Act, which Act was in force when the Constitution was framed, even a barrister from United Kingdom was entitled to get himself enrolled as an advocate of a High Court. He had no right to practise in the High Court without getting himself enrolled. (See Nihal Chand Shastri v. Dilawar Khan [AIR 1933 All 417] .) We quote hereinbelow the relevant paragraphs from the judgment in Nihal Chand [AIR 1933 All 417] , which read as follows: (AIR pp. 418-19)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;&hellip; This Court under its powers conferred on it by the Letters Patent is entitled to enrol advocates for practising in this Court and courts subordinate to it, vide Clause 7 which runs as follows:&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;And we do hereby authorise and empower the said High Court of Judicature at Allahabad to approve, admit and enrol such and so many advocates, vakils and Attorneys as to the said High Court shall deem meet&hellip;.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;The High Court framed certain rules laying down the qualifications needed for enrolment of advocates. The rules now in force are to be found in Chapter 15 of the Rules of the Court. They are rules made by the Bar Council since the Bar Councils Act, came into force, and they have been approved by the High Court. Under Rule 1 of these Rules:&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;any barrister of England &hellip; and any graduate of law of any university mentioned in the Schedule, who in each case has further gone through a course of training for one year &hellip; may present an application for his admission to the roll of advocates of the court.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;The older rules more or less on similar lines. The rules and Clause 7, Letters Patent, show that a barrister of England as a barrister has no right to practise in the High Court or in any court subordinate to the High Court. Certain qualifications of different kinds are laid down for admission as advocates, and the fact that a candidate is a barrister of England is one kind of qualification for enrolment. When a person who has taken the law degree of Allahabad University is enrolled as an advocate, he becomes as much an advocate of the Allahabad High Court as a barrister of England. The Rules of the High Court make no distinction between the two persons with different qualifications. Before the Bar Councils Act was passed and was acted upon, the barristers from England were admitted on the roll of the High Court as advocate, while the Indian graduates of law were admitted as vakils. Later on certain eminent vakils were given the status of advocates and, thereupon, they became as much advocates as barristers from England enrolled in the Allahabad High Court. In all these cases the right of a barrister to appear in the High Court or in the courts subordinate to the High Court arose from his enrolment as an advocate and not otherwise.&lt;br&gt;Having been enrolled as an advocate, the barrister or the graduate at Law of the Indian University acquires certain privileges and the privilege is to appear, plead or act in any suit or appeal, vide Rule 10 of the High Court Rules in Chapter 15, p. 100. It is common ground that a barrister in England as such is not entitled to act. He can only plead. It follows from the Rules of the High Court of Allahabad that the disability of a barrister-at-law to act in England disappears on his being enrolled as an advocate of the High Court. A barrister-at-law in England not being entitled to act is not allowed to have a lien on any litigant&#039;s papers or money, but a barrister, who is an advocate of the High Court of Allahabad, may have such a lien. This is recognised by Rule 14, Chapter 15 (p. 101) of the High Court Rules. Rule 15 of the same Chapter at p. 102, lays down that an advocate (including a barrister-advocate) is entitled to appear, plead and act in any court subordinate to the High Court. In the province of Agra there are no Solicitors, and a barrister-advocate practising in the High Court or in any subordinate court is entitled to see his clients and to settle his fees. This he cannot do in England.&lt;br&gt;From what has been said, it follows that the peculiar position of a barrister-at-law in England disappears in the Province of Agra on his being admitted as an advocate of the High Court. He combines in himself the capacities of a barrister and Solicitor of England. He is as much subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the High Court as a non-barrister-advocate, while a barrister of England while practising there is not an officer of the Court and in the case of misconduct, his case is referred to the Benchers of the Inn to which he belongs. In England a barrister cannot act, cannot receive a client or receive instructions from him except through a Solicitor. But this disability does not exist in him in the Province of Agra, if he has been enrolled as an advocate.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;69. The point to be noted is that powers vested in the High Court by the Letters Patent the qualification prescribed for enrolment as an advocate of the High Court was the law degree of Allahabad University or that the candidate is a barrister of England. Similarly, under Section 220(3) of the Government of India Act, 1935 various categories of persons were qualified for appointment as a Judge of the High Court which included a barrister, a member of Indian Civil Service, etc. To confine the qualification for appointment as a Judge of a High Court to only one instead of four categories mentioned in Section 220(3), the Constitution-framers have used only one consolidated expression, namely, &ldquo;an advocate of a High Court&rdquo;. This expression finds place even in the 1961 Act, which has been enacted in order to consolidate various categories into one class, namely, advocates (see judgment of this Court in O.N. Mohindroo [AIR 1968 SC 888] ). It is for this reason that the Supreme Court in Prof. C.P. Agarwal [(1970) 1 SCC 182 : AIR 1970 SC 1061] has observed vide paras 6 and 9 as under: (SCC pp. 184-86)&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;6. Apart from this aspect, some of the earlier statutes bearing on the same subject have also used the very same or similar expression. The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 defined by Section 3 a &lsquo;legal practitioner&rsquo; as meaning an advocate, vakil or Attorney of any High Court, a pleader, mukhtar or revenue agent. Section 4 of that Act provided: &lsquo;4. Advocates and vakils.&mdash;Every person now or hereafter entered as an advocate or vakil on the roll of any High Court under the Letters Patent constituting such Court, or under Section 41 of this Act, or enrolled as a pleader in the Chief Court of the Punjab under Section 8 of this Act, shall be entitled to practise in all the courts subordinate to the Court on the roll of which he is entered &hellip; and any person so entered who ordinarily practises in the Court on the roll of which he is entered, or some court subordinate thereto shall, notwithstanding anything herein contained, be entitled, as such, to practise in any court in the territories to which this Act extends other than a High Court on whose roll he is not entered, or, with the permission of the Court &hellip; in any High Court on whose roll he is not entered&hellip;.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;Section 41 of the Act empowered a High Court to make rules as to the qualifications and admission of proper persons to be &lsquo;advocates of the Court&rsquo; and subject to such rules to enrol such and so many advocates as it thought fit. These provisions clearly show that advocates enrolled under Section 41 were enrolled as advocates of a High Court and were entitled, once enrolled, to practise either in the High Court or courts subordinate to such High Court or both. There was thus in the case of advocates so enrolled no distinction between those who practised in the High Court and those who practised in the courts subordinate to such High Court as they were entitled on enrolment, as aforesaid, to practise either in the High Court or in a court or courts subordinate thereto or both. Indian Bar Councils Act 38 of 1926 also defined an &lsquo;advocate&rsquo; meaning one &lsquo;entered in the roll of advocates of a High Court under the provisions of this Act&rsquo;. Section 8 laid down that no person would be entitled as of right to practise in any High Court unless his name was entered in the roll of &lsquo;the advocates of the High Court maintained under this Act&rsquo;. Under Section 8(2), the High Court was required to prepare and maintain &lsquo;a roll of advocates of the High Court&rsquo; in which should be entered the names of (a) all persons who were, as advocates, vakils or pleaders, entitled as of right to practise in the High Court immediately before the date on which this section came into force in respect thereof; and (b) all other persons who were admitted to be &lsquo;advocates of the High Court&rsquo; under this Act. Section 9 empowered the Bar Council to make rules to regulate the admission of persons to be advocates of the High Court; and Section 10 gave power to the High Court in the manner therein provided to reprimand, suspend or remove from practise &lsquo;any advocate of the High Court&rsquo; whom it found guilty of professional or other misconduct. Section 14(1) of the Act provided that an advocate i.e. one whose name was entered under this Act in the roll of advocates of a High Court, shall be entitled as of right to practise in the High Court of which he is an advocate or in any other court save as otherwise provided by sub-section (2) or by or under any other law for the time being in force. Once, therefore, the name of an advocate was entered in the roll of advocates of a High Court under one or the other Act, he was entitled to practise in the High Court and in courts subordinate thereto or in any other court subject of course to the provisions aforesaid. He was thus an advocate of the High Court irrespective of whether he practised in the High Court or in the courts subordinate thereto, and as seen from Section 10 of the Bar Councils Act, he became amenable to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the High Court by reason of his being enrolled as an advocate of the High Court. The expression &lsquo;an advocate of a High Court&rsquo; must, therefore, mean, in the light of these provisions, an advocate whose name has been enrolled as an advocate of a High Court, no matter whether he practised in the High Court itself or in courts subordinate to it or both. The expression &lsquo;an advocate or a pleader of a High Court&rsquo; having thus acquired the meaning as aforesaid, it must be presumed that a similar expression, namely, &lsquo;a pleader of a High Court for a period of not less than ten years&rsquo; was used in the same sense in Section 101(3)(d) of the Government of India Act, 1915, when that section laid down the qualifications for the Office of a Judge of a High Court in the case of a pleader. The same phraseology was also repeated in Section 220(3)(d) of the Government of India Act, 1935, except for one change, namely, that in calculating ten years standing his standing as a pleader of two or more High Courts in succession was also to be included.&lt;br&gt;9. Counsel next relied on Article 233(2) in support of the construction suggested by him of Article 217(2)(b) and pointed out that wherever the Constitution did not wish to insist on an appointee having been an advocate practising in a High Court, it has used a different expression, namely, an advocate simpliciter [Ed.: Emphasis in original.] as in Article 233(2). Article 233 deals with appointment of District Judges and clause (2) thereof provides that a person not already in the service of the Union or the State shall only be eligible to be appointed a District Judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment. It is true that in this clause the word &lsquo;advocate&rsquo; is used without the qualifying words &lsquo;of a High Court&rsquo;. It is difficult, however, to see how the fact that the word &lsquo;advocate&rsquo; only used in connection with the appointment of a District Judge would assist counsel in the construction suggested by him of the expression &lsquo;advocate of any High Court&rsquo; in Article 217, or that that expression must mean an advocate who has had the necessary number of years&#039; practise in the High Court itself. The distinction, if any, between the words &lsquo;an advocate&rsquo; in Article 233(2) and the words &lsquo;an advocate of a High Court&rsquo; in Article 217(2)(b)has no significance in any event after the coming into force of the Advocates Act, 1961, as by virtue of Section 16 of that Act there are now only two classes of persons entitled to practise, namely, Senior Advocates and other advocates.&rdquo;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;70. To complete our discussion, we may also mention that the expression &ldquo;two or more such courts in succession&rdquo; in Article 217(2)(b) is not of any real relevance. Prior to the 1961 Act, when a person was an advocate enrolled in a High Court, the words &ldquo;in succession&rdquo; suggested that a person enrolled in more than one High Court could not multiply his years of enrolment by the number of courts in which he stood enrolled. For example, a person enrolled for five years in two High Courts simultaneously would not be an advocate of ten years&#039; standing. If he was enrolled in more than one court in succession only then would this be satisfied.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '554e056bb605b3dd15328cabbfca16b2.PNG', '0f61aeaa90d82e60dd3a9f463827fcc9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-14 01:19:49', '2021-06-14 02:13:49');
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(185, 'BDBsrThCtzB7Z5UzfGF2f4EkI', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '\'Expeditious disposal of execution proceedings. Rahul Shah vs Jinendra Kumar Gandhi and ors.\' -  Kritanjali Sarda, Advocate, Bengaluru', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kritanjali Sarda, Advocate, AK Law Chambers, Bengaluru&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;Litigation is a saga of unending resolution process&rdquo;- a phrase which holds true to its essence. Litigation is perceived to be an arduous process drawing the litigants to their strings. The show does need to end, but to draw the curtain, is it truly sufficient for the litigant to merely obtain a decree in their favour? The phrase &ldquo;lustitiam morari iniustitia est&rdquo; i.e., to delay justice is injustice seems to have been eluded down in water when it comes to the showdown in litigation process.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Not only does it take abundant time to avail justice amidst the innumerable cases pending before the courts, but a decree alone is not sufficient for the successful litigant to compel the other side to render the relief granted. Obtaining a decree from the courts, seldom comes with a sense of triumph for the winning side, as the real battle begins in getting the decree executed. A seemingly straightforward process for execution of a decree is more often than not embroiled in technicalities, takes years. In this regard, the recent judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in Rahul S Shah Vs Jinendra Kumar Gandhi &amp; Ors., reported in 2021 SCC OnLine SC 341, issuing certain directions for the expeditious disposal of enforcement proceedings is most welcomed and is promising.&lt;br&gt;The facts of this case are commonplace in that all litigating advocates would at some point of time come across a dispute of a similar nature. In brief, the factual background of this case is described below only for the purpose of highlighting the frivolous attempts made by unsuccessful litigants to putting up factitious objections to delay and obstruct the execution of a decree.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Brief Factual Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;In this particular case, the vendor and her son (judgment debtors) after executing the sale deed in respect of a major portion of the property, questioned the transaction by a suit for declaration. The decree holders also filed a suit for possession. During the pendency of these proceedings, two sets of sale deeds were executed. The vendors&rsquo; suit was dismissed &ndash; the decree of dismissal was upheld at the stage of the High Court too. On the other hand, the purchasers&rsquo; suit was decreed and became the subject matter of the appeal. The High Court dismissed the first appeal; the Supreme Court dismissed the Special Leave Petition. This became the background for the next stage of the proceedings, i.e., execution. Execution proceedings were subsisting for over 14 years. In the meanwhile, numerous applications including criminal proceedings questioning the very same documents that was the subject matter of the suit were initiated. Appeals were thereafter filed before the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court against the common judgment and order dated 16th January, 2020 of the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Karnataka. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court while dismissing the appeals, passed crucial directions in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 read with Article 141 and Article 144 of the Constitution of India.&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Directions of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court noted the hurdles of the decree holder in not being able to enjoy the fruits of litigation on account of inordinate delay caused during the process of execution of decree by constant abuse of the procedural provisions by the judgment debtors. Therefore, keeping in mind the need for remedial measures to be taken to reduce the delay in disposal of execution petitions, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has issued the following directions to all Courts dealing with suits and execution proceedings.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;1.Property disputes- In case of property disputes, it is necessary for the Trial Court to determine what is the status of the property and who is in possession of the property. Thus, the Court suggested recourse to the following actions:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;a. Issue commission under Order XXVI Rule 9 of CPC- Before settlement of issues, the Trial Court may appoint a Commissioner for the purpose of carrying out local investigation recording exact description and demarcation of the property including the nature and occupation of the property. This would enable the Trial Court to take necessary steps such as joining all affected parties as necessary parties to the suit.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;b. The Trial Court may also appoint a Receiver under Order XL Rule 1 to secure the status of the property during the pendency of the suit or while passing a decree.&lt;br&gt;c. Issue public notice specifying the suit property and inviting claims, if any, that any person who is in possession of the suit property or claims possession of the suit property or has any right, title or interest in the said property specifically stating that if the objections are not raised at this stage, no party shall be allowed to raise any objection in respect of any claim he/she may have subsequently.&lt;br&gt;d. Affix such notice on the said property.&lt;br&gt;e. Issue such notice specifying suit number etc. and the Trial Court in which it is pending including details of the suit property and have the same published on the official website of the Court.&lt;br&gt;f. If the above suggested recourse is taken and subsequently if an objection is received in respect of &ldquo;suit property&rdquo; under Order XXI Rule 97 or Rule 99 of CPC at the stage of execution of the decree, the Executing Court shall deal with it after taking into account the fact that no such objection or claim was received during the pendency of the suit, especially in view of the public notice issued during trial. Such claims under Order XXI Rule 97 or Rule 99 must be dealt strictly and be considered/entertained rarely.&lt;br&gt;g. The Trial Court must examine the parties to the suit under Order X in relation to third party interest and further exercise the power under Order XI Rule 14 asking parties to disclose and produce documents, upon oath, which are in possession of the parties including declaration pertaining to third party interest in such properties.&lt;br&gt;h. After examination of parties under Order X or production of documents under Order XI or receipt of commission report, the Trial Court must add all necessary or proper parties to the suit, so as to avoid multiplicity of proceedings and also make such joinder of cause of action in the same suit.&lt;br&gt;i. The Trial Court must, before passing the decree, pertaining to delivery of possession of a property ensure that the decree is unambiguous so as to not only contain clear description of the property but also having regard to the status of the property.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4&gt;2. Money suit- As regards to money suit, the following directions were passed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court:&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;margin-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;a. In a money suit, the Trial Court must invariably resort to Order XXI Rule 11, ensuring immediate execution of decree for payment of money on oral application.&lt;br&gt;b. Before settlement of issues, the Defendant may be required to disclose his assets on oath, to the extent that he is being made liable in a suit.&lt;br&gt;c. The Trial Court may during the pendency of suit, using powers under Section 151 CPC, demand security to ensure satisfaction of any decree.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. The Trial Court should allow taking of evidence during the execution proceedings only in exceptional and rare cases where the question of fact could not be decided by resorting to any other expeditious method like appointment of Commissioner or calling for electronic materials including photographs or video with affidavits.&lt;br&gt;4. The Trial Court must in appropriate cases where it finds the objection or resistance or claim to be frivolous or mala fide, resort to Sub-rule (2) of Rule 98 of Order XXI as well as grant compensatory costs in accordance with Section 35A.&lt;br&gt;5. The Executing Court must dispose of the Execution Proceedings within six months from the date of filing, which may be extended only by recording reasons in writing for such delay.&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;The Privy Council in 1872 itself in the case of The General Manager of the Raja Durbhunga Vs Maharaja Coomar Ramaput Sing, (1871-72) 14 Moore&rsquo;s I.A. 605 observed that &ldquo;the difficulties of a litigant in India begin when he has obtained a decree&rdquo;. Nothing has changed even as on date. The execution proceedings which are supposed to be sub-serve the cause of justice are, in effect, becoming tools which are being easily misused to obstruct justice. The execution proceedings are often used as a tool for re-trial which prevents the decree holder from any relief from the courts despite there being a decree in their favour. The execution proceedings are more often than not being dragged for an indefinite period of time.&lt;br&gt;Keeping in mind the large pendency of execution proceedings and the large number of instances of abuse of process of execution, the directions issued by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in this case are a welcome step towards ensuring speedy disposal of execution proceedings to ensure that the decree holders receive the fruits of litigation without any unnecessary hassle and also preserves the faith of litigants in the law enforcement process. The aforesaid directions will ensure that the trial courts play an active role in deciding all such related issues to the subject matter during adjudication of the suit itself and ensure that a clear, unambiguous, and executable decree is passed in any suit. Further, the time frame fixed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in disposal of execution proceedings is a huge relief to ensure that the decree holders in reality enjoy the fruit of the litigation.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3cf8f07bedaa9a1e1fb8e39774cb1037.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-16', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-16 17:27:58', '2021-06-16 07:04:51'),
(186, '2ohbjHG2iShuqCT8eTwpRFJdh', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '\'Will Durant and The Case for India\' - Compiled and written by Mr. Anand Byra Reddy, Judge (Rtd), Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Will Durant and The Case for India&quot; - &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Complied and written by Mr. Anand Byra Reddy, Judge (Rtd), Karnataka&lt;/i&gt; High Court.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lsquo; I went to India to help myself visualize a people whose cultural history I had been studying &hellip;&hellip;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;I was filled with astonishment and indignation at the apparently conscious and deliberate bleeding of India by England throughout a hundred and fifty years.&amp;nbsp; I began to feel that I had come upon the greatest crime in all history &lsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;These are the words of an impartial American , &lt;b&gt;Will Durant&lt;/b&gt; ( 1885 &ndash; 1981 ) , historian, writer and philosopher &ndash; best known for his work &lsquo; &lt;b&gt;The Story of Civilization&lt;/b&gt; &lsquo;. A 11 volume masterpiece , written along with his wife , Ariel Durant. The above are statements made in the year 1930, in&amp;nbsp;a short booklet, &lsquo; The Case for India&rsquo;.&lt;br&gt;He writes : &lt;i&gt;&lsquo; When Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 B.C. , his historian, Megasthenes , recorded his amazement at finding in the Indus a people quite as civilized and artistic as the Greeks , who were then at the height of their curve&lt;/i&gt;&rsquo;.&lt;br&gt;&lsquo;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;. &lt;i&gt;The British conquest of India was the invasion and destruction of a high civilization by a trading company utterly without scruples or principles, careless of art and greedy of gain, overrunning with fire and sword a country temporarily disordered and helpless, bribing and murdering, annexing and stealing and beginning that career of illegal and &ldquo;legal&rdquo; plunder which had now gone on ruthlessly for one hundred and seventy-three years and goes on at this moment while in our secure comfort we write and read.&lt;/i&gt;&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lsquo; &lt;i&gt;When the British came, India was politically weak and economically prosperous.&amp;nbsp; The Mogul dynasty , which had so stimulated art, science and literature in India, came to the usual fate of monarchies in 1658, when Shah Jehan , builder of the Taj Mahal, was succeeded by his fanatical son Aurangzeb.&amp;nbsp; For almost fifty years this Puritanical emperor misgoverned India ; when he died his realm fell to pieces and petty princes set up their rule in numberless divided and &ldquo;sovereign&rdquo; states.&amp;nbsp; It was a simple matter for a group of English buccaneers, armed with the latest European artillery and morals, to defeat the bows and arrows , the elephants and primitive musketry of the rajahs and bring one Hindu province after another under the control of the British East Inia Company&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lsquo;&lt;i&gt;The company rented from the Hindu authorities trading posts at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay and fortified them, without permission of the authorities, with troops and cannon.&amp;nbsp; In 1756 the Rajah of Bengal, resenting, this invasion , attacked the English Fort William , captured it, and crowded one hundred and forty English prisoners into the &ldquo;Black Hole&rdquo; of Calcutta.&amp;nbsp; A year later Robert Clive defeated the Bengal forces at Plassey and thereupon declared his Company the owner of the richest province in India. He added further territory by forging and violating treaties, by playing one native prince against another and by generous bribes given and received. He accepted &ldquo;presents&rdquo; from Hindu rulers dependent upon his favour and his guns; pocketed from them an annual tribute; took to opium and killed himself&lt;/i&gt;.&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lsquo; &lt;i&gt;His successors in the management of the Company , began a century of unmitigated rape on the resources of India. They profiteered without hindrance; goods which they sold in England for $ 10 million they bought for $ 2 million in India. &hellip;&hellip;..The Company paid such fabulous dividends that its stock rose to $32000 a share. They forged documents as circumstances required and hanged Hindus for forging documents. &hellip;&hellip;..They taxed the provinces under the Company so exorbitantly that two-thirds of the population fled; defaulters were confined in cages and exposed to the burning sun; fathers sold their children to meet the rising rates. It was usual to demand 50% of the net produce of the land &lsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;By 1858 the crimes of the Company so smelled to heaven that the British Government took over the captured and plundered territory as a colony of the Crown; a little island took over half a continent.&amp;nbsp; England paid the Company handsomely and added the purchase price to the public debt of India, to be redeemed , principal and interest out of the taxes put upon the Hindu people.&amp;nbsp; All the debts on the Company&rsquo;s books , together with the accrued interest on theses debts , were added to the public obligations of India , to be redeemed out of the taxes put upon the Hindu people. Exploitation was dressed now in all the forms of Law, i.e. the rules laid down by the victors for the vanquished . Hypocrisy was added to brutality, while robbery went on.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;The British conquest brought certain advantages to India.&amp;nbsp;In 1829 , Lord William Bentinck decreed the abolition of suttee &ndash; the immolation of widows with their dead husbands &ndash; and acknowledged handsomely the aid given him by native reform organisations.&amp;nbsp; The Portuguese had abolished the custom in their Indian possessions three hundred and nine years before. Men like Bentinck, Munro, Elphinstone and Macaulay carried into the administration of India something of the generous liberalism which for a time controlled England in 1832. The English put an end to the Thugs &ndash; an organized caste of robbers &ndash; and completed the abolition of slavery. They built railways for commercial and military purposes , introduced factories and promoted the growth of the population. They established a small number of schools , brought science and technology of the West to India , gave the East the democratic ideals of modern Europe and played an important part, through their scholars , in revealing to the world the cultural wealth of India&rsquo;s past.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;The price of the benefactions was considerable . It included , to begin with, the expropriation of state after state from the native rulers by war or bribery , or the simple decree of Lord Dalhousie that whenever a Hindu prince died without leaving a direct heir, his territory should pass to the British; in Dalhousie&rsquo;s administration alone 8 states were absorbed in this peaceful way.&amp;nbsp; Province after province was taken over by offering its ruler a choice between a pension and war.&amp;nbsp; In the seventh decade of nineteenth century England added 4000 square miles to her Indian territory;&amp;nbsp; in the eighth decade, 15000 square miles ; in the ninth , 90,000 ; in the tenth , 133,000.&amp;nbsp;John Morlay estimated that during the nineteenth century alone England carried on 111 wars in India , using for the most part Indian troops; millions of Hindus shed their blood that India might be slave. The cost of these wars for the conquest of India was met to the last penny out of Indian taxes; the English congratulated themselves on conquering India without spending a cent.&amp;nbsp; &hellip;&hellip;.. When at last in 1857 the exhausted Hindus resisted , they were suppressed with &ldquo;medieval ferocity&rdquo;&amp;nbsp; a favourite way of dealing with captured rebels was to blow them to bits from the mouths of cannon.&amp;nbsp; &ldquo; We took &ldquo; said &lt;/i&gt;London Spectator&lt;i&gt;, &ldquo; at least 100,000 Indian lives in the mutiny&rdquo;&amp;nbsp; This is what the English call the Sepoy Mutiny and what the Hindus call the War of Independence.&amp;nbsp; There is much in a name.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;Such was the methodof the British acquisition of India.&lt;/i&gt;&rsquo;&lt;br&gt; The above account is based on material which is referred to and serially listed.&amp;nbsp; The book is said to have been written without the assistance of any Indian or anyone acting for India. The author then moves on to write, in his unique style, about the India that he saw in the year 1930 and other matters, which every Indian should read and be reminded of, to revel in the independence that he enjoys today.&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '448c9e62a518e390801dcc3c8b0bb494.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-17 19:42:58', '2021-06-17 19:55:57'),
(187, 'T41QbGlcZW7FliflnG74jJL5A', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '\'Supreme Court curtailing the inherent powers of the High Courts. Neither Legal nor Justified\'. - B.V.Acharya, former Advocate General for Karnataka. ', '&lt;h4&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Every High Court in India has Inherent power to pass orders to meet the ends of justice which is the ultimate goal. This power is not conferred by anyone &ndash; not even by the Constitution. It is inherent in the court. So far as criminal law is concerned, even statute has recognized this right as provided in section 482 of the code of criminal procedure which reads &ldquo; Nothing in this code shall be deemed to limit or affect the inherent powers of the High court to make such orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under this code, or to prevent abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice&rdquo;- see (Judgement of Justice Rohinton Nariman in the case of&nbsp; Asian Resurfacing Road Agency Vs CBI (2018) 16 SCC 299). Hence, none, not even the Supreme Court has right to curtail / restrict / or withdraw such inherent power vested in the High Courts which are courts of record. Only pre-condition for exercising this power is that it must be exercised either (1) to prevent abuse of process of law or (2) to meet ends of justice.&nbsp; It is not permissible to add more conditions or stipulations which have the effect of restricting this power.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Some of the recent rulings of the Supreme Court, ofcourse- reiterating earlier views in some cases - have the effect of curtailing this power by requiring the same to be exercised only &ldquo;in rarest of rare cases&rdquo; (equating it to cases of death sentence) or to be exercised only in exceptional cases, that it is an extraordinary power to be sparingly used.&nbsp; These rulings have resulted in curtailing/restricting the powers of the High Courts without justification. These rulings are rendered on account of total lack of knowledge of ground realities regarding happenings in police stations and Magistrate Courts. The judges of Superior courts dealing with criminal matters must have practiced before Magistrate Courts atleast for 2 to 3 years which enables them to gain practical experience and knowledge of activities in police stations and Magistrate courts.&nbsp; Otherwise, if a judge who has no practical knowledge in criminal matters ventures to lay down guidelines sitting as a Supreme Court judge or High Court Judge purely on the basis of his knowledge acquired from text books or papers presented by eminent academicians who also totally lack practical experience, the consequence will be disastrous.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Supreme Court judges write eloquent judgments incorporating lofty ideals emphasizing the importance of personal liberty as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution, and evil and dangerous consequences of its deprivation.&nbsp; Such judgments are rendered mostly in cases of few celebrities who are lucky enough to have their cases heard by the Supreme Court directly by invoking Article 32 of the Constitution. But an ordinary citizen is always shunted straight away to the High Court to get relief under Article 226 of the Constitution or Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and when he approaches the High Court, he is confronted with the judgments of the Supreme Court drastically curtailing the powers of the High Courts by using expressions such as &ldquo;rarest of rare cases&rdquo; or &ldquo;extraordinary&rdquo; or &ldquo;exceptional circumstances&rdquo;.&nbsp; If the police entertaining frivolous complaints and registering FIRs are rare events, cautioning the HCs to invoke their power only in rare cases may be justified. But, as a fact, common experience is, a substantial number of complaints filed resulting in FIRs are frivolous and vexatious and in many cases on the basis of prior understanding between the complainant and the police, mostly in disputes arising out of contracts, family disputes etc.&nbsp; In many cases object is only to harass the accused and force him to come to terms with complainant or face further harassment at the hands of the police who have vast powers which they can easily misuse under protective umbrella.&nbsp; Power to arrest is so frequently misused, notwithstanding the noble object of amended Section 41 of the Code of Criminal procedure and also the guidelines issued by the Supreme Court in the case of Arnesh Kumar Vs State of Bihar reported in (2014) 8 SCC 273 as also in the case of D.K.Basu Vs State of WB reported in (1997) 1 SCC 416.&nbsp; In fact these guidelines are rarely observed and their breach has become order of the day. In many cases, the purpose of the complainant is achieved, if accused is arrested and detained in custody for few hours (they have power to detain for 24 hours which power is generally utilized to the fullest extent either to satisfy the complainant or otherwise) Such cases of misuse are certainly not uncommon or rare.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;In recent case of M/s Neeharika Infrastructure Vs State of Maharastra D.D.13.04.2021, the Supreme Court has ruled that while dismissing petition under section 482 of the code of Criminal procedure or article 226 of the Constitution, the High Court has no power to pass such orders as directing police &ldquo;not to arrest&rdquo; or &ldquo;not to take coercive action&rdquo; in a given case.&nbsp; It is settled law that police need not arrest an accused merely because they have power to arrest.&nbsp; Power to arrest must be exercised only if the same is absolutely necessary for the purpose of investigation.&nbsp; I have come across few cases when charge sheets have been filed without arresting the accused, mentioning that accused have not been arrested in the case.&nbsp; If in a given case, the High Court on examining the material finds that arrest in the case is wholly unnecessary and arrest if effected will be totally unjustified, why should not the court pass such an order to meet the ends of justice even though at that stage it may not be inclined to quash the proceedings. The Supreme Court now debars the High Courts from passing of such orders on the basis of purely theoretical proposition that it amounts to interference with power of the police to investigate, which includes power to arrest. If in a given case police intend to misuse the power to arrest in violation of the fundamental right of&nbsp; the citizen, who else other than High Court can protect the citizen?. (His approaching Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution can only be a dream for practical reasons) Supreme Court has also injuncted the High Courts from issuing such orders as &ldquo;not to take coercive action&rdquo; or &ldquo;not to precipitate&rdquo;.&nbsp; Apart from legal niceties involved in such orders, in large number of cases, such orders have prevented the police from abusing their&nbsp; power and harassing poor and innocent citizens who have rushed to the High Court seeking justice. Generally High Courts pass such orders giving brief reasons. Now the Supreme Court by its unwarranted general directions (no doubt made with good intentions but without realizing its disastrous consequences on poor and innocent litigants who cannot approach the Supreme Court) has placed embargo on the natural inherent right of the High Courts to pass such orders.&nbsp; On the whole, it appears, the Supreme Court has reposed greater confidence in police, whose so called right to investigate, it wants to protect, ignoring the plight of common man who is the victim of police excesses and atrocities, indirectly expressing lack of faith in High Court judges who pass such orders only to protect the liberty of citizens. It is a case of trust deficit on the part of the Supreme Court in relation to the exercise of power by the High Courts. The Supreme Court is oblivious to the need for police reforms and the recommendations and directions in the Prakash Singh&rsquo;s case which are never implemented even after so many years. The result is, police excesses go on unabated as seen from press reports.&nbsp; It is felt that the Supreme Court in its anxiety to protect the so called right and power of Police to investigate appears to be in the dark on the dangerous consequence of its orders on innocent citizens, whose precious right of personal liberty is violated with impunity by the police who will now be more emboldened to continue the same with wrong notion of implied encouragement of the Supreme Court.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;While the Supreme Court has the power, nay a duty to come down heavily on orders which are illegal, arbitrary or unjust, it is not desirable that it should making general observations restricting the power of the High Courts and other courts to pass just orders and instill in them a sort of fear and thereby deny benefit of just orders in favour of thousands of citizens in deserving cases. The High Courts in the country pass hundreds of orders exercising power under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or under Article 226 of the Constitution of India and there may be some erroneous orders and few may be arbitrary, unjust or even capricious. That does not justify general orders barring the courts from passing particular type of orders which they consider just and proper to meet the ends of justice.&nbsp; &nbsp;Every such order must be tested on the touchstone of Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure viz., whether the order passed by the High Court was to prevent abuse of process or to meet the ends of justice.&nbsp; If a given order satisfied one of the two criteria referred to above, the order deserves to be sustained, even if the case is not a &ldquo;rarest of rare case&rdquo; or &ldquo;exceptional one&rdquo;, not giving rise to &ldquo;extraordinary situation&rdquo;. Unwarranted addition of these requirements, not contemplated by law only leads to miscarriage of justice in large number of cases, apart from adding to the problem of docket explosion, which the judiciary is not in a position to check.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;The Supreme Court in the recent decision in Krishnalal &amp; others Vs.State of U.P.(D.D.08.03.2021) has made the following observation:&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&ldquo;The justice dispensation machinery in India is plagued with backlogs, with 70% of the pendency before the subordinate courts being on the criminal side. A significant factor in this backlog is the vast mass of frivolous litigation instituted year after year by litigants with an intent to use the courts of justice for their own mischievous ends.&nbsp; Curtailing such vexatious litigation is, thus a crucial step towards a more effective justice system &ndash; a step that cannot be taken without the active involvement of the lower judiciary, especially in criminal proceedings&rdquo;.&nbsp; &nbsp;It further observed &ldquo;that the trial judge has duty under the constitution and under Code of Criminal Procedure to identify and dispose of frivolous litigation at an early stage by exercising substantially and to the fullest extend powers conferred on him&rdquo;.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Otherday, to be, exact on 01.06.2021, a Bench of the Supreme Court (comprising Dr.D.Y.Chandrachud and M.R.Shah JJ) lamented how nearly 95% of the cases listed before them on that day were frivolous cases and further observed &ldquo;system becoming dysfunctional due to frivolous&nbsp; cases, unable to hear matters of national importance&rdquo;.&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;This is the situation in the Supreme Court as the judges themselves say. The position in subordinate criminal&nbsp; courts throughout the country is no different.&nbsp; Institution of large number of frivolous cases has resulted in the courts being unable to give attention to the genuine criminal cases.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Having regard to heavy pendency, attempt should always be, to cut short, frivolous cases and not prolong them.&nbsp; While the Supreme Court was very enthusiastic in safeguarding the statutory power of the police to investigate (including power to arrest which is often misused) it has not shown similar concern to protect the inherent powers of the High courts so as to prevent abuse of process of law and to meet the ends of justice.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;The expression &ldquo;inherent power&rdquo; is not capable of precise definition and its ambit and width also cannot be explained easily. Hence, Section 482 of the code of criminal procedure, while recognizing such power, has only specified the object of exercise of such power. Any exercise of such power, should be to prevent abuse of process of law or to meet the ends of justice. Inherent power is vested in such high Authority as the High Courts, and not the subordinate criminal courts, and the former can be trusted to exercise the same judicially and only in appropriate cases. The power may have to be exercised, under varying situations and different facts and circumstances and hence may necessitate passing of variety of types of orders, to achieve the object. Therefore, the High Courts, must have the freedom, to pass such orders as may be necessary or desirable to meet the ends of justice, in a given situation. Interest of justice requires that the Supreme court, should not curtail this (freedom) choice of the High courts, in any manner either with regard to the nature of the orders to be passed or the situations and circumstances in which they may be passed, as it is not possible to foresee or contemplate all eventualities. Exercise of such power can be effective and meaningful to protect the liberty of a common man/ordinary litigant and save him from police excesses or other illegal actions, only if the High Courts have such freedom without restrictions. Interest of justice demands, that this position should be clarified by the Supreme court in a strongly worded judgement at the earliest.&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'ddac798c8eb24887e5055e56732b75a8.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-06-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-06-19 01:23:18', '2021-06-19 01:25:18'),
(188, 'imWj1xBk19QCPShtf3NnahGDn', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sedition. Repeal of Section 124A, Indian Penal Code – Overdue. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In view of the continued and large scale misuse of the law of sedition (section 124A of IPC),of late there has been public debate and discussion on this topic.&amp;nbsp; While many persons have been pleading for repeal of the said provision, few have been advocating for its retention on the ground that its repeal will encourage anti-national elements to incite hatred and contempt against the Government established by law leading to violence and law and order problem.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is useful to refer to the origin of the enactment of this law in India.&amp;nbsp; It is in the year 1870 that this provisions (Section 124A) was inserted in the Indian Penal Code by Act 27 of 1870.&amp;nbsp; It is significant to note that this provision was inserted by the British Government sometime after the Sepoy Mutiny which is considered by some as first war of independence, the whole object of the provision was to terrorise people who were revolting against the British Government and were demanding freedom.&amp;nbsp; The provision was thus aimed at helping the British Government to continue colonial rule in the country without any rebellion or protest by the local people.&amp;nbsp; This provision is thus a colonial legacy.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The gist of the offence is any act which results in bringing hatred, contempt or dissatisfaction towards the Government established by law in India.&amp;nbsp; It is specified that dissatisfaction includes disloyalty and feelings of enemity.&amp;nbsp; Without doubt, the whole object was to make it punishable offence for Indian people who show disloyalty to the British Government or exhibit hatred or contempt towards it.&amp;nbsp; Though by way of explanation it is clarified that any disapprobation of Government measures by lawful means is not an offence, the same had little effect of diluting the culpability expressed in the main section.&amp;nbsp; The object of the provision is amply demonstrated by the fact that many leaders of the freedom movement including the Father of the Nation were tried and punished under this provision resulting in their long term imprisonment.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The object of this provision did not survive, once India got its independence and the colonial rule of the British came to an end.&amp;nbsp; However, the provision still continues to be on the statute book even today, and the ruling parties have been misusing this provision to threaten and silence criticism of the Government&amp;nbsp; by opposition parties.&amp;nbsp; No party which came to power thought of repealing the same as it served the interest of the Government of the day.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Now a writ petition has been filed before the Supreme court challenging the validity of the provision on the ground that it violates fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;On an earlier occasion in the year 1962 the constitutional validity of the said provision was challenged before the Supreme Court on similar grounds.&amp;nbsp; A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity interpreting the provision in the context of explanation to the said section and holding that it is only when the action has tendency to create public disorder or disturbance of law, that the section gets attracted and that any criticism of the Government, however strongly worded without inciting violence does not amount to an offence.&amp;nbsp; The same view has been reiterated in subsequent rulings.&amp;nbsp; Notwithstanding the same, law enforcing agencies ignoring them have been misusing the provision to please political masters.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Bench of the Supreme Court presided over by the Hon&rsquo;ble Chief Justice has now advised the Union government to revisit the law.&amp;nbsp; In my opinion, in a democratic country like India where freedom of speech and expression finds a predominant position such as Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code can have no place. In a democracy, there is bound to be criticism of the government which may lead to hatred, contempt or dissatisfaction towards it. The same cannot be an offence and misuse of this provision to silence this criticism is highly objectionable.&amp;nbsp; To take care of acts of violence and law and order problem, there are other laws in the statute book. Hence no case for retention of this provision is tenable&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;I hope the Government of India will take note of the overwhelming public opinion as also prima facie opinion of the Supreme Court and take immediate steps to repeal this very much misused provision.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f77e91b0e09cc130847084fb1ff74f17.PNG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-07-24', 1, NULL, NULL, '2021-07-24 20:07:47', '2021-07-24 09:38:01'),
(189, 'zG0ayWbfhYdkIs6pQRSz1QyCS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Will format ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_aHu-4wXgDhPtP0sClwCd6MUp_PjiPmt&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_aHu-4wXgDhPtP0sClwCd6MUp_PjiPmt&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9555378808a7fa7638a90de09cdddbf2.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-08-12', 0, NULL, NULL, '2021-08-13 00:41:27', '2021-08-12 14:15:48'),
(190, 'xGni4ntWTkZc0lmkAsbrVRxbO', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Failure of Collegium system – Need to review NJAC Judgment. ', '&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.V.Acharya, Senior Advocate and former Advocate General for Karnataka&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recently Supreme Court has come down heavily on the authorities responsible for making appointments to the various tribunals for their failure to fill up vacancies.&amp;nbsp; Two days back, the Supreme Court took the Union Government to task for not ordering appointment of judges to the various High Courts, even though the Supreme Court collegium&amp;nbsp; has made the recommendation a second time, in which event the Government is mandatorily bound to pass orders for appointment.&amp;nbsp; Whenever the question of failure to fill up vacancies of High Court judges arose, the Union Government and the Supreme Court collegium have&amp;nbsp; consistently put the blame on each other.&amp;nbsp; The public have no means to know the true position, as these are confidential communications between the two and the same is not in public domain. However as of now there are 416 posts remaining vacant in&amp;nbsp; various High Courts out of about 1100 sanctioned posts.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Today the newspapers while publishing the news about retirement of Justice Rohington Nariman have reported that as of now there are nine vacancies in the Supreme Court and one more judge is about to retire within few days when the vacancies will be 10 out of sanctioned strength of 34 judges.&amp;nbsp; It is also reported that there has been not a single judge appointed to the Supreme Court during last 22 months, though during this period as many as eight judges retired at intervals.&amp;nbsp; According to convention regarding any vacancy, the Supreme Court collegium is required to recommend name well in advance.&amp;nbsp; Failure of the Supreme Court collegium to send single name for appointment to the Supreme Court during the last 22 months is a matter of grave concern, particularly having regard to huge pendency in the Supreme Court also.&amp;nbsp; For this situation in the Supreme Court now, none can be held responsible except the Supreme Court collegium.&amp;nbsp; It is not a case where the Union Government failed to appoint in spite of the recommendation by the collegium.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is relevant to recall that the power of selection of judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts vested with the Union Government (according to the provisions of the Constitution) subject to consultation with the Chief Justice of India, right from 1950 till the year 1993.&amp;nbsp; However, a nine judge bench of the Supreme Court by the judgment in the Second Judges case virtually divested the Union Government of this power and invested the same exclusively in the Supreme Court collegium.&amp;nbsp; Thus, the collegium system came to be introduced through this judgment, though the constitution does not provide for it.&amp;nbsp; This judgment was the subject of severe criticism and many felt that the Supreme Court has virtually rewritten the constitution so far as the selection and appointment to the higher judiciary is concerned. The attack on the collegium system came not only from eminent advocates and jurists but also former supreme court judges who were members of the collegium earlier.Consequently&amp;nbsp; there&amp;nbsp; was widespread demand for appointment of a National Judicial Commission for selection of judges to the Supreme Court and the High Courts.&amp;nbsp; After so many years, ultimately, the Union Government acceded to this demand and introduced 99th Constitution Amendment Bill and the NJAC Act for entrusting the power of selection to a Judicial Commission.&amp;nbsp; These were unanimously passed by both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha with only one member dissenting in Rajya Sabha.&amp;nbsp; Soon the Supreme Court entertained a PIL challenging the NJAC Act as also the Constitution Amendment and a Constitution Bench struck down both these enactments on the ground that they impaired the independence of the judiciary which is a basic structure of the Constitution.&amp;nbsp; This judgment was also the subject matter of criticism both for its faulty reasoning as also for enabling continuation of much maligned collegium system which had attracted criticism of&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;favouritism and nepotism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;However the said criticism had no effect on the Supreme Court and collegium system continued with all its evil consequences resulting in accusations that the whole system has failed.&amp;nbsp; This perception of failure is now demonstrated by the developments in the Supreme Court, as the collegium was unable to send even one recommendation for appointment to the Supreme Court resulting in nine vacancies out of 34.&amp;nbsp; None can say that there are no suitable candidates either from the Bench or the Bar to fill up these posts.&amp;nbsp; It is unnecessary to emphasize the urgent need for the Supreme Court to function with full strength, and as many as nine vacancies are too serious a matter to be ignored.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Then what is the solution? In the first place the collegium system which has continued with all short comings has to be discontinued, as its failure is now well demonstrated.&amp;nbsp; The Supreme Court must be gracious enough not only to admit the failure of the system but also realize the serious error committed by it in striking down the NJAC Act and the companion Constitution Amendment.&amp;nbsp; The Supreme Court should be magnanimous enough to own its mistake and review the judgment in NJAC case if necessary, by a larger Bench, thus paving way for NJAC Act to come into force forthwith.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '1c82b5e96ba79c844bc390f31e77c88a.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2021-08-14', 0, NULL, NULL, '2021-08-15 02:53:21', '2021-08-26 11:58:39');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(191, 'cbpFWpBhmKo2pqrB1Z3nvPCxx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Children born to parties who are in a domestic relationship or relationship in the nature of marriage shall also be recognised as legitimate. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Padmavathi and another vs Jayamma and others. Regular First Appeal 916 of 2014 decided on 15 May 2020.&nbsp; Justice B.V. Nagarathna and Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Per Nagarathna J.: I have had the benefit of reading the erudite judgment of Hon&rsquo;ble Suraj Govindaraj J. While I concur with the same,&nbsp; I&nbsp; wish to supplement my own reasoning&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. At the outset, it would be necessary at the outset to understand the import of Section 16 and its object and purpose particularly of sub-section (3) of Section 16 of the Act. But before that, the scheme of the Act would have to be considered. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 is an Act to amend and codify the law relating to marriage among Hindus. Section 2 of the Act speaks about the applicability of the Act, to any person, who is a Hindu by religion. The over riding effect of the Act is provided in Section 4 which also contains a saving clause. The conditions for a valid Hindu marriage are prescribed under Section 5 of the Act.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thus, Section 16 uses the expression marriage, but the Act does not define the said expression, however the meaning and import of a Hindu marriage is evident from Sections 5 and 7 of the Act.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. A reading of Section 5 of the Act would indicate that there are two major pre-requisites for a Hindu marriage: firstly, the two parties (Hindus), who are to marry as per the Act have to fulfil the conditions stipulated under Section 5. Secondly, their marriage must be solemnised in terms of Section 7 of the Act. Then only, there would be a valid Hindu marriage. If the conditions mentioned in Section 5 of the Act are not fulfilled, such a marriage could be either a void or voidable marriage as stipulated in Sections 11 and 12 of the Act. Further, if there is&nbsp; no solemnisation as per Section 7, there would be no marriage under the Act.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Section 16 is a benevolent provision, the object of which is to confer legitimacy on children born from a void or a voidable marriage and also, to give certain rights to such children in the properties of their parents only. Section 16(3) thus, places children born of a valid, void and voidable marriage on par insofar as legitimacy is concerned and also with regard to intestate succession to their parents&rsquo; properties only and not Mitakshara coparcenary property or joint family property. A conspectus reading of the said Sections would indicate that where there is solemnisation of a marriage between two Hindus in terms of Section 7 of the Act and such a marriage is either void or voidable on account of a non-fulfilment of any of the conditions mentioned in Section 5 of the Act, nevertheless, the children born from such a marriage are deemed to be legitimate and have limited property rights.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. At this stage itself, it may be made clear that the question whether a live-in relationship simplicitor would fall within the expression relationship in the nature of marriage is not the subject of controversy in the present case and hence, it is not necessary to delve on the said controversy, except observing that a live-in relationship is not akin to or is dissimilar to a relation in the nature of marriage. Thus, every live-in relationship cannot bear the stamp of relationship in the nature of marriage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. At this stage itself,&lt;p&gt;35. A reading of the judgments of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the aforesaid cases would lead to certain determinative factors to raise a presumption that parties have been living as husband and wife. In &lt;em&gt;S.P.S.Balasubramanyam&lt;/em&gt;, the emphasis was on parties cohabiting together under the same roof for a number of years as husband and wife. In &lt;em&gt;Velu Samy&lt;/em&gt;, it was observed that the relationship in the nature of marriage is akin to a common law marriage and the meaning of common law marriage from &lt;em&gt;Wikipedia on Google &lt;/em&gt;was elaborated. But, it was emphasised that the couple must hold out to the society as husband and wife and they must have cohabitated together and held themselves out to the world as spouses for a significant period of time. In &lt;em&gt;Indra Sarma, &lt;/em&gt;while highlighting the factors which determined the relationship in the nature of marriage, duration or the period of such relationship, shared household, pooling of resources and financial arrangements, domestic arrangements, sexual relationship, children, socialisation in public, and intention and conduct of the parties have been emphasised.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. On a conjoint consideration of the above factors, what emerges is ultimately how the parties consider their relationship to be i.e., as husband and wife, even though the relationship may not have been formalised by a solemnisation of their marriage and secondly, as to how the society and public would perceive the relationship. If the parties held out to the society like they are living as husband and wife in a domestic arrangement, beget children, conduct their lives as husband and wife and are parents of the children by a long cohabitation, then society would accept such a relationship to be in the nature of marriage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. In fact, the doctrine &lt;em&gt;factum valet quod fieri non debuit&lt;/em&gt;, which means &ldquo;a fact cannot be altered by a hundred texts&rdquo;, would apply in such a situation. Though, a Hindu marriage is a sacrament and has great importance in Indian Society, yet, when two parties who are in a domestic relationship and cohabit together and conduct themselves in a manner which are as per the guidelines enunciated by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in &lt;em&gt;Indra Sarma, &lt;/em&gt;then the relationship is in the nature of marriage. Thus, if the parties are in a domestic relationship involving the attributes which have been set out above, then it must be held to be a relationship in the nature of marriage. Whether off-spring of such relationship would have to be protected under Section 16 of the Act is the next issue which required elaboration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Thus, there is a need to balance the status and inheritance rights of children under Section 16 of the Act in the context of children born from void or voidable marriage, on the one hand, and relationship in the nature of marriage and live-in relationship on the other. Section 16 of the Act has&amp;nbsp; been enacted with a view not to deprive children who are born outside the wedlock or marriage from inheriting properties from their parents when the same is not disposed of by a will and the rules of intestacy or intestate succession would apply. While a mother- child relationship exists between a woman and her child regardless of the status of child&rsquo;s birth, a father-child relationship must be legally recognised so that the child has legitimacy. While a child born during the marriage; or a child conceived during the marriage but born after the death of father (posthumous) and the child who is adopted has the right to inherit both coparcenary and self acquired property as per Section 16 of the Act, a child born from a marriage which is void or voidable would be entitled to inherit only the properties of parents. Thus, even under Sec.16 of the Act, an illegitimate&amp;nbsp; child is not entitled to inherit coparcenary or joint family property. But at the same time such illegitimate children are not completely barred from inheriting their parents&rsquo; properties. In fact, Section 16 of the Act confers legitimacy only to children born from void or voidable marriages, even though no child is responsible for the circumstances of his or her birth. &lt;em&gt;&ldquo;While children born from a valid marriage have right of inheritance, non-marital children have to jump through legal hoops in order to gain the right to inheritance from their parents particularly their father&rdquo;. &ldquo;Children of Men: Balancing the Inheritance Rights of Marital and Non-marital Children. Browne Lewis-visiting Professor, University of Pittsburg School of Law&rdquo;.&lt;/em&gt;While considering Section 16 of the Act, it is noted that legitimacy is given to children born from void or voidable marriages. But in current times the question is really not about the status of children who have been born from a valid, void or voidable marriage but of children, who are born without there being a marriage between their parents. Thus, their status under Section 16 has to be ascertained vis-&agrave;-vis their right to inherit property of their parents depending on the legislative intent and dynamics of Indian society.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. In India, marriage as a social institution is of utmost significance in society. The personal laws of the people of India prescribe conditions for a valid marriage whether, Hindu, Muslim, Christian or Parsi marriage. Further, there is Special Marriage Act, 1954 which also has conditions for a valid marriage under the said Act.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;40. Next, it would be useful to understand the meaning of the expression &ldquo;marriage&rdquo; under the Act. Section 5 of the Act speaks of conditions of a valid Hindu marriage when solemnised. What is significant to note is that a Hindu marriage may be solemnised if the conditions are fulfilled. Further Section 7 of the Act, which deals with ceremonies of a Hindu marriage states, a Hindu marriage may be solemnised according to customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto. It would reveal that when the said conditions are fulfilled and there is solemnisation, it would result in a valid Hindu marriage. Section 11 and 12 of the Act deal with void and voidable marriage. If conditions specified in clauses (ii), (iv) and (v) of Section 5 are infracted, it would be a void marriage i.e., a bigamous marriage, a marriage within the decrees of prohibited relationship or a marriage within sapinda relationship unless custom or usage of such parties thereto permit the latter two conditions. Section 12 deals with voidable marriage which is related to condition at clauses (ii) of Section 5. Section 16(1) states that notwithstanding that a marriage is null and void under Section 11 or where a decree of nullity is granted in respect of voidable marriage, any child of such marriage shall be legitimate. Also, as per Section 16(3) rights to or in the properties of the parents only are conferred on the children of such void or voidable marriage as if they are legitimate children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;41. In this regard it is also pertinent to bear in mind the aspect of solemnisation of marriage or performance of ceremonies as per Section 7 of the Act, and as to in what way the same would have a bearing while considering Section 16 of the Act. Before entering upon the said narrative at this stage, it would be useful to recall that when there is solemnisation of a marriage in accordance with Section 5 read with Section 7 of the Act, it would result in a valid Hindu marriage. But, if there is solemnisation of marriage as per Section 7 of the said Act, but contrary to Section 5, such a marriage would be either a void marriage as per Section 11 of the Act or voidable marriage under Section 12 of the Act. Thus in a case of valid, void or voidable marriage, Section 5,11 and 12 respectively of the Act would apply. All the three Sections no doubt refer to solemnisation of marriage which would be in terms of Section 7 of the Act. But, what would be the position if there is a domestic relationship between two persons who are Hindus, but, there is no marriage between them, in the sense, there is no solemnisation or performance of a Hindu marriage in terms of Section 7 of the Act? Such a domestic relationship for all practical purposes may be in compliance with Section 5 of the Act. In other words, the parties are competent to marry but they have not married or undergone the ceremony of a marriage. Having regard to&nbsp; Section 16(3), could the children born out of such a domestic relationship which is a relationship in the nature of marriage be treated on par with children born out of a void or voidable marriage and be conferred the same benefits under the said Section? In other words, the point is, as to, whether, children born from a relationship in the nature of marriage could be brought under the umbrella of Section 16(3) , so that they are also conferred the right to succeed to their parents&rsquo; properties on being conferred legitimacy. No doubt, Section 5, 11 and 12 uses the expression &ldquo;solemnised&rdquo; and when the same is read in the context of Section 7 it would mean a Hindu marriage being solemnised in accordance with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto which may result in a valid marriage provided Section 5 of the said Act is also complied with. Now, if children born from a void or voidable marriage could be conferred legitimacy under Section 16 of the Act, whether children born from a relationship in the nature of marriage also be conferred the same benefits? In other words, does it mean the expression &lsquo;marriage&rsquo; in Section 16 of the Act would mean only when there is solemnisation or performance of customary rites and ceremonies as per Section 7 of the Act or even a relationship in the nature of marriage dehorssolemnisation of marriage i.e., in the absence of customary rites or ceremonies of either party thereto being performed which could be construed as marriage under that Section?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;44. This is because, parties who are not competent to marry under Section 5 of the Act may not wish to solemnisetheir marriage but beget children. Such children must also be recognised and they must also be conferred with the status and rights under Section 16 of the Act. Thus, it would be of utmost importance to understand the position of children who are born to parties who are not competent to marry but are in a domestic relationship and there has been no solemnisation of their marriage. When the parties are not competent to marry under Section 5 of the said Act and hence have not solemnised their marriage, in that, there is no ceremony of marriage between them and they beget children, Section 16 may have to apply to such children. This is subject to the parties being in a domestic relationship. In such a case, even if the parties not being competent to marry may be considered to be in a relationship in the nature of marriage.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;46. In my view, such a benefit may have to be extended to children who are born to parties who are in a relationship in the nature of marriage, i.e., a domestic relationship having the aforementioned attributes even when there has been no solemnisation of marriage between their parents. If the parents of such children had married, it would be either a valid, void or voidable marriage depending upon Section 5 of the Act. But having regard to Section 16 of the Act, which is for the benefit of children of void and voidable marriages, it does not make a difference as to whether their parents had a void or voidable marriage in the context of inheritance of their parents&rsquo; property. Such being the legislative intendment the time has now come to extend the same benefits to children born to parents who are in a relationship in the nature of marriage i.e., in a domestic relationship and where their marriage has either not been solemnised as per Section 7 of the Act. Many&nbsp; a&nbsp; time, the parties may not undergo a ceremony of marriage as per Section 7 of the said Act if it would result in an infraction of Section 5 of the Act as it would lead to not only civil consequences but also penal for offences such as bigamy. Further, for the reasons best known to the parties, they may not choose to solemnize their relationship as per Section 7 of the Act and at the same time have a domestic relationship and beget children. In my view, such children should not be discriminated against. Hence, Section 16 may have to be so amended by Parliament so that, the children born to parties who have not solemnised their marriage but are in a domestic relationship or relationship in the nature of marriage are also entitled to benefits of Section 16 of the said Act. The attributes of such a relationship may be spelt out by legislation in the form of an amendment to Section 16 or in any other way.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '0f637667be8569c49ee53f9403a72b5d.png', '4d3b5f37e7f21b0080c2bc1d97b739e3.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2020-05-15', 0, NULL, NULL, '2021-08-22 01:45:43', '2021-11-12 16:49:26'),
(192, '14b0S4lDxpsUwpcqMsns49MqS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '\'\'Judges appoint Judges\'\' - A true Statement', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;font-family:&amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&quot;Judges<br />\r\nappoint Judges&quot; is a true Statement&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;The<br />\r\nstatement of CJI (Hon&rsquo;ble Justice N.V. Ramana) that the &quot;Judges appoint<br />\r\nJudges&quot;&amp;nbsp; to the higher judiciary is<br />\r\nnot correct is an assertion which has not only the effect of creating a totally<br />\r\nwrong impression in the minds of the public but also contradicting the<br />\r\nstatement of the President of India. In fact a suggestion that the present<br />\r\ncollegium system in which &ldquo; Judges appointing Judges&rdquo; requires reforms was made<br />\r\nby no less a person than the President of India Ram Nath Kovind in his<br />\r\nvaledictory address in &ldquo;Constitution Day&rdquo; celebration and this was in the<br />\r\npresence of CJI. In the present Collegium system of appointment of judges, which<br />\r\nis in vogue since 1993 when second Judges case was decided,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; it is the judges only who appoint<br />\r\njudges.&amp;nbsp; It does not mean that in the<br />\r\nprocedure followed, none is consulted or that the process does not involve any<br />\r\nother persons views or recommendations.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;The proposal will originate<br />\r\nfrom Chief Justice of the High Court and the same &amp;nbsp;will no doubt, pass through the Chief Minister,<br />\r\nGovernor and the Central Government (including Law Minister or the Prime<br />\r\nMinister), but none of them have any say in the matter of final selection of<br />\r\nthe candidates. According to the decision of the Supreme Court in the second<br />\r\nand third judges case, the final decision of the Collegium (consisting of three<br />\r\njudges in the case of appointment to a High Court and five judges in the case<br />\r\nof appointment to the Supreme Court) is binding not only the Central Government<br />\r\nbut also on the President of India in whose name the warrant of appointment is<br />\r\nissued.&amp;nbsp; Only right the Central<br />\r\nGovernment has got is to refer the matter back to the Collegium for<br />\r\nreconsideration of the decision, and if on such reconsideration, the Collegium reiterates<br />\r\nthe earlier decision, then there is no option left to the Government or the<br />\r\nPresident, except to ultimately issue warrant of appointment as decided by the<br />\r\ncollegium. Only privilege the Central Government has is to delay the process<br />\r\nwhich has been resorted to in some cases.&amp;nbsp;<br />\r\nIn such a situation, is it not correct to say &quot;Judges appoint<br />\r\nJudges? &quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;Until<br />\r\n1993 when the second judges case was decided, it is the Central Government<br />\r\nwhich had the ultimate power to appoint, without being obliged to follow the<br />\r\nopinion of the CJI or other Judges of the Supreme Court consulted by it.&amp;nbsp; The only obligation on the part of the<br />\r\nCentral Government was to consult the CJI. In second judges case, by<br />\r\nmisinterpreting the expression &amp;nbsp;&#039;consultation&#039;,<br />\r\nthe Supreme Court held that in the context consultation &amp;nbsp;actually means concurrence and in case of<br />\r\ndifference of opinion between CJI and Central Government, the opinion of the<br />\r\nCJI will prevail, as according to it, he has primacy in the matter. The Supreme<br />\r\nCourt virtually usurped the ultimate power of the Central Government and vested<br />\r\nthe same in its collegium. Further the Supreme Court without any basis in the<br />\r\nConstitution, introduced the system of Collegium of Supreme Court Judges which<br />\r\nis conferred with the sole power to decide on the selection of judges. Thus the<br />\r\nCollegium system had its birth, which many Jurists consider as not legitimate.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;If the CJI is interested in solving the<br />\r\nproblem and having a fair and transparent system of selection of judges, he<br />\r\nshould constitute a Bench to over-rule the majority judgment in the NJAC case<br />\r\nand uphold the validity of 99th Constitutional Amendment and NJAC Act which<br />\r\nwill replace the much maligned Collegium System.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:200%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;<br />\r\nfont-family:&amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.V.Acharya.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;<br />\r\nfont-family:&amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Senior Advocate&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:200%&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;<br />\r\nline-height:200%;font-family:&amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<br />\r\n&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align:justify;line-height:200%&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot; style=&quot;font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;<br />\r\nfont-family:&amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'cd91039215c0fb4ae7116a3d6153a385.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-01-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-01-13 23:01:06', '2022-01-13 11:31:10'),
(193, 'iLvJPWj7T7B5nz84NAeS07YQk', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The Essential Religious Practices Test and the Inversion of Agency: Notes from the Hijab Hearing - Goutam Bhatia', '&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The essential religious practices test [&ldquo;ERP&rdquo;] is one of the enduring burdens of Indian constitutional law. Its origins (as I have shown&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2015/08/19/essential-religious-practices-and-the-rajasthan-high-courts-santhara-judgment-tracking-the-history-of-a-phrase/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;here&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) lie in a judicial misreading of one sentence spoken by Dr. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly Debates. Scholars have criticised it. Judges&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2018/09/29/the-sabarimala-judgment-iii-justice-chandrachud-and-radical-equality/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;have expressed&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;discomfort about how it forces them into becoming ecclesiastical authorities (often for religions that are not even their own). And yet, every time a faith-based dispute is brought to the courts, the ERP returns to haunt all of us: like the proverbial betal upon the Constitution&rsquo;s shoulders, that can only be shaken off upon the peril of being devoured.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2016/01/09/monday-an-important-case-on-religious-freedom-before-the-supreme-court/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;have&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2016/08/26/haji-ali-dargah-bombay-high-court-upholds-womens-right-to-access-the-inner-sanctum/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;previously&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2017/08/22/the-supreme-courts-triple-talaq-judgment/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;criticised&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2016/02/07/individual-community-and-state-mapping-the-terrain-of-religious-freedom-under-the-indian-constitution/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ERP test&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. While there are good reasons for jettisoning the test &ndash; not least that it has no foundation in the Constitution, has been repeatedly demonstrated to be arbitrary, and that other &ndash; better &ndash;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/2018/09/29/the-sabarimala-judgment-iii-justice-chandrachud-and-radical-equality/&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;tests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;exist, in this post I want to make another point: by its very nature, the ERP test is set up to deny and negate individual agency. And there is no better evidence of that than the ongoing &ndash; and now suspended &ndash; proceedings before the Karnataka High Court, concerning the exclusion of Muslim women students from certain schools and colleges because they were wearing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is important to start by noting that there exist&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/every-girl-s-hijab-has-unique-story-hindutva-supporters-have-only-one-reason-ban-it-160656&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(93, 89, 89); text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.3s ease-in-out 0s; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;mark class=&quot;has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)  !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;multiple reasons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/mark&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;why someone might wear the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&lt;/em&gt;, and &ndash; as in most cases involving community symbols (especially gendered symbols) &ndash; these reasons exist along a spectrum between choice and coercion. For some, it may be a defence of a beleaguered identity; for others, an expression of that same identity; for still others, a deference to tradition, or a&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;modus vivendi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;with family members; or in still other cases, outright coercion. The point is that unlike certain other social practices (say, for instance, the Nazi salute &ndash; or, perhaps a closer analogy, the practice of FGM), in our context, the wearing of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;is not subject to one specific meaning or interpretation. And it is obviously impossible for the State to investigate every specific instance of someone wearing the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;in order to determine just how free or unfree that choice was.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Now, given that there might be a range of reasons why someone might wear the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&lt;/em&gt;, what &ndash; specifically &ndash; was the reason that came to the fore in the case before the Karnataka High Court? The very first thing that the Petitioners&rsquo; counsel invoked was the Quran, and he then proceeded to read from it. Counsel then went on to quote various&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hadith&lt;/em&gt;, according to which &ldquo;it is not correct for a woman to show her parts other than her hands and face to strangers after she begins to have menstruation&rdquo; (sic), that women&rsquo;s garments should be &ldquo;lowered a hand span&rdquo; (otherwise, punishment would follow), and then a previous Kerala High Court judgment where &ndash; on an analysis of these same lines &ndash; it had been observed that the practice of leaving the head uncovered (for women) was &ldquo;haram&rdquo; in Islam.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;We therefore see how, before the High Court, the entire range of complex reasons for why one might wear the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;was reduced to one overarching claim: that it was a religious command that brooked no disobedience. In other words, a case that &ndash; as a matter of fact &ndash; was a case about agency and choice (albeit, complex and situated agency and choice) turned into &ndash; in law &ndash; a case about the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;absence&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;of choice and the deprivation of agency. The Court was asked to allow the petition because the Muslim women students effectively&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;had no choice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;in the matter, for the wearing of a headscarf was a compulsory prescription that flowed from religious authority.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Note that this is not meant to be a criticism of either the counsel (for choosing to lead with this argument) or of the judge (for engaging with its on its own terms). The form of the argument was effectively dictated to all the parties by virtue of the long shadow of the ERP. Because the ERP &ndash; in the highly perverse manner in which the Indian courts have interpreted it over the years &ndash; applies to prohibitions and proscriptions, but not &ndash; seemingly &ndash; to things that a religion might simply&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;allow&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&ndash; a successful ERP claim literally depends upon first obscuring and erasing the agency of the petitioners before the Court. It needs to be shown to the Court that the petitioners are helpless in the matter, that they have no say or choice in fashioning for themselves the contours of their religious practice, that the possibility of cultural or religious dissent, or pluralism, or heterodoxy simply does not exist.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;case, it becomes a particular problem, because once the argument is framed this way, it leaves the Court with one of two choices: either to accept the argument and allow the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;on the basis of a highly dated and expressly misogynistic and patriarchal logic, and create a legal fiction where women have no agency in the matter; or to reject the argument, and in the process, deny the elements of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;actual&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;agency that are involved here. It is an impossible choice, and &ndash; as I have tried to show in this post &ndash; it is a choice that is foisted upon the Court&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;because&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;of the ERP test. The ERP test is based upon the fundamental &ndash; and anti-constitutional &ndash; premise of legitimising the denial of individual agency.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Instead, would it not be better if the argument took the following form?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That dress and clothing are aspects of individual and often social expression (especially when it comes to community symbols), and therefore &ndash; regardless of whether the motivation to wear them is religious or otherwise &ndash; they are protected under the rights to free speech and privacy (as decisional autonomy), and the part of Article 25 that speaks of freedom of conscience.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This means that claims of this kind (where the Court is allowed to look into the subjective sincerity of the belief, but not whether it is objectively &ldquo;essential&rdquo; to a religion) should be presumptively allowed, subject to the principle of reasonable accommodaiton.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That the burden should then be on the authorities to show why reasonable accommodation is&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;not&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;possible in a specific case: i.e., what is it about the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;(or other aspects of clothing that meet the first prong) that is fundamentally incompatible with public/educational spaces such as schools or colleges.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;has-text-align-justify&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; border: 0px; font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.6em; margin-left: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: justify; color: rgb(94, 94, 94);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rejecting the ERP test for for a test of this kind would allow courts &ndash; especially in contentious cases of this kind &ndash; to&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;actually&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;respect the agency and choice of the claimants. In that sense, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: inherit; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;hijab&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;case presents the quintessentially &ldquo;good case&rdquo; before the courts: it is difficult to imagine another case where the problems with the ERP test are so stark and clear, and where the arguments for jettisoning it in favour of a more constitutionally grounded and just approach are so evident. While, for now, the case is in limbo, I&rsquo;m fairly sure that we haven&rsquo;t heard the last of this one: a full bench of the Karnataka HC will now consider the issue afresh, and in all likelihood, it will travel up to the Supreme Court. It remains to be seen what the judiciary does now.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c4ecda61bf511d29e3d3695a0b3ca75e.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-02-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-02-09 23:29:19', '2022-02-09 11:59:34');
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(194, '8oh1LnK15MNQ1PWBGpvdXSCet', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hijab Issue. Arguments of the petitioners students before the High Court of Karnataka. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arguments of the petitioners (Hijab followers) before the High Court of Karnataka.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. The Government Order dated 05.02.2022 on headscarf is an affront to the fundamental rights of the Petitioners under Articles 25, 19(1) and 21 of the Constitution.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Wearing the hijab (headscarf) is an essential religious practice of the Islamic faith which has been judicially upheld. The State cannot restrict the fundamental right under 25(1) by merely raising a facile plea of public order.&nbsp; A state cannot resile from its duty to maintain law and order and create an environment for the exercise of fundamental rights.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Secularism, as enshrined in the constitution as a basic feature, does not have a negative connotation but also has a positive aspect in as much as a state is duty-bound to ensure a conducive environment where citizens of all religions can freely practice their faith.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.There is no jurisdiction vested with the State Government to issue impugned GO under the provisions of the Karnataka Education Act, 1983&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.Under the tenets of the Islamic law wearing of Hijab (Headscarf) is an essential religious practice. Mulla in Principles of Muhammadan Law, 19th Edition in paragraph 33 notes the sources of Principles of Muhammadan Law states as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;33. Sources of Mahomedan Law: There are four sources of Mahomedan law, namely. (1) the Koran; (2) Hadis, that is, precepts, action and saying of the Prophet Mahomed, not written down during his lifetime, but preserved by the tradition and handed down by authorized persons; (3) Ijmaa, that is a concurrence of opinion of the companions of Mahomed and his disciples and 4) Qiyas, being analogical deductions derived from a comparison of the first three sources when they did not apply to the particular case&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Qiyas is reasoning by analogy. Abu Hanifa, the founder of the hanafi sect of sunnis, frequently preferred it to traditions of single authority. The founders of the other sunni sects, however, seldom resorted to it.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In para 34 the Rules of interpretation of the Quran are noted which reads as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;34 . interpretation of the Koran- the courts in administering Mahomedan law, should not, as a rule, attempt to put their own construction on the koran opposition to the express ruling of Mahomedan commentators of great antiquity and high authority.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Thus where a passage of the koran ( sura ii,vv 241-242) was interpreted in a particular way both in the Hedaya (a work on the Sunni law) and in the Imamia (a work on the Shia law), it was held by their Lordships of the privy council that it was not open to a Judge to construe it in a different manner&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. As per the verse, 24:39 of the Holy Quran&nbsp; reproduced in para 25 on page 9 of Writ Petition quotes as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;And tell believing women that they should lower their glances, guard their private parts, and not display their charms beyond what [it is acceptable] to reveal; a they should let their headscarves fall to cover their necklines and not reveal their charms except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands&rsquo; fathers, their sons, their husbands&rsquo; sons, their brothers, their brothers&rsquo; sons, their sisters&rsquo; sons, their womenfolk, their slaves, such men as attend them who have no sexual desire, or children who are not yet aware of women&rsquo;s nakedness; they should not stamp their feet so as to draw attention to any hidden charms. Believers, all of you, turn to God so that you may prosper.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Further, chapter 33 verse 59&nbsp; reads as follows:&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;O you Children of Adam! We have bestowed on you raiment to cover your shame as well as to be an adornment to you. But the raiment of righteousness, that is the best. Such are among the Signs of Allah, that they may receive admonition.&quot; (Quran Chapter 7: verse 26)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear therof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands&#039; fathers, their sons, their husbands&#039; sons, their brothers, or their brothers&#039; sons or their sisters&#039; sons, or their women or the servants whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O you Believers, turn you all together towards Allah, that you may attain Bliss.&quot; (Quran Chapter 24: verse 31)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks close round them (when they go abroad). That will be better, so that they may be recognised and not annoyed. Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.&quot; (Quran chapter 33: verse 59)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The issue as to whether the wearing of a headscarf/Hijab is religious practice had fallen for consideration before the Ld. Single Judge of the Hon&rsquo;ble Kerala High Court in Amnah Bint Basheer v. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), 2016 SCC OnLine Ker 41117. (see pages 24-34 of the Compilation cases) The Ld. Single after examining the relevant authorities from para 20-28 concludes in para 29 as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;29. Thus, the analysis of the Quranic injunctions and the Hadiths would show that it is a farz to cover the head and wear the long sleeved dress except face part and exposing the body otherwise is forbidden (haram). When farz is violated by any action opposite to farz that action becomes forbidden (haram). However, there is a possibility of having different views or opinions for the believers of the Islam based on ijithihad (independent reasoning). This Court is not discarding such views. The possibility of having different propositions is not a ground to deny the freedom, if such propositions have some foundation in the claim. As has been adverted above, the claim of the petitioners is well founded even though, a different view is possible. This Court is only expected to safeguard such freedom based on the Constitution in preference to giving a religious verdict.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Further in para 30, the Hon&rsquo;ble Court observed as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;30. The discussions as above would show that covering the head and wearing a long sleeve dress by women have been treated as an essential part of the Islamic religion. It follows a fortiori, Article 25(1) protects such prescription of the dress code.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The decision of the Ld. Single was affirmed by the Division Bench in Central Board of Secondary Education v. Amnah Bint Basheer, 2016 SCC OnLine Ker 487. (see pages 35-38 of a compilation of cases)&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In&nbsp; M. Ajmal Khan v. Election Commission of India, 2006 SCC OnLine Mad 794&nbsp; (see pages 13-23 of the compilation of cases) the Division Bench of the Hon&rsquo;ble Madras High Court again reiterated that wearing of Headscarf is an essential religious practice. In para 15 of the judgment the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court observed as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;15. In 1992 Justice Eusoff of Malaysian High Court delivered a judgment ruling that the freedom of religion guaranteed under Article 11(1) of the Malaysian Constitution was not absolute as Article 11(5) did not authorise any act contrary to any general law relating to public order, public health or morality. The prohibition against wearing attire that covered the face did not affect the appellant&#039;s constitutional right to profess and practice her religion. This decision of the Malaysian High Court was confirmed by the Malaysian Supreme Court in 1994. It is, thus, seen from the reported material that there is almost unanimity amongst Muslim scholars that purdah is not essential but covering of head by scarf is obligatory.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. There is overwhelming authority to show that wearing of a headscarf/hijab is a tenet of the Islamic faith and as such completely protected by Article 25(1)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;14.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;In Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala, (1986) 3 SCC 615 (see pages 75-92 of the compilation of cases) the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court while upholding the fundamental rights of children belonging to the Jehovah&#039;s witness which prohibited them from singing the National Anthem quoted with approval the observations in Jamshed Ji v. Soonabai [(1909) 33 Bom 122 and observed as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;If this is the belief of the community and it is proved undoubtedly to be the belief of the Zoroastrian community, &mdash; a secular Judge is bound to accept that belief &mdash; it is not for him to sit in judgment on that belief, he has no right to interfere with the conscience of a donor who makes a gift in favour of what he believes to be the advancement of his religion and the welfare of his community or mankind.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;We do endorse the view suggested by Davar, J&#039;s observation that the question is not whether a particular religious belief or practice appeals to our reason or sentiment but whether the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held as part of the profession or practice of religion. Our personal views and reactions are irrelevant. If the belief is genuinely and conscientiously held it attracts the protection of Article 25 but subject, of course, to the inhibitions contained therein.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. What is an essential religious practice has to be ascertained not from the view of an outsider but from the perspective of the believer as long as the belief is genuinely and consciously&nbsp; held as the part of the practice of the religion, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court held that it is the duty of the court to protect the same.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. GO dated 05.02.2022 relies upon three decisions namely &lt;i&gt;(i) Fathima Thasneem v. State of Kerala, 2018 SCC OnLine Ker 5267, (ii) Fathema Hussain Sayed v. Bharat Education Society, AIR 2003 Bom 75 and (iii) Sir M. Venkata Subba Rao&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;i&gt; Matriculation Higher Secondary School Staff Assn. v. Sir M. Venkata Subba Rao, Matriculation Higher Secondary School, (2004) 2 CTC 1 &lt;/i&gt;and holds in the penultimate paragraph that the aforesaid decisions hold that wearing of headscarf/hijab is not an essential religious practice for the purposes of Article 25.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. The decision in &lt;i&gt;Fathima Thasneem v. State of Kerala, 2018 SCC OnLine Ker 5267&lt;/i&gt;&nbsp; which has been pressed into service by the GO at Sl No. 1 on page 21 is a decision that was rendered in the context of Christian Minority Educational Institution. The same learned judge who authored the decision in &lt;i&gt;Amnah Bint Basheer v. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), AIR 2016 Ker 115 &lt;/i&gt;notes the said authority in para 4 and in para 5 the right of minority institution to establish, manage and administer institutions is noted and in that context the Court observes in para 10 that in view of the minority rights granted to the institution under Article 31 the court or any authority cannot insist on the right of the institution to be diluted in any manner by permitting students to attend classes by wearing a dress which is not prescribed&nbsp; by the minority educational institution. Para 10 of the judgment reads as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;10. In such view of the matter, I am of the considered view that the petitioners cannot seek imposition of their individual right as against the larger right of the institution. It is for the institution to decide whether the petitioners can be permitted to attend the classes with the headscarf and full sleeve shirt. It is purely within the domain of the institution to decide on the same. The Court cannot even direct the institution to consider such a request. Therefore, the writ petition must fail. Accordingly, the writ petition is dismissed. If the petitioners approach the institution for Transfer Certificate, the school authority shall issue Transfer Certificate without making any remarks. No doubt, if the petitioners are willing to abide by the school dress code, they shall be permitted to continue in the same school. No costs.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The second judgment which is cited in the GO is&lt;i&gt; Fathema Hussain Sayed v. Bharat Education Society, AIR 2003 Bom 75,&lt;/i&gt;&nbsp;the said decision does not all aid the respondent as the said decision was given in the context of the Muslim girls studying in an exclusively girls sections. In this regard Para 7 of the judgment read as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;7. A girl student not wearing the head scarf or head covering studying in exclusive girls section cannot be said to in any manner acting inconsistent with the aforesaid verse 31 or violating any injunction provided in Holy Quran. It is not an obligatory overt act enjoined by Muslim religion that a girl studying in all girl section must wear head-covering. The essence of Muslim religion or Islam cannot be said to have been interfered with by directing petitioner not to wear head-scarf in the school.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Thirdly, the decision in &lt;i&gt;Sir M. Venkata Subba Rao, Matriculation Higher Secondary School Staff Assn. v. Sir M. Venkata Subba Rao, Matriculation Higher Secondary School, (2004) 2 CTC 1&lt;/i&gt;&nbsp;which has also been relied on in GO is totally inapplicable as it related to prescription of uniforms to the teachers and there was no discussion whatsoever on either wearing Hijab or rights under Article 25 of the Constitution.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. It is submitted that the rights enshrined under Art 25(1) of the Constitution cannot be lightly curbed by merely facile ground of &lsquo;public order&rsquo;. The State is under a positive obligation to create an environment conducive for the exercise of fundamental rights. In &lt;i&gt;Union of India v. K.M. Shankarappa, (2001) 1 SCC 582&lt;/i&gt; in para 8 the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court observed as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;8. We fail to understand the apprehension expressed by the learned counsel that there may be a law and order situation. Once an expert body has considered the impact of the film on the public and has cleared the film, it is no excuse to say that there may be a law and order situation. It is for the State Government concerned to see that law and order is maintained. In any democratic society there are bound to be divergent views. Merely because a small section of the society has a different view, from that as taken by the Tribunal, and choose to express their views by unlawful means would be no ground for the executive to review or revise a decision of the Tribunal. In such a case, the clear duty of the Government is to ensure that law and order is maintained by taking appropriate actions against persons who choose to breach the law.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;21.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;In &lt;i&gt;Lilawati v. State of U.P., (1982) 1 SCC 437 &lt;/i&gt;the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in para 33 held that the legal rights of the communities cannot be curtailed or prohibited on the facile ground of imminent danger to public peace and tranquillity the authorities have to&nbsp; make a positive approach to ensure the due exercise of such rights. In para 33 this HC held as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;33. The instant case, as we have held above, is one where the entitlement of the Shias to their customary rights to perform their religious ceremonies and functions on the plots and structures in question has been established and is the subject-matter of a judicial pronouncement and decree of civil court of competent jurisdiction as also by reason of these properties having been registered as Shia Wakfs for performance of their religious ceremonies and functions and their complaint has been that the power under Section 144 is being exercised in utter disregard of the lawful exercise of their legal rights and every time instead of exercising the power in aid of their rights it is being exercised in suppressing their rights under the pretext of imminent danger to peace and tranquillity of the locality. Having elaborated the principles which should guide the exercise of that power we hope and trust that in future that power will be exercised by the executive magistracy in defence of such established rights of the petitioners and the Shia community and instead of prohibiting or suspending the exercise of such rights on concerned occasions on the facile ground of imminent danger to public peace and tranquillity of the locality the authorities would make a positive approach to the situation and follow the dictum of Turner, C.J. that if they are satisfied that the exercise of the rights is likely to create a riot or breach of peace it would be their duty to take from those from whom disturbance is apprehended security to keep the peace. After all the customary rights claimed by the petitioners partake of the character of the fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution to the religious denomination of Shia Muslims of Varanasi, a religious minority, who are desirous of freely practising their religious faith and perform their rites, practices, observances and functions without let or hindrance by members belonging to the majority sect of the community, namely, Sunni Muslims, and as such a positive approach is called for on the part of the local authorities. It is only in an extremely extraordinary situation, when other measures are bound to fail, that a total prohibition or suspension of their rights may be resorted to as a last measure.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In &lt;i&gt;Indibily Creative (P) Ltd. v. State of W.B., (2020) 12 SCC 436 &lt;/i&gt;the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court beautifully elucidated this concept of duty on the part of the State to ensure to ensure the prevalence of conditions in which of those freedoms can be exercised. In this regard para 50 of the judgment reads as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;50. The freedoms which are guaranteed by Article 19 are universal. Article 19(1) stipulates that all citizens shall have the freedoms which it recognises. Political freedoms impose a restraining influence on the State by carving out an area in which the State shall not interfere. Hence, these freedoms are perceived to impose obligations of restraint on the State. But, apart from imposing &ldquo;negative&rdquo; restraints on the State these freedoms impose a positive mandate as well. In its capacity as a public authority enforcing the rule of law, the State must ensure that conditions in which these freedoms flourish are maintained. In the space reserved for the free exercise of speech and expression, the State cannot look askance when organised interests threaten the existence of freedom. The State is duty-bound to ensure the prevalence of conditions in which of those freedoms can be exercised. The instruments of the State must be utilised to effectuate the exercise of freedom. When organised interests threaten the properties of theatre owners or the viewing audience with reprisals, it is the plain duty of the State to ensure that speech is not silenced by the fear of the mob. Unless we were to read a positive obligation on the State to create and maintain conditions in which the freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution can be exercised, there is a real danger that art and literature would become victims of intolerance. In the present case, we are of the view that there has been an unconstitutional attempt to invade the fundamental rights of the producers, the actors and the audience. Worse still, by making an example out of them, there has been an attempt to silence criticism and critique. Others who embark upon a similar venture would be subject to the chilling effect of &ldquo;similar misadventures&rdquo;. This cannot be countenanced in a free society. Freedom is not a supplicant to power.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;23.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Public order cannot be the magic incantation that the State can mechanically repeat every time a violation of fundamental rights is alleged. The ground of public order has to be justified on adequate material which material can be looked at by the Constitutional courts in the exercise of the power of judicial review to satisfy itself whether the purported grounds of public order is a mere cloak or a ruse for the State to trample upon the fundamental rights enshrined under the Constitution. Public order is not every breach of law and order. Public order is an aggravated form of disturbance that is much higher than a law and order issue. In &lt;i&gt;Commr. of Police v. C. Anita, (2004) 7 SCC 467 &lt;/i&gt;the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in para 10 described in jurisprudential terms the concepts of law and order, public order and security of the state as concepts which lie in different concentric circles. Para 10 of the judgment reads as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. &ldquo;Public order&rdquo;, &ldquo;law and order&rdquo; and the &ldquo;security of the State&rdquo; fictionally draw three concentric circles, the largest representing law and order, the next representing public order and the smallest representing security of the State. Every infraction of law must necessarily affect the order, but an act affecting law and order may not necessarily also affect the public order. Likewise, an act may affect public order, but not necessarily the security of the State. The true test is not the kind, but the potentiality of the act in question. One act may affect only individuals while the other, though of a similar kind, may have such an impact that it would disturb the even tempo of the life of the community. This does not mean that there can be no overlapping, in the sense that an act cannot fall under two concepts at the same time. An act, for instance, affecting public order may have an impact that it would affect both public order and the security of the State. &lt;i&gt;(See Kishori Mohan Bera v. State of W.B. [(1972) 3 SCC 845 : 1973 SCC (Cri) 30] , Pushkar Mukherjee v. State of W.B. [(1969) 1 SCC 10 : (1969) 2 SCR 635] , Arun Ghosh v. State of W.B. [(1970) 1 SCC 98 : 1970 SCC (Cri) 67 : (1970) 3 SCR 288] and Nagendra Nath Mondal v. State of W.B. [(1972) 1 SCC 498 : 1972 SCC (Cri) 227] )&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. It is submitted that a student silently wearing a hijab/headscarf and attending class cannot in any manner be said to be a practice that disturbs public order.&nbsp; There has to be a proximate relation between the action complained of and the imposition of restriction on the ground of public order. This is not a case where a religious practice involves a public gathering where dangerous weapons are paraded like in Commr. of Police v. Acharya Jagadishwarananda Avadhuta, (2004) 12 SCC 770). It is submitted that the simple practice of wearing a dress in accordance with once religious faith can bever be ground to invoke public order especially in the context of wearing a headscarf/hijab by women practising the Islamic faith.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. It is well settled that secularism is the basic feature of the Constitution. Secularism in the Indian context has been interpreted by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court positively and not in a negative sense. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has held that India&rsquo;s secular ethos is not based on non-recognition of religions, but that secularism mandates the State to respect all religions as true and protect the practice of such religion as per the tenets of the Constitution.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The Indian interpretation of secularism stems from the Vedic percept of &ldquo;Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava&rdquo;. The attention of this Hon&rsquo;ble Court is invited to &lt;i&gt;Aruna Roy v. Union of India, (2002) 7 SCC 368 &lt;/i&gt;where the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme in para 86 held as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;86. The word &ldquo;secularism&rdquo; used in the preamble of the Constitution is reflected in the provisions contained in Articles 25 to 30 and Part IV-A added to the Constitution containing Article 51-A prescribing fundamental duties of the citizens. It has to be understood on the basis of more than 50 years&#039; experience of the working of the Constitution. The complete neutrality towards religion and apathy for all kinds of religious teachings in institutions of the State have not helped in removing mutual misunderstanding and intolerance inter se between sections of the people of different religions, faiths and beliefs. &ldquo;Secularism&rdquo;, therefore, is susceptible to a positive meaning that is developing understanding and respect towards different religions. The essence of secularism is non-discrimination of people by the State on the basis of religious differences. &ldquo;Secularism&rdquo; can be practised by adopting a complete neutral approach towards religions or by a positive approach by making one section of religious people to understand and respect the religion and faith of another section of people. Based on such mutual understanding and respect for each other&#039;s religious faith, mutual distrust and intolerance can gradually be eliminated.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. It is respectfully submitted that the right to wear the headscarf/hijab is also protected by Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. the right to wear the clothes of once choice is an integral part of the freedom of Appearance which is a part and parcel of Article 19(1)(a). In this context attention of this Hon&rsquo;ble Court is invited to&nbsp; para 69 of National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438&nbsp; which reads under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;Article 19(1)(a) and Transgenders&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;69. Article 19(1) of the Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights, subject to the power of the State to impose restrictions from (sic on) exercise of those rights. The rights conferred by Article 19 are not available to any person who is not a citizen of India. Article 19(1) guarantees those great basic rights which are recognised and guaranteed as the natural rights inherent in the status of the citizen of a free country. Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution states that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, which includes one&#039;s right to expression of his self-identified gender. The self-identified gender can be expressed through dress, words, action or behaviour or any other form. No restriction can be placed on one&#039;s personal appearance or choice of dressing, subject to the restrictions contained in Article 19(2) of the Constitution.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;28.&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;Right to wear a headscarf/hijab also draws sustenance from the fundamental rights under Article 21. In &lt;i&gt;K.S. Puttaswamy (Privacy-9J.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1 &lt;/i&gt;the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in para 373 observed as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;373. Concerns of privacy arise when the State seeks to intrude into the body of subjects. [Skinner v. Oklahoma, 1942 SCC OnLine US SC 125 : 86 L Ed 1655 : 316 US 535 (1942)&ldquo;20. There are limits to the extent to which a legislatively represented majority may conduct biological experiments at the expense of the dignity and personality and natural powers of a minority&mdash;even those who have been guilty of what the majority defines as crimes.&rdquo; (SCC OnLine US SC para 20)&mdash;Jackson, J.] Corporeal punishments were not unknown to India, their abolition is of a recent vintage. Forced feeding of certain persons by the State raises concerns of privacy. An individual&#039;s rights to refuse life prolonging medical treatment or terminate his life is another freedom which falls within the zone of the right to privacy. I am conscious of the fact that the issue is pending before this Court. But in various other jurisdictions, there is a huge debate on those issues though it is still a grey area. [ For the legal debate in this area in US, See Chapter 15.11 of American Constitutional Law by Laurence H. Tribe, 2nd Edn.] A woman&#039;s freedom of choice whether to bear a child or abort her pregnancy are areas which fall in the realm of privacy. Similarly, the freedom to choose either to work or not and the freedom to choose the nature of the work are areas of private decision-making process. The right to travel freely within the country or go abroad is an area falling within the right to privacy. The text of our Constitution recognised the freedom to travel throughout the country under Article 19(1)(d). This Court has already recognised that such a right takes within its sweep the right to travel abroad. [Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 1 SCC 248] A person&#039;s freedom to choose the place of his residence once again is a part of his right to privacy [Williams v. Fears, 1900 SCC OnLine US SC 211 : 45 L Ed 186 : 179 US 270 (1900)&mdash;&ldquo;8. Undoubtedly the right of locomotion, the right to remove from one place to another according to inclination, is an attribute of personal liberty&hellip;.&rdquo; (SCC OnLine US SC para 8)] recognised by the Constitution of India under Article 19(1)(e) though the predominant purpose of enumerating the abovementioned two freedoms in Article 19(1) is to disable both the federal and State Governments from creating barriers which are incompatible with the federal nature of our country and its Constitution. The choice of appearance and apparel are also aspects of the right to privacy. The freedom of certain groups of subjects to determine their appearance and apparel (such as keeping long hair and wearing a turban) are protected not as a part of the right to privacy but as a part of their religious belief. Such a freedom need not necessarily be based on religious beliefs falling under Article 25. Informational traces are also an area which is the subject-matter of huge debate in various jurisdictions falling within the realm of the right to privacy, such data is as personal as that of the choice of appearance and apparel. Telephone tappings and internet hacking by State, of personal data is another area which falls within the realm of privacy. The instant reference arises out of such an attempt by the Union of India to collect biometric data regarding all the residents of this country. The abovementioned are some of the areas where some interest of privacy exists. The examples given above indicate to some extent the nature and scope of the right to privacy.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The impugned GO which has been purportedly issued under the provisions of the Section 7 read with Section 133 of the Karnataka Education Act, 1983 is totally illegal in as much as the Act does not at all empower the State under the provisions of this Act to regulate the dress of the Students. Attention of this Hon&rsquo;ble court in invited to Section 7 (1) which reads as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;7. Government to prescribe curricula, etc.- (1) Subject to such rules as may be prescribed, the State Government may, in respect of educational institutions, by order specify,-&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(a) &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:pre&quot;&gt;	&lt;/span&gt;the curricula, syllabi and text books for any course of instruction;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(b) the duration of such course;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(c) the medium of instruction;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(d) the scheme of examinations and evaluation;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&nbsp;(e) the number of working days and working hours in an academic year;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(f) the rates at which tuition and other fees, building fund or other amount, by whatever name called, may be charged from students or on behalf of students;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(g) the staff pattern (teaching and non-teaching) and the educational and other qualifications for different posts;&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(h) the facilities to be provided, such as buildings, sanitary arrangments, playground, furniture, equipment, library, teaching aid, laboratory and workshops;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(i) such other matters as are considered necessary&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Bare reading of (a) to (h) clearly shows that the GO is not covered under any of the provisions above. It is submitted that the power to specify curricula syllabi cannot by any stretch of imagination include the right to circumscribe the choice of dress of students belonging to a particular faith. It is further submitted that ground (i) which states that such other matters as are considered necessary has to be read ejusdem generis to (a) to (h) and cannot be said to independent source of power.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Further Section 133 (2) of the Act only enables the State to give directions necessary and expedient for carrying out the purposes of the Act or to give effect to any of the provisions contained in the Act.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. No provision in the Act permits the State to regulate the dress of students in Government colleges and prohibits the wearing of hijab/headscarf.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. No notice has been given under 133(2) as is said to be mandated by this Hon&rsquo;ble Court in para 5 of&nbsp; Condominium of Residents and Employees of Academy of General Education v. State of Karnataka, ILR 2001 Kar 5677.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. The impugned GO cannot pass the constitutional muster and deserves to be struck down.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The Muslim girl students wearing headscarf/hijab were permitted inside the school but were segregated and were made to sit in a separate class/hall. It is submitted that such segregation is a complete affront to the right to equality enshrined under Article 14 of the Constitution and amounts to religious apartheid.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. It is submitted that segregation on religious line is total anthesis of rule of law and may be dealt with an iron hand by this Hon&rsquo;ble Court.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '47d21dc2101aa6e4821612063ecb9440.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-02-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-02-12 21:45:31', '2022-02-12 21:46:51'),
(195, '76qpXVCbDMN0WkFCGxQP8wU1s', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hijab Case. Arguments of Collage Development and Management Committee opposing the petitioners before the Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Heads of arguments.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A. Secularism&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;B. Directive Principles of State Policy&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;C. Comparative Law&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;D. Test of &quot;Necessary in a Democratic Society&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;E. Essential Religious Practice&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;F. Free Speech Considerations&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;G. Justification&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Drawn by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;Manu Kulkarni, Adv.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Mrinal Shankar, Adv.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Vishwas N, Adv.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Sriraj, Adv.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Pratibhanu Singh Kharola, Adv.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Settled by:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Sajan Poovayya, Sr. Adv.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(Arguments enclosed.)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '584346f8617dd2b59d28d804f9abd0f5.JPG', '6733105fffe2889bb27492f566350332.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-02-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-02-24 04:29:13', '2022-02-24 04:46:47');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(197, 'uQkOBKK9zBO2RKeZGuVLlIO8f', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A case for review of the recent Karnataka High Court judgments on Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act. - S.R.Suryanarayana Rao, Advocate. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 13pt;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;A case for review of the recent Karnataka High Court judgments on Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act&rsquo;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;=&quot;&quot; font-size:=&quot;&quot; 13pt;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;S.R.Suryanarayana Rao B.Sc., M.L.,&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Advocate, Chickaballapur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Bookman Old Style, serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 17.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;In&nbsp;Nirmala vs H.V. Venkatachalappa by lrs.&lt;/i&gt;,Regular Second Appeal 2629 of 2006 decided on 5 October 2021 (Justice N.K.Sudhindrarao) and&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-size: 17.3333px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rangashamaiah by lrs vs Rangahanumaiah by lrs&lt;/i&gt;, Regular Second Appeal 1171 of 2015 decided on 20 January 2022 (Justice N.S. Sanjay Gowda)&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court has held that in a joint family consisting of two brother and four sisters, one of the sister having died prior to 09/09/2005, the heirs of the deceased sister would be entitled to a share equal to the share of the other living sisters, who acquired the status of a coparcener by virtue of the amending act No.39/2005. The court has in effect held that the heirs of a female who was not alive on 09/09/2005, can claim an equal share with the other female coparceners, who were alive on 09/09/2005. The legal position that a daughter who is alive on 09/09/2005, would only be entitled to the benefit of the amended act as a coparcener, is not accepted by the court. The Hon&rsquo;ble High Court has enunciated the proposition of law as follows. (RSA 1171/2015)&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;19. Once the daughter is conferred the status of a coparcener and acquires a right by birth, this acquisition of a right by birth cannot be deprived by her death whether it is either before or prior to the Amendment.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;20. The creation of a coparcenary right is by birth and creates a right in the female by virtue of her birth in the family. Her death in the family, either before or after the Amendment, will have no effect on her status as a coparcener. Once she is born in a family she becomes a coparcener by operation of law and this status is definite and perennial. The death of a daughter, whether it occurs before the amendment to the Act or after the amendment to the Act, would make absolutely no difference to her status as a coparcener.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;A similar view is expressed by the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Karnataka in Smt. Nirmala V/s H.V.Venkatachalappa dead by L.Rs, R.S.A. No.2893/2006, DD 05/10/2021, in this case the High Court has observed as follows :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;35. Learned counsel for appellant/defendant No.1-V. Ramaiah in RSA No.2629/2005 submitted that as per the principles laid down in Vineeta Sharma&rsquo;s case, the children of deceased daughter are not entitled for the share equivalent to that of the deceased daughter if the said daughter died earlier to the Amendment Act 2005. In this connection, the contextual reading of the judgment guides that the daughter is treated equivalent to that of a son and has all the rights of coparcener and her rights are enforceable by their children.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;The following observations made by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court&nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Vineeta Sharma v/s Rakesh Sharma&lt;/i&gt;, are relevant for purposes of this discussion.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Para 56.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;A retroactive statute is the one that does not operate retrospectively. It operates in futuro. However, its operation is based upon the character or status that arose earlier. Characteristic or event which happened in the past or requisites which had been drawn from antecedent events. Under the amended section 6, since the right is given by birth, that is an antecedent event, and the provisions operate concerning claiming rights on and from the date of Amendment Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Para 63&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Segoe UI, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;The daughter would step into the coparcenary as that of a son by taking birth before or after the Act. However, daughter born before can claim these rights only with effect from the date of the amendment, i.e., 9.9.2005 with saving of past transactions as provided in the proviso to section 6(1) read with section 6(5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Para 75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp; Survivorship is the mode of succession, not that of the formation of a coparcenary. Hence, we respectfully find ourselves unable to agree with the concept of &quot;living coparcener&quot;, as laid down in Prakash v. Phulavati. In our opinion, the daughters should be living on 9.9.2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Para 105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Segoe UI, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Hence, we have no hesitation to reject the effect of statutory fiction of proviso to section 6 as discussed in Prakash v. Phulavati (supra) and Danamma (supra). If a daughter is alive on the date of enforcement of the Amendment Act, she becomes a coparcener with effect from the date of the Amendment Act, irrespective of the date of birth earlier in point of time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;Para 129&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&nbsp;[Operative portion of the judgment]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;(ii) The rights can be claimed by the daughter born earlier with effect from 09.09.2005 with savings as provided in Section 6(1) as to the disposition or alienation, partition or testamentary disposition which had taken place before 20th day of December, 2005.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;In view of the aforesaid unambiguous statement of law by the Supreme Court, unless a daughter is living on 09/09/2005, she would not be entitled to the benefit of the amended provisions of Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, with atmost respect to the Hon&rsquo;ble judge who has rendered this judgment and without any disrespect to the court, I am of the humble opinion that the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Karnataka under reference is per incuriam and therefore the same requires to be reviewed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span bookman=&quot;&quot; old=&quot;&quot; style&quot;,=&quot;&quot; serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span segoe=&quot;&quot; ui&quot;,=&quot;&quot; sans-serif;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-IN&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e935d67ce51ab0605885e57489b63ef0.jpeg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-06-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-06-04 16:47:56', '2022-06-04 16:48:45');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(196, '5Nqpf4GzKzdCrvcDNgZvacsEp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Test ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Shalini Vijay Latthe and others Vs National Highway Authority of India and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 100591 of 2021. Decided on 28 February 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;1. The petitioners are before this Court seeking for the following reliefs:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;a. Issue a writ in the nature of certiorari quashing the impugned order dated 22.12.2020 passed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Principal District Judge, Dharwad in EP No.302/2015 vide AnnexureJ, in respect of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Stamp duty to pay as per Article 11 of the Karnataka Stamp Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;b. Pass any other order as this Hon&rsquo;ble Court deems fit on the facts and circumstances of the case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;2. The grievance of the petitioners is that, the petitioners are the decree holders and owners of the land bearing survey No.604 measuring 05 acres 05 guntas, under which an extent of 10,220 sqmtr was taken possession for construction of flyover by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;National Highways Authorities of India (NHAI). The competent Authority had passed an award as regards the lands acquired. However, being dissatisfied by the said award, the petitioners submitted a reference for arbitration on 31.10.2012, in terms of Section 3- G(5) of the National Highway Act, 1956 (hereinafter for brevity referred to as NHA), seeking for enhancement of compensation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;4. In the said execution proceedings, an objection was raised that the award passed by the Arbitrator not having been stamped in terms of Article 11 of the Karnataka Stamps Act, 1957 (hereinafter for brevity referred to as the KSA), the same could not be&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;considered for initiating and prosecuting execution proceedings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;5. The Executing Court vide the impugned order dated 22.12.2020 at Annexure-J was of the opinion that the award passed by the Arbitrator is required to be stamped. The petitioner not having stamped the said document, the decree-holder was called upon to pay the requisite stamp duty on the award within a period of one month from the date of the order. Apart therefrom, the Executing Court directed the NHAI the judgment debtor to pay interest on the compensation awarded from the date of taking possession of the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;property, i.e., from the year 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;6. It is this order that is challenged by the petitioners only insofar as the direction by the Executing Court to make payment of requisite stamp duty on the award passed by the Arbitrator, by contending that the same is not an arbitral award in terms of Article 11 of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;the KSA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;7. Sri. S. C. Jainar, learned counsel for the petitioners submits that the award, which has been passed is as regards compensation for land acquired in the land acquisition proceedings initiated for and on behalf of the NHAI. It is only on account of compensation awarded being on the lower side that,in terms of Section 3-G(5) of NHA, the petitioner was constrained to approach the statutory Arbitrator, in terms of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;statutory arbitration contemplated under the Act, which is not a private arbitration where the petitioners could be said to have consented for appointment of arbitrator and as such, though the provision of Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;(hereinafter for brevity referred to as the A&amp;amp;C Act) are made applicable to arbitration under Section 3-G of the NHA, the compensation awarded would not be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;an award in terms of Article 11 of the KSA, requiring it to be stamped and as such, the arbitration award in essence is an award of compensation, which is in discharge of the sovereign powers of the State and as such, he submits that the finding of the Executing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;Court that stamp duty ought to be paid in terms of Article 11 of the KSA, is misconceived.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;8. Per contra, Sri. Sagar Ladda, learned counsel, who appears for NHAI submits that, since an Arbitral award is sought to be enforced in the execution proceedings without the stamping made thereon, the same is inchoate insofar as it could not have brought in for execution without stamping. He further submits that the Executing Court ought to have&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;impounded the document and levied penalty thereon, instead of just directing the decree-holder to make payment of requisite stamp duty and in this regard, he submits that the NHAI has filed another petition in &amp;nbsp;W.P.No.104799/2021. He therefore submits that the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;order of the Executing Court is not required to be interfered with as regards the direction to stamp the award and this court ought to allow WP No. 104799/2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;9. Sri. M. B. Kanavi, learned CGSC appearing for the Union of India submits that he has no submissions to make in this regard, since the matter is between the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;petitioners and NHAI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;10. Heard Sri. S. C. Jainar, learned counsel for the petitioner, Sri. Sagar Laddamath, learned counsel for NHAI, Sri. M. B. Kanavi, learned CGSC for the Union of India and perused papers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;12. The National Highways Act, 1956 is a special enactment, whereunder certain highways have been declared as National Highways and by virtue of&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;various amendments in the year 1987, a special methodology has been provided for acquisition of land and determination of compensation. Section 3G&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;of the said Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Section 3G in The National Highways Act, 1956 3G. Determination of amount payable as&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;compensation.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(1) Where any land is acquired under this Act, there shall be paid an amount which shall be determined by an order of the competent authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(2) Where the right of user or any right in the nature of an easement on, any land is acquired under this Act, there shall be paid an amount to the owner and any other person whose right of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;enjoyment in that land has been affected in any manner whatsoever by reason of such acquisition an amount calculated at ten percent. of the amount determined under sub-section (1), for that land.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(3) Before proceeding to determine the amount under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), the competent authority shall give a public notice published in two local newspapers, one of which will be in a vernacular language inviting claims from all persons interested in the land to be acquired.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(4) Such notice shall state the particulars of the land and shall require all persons interested in such land to appear in person or by an agent or by a legal practitioner referred to in sub-section (2) of section 3C, before the competent authority, at a time and place and to state the nature of their respective interest in such land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(5) If the amount determined by the competent authority under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) is not acceptable to either of the parties, the amount shall, on an application by either of the parties, be determined by the arbitrator to be appointed by the Central Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(6) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996) shall apply to every arbitration under this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(7) The competent authority or the arbitrator while determining the amount under sub-section&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(1) or sub-section (5), as the case may be, shall&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;take into consideration&mdash;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(a) the market value of the land on the date of publication of the notification under section 3A;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(b) the damage, if any, sustained by the person interested at the time of taking possession of&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;the land, by reason of the severing of such land from other land;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(c) the damage, if any, sustained by the person&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;interested at the time of taking possession of the land, by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other immovable property in any manner, or his earnings;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;(d) if, in consequences of the acquisition of the land, the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses, if any, incidental to such change.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;13. A perusal of the same indicates that the competent authority, defined under Section 2(a) of NHA, being a person or authority authorized on behalf of the Central Government by notification in the official gazette, shall determine the compensation amount to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;be paid for acquisition of land for and on behalf of the NHAI. In the event of either of the parties not being acceptable to the amount determined by the competent authority, i.e., if the NHAI were to feel that the amount awarded is on the higher end or if the land loser is of the opinion that the amount awarded is on the lower end, either of the parties could submit the said matter for determination by an Arbitrator to be appointed by the Central&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;15. The pre-condition for an arbitration proceedings to be conducted is that, there must be an arbitration agreement. A perusal of Section 7 indicates that, the agreement is required to be entered into by the parties to submit to arbitration certain disputes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship whether contractual or not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;16. In the present case, there is no legal relationship between the NHAI and the land-loser except that under the NHA, the land of the land-loser is sought to be acquired. If not, for the said acquisition of land, there would have been no interaction between the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;land-loser and the NHAI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;17. In terms of Section 3G(6) of the NHA, the A&amp;amp;C Act, 1996 is made applicable to every arbitration under the NHA. Section 3G(7) of NHA provides for various&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;factors, which could be taken into consideration by the Arbitrator while awarding the compensation amount.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;18. The above methodology under Section 3G(5) (6) and (7) of the NHA has been provided in order to facilitate faster acquisition proceedings and faster&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;determination of compensation. In the absence of Section 3G of NHA what was applicable earlier was the determination of compensation in terms of the Land Acquisition Act. Thus, in effect the NHA being a special enactment, Section 3G of the said Act provides for a special procedure for determination of compensation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;19. It is also to be noted that the Arbitrator in terms of Section 3G(5) of NHA is an authority, who is appointed by the Central Government, in which the petitioners have no role to play and no choice to exercise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;20. Suffice it to say, that the methodology of determination of compensation by the special method has been statutorily mandated in all the acquisition&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;proceedings for or on behalf of the NHAI. In effect, the Arbitrator, who is appointed by the Central Government is discharging a duty as regards determination of compensation as regards the land, which has been acquired by exercise of powers of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;eminent domain. If not for the said acquisition, the said Arbitrator would have had no role to play. 21. It is only on account of Section 3-G of the NHA that arbitration is provided for in a statutory manner. There is no agreement in terms of Section 7(1) of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;A &amp;amp; C Act between the land-loser and NHAI to submit to any arbitration. Even Section 7(5) of the A &amp;amp; C Act is not applicable since there is no contract entered into between the land-loser and NHAI where any reference to a document containing an arbitration clause and/or Section 3-G of the NHA is in existence. Thus it is only on account of the statute that the land loser is compelled to resort to the process of arbitration, the land-loser not having consented to any arbitration proceedings, the question of land-loser&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;consenting to the requirement of stamping of an arbitral award by being knowledgeable about requirement of stamping does not at all arise. More so, when in pursuance of Section 30(z)(e) of the KSA in the case of the award under Article 11 of the KSA, it is the awardee, who is required to make payment in the stamp duty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;22. The state cannot take away the compensation awarded to the land-loser by imposing a duty to make payment of stamp duty on the said award, which is an additional burden on the land-loser to obtain just compensation on account of loss of his land. It is also clear from the fact that, while calculating the compensation payable, there is no calculation of the value of the stamp duty payable on the award made. The requirement to make payment of stamp duty on the award would amount to reduction of just compensation, which is not permissible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;23. In view of the above, though there is an arbitration proceedings and though the A&amp;amp;C Act, is made applicable to the said arbitration proceedings, I am of the considered opinion that the award of compensation rendered by the said Arbitrator would not come within the purview and ambit of Article 11 of the Karnataka Stamps Act, 1957, which deals with&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;an arbitral award and the stamping thereon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;24. Just because the award is rendered by the Arbitrator under Section 3G of the NHA would not suffice more so since this award of compensation by the Arbitrator&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;would have had to be rendered by the Land Acquisition Officer under the Land Acquisition Act or any other similarly situate enactment. Such an award rendered by the Land Acquisition Officer under the Land Acquisition Act or any other similarly situate enactment is not amenable to payment of any stamp duty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;25. I am of the considered view that the award rendered by an Arbitrator in terms of Section 3G(5) of the NHA cannot be treated as an Award under Article 11 of the KSA as to make it amenable for payment of Stamp duty by a land loser on an award for compensation which the state or the union is bound to award for acquisition of land by exercise of powers of eminent domain, which in turn is an exercise of sovereign&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;powers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;26. Looked at from any angle, the levy of stamp duty on an award of compensation passed on account of acquisition of land, in my considered opinion, would be highly unconscionable. The land-loser in order to obtain compensation as regards the land acquired by the State cannot be made to pay premium on the award to be statutorily rendered by calling it stamp duty or otherwise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;27. The object and ambit of Article 11 of the KSA is different and cannot be made to apply to an award of compensation under Section 3G(5) of the NHA, which is a statutory arbitration imposed upon a land loser without his consent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;28. I answer the point raised by holding that an award of compensation rendered by the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;Arbitrator in terms of Section 3-G of the National Highways Act, 1956, is not an arbitral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;award in terms of Article 11 of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957, requiring it to be stamped in terms of the said Article. It is hereby declared that no stamp duty is liable to be paid on an award for compensation made under Section 3 (G) the NHA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;29. In view of the above, I am of the considered opinion that the Executing Court did not look into all these aspects and has mechanically applied Article 11 of the KSA, to hold that even the compensation award rendered under Section 3G(5) of the NHA would be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;amenable to stamp duty under Article 11, on the ground that it does not make any difference between different kinds of award.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;30. In the above circumstance, I pass the following order:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;i. The Writ Petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;ii. The impugned order dated 22.12.2020 passed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;by the Principal District Judge, Dharwad, in&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;Execution Petition No.302/2015 insofar as&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;direction to the land-loser/decree holder to pay&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;the requisite stamp duty on the award passed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;by the Arbitrator under Section 3G(5) of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;National Highways Act, 1956, within a period of&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;one month from the date of order, is set aside.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;iii. The award is directed to be acted upon and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;enforced without the requirement of making&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;payment of any stamp duty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;iv. It is made clear that this Court has only dealt&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;with applicability or otherwise of the stamp duty&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;on an award of compensation under Section&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12.5pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;3G(5) of the National Highways Act, 1957 and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;has not dealt with any other issues in dispute&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;between the parties as regards the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;compensation amount or interest or otherwise,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;which shall be dealt with by the Executing Court&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 12.5pt;&quot;&gt;on merits, in accordance with law.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '128581786b38897e3aaa2ce0e587ae2d.jpeg', '21ceed3653984ae97a468e924ed68c1d.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-03-10', 0, NULL, NULL, '2022-03-10 20:22:27', '2022-03-10 20:22:27');
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(203, 'w9SeWjobCiDX9EMDIHuocbpS1', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Artistic Nudity or Pervert Experimentation? ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(32, 33, 36); font-size: 0.875rem; letter-spacing: 0.2px; font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;Gopi Karunakaran, Advocate, Daksha Legal&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;English novelist, D H Lawrence, finished writing his novel Lady Chatterley&rsquo;s Lover in 1928. While the novel was published in Italy and France immediately, it was not published in the UK until 1960. The reason was that it was too obscene for the prudish English readers. According his publisher, Lawrence &quot;was unable to secure a commercial publication of the novel in its unexpurgated form&quot;. The book soon became notorious for its story of the physical (and emotional) relationship between a working-class man and an upper-class woman, its explicit descriptions of sex and its use of then-unprintable four-letter words.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The book was subsequently also banned in the United States, Canada, Australia, India and Japan.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In 1964, in India, a bookseller Ranjit Udeshi of Bombay was prosecuted under Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code (sale of obscene books) for selling an unexpurgated copy of Lady Chatterley&#039;s Lover. (Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1965 SC 881)) The case was eventually laid before a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India. Chief Justice Hidayatullah declared the law on the subject of when a book can be regarded as obscene and established important tests of obscenity such as the Hicklin test. We shall see how the Hicklin test was applied in the Indian context when discussing obscenity laws in India.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Hicklin test is a legal test for obscenity established in the United Kingdom, way back in 1868,&nbsp; when the Court laid down the Hicklin test in Regina v. Hicklin (1868 L.R. 2 Q.B. 360). At issue was the statutory interpretation of the word &quot;obscene&quot; in the Obscene Publications Act 1857, which authorized the destruction of obscene books. The court held that all material tending &quot;to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences&quot; was obscene, regardless of its artistic or literary merit.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Test was given by Cockburn C.J. in Queen v. Hicklin. Cockburn, C.J. laid down the test of obscenity in the following words, &ldquo;I think the test of obscenity is this, whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall.... it is quite certain that it would suggest to the minds of the young of either sex, or even to persons of more advanced years, thoughts of a most impure and libidinous character.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;The Law in the United States:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adoption of obscenity laws in the United States was largely based on an anti-obscenity statute known as the Comstock Act. The law criminalized not only sexually explicit material, but also material dealing with birth control and abortion. Although lower courts in the U.S. had used the Hicklin standard sporadically since 1868, it was not until 1879, when prominent federal judge Samuel Blatchford upheld the obscenity conviction of D. M. Bennett using Hicklin, that the constitutionality of the Comstock Law became firmly established. In 1896, the Supreme Court in Rosen v. United States, 161 U.S. 29 (1896), adopted the Hicklin test as the appropriate test of obscenity.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;However, in 1933, the Hicklin test ended on the federal level when, in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, 72 F.2d 705 (2d Cir. 1933), Judge John Woolsey found Ulysses to not be obscene. Avoiding the Hicklin test, he said instead that in evaluating obscenity, a court must consider (1) the work as a whole, not just selected passages that could be interpreted out of context; (2) the effect on an average, rather than the most susceptible person; and (3) contemporary community standards. This ruling refuted those who argued against adult possession of material that could hypothetically corrupt a child.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Finally, in 1957, the Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) that the Hicklin test was inappropriate. In Roth, Justice Brennan, writing for the majority, noted that some American courts had adopted the Hicklin standard, but that later decisions more commonly relied upon the question of &quot;whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient interest.&quot; This Roth test became essentially the new definition of obscenity in the United States.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miller test is a famous test applied by the United States of America, it is named after the U.S Supreme Court decision in Miller v. California (1973). This test faced challenges with online obscenity cases. In this case, Melvin Miller mailed five distrustful brochures to the manager of the restaurant which contained conspicuous images and drawing of men and women engaged in different sexual activities. After the manager read the mail, he filed the case of obscenity against Mr. Miller and he was prosecuted for violating the California Law. There are three parts of the Miller test. They are:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;The average person, enforcing the contemporary community standards, would find that work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.&lt;br&gt;&bull;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specially defined by the applicable state law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&bull;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;The work, taken as a whole, short of serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The work is considered obscene only if all three conditions are satisfied. The first two points of this test are for the standards of the community, and the last point is held to a person of the United State as a whole.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Law in the United Kingdom:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Since the 1950s and 60s, the law of obscenity in the United Kingdom has undergone even further transformation, with a noticeable shift away from broad offences focusing on obscene content, to specific legislative provisions that target a narrower range of content. From the supply of unclassified videos during the 1980s to the production and possession of extreme pornography during the last couple of decades, there has also been a more recent shift from the publisher and retailer of obscene content to the actual viewer. In this way, obscenity laws have widened the number of people that can be prosecuted to include mere recipients of obscene material.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Under the Obscene Publications Act (OPA) 1959 it is a criminal offence to publish an obscene article, whether or not for gain. Prior to the OPA 1959, the publication of obscene matter was classed as a common law misdemeanour. The preceding statute, the OPA 1857, only previously allowed for any offending material to be seized by the police and destroyed, without the creation of any statutory offence. One of the primary aims of the revised statutory provisions was to amend and strengthen the law in respect of the publication of obscene matter, while continuing to provide the police with powers to search and seize such material.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Under the Act, &lsquo;obscenity&rsquo; is defined as a matter that would: &ldquo;tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it.&rdquo; This is different to the ordinary meaning of obscene &mdash; which typically refers to something being disgusting or depraved &mdash; where the prosecution must meet the higher threshold of having a tendency to depravity or corruption.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The law in Canada:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Canada also, the majority held in Brodie v. The Queen (1962 SCR681) that D.H. Lawrence&rsquo;s novel &ldquo;Lady Chatterley&rsquo;s Lover&rdquo; was not obscene within the meaning of the Canadian Criminal Code&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Supreme Court of Canada in Regina v. Butler (1992) 1 SCR 452, held that the dominant test is the &ldquo;community standards problems test&rdquo;. The Court held that explicit sex that is not violent and neither degrading nor dehumanizing is generally tolerated in the Canadian society and will not qualify as the undue exploitation of sex unless it employs children in its production. The Court held, in order for the work or material to qualify as &lsquo;obscene&rsquo;, the exploitation of sex must not only be a dominant characteristic, but such exploitation must be &ldquo;undue&rdquo;. Earlier in Towne Cinema Theatres Ltd. v. The Queen (1985) 1 SCR 494, the Canadian Court applied the community standard test and not Hicklin test.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Indian Law:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;According to section 292 of IPC: &ldquo;a book, pamphlet, paper, writing, drawing, painting, representation, figure or any other object, shall be deemed to be obscene if it is lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect (is) such as to tend to deprave and corrupt person.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The section was enacted during the British era when fundamental rights of citizens was a consideration only so long as it created ground for Britain to strengthen its hold over its colonies. It remained controversial after independence due to its vagueness and the frequency with which it was used to curtail artistic freedom and creative expression. Thus, a committee headed by Akbar Ali Khan was formulated in 1963, which recommended that protection should be given to publication which aims for bona fide purpose of art, science or literature.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hidayatullah J. delivered the decision in the Ranjit Udeshi case (see above). Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution guarantees the freedoms of speech and expression, and article 19(2) allows reasonable restrictions to be placed on these rights in the interest of public decency or morality. Section 292 of the IPC, which deals with obscenity, falls within the exception&mdash;addressing issues implicating public decency and morality&mdash;and is therefore constitutional. The Supreme Court argued that obscenity has poor value in the dissemination of ideas and information of public interest, but found exception for when elements of obscenity are necessarily present, for example, in medical science books that may contain intimate illustrations and photographs. Such materials will not be held obscene and will be protected under the right to free speech and expression.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 292 does not define &ldquo;obscenity.&rdquo; Therefore, the Supreme Court had to differentiate between what was obscene and what was artistic. The Court proceeded to examine the test of obscenity that should be employed to determine what falls within constitutional limits, as mere sex and nudity do not amount to obscenity. The Court used the Hicklin test, which examines whether the impugned matter tends to &ldquo;deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall.&rdquo; This test was found not to violate article 19 of the Indian Constitution. Under Hicklin, a work should be viewed as a whole, but the obscene matter should also be separately considered to see if it violates the test. Where art and obscenity coexist, &ldquo;art must so preponderate as to throw the obscenity into a shadow or the obscenity so trivial and insignificant that it can have no effect and may be overlooked.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Where a work substantially transgresses public decency and morality, the rights to free speech and freedom of expression must give away. In India, &ldquo;obscenity without a preponderating social purpose of profit&rdquo; is not protected. Treating &ldquo;sex in a manner appealing [or tending to appeal] to the carnal side of human nature&rdquo; is offensive to modesty and decency and is obscene. But the extent of such appeal must be examined in each case. The Court examined the text of Lady Chatterley&rsquo;s Lover and concluded that it was obscene under Hicklin. The appeal against conviction was thus dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the 2008 case Maqbool Fida Hussain v. Raj Kumar Pandey, an appeal was brought by private complainants claiming that M.F. Hussain&#039;s painting &lsquo;Bharat Mata&#039; was obscene and appealed to be liable under not only section 298 but also section 500 of the IPC (defamation). The case represented an interesting juncture wherein the moral outrage at obscenity and nudity stood hand in hand with socio-political outrage against defamation of the glorified national symbol.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Almost forty years later, the decision rendered by the High Court of Delhi in the M F Hussain was by every means exemplary and instrumental in indicating a liberal shift away from the stand taken in Ranjit D Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra. It upheld that Article 19(2) circumscribed freedom of expression within the reasonable restriction of public decency and moral outrage but the naked representation of the figure of &lsquo;Mother India&#039; was not enough to constitute obscenity.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;It asserted that the painting was a &lsquo;work of art&#039;, thus moving away from the Hicklin Test in allowing for the possibility of looking at a piece of work not as an immoral influence but as a means of creative expression. It was a long journey from when Lady Chatterley&#039;s Lover was denied status as a valuable work of art as it did not serve a social purpose.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal: In this case a German magazine published a photograph of Boris Becker, a renowned tennis player, posing nude with his fianc&eacute;e Barbara Feltus, an actress covering her breasts with his hand. The picture was taken by Feltus&rsquo; father. The article that contained this image was republished in Indian newspapers and magazine owned by the Ananda Bazar Patrika group. After this, a complaint was filed against the newspaper under Section 292 of IPC. But the Supreme Court of India ruled that the half-nude image of Boris Becker with his fianc&eacute;e was not obscene, after applying the community standard test, and the reason is that the image is not obscene because it did not excite sexual passion or to deprave or corrupt minds of people.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Supreme Court said that &ldquo;we should, therefore, appreciate the photograph and the article in the light of the message it wants to convey, that is to eradicate the evil of racism and apartheid in the society and to promote love and marriage between white skinned man and a black skinned woman. When viewed in that angle, we are not prepared to say that the picture or the article which was reproduced by Sports World and the Ananda Bazar Patrika be said to be objectionable so as to initiate proceedings under Section 292 IPC or under Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Supreme Court also added that they found no offence has been committed under Section 292 IPC and thus the question whether it falls in the first part of Section 79 IPC has become academic. The Supreme Court noted, &ldquo;We are sorry to note that the learned Magistrate, without proper application of mind or appreciation of background in which the photograph has been shown, proposed to initiate prosecution proceedings against the Appellants. Learned Magistrate should have exercised his wisdom on the basis of judicial precedents in the event of which he would not have ordered the Appellants to face the trial. The High Court, in our view, should have exercised powers under Section 482 CrPC to secure the ends of justice.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the case of Chandarkant Kalyandas Supreme Court of India held that obscenity test must be based on target audience, not the person whose hands the book might stray into.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Supreme Court in Samresh Bose v Amal Mitra departed from Hicklin&rsquo;s test while laying down the test of obscenity. The Court held that while judging the test of obscenity the judge should place himself in the position of reader of every age group in whose hands the book is likely to fall and should try to appreciate what kind of possible influence the book is likely to have in the minds of the readers.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The aversion defence- Merely because a film portrayed communal riots and sexual violence was no reason to deny its exhibition. The aversion test laid down that the idea authors and film makers sometimes depict nudity not to arouse sexual desire but, on the contrary, to arouse horror and revulsion in the audience against the social evil being depicted. The Supreme Court of India applied the aversion test in Bandit Queen Case. In this case a rape scene was challenged on the ground of obscenity. The court rejected the challenged and held that the object of the scene of the frontal nudity was not intended to titillate the cinematographer&rsquo;s lust but to arouse in him sympathy for the victim and the disgust for the perpetrators.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In another case of Samresh Bose in which a Bengali novel Prajapati was challenged on the ground of obscenity, the Supreme Court held that the book has not the effect of depraving or debasing the morals or encouraging lasciviousness of the readers, since the author&rsquo;s intention was to expose certain ills that irk society and he had used his own technique, skills and choice of words.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Now consider the case of Ranveer Singh, the actor, who posed in the nude and against whom a FIR is sought to be filed on charges of obscenity. Can the FIR be quashed based on the law and the interpretations of S. 295 of the IPC by the Supreme Court? The answer is an emphatic yes!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The grounds are the following:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. It is a &ldquo;work of art&rdquo; that has no effect of depraving or debasing the morals or encouraging lasciviousness in those seeing it. (Samresh Bose).&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;2. A naked body does not constitute obscenity. (MF Hussain)&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;3. It is a piece of work that has no immoral influence but is a creative expression (MF Hussain).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;4. Obscenity test must be based on target audience, not the person whose hands the book might stray into. (Chandrakant Kalyandas).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;5. There is no explicit sex, it is not violent and neither degrading nor dehumanizing (Regina v. Butler).&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;6. The average person will not, enforcing the contemporary community standards, find these photographs, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;7. The work neither depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specially defined by the applicable state law.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;8. The work, taken as a whole, falls within the realm of serious literary and artistic value.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion: Beyond all these legal niceties, the fundamental question from persons who belong to civilized society can be; what are they trying to prove?&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;br&gt;Today, it has become a fashion to be different. A person who has a huge fan following can influence by his speech, conduct and action. Recently, the Supreme Court had to deal with Rehanan who allowed her minor children to paint on her half-naked body.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;While dismissing his anticipatory bail plea, the Supreme Court called Rehnan&#039;s act of making her minor children paint pictures on her half-naked body an act of &quot;spreading obscenity&quot;.&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;The Supreme Court said: &quot;Why do you do all this? You might be an activist (but) what kind of nonsense is this? It is obscenity you are spreading&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;It will leave a very bad taste in society&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pervert exhibition of body or painting may satisfy the twisted mindset of the person/painter. It might get huge publicity. It might give raise to huge debates. But if you see the intention of the person, there is absolutely nothing fruitful or beneficial to society except some sort of a twisted pleasure.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Law cannot and need not deal with all kinds of acts bordering on obscenity. But a responsible human being must respond to societal feelings. There are ways to become famous. Selfless service to humankind is the best place to start with.....&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1d14be02953975b5090c7a986734b7bc.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-07-29', 0, NULL, NULL, '2022-07-30 00:27:47', '2023-01-27 16:11:28'),
(200, '98BvQrRlfU5oB0KV58JgfUNeS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '\'\'Truth Be Upon You.\'\' - Nupur Sharma comments from the legal angle.', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gopi Karunakaran, Advocate, Daksha Legal along with Ms. Simran Sahoo, Ms. Abhipsa Panda &amp;amp; Ms. Pallabi Choudhury, Law interns, Daksha Legal.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recently Nupur Sharma, a spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party, was in the news for having made some comments on Prophet Mohammed. The prophet is the most revered person by Muslims the world over. Her comments it is said to have angered the Muslims in India and the world over. There&rsquo;re calls to arrest her for the comments. Since the comments of Ms. Sharma are widely published on Television Channels and on social network, they are not reproduced here.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;This article examines as to whether Ms. Sharma is liable under the Indian laws for having made the statement. The article does not seek to justify or condemn her comments on political or religious line but analyses it purely on the basis of existing laws and its interpretation by our Constitutional Courts.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;We assume, if a FIR is filed, the charges framed will be under Sections 153A, 153B, 505, 295A and S.298 IPC. We have thus looked at these five sections and the relevant decisions of the constitutional courts in India.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 153A deals with punishments for promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The gist of the offence is the intention to promote feelings of enmity or hatred between different classes of people. The intention to cause disorder or incite the people to violence is the sine qua non of the offences under Section 153A IPC and the prosecution has to prove prima facie the existence of mens rea on the part of the accused.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;While Section 153A IPC was added during the British era itself, the legislation also introduced Section 295A IPC by the Criminal Law Amendment Act,1927 to broaden the scope of such offences. It is important to note that Section 295A and Section 153A go hand in hand. This means that the two provisions interact with each other and the offences enlisted under these sections are interlinked.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The only difference between the two sections is that while Section 295A criminalises those who offend or insult any religious group or a religion, Section 153A IPC, on the other hand, criminalises creating enmity between two different groups and not just within a single group as in the case of Section 295A IPC.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Bilal Ahmed Kaloo V. State of Andhra Pradesh (1997) 7 SCC 431,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;the Supreme Court remarked that, &ldquo;...it is important to have at least the reference of two religions in the alleged hate speech or literature. Mere inciting the feeling of one community without any mention of another group or community cannot attract the offence under Section 153A.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 153B. speaks of imputations, assertions prejudicial to national-integration.&amp;nbsp; In Sikkim Social Empowerment V. Anjan Upadhaya &amp;amp; An., Laws (Sik) 2014-3-6 it was alleged that the accused who is the editor and publisher of local dailies, namely, &#039;Hamro Prajashakti&#039; in Nepali and &#039;Himalayan Mirror&#039; in English had indulged in publishing various offending news articles which tended to promote feelings of enmity or hatred or ill-will between Sikkimese and non-Sikkimese people.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The trial court came to a finding that on a bare perusal, the article had the potential to cause feeling of enmity and&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;hatred amongst the two communities, i.e., Sikkimese and non-Sikkimese. The words used in the article were provocative in nature and the fact that the newspaper had wide circulation in the State of Sikkim, gave rise to every likelihood of there being breach of peace and tranquility.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the appeal filed against this judgment, the first appellate court held that on a careful perusal of the article as a whole, no offence under Section 153 B (1) (c) IPC could be said to have been made out.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The court in Bilal Ahmed Kaloo vs State Of Andhra Pradesh (supra) referred the case of Balwant Singh and another vs. State of Punjab (1995) 3 SCC 214 which held that mens rea is a necessary ingredient for the offence under Section&amp;nbsp; 505(2) as it could be discerned from the words &quot;with intent to create or promote or which is likely to create or promote&quot; which is used in the said section. Anyone who makes a statement falling within the meaning of Section 505 would, without publication or circulation, be liable to conviction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The court further held that appellant who had not done anything as against any religious, racial or linguistic or regional group or community cannot be held guilty of either the offence under Section 153A or under Section 505(2) of IPC.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 295A deals with deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage reli&not;gious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or reli&not;gious beliefs.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Ramji Lal Modi vs. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR SC 1957 620, the court held that Section 295A does not penalize every act of insult or attempt to insult religious beliefs of a class of citizens, it penalizes only those acts of insults, which are committed with the deliberate and malicious intention of outraging the religious feelings of that class.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Insults that are not deliberate or lack malicious intent to outrage the religious feelings of a class of citizens are exempted from the purview of the Section. The aggravated acts which are deliberate and malicious in intent have a high tendency to disrupt public order. Hence such acts are punished under Section 295A and the law is in the interest of public order under Article 19(2) of the constitution.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Supreme Court in Mahendra Singh Dhoni vs. Yerraguntla Shyamsunder and another 2017 SCC Online SC 450 reiterated the principle laid down in the Ramji Lal case (supra) and held that Section 295A penalizes only those acts or attempts to insult which are perpetrated with the deliberate and malicious intention of outraging religious feelings of a class of citizens. Any insults which are made carelessly and unwittingly without any malicious intention are not covered under the act. The court also made a parting observation wherein it stated that Magistrates taking&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;cognizance of cases should carefully scrutinize whether the allegations in a complaint properly satisfy the ingredients of the offence.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 298 deals with uttering, words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings of any person.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Ram Chander Sarkar vs Bhupinder Singh CRR No. 1677/2003 decided in 2018 PHHC, the Court held that a person is liable under Section 298 IPC if the following ingredients are established:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. the accused uttered any word or made any sound in the hearing of, or made any gesture in the presence of that person or placed an object in the sight of the person;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. the accused did so intentionally and deliberately; and&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. his intention was to wound the religious feelings of any other persons.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Maqbool Fida Husain vs Raj Kumar Pandey (2008) Laws (DLH) &ndash; 2008-5-240 for the offence to be made out under Section 298 IPC, the accused must have a deliberate intention of wounding the religious feelings of the complainant by uttering some word or making some sound or a gesture or placing an object in the sight of the complainant.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 298 IPC also requires a nexus between the impugned act and the alleged deliberate intention of the petitioner to wound the religious feelings of the complainants.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Court in the case held that the impugned painting cannot form the basis of any deliberate intention on the part of the petitioner to wound the religious feelings of the complainants since the figure, on the basis of the identity alleged, represents an anthropomorphic depiction of the nation. It is also not a religious depiction which is capable of offending the &lsquo;Hindu&rsquo; religious feelings as alleged as also that the concept of Bharat Mata is not the sole premise or belief of Hindus alone.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The judgement further said, &ldquo;...a painting should be judged on the basis of various aspects, such as the posture, pose, surrounding circumstances, background et al. Additionally, that the test for judging a work should be that of an &#039;ordinary man of common sense and prudence&#039; and not an &#039;out of the ordinary or hypersensitive man&#039;&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;A mere knowledge of the likelihood that the religious feelings of another person may be wounded would not be sufficient to hold a person liable under Section 298 IPC.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;If, however, a party were to force himself upon the attention of another, addressing to him, an involuntary hearer, an insulting incentive against, his religion, he would, we conceive, fall under the definition, for the reasonable inference from his conduct would be that he had a deliberate intention of wounding the religious feelings of his hearer Ratanlal on The Law of Crimes, 17th edition, p. 682.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mere abusive word or statement will not by itself constitute the offence under Section 298 of the Indian Penal Code. What is made punishable under Section 298 of the Indian Penal Code is statements or words or gestures made with the object of wounding the religious feelings of others. Those gestures or words or statements must be something touching the religion or religious faith. Ratanlal on The Law of Crimes, 17th edition, p. 682.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In A.Raja and Anr Vs. Madras High Court (2012), a picture printed by the petitioner on a T-shirt was in question. The court observed that there was nothing that was wounding or insulting in the picture in issue as the elementary ingredient of S.298 was missing. It was held that the complainant cannot claim any monopoly in the matter of presentation as it is left to the imagination of the artist.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In another case where the accused, who after sacrificing a cow on Bakr-id carried the flesh around the village in an uncovered condition, because his Hindu fellow villagers previously endeavoured to induce the zamindar to prevent slaughter of cows is liable under section 298 of IPC. The exposure of the cow&#039;s flesh was deliberately intended to wound the feelings of the Hindus. Thus, intention may be inferred from the words as well as from the acts of the accused.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 505 deals with statements conducing to public mischief.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The court in Bilal Ahmed Kaloo vs State Of Andhra Pradesh (supra) referred the case of Balwant Singh and another vs. State of Punjab (supra) held that mens rea is a necessary ingredient for the offence under S. 505(2) as it could be discerned from the words &quot;with intent to create or promote or which is likely to create or promote&quot; which is used in the said section. Anyone who makes a statement falling within the meaning of Section 505 would, without publication or circulation, be liable to conviction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The court further held that appellant who has not done anything as against any religious, racial or linguistic or regional group or community cannot be held guilty of either the offence under Section 153A or under Section 505(2) of IPC.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 41 and 41A of Cr.PC have made it evident that a police officer shall not unnecessarily arrest a person accused of offence punishable with imprisonment for a term which may be less than or extend to seven years with or without fine, cannot be arrested by the police officer only on its satisfaction that such person had committed the offence, moreover the police officer, before arrest, must put a question to himself, why arrest? Is it really required? What purpose it will serve? What object it will achieve? It is only after these questions are addressed and one or the other conditions as enumerated above is satisfied, the power of arrest needs to be exercised.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Now, based on the law and the judgements laid down by the Courts, we are of the considered opinion that it is difficult to prosecute Ms. Nupur Sharma for the following reasons:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Existence of mens reas is difficult to prove;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. We find that the comments were not premeditated or planned. The comments were made on a popular TV debate in the heat of the discussions.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. There was no intentional or deliberate attempt to malign any religion.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The remarks were made carelessly, unwittingly and without malicious intention.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Whatever was stated by Ms. Sharma is in the public domain and are known to the Muslim believers. Restating the same would not amount to an insult to the religion. Please see exception to S. 505 IPC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Being critical of a particular religious practice or incidents in history would not amount to hurting the sentiments of that particular religious denomination.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Further, as said in the MF Hussain case, the comments have to be judged by that of an &#039;ordinary man of common sense and prudence&#039; and not an &#039;out of the ordinary or hypersensitive man&rdquo;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Finally, the SC&rsquo;s ruling makes it difficult for the police to arrest Ms. Sharma&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', '40cc61f4adbd65415a68baeb3911111b.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-06-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-06-13 23:10:58', '2022-06-13 23:15:09');
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(201, 'CH85331HG8fiobkqxZIAZLWbE', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Anti Corruption Laws in Various Countries. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANTI CORRUPTION LAWS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Research&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Submitted by Simran Sahoo,&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Abhipsha Panda and Pallabi Choudhury, Interns, Daksha Legal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Guide: Gopi Karunakaran, Advocate, Daksha Legal Introduction:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. The Lokpal and Lokayukta in India is synonymous with the concept of Ombudsman prevailing in other countries such as Sweden, USA, UK, Canada, etc. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The concept of Ombudsman initially originated in Sweden in the year 1809 and now adapted in many other nations in the world. It played a significant role in curbing maladministration and corruption. Ombudsman is a government official who investigates the consumer&rsquo;s complaints relating to the administration and judicial function. Thus, it helps to protect the rights and interest of the people and checks on abuse of power and over the exercise of jurisdiction of the superior. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. In every government there are three organs, executive, legislature and judiciary and under that there are administrators who are appointed to check whether the administrator doing their jobs properly or not or the public following the rules or not. There is an institution for that who will check the performance of administrator, which is called Ombudsman. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The ombudsman is appointed by the government to represent the public. The main function of the office of the ombudsman is to investigate the complaints against malfunctioning of administration and matters related to infringement of rights. Maladministration prompts different hindrances in the advancement of a country. What &lsquo;maladministration&rsquo; included, in the words of cabinet minister Richard Crossman when introducing the legislation in 1966, was: &lsquo;bias, neglect, inattention, delay, incompetence, inaptitude, perversity, turpitude, arbitrariness and so on&rsquo;. The main driver of this issue of maladministration is debasement. The organization of &ldquo;ombudsman&rdquo; acts as hero and ends up being of colossal significance and is being received by different countries to secure the privileges of the person against the authoritative acts of the State and furthermore to dodge wastefulness in the regulatory set up of the State. Origin of the concept can be traced from 18th century in Sweden. Sweden was the first country to introduce the ombudsman culture. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. In 1809, Sweden was the first country to establish a Parliamentary Ombudsman. Now they called it justitiekantsler - Chancellor of Justice. This note discusses some Ombudsman legislations, his or her legal position, powers and its relationship with the executive. We&rsquo;ve studied some of the legislations in the English-speaking countries and European countries. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Australia: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The Office of the Commonwealth Ombudsman (the Office)i oversees around 20 law enforcement agencies. They inspect the use of certain covert and intrusive powers and ensure agencies are using their powers as Parliament intended. If not, they hold the agencies accountable. They do this by conducting inspections, which involve:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&bull;Working with agencies &bull; Auditing records &bull; Testing agencies&rsquo; processes and systems &bull; Providing reports to agencies and to Parliament&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;These inspections serve as an important community safeguard and assist agencies in applying sound administrative practices. The Ombudsman is also responsible for inspecting places of detention under the control of the Commonwealth. This includes places of immigration detention and places of detention under the control of the Australian Federal Police and the Australian Defence Force. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;United Kingdom: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman makes final decisions on complaints that have not been resolved by the NHS in England and UK government departments and other public organisations. The post of parliamentary ombudsman was established in 1967 in the Parliamentary Commissioner Act as a new type of public official who could investigate complaints of citizens about maladministration by government officials. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The statutory office holder was given statutory powers to have access to information, to require the attendance of witnesses and absolute privilege to protect his reports. What &lsquo;maladministration&rsquo; included, in the words of cabinet minister Richard Crossman when introducing the legislation in 1966, was: &lsquo;bias, neglect, inattention, delay, incompetence, inaptitude, perversity, turpitude, arbitrariness and so on&rsquo;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. At the time of its introduction the concept was attacked as a constitutional innovation which could not be reconciled with ministerial accountability to Parliament, and which usurped an MP&rsquo;s traditional role of pursuing the grievances of constituents. Partly as an answer to such criticism, the new scheme required that all complaints were to be channelled through MPs who could pass them on to the ombudsman, the &lsquo;MP filter&rsquo;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The office of Health Service Ombudsman was created in the NHS Reorganisation Act 1973 following pressure for an effective resolution of grievances, given the exclusion of the NHS from the 1967 Parliamentary Commissioner Act, as outside the direct responsibility of the then Minister for Health. It was subsequently modified by the Parliamentary and Health Service Commissioners Act 1987, the Health Service Commissioners Act 1993 and the Health Service Commissioner (Amendment) Act 1996. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. This last Act considerably broadened the scope of the investigations by enabling the HSC to investigate all aspects of NHS care and treatment, including clinical judgement. It was designed to place the Ombudsman at the top of the new unified NHS complaints procedure. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Until devolution, the parliamentary ombudsman was chosen by convention as Health Service Ombudsman for each constituent part of the UK, except for Northern Ireland. Currently, the post is combined with Health Service Ombudsman for England, as separate arrangements apply in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is no MP filter for the Health Service Ombudsman. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The parliamentary ombudsman&rsquo;s office today continues to investigate cases of maladministration in government departments and agencies and other public bodies. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The Public Administration Select Committee monitors the work of the Parliamentary and Health Services Ombudsman through regular hearings and support. It is due to take oral evidence from Dame Julie in December 2012. The Ombudsman is an appointment made by the Crown under the terms of the Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967. The Act now specifies a seven-year term. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. In practice, an open competition is held for the post, and an interview panel makes the final selection. The chairman of the Public Administration Select Committee participates in the process and the panel has an external assessor from the Public Appointment Commissioner&rsquo;s office to ensure that the appointment is made fairly according to the Commissioner&rsquo;s Code of Practice. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. To indicate the constitutional importance of the Ombudsman, the salary is paid from the consolidated fund, standing services, in the same way as a High Court judge. The parliamentary ombudsman&rsquo;s office is funded via a parliamentary vote. In short, it is funded out of government resources, which are approved by Parliament. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The office also has a non-statutory advisory board, established in 2004, to act as a critical friend, providing advice and support. An executive board, chaired by the Ombudsman, exercises management functions. Ombudsman decisions-right of appeal explains that there is no right of appeal against her decisions, apart from the use of judicial review. A judicial review case in 1994, rejected the argument that the Ombudsman was amenable only to control by Parliament and not subject to review by the courts. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In the period 1994-2002, there were three reported cases in which the Ombudsman has been subjected to judicial review. The advent of devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland led to adjustments and developments of the ombudsman schemes in each constituent part. The parliamentary ombudsman still deals with reserved matters in relation to Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland as well as complaints about maladministration in Government departments, their agencies and some other public bodies in the UK in relation to England.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The Financial Ombudsman Serviceiv is a free and easy-to-use service that settles complaints between consumers and businesses that provide financial services. We resolve disputes fairly and impartially, and have the power to put things right. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) The Legal Ombudsmanv for England and Wales is appointed by the Office for Legal Complaints to run an independent scheme that resolves complaints about lawyers in a fair and effective way, helping to drive improvements to legal services. The Legal Ombudsman works with the Ministry of Justice. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) Local Government &amp;amp; Social Care Ombudsmanvi look at individual complaints about councils, all adult social care providers (including care homes and home care agencies) and some other organisations providing local public services. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Canada: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In Canada, ombudsman offices are present in most departments of the federal government, in many provincial and municipal governments as well as in Crown Corporations such as CBC and Canada Post. There is an Ombudsman for the Department of National Defence and the Canadian Forces, an Office of the Procurement Ombudsman, an Office for the Ombudsman for the Victims of Crimes, an Office of the Taxpayers&#039; Ombudsperson and an Office of the Veterans Ombudsman. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. There are also several independent ombuds offices in Canada, including the Ombudsman for Banking Services and Investments and various child advocate offices. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. While Canada has no single national legislative ombudsman, nine Canadian provinces and one territory have parliamentary ombudsmen (sometimes called &quot;citizens&#039; protector&quot; or &quot;citizens&#039; representative&quot;) in the classical/legislative tradition, who oversee the provincial government and receive and investigate public complaints. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The United States of America &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. Members of the United States Congress serve as federal-level ombudsmen in their oversight capacity over federal agencies, and employ staff specifically dedicated to legal compliance enforcement and investigations of maladministration on behalf of constituents. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANTI-BRIBERY AND ANTI-CORRUPTION LAWS IN USA &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. The USA, with a federal structure of governance, has shown efforts in combating corruption (by the public officials) at local, state and federal levels. Departments having special role in handling corruption in the USA- US Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Primary legislation- Section 201 of Federal Bribery and Gratuity statute (18 U.S.C) and Section 11 of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA). Section 201 of Federal Bribery and Gratuity statute (18 U.S.C) has two principal subparts: Section 201(b), which criminalises bribery, and Section 201(c), which prohibits the payment or receipt of gratuities. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Other regulations include a number of government agency ethics rules, local and state laws and regulations, and election and campaign finance laws. To obtain conviction of the bribe payer under Section 201(b)(1) of 18 U.S.C, the government must prove that something of value was given, offered, or promised to a federal public official corruptly to influence an official act. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. To secure conviction of the person bribed under Section 201(b)(2), the government must show that a public official accepted, solicited or agreed to accept anything of value corruptly in return for &#039;being influenced in the performance of any official act&#039;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) CASE- Evans v. United States1 It was held that - The Hobbs Act applies to any public official who &#039;has obtained a payment to which he was not entitled, knowing that the payment was made in return for official acts. A conviction for extortion under colour of official right does not require the government to prove that the payment was affirmatively induced by the official; rather, &#039;the coercive element is provided by the public office itself&#039;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) CASE- United States v. Rabbitt and McNally v. United States , The court has held that the Hobbs Act also has a broader jurisdictional reach as it can be applied to state public officials so long as the activity &#039;affects commerce&#039;. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) CASE- Dixson v. United States:- The Supreme Court has extended the reach of Section 201 to officers of a private, non-profit corporation administering and expending federal community development block grants. The Court further held that mere presence of some federal assistance would not bring a local organisation and its employees within the jurisdiction of Section 201. Rather, to be a public official, an individual must possess some degree of official responsibility for carrying out a federal program or policy. France: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. The French Ombudsman is named Mediator of the Republic. According to the terms of the law of January 3, 1973 that has created this institution; the Mediator of the Republic is an &quot;independent authority&quot; in charge to improve, by its actions, relations between citizens and administration. The mediator intervenes within disputes that oppose parties by suggesting to both of them solutions of friendly settlement of their disputes. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The French Ombudsman is a member of Club of mediators of public service. The French Ombudsman is a special independent administrative authority, qualified by the law of independent authority, Law of January 3, 1973. Inspired by the Swedish Ombudsman and the English Parliamentary Commissioner, his role is to denounce the failings and shortcomings of the administration. He is appointed by the Council of Ministers for a non-renewable 6-year term. This non-renewable aspect is a condition of his independence, which is also characterized by his removal from the hierarchical authorities: he does not receive any order and can only be relieved from his duties in case of duly noted inabilities. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. He cannot be directly solicited by individuals but only through a Member of Parliament (a congressman or senator according to the choice of the citizen). In facts, the ombudsman can be solicited directly; in which case he forwards the complaint to a Member of Parliament, so that the official procedure can be followed. If the Ombudsman is directly solicited because of a case of emergency or particular importance, the official referral is retrospectively regularized. His jurisdiction is wide spread and includes the activities of state and local authorities, public institutions and organisms entrusted with a public service mission. Since the text of 1973, 5 laws have extended the responsibilities of the Ombudsman: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;New Zealand &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. The Ombudsman is an officer of the New Zealand Parliament to independently look into complaints. The core jurisdiction of the office is cases of maladministration, but it has been progressively expanded over the years to cover complaints under the Official Information Act 1982 and Local Government Official Information and Meetings Act whistle-blower complaints under the Protected Disclosures Act 2000, and it is one of New Zealand&#039;s national preventive mechanisms under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Ombudsmen are appointed by the Governor-General of New Zealand on recommendation from the New Zealand House of Representatives for a term of five years. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. In 1962 Parliament passed the Parliamentary Commissioner (Ombudsman) Act 1962, creating an ombudsmen system based on that of Denmark, with powers to investigate administrative decisions. Initially the Ombudsman served for a term of three years, and had jurisdiction only over central government agencies. In 1968 their jurisdiction was extended to include education boards and hospital boards. In 1975 the Act was replaced with the Ombudsmen Act 1975, which allowed for multiple Ombudsmen, each serving a term of five years. In 1982 the jurisdiction of the Ombudsmen was expanded again, to cover complaints under the Official Information Act 1982. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sweden &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. The office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman (Swedish: Riksdagens ombudsm&auml;n, or Justitieombudsmannen) was established with the Instrument of Government in 1809, originally under the title of Ombudsmannen f&ouml;r Riksens st&auml;nder. The office was modelled after Chancellor of Justice (Swedish: Justitiekanslern), and according to the principle of separation of powers. The Chancellor of Justice was installed in 1714 as a proxy for King Charles XII of Sweden, to act as a representative for the Royal Government. Today it acts as an ombudsman, mainly to oversee that Swedish authorities comply with laws on behalf of the Government, but also to handle indemnity claims from persons suffered from imprisonment but later acquitted, or other damages caused by authorities. The Parliamentary Ombudsman was in turn appointed to represent the parliament; to oversee that all public authorities comply with the laws and decrees. The latter had the specific duty to protect the citizens and as a public attorney prosecute unlawful government or actions by authorities and criticise problematic laws, to ensure equality in the court of law, with inspections and handling of complains. With growing attention to discrimination issues in the latter part of the 20th century a number of new anti-discriminatory Ombudsmen was appointed, to later be gathered under one roof, with the establishment of the Equality Ombudsman (Swedish: Diskrimineringsombudsmannen) in 2009. The Ombudsman for Children (Swedish: Barnombudsmannen) was established in 1993, and is tasked with matters affecting the rights and interests of children and young people. The Director-General of the Swedish Consumer Agency is the designated Consumer Ombudsman (Swedish: Konsumentombudsmannen). Non-government appointed entities are the Pressombudsmannen, supervising compliance with the code of ethics of the Swedish printed media industry, and Sameombudsmannen, an advocate for the rights of the native Sami minority in Sweden, appointed by the Saami Council until 1997. Features of Swedish Ombudsman: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. There is a high degree of independence in terms of the working of JO and free from executive intervention.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 2. It has power to investigate and have access to documents and materials.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 3. It has power to recommend not forcefully but it believes in transparency and credibility. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Denmark &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The Parliamentary Ombudsman (Danish: Folketingets Ombudsmand) was established in Denmark in 1955 to investigate complaints brought by an individual or ex officio in all matters relating to public governance, including maladministration by central or local authorities, on a case-by-case basis and on a general scale. The ombudsman&#039;s main areas of expertise include administrative law; constitutional law; the rights of inmates in correction facilities; and access to information. The ombudsman is appointed by the Parliament of Denmark. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. The Consumer Ombudsman (Forbrugerombudsmanden) was established in 1974 to ensure that the consumer protection and marketing rules are complied with by private undertakings. The ombudsman can ultimately institute legal proceedings before the Copenhagen Maritime and Commercial Court. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;7. In February 2011 the Danish government turned down a request from a United Nations committee to create the position of Ombudsman for Children (B&oslash;rneombudsmand). The government instead opted to create a specialized &quot;children&#039;s office&quot; (B&oslash;rnekontor) as a part of the existing Ombudsman institution. It presents annual report to the Parliament. In Parliament it can discuss the shortcomings and gaps in the regulatory and executive system. Conclusions: Based on the above, we can conclude as follows: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) the Ombudsman legislations in the foreign countries are more comprehensive with more powers and scope than the Lokayukta in Karnataka; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) The office of Ombudsman in these countries cover more areas and subjects than that is provided under the Lokayukta Act;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 3) In India, the Lokpal and Lokpal Lokayuktas have no control or supervision over other Ombudsmen, say like insurance and banking ombudsmen, etc. appointed under various other laws; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4) In India, the Lokpal and Lokayuktas are mainly concerned with corruption and grievances; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5) Some Ombudsmen have supervisory powers over police, police atrocities, jails authorities, jail conditions, enquiry into preventive detention and&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 6) The Ombudsmen are under the supervision and control of the Legislature not the Executive.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; All details are from the website of The Office of the Commonwealth Ombudsman &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004120812185821SS_Chauhan__pub_admin_ Ombudsman_in_UK.pdf &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iii https://www.ombudsman.org.uk/ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iv https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;v https://www.legalombudsman.org.uk/ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;vi https://www.lgo.org.uk/ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;vii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman#Canada &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;viii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman#United_States &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ixhttps://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004120812185821SS_Chauhan__pub_admin_ Ombudsman_in_France.pdf &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Ombudsman_(New_Zealand) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;xi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman#Sweden &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;xii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman#Denmark&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3aa0f36c6287b8558c3344d718fbe267.JPG', 'a774453abd01d383091b1ba582115a23.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-06-28', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-06-28 17:32:17', '2022-06-28 13:20:42'),
(199, 'IR3vpJu5OBTd63DtCmqlFgwFq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Surrogate Advertisements and the Law in India. ', '&lt;h3 class=&quot;iw&quot; style=&quot;overflow: hidden; max-width: calc(100% - 8px); margin: inherit; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-font-smoothing: auto; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#202124&quot; face=&quot;Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gopi Karunakaran, Advocate, Daksha Legal.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Advertising is a powerful medium. It influences peoples&rsquo; choices, their tastes, opinions, wants and desires. It makes or kills products. When you switch on your radio or television sets or log on to the internet, you are flooded with it whether you like it or not. Information Technology uses algorithms to direct ads to you based on your searches and online purchases. It&rsquo;s a big and influential industry.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;While it is a necessary tool to promote one&rsquo;s product or business, unregulated advertising can have detrimental effect on society if one is persuaded to buy unnecessary or harmful products. That&rsquo;s why today you do not see advertisements of cigarettes, alcohol or chewable tobacco on TV or print media.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Indian advertising market for cigarettes and tobacco is regulated by the Cigarettes &amp;amp; Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement &amp;amp; Regulation of Trade &amp;amp; Commerce, Production, Supply &amp;amp; Distribution) Act, 2003. Advertising alcoholic beverages is also banned in India as per the Cable Television Network (Regulation) Amendment Bill, which came into effect on 8 September 2000.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Other products and services that are prohibited are:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) human organs, under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) magical remedies, under the Drugs and Magical Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;c) for prenatal determination of sex, under the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) prize chits and money circulation schemes, under the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act 1978;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;e) physicians, under the Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations; and&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;f) legal services, under the Bar Council of India Rules, formulated under the Advocates Act.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In order to overcome these regulations, advertisers resort to surrogate advertising. Merriam Webster defines a Surrogate as a &#039;substitute&#039;. &quot;Surrogate&quot; also means &ldquo;replacement&rdquo; or &ldquo;substitution&rdquo;.&amp;nbsp; Surrogate advertising is just that. &ldquo;Surrogate advertisements&rdquo; means advertisements which promote prohibited/banned products under the pretext of promoting another product which is not banned or prohibited. A surrogate advertisement can be defined as an advertisement that duplicates the brand image of one product to promote another product of the same brand. The surrogate or substitute could either resemble the original product or could be a different product altogether but it is marketed under the established brand name of the original product.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Surrogate advertisements are used to promote and advertise products of brands when the original product cannot be advertised on mass media. It is used to engrain in the minds of the consumers a brand which is prohibited from advertising by associating a different product but with the same brand name associated with it which would help increase sales of the prohibited products.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Today most private media channels permit alcohol companies to advertise using surrogate means, such as selling the brand name for soda or water or music, etc.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Surrogate advertising became a full-blown problem once the government relaxed rules vide a notification dated February 27, 2009 which allows advertisements of products which shares a brand name or logo with any tobacco or liquor product, while at the same time it also states that no reference direct or indirect could be made to the prohibited products in any form. Further, I&amp;amp;B Ministry has also made it very clear vide its Directive dated June 17, 2010 that the Government notification dated February 27, 2009 cannot be cited as an excuse to telecast advertisements of products in violation of the rules. These relaxed rules helped brands like Kingfisher to advertise mineral water and soda in the brand name Kingfisher. Some instances of surrogate advertisements are: Red &amp;amp; White Bravery Awards, Wills lifestyle Clothing line, Four-Square white-water rafting, Bagpiper Soda, Cassettes and CDs, Royal Challenge Golf Accessories and Mineral Water, Imperial Blue Cassettes and CDs etc. In fact, the use of the words &ldquo;Royal Challengers&rdquo; by the Bangalore IPL cricket team was challenged as violating the Act. Most now bank upon such ads to draw attention to their other products.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 (&ldquo;IT Rules&rdquo;) brings it under the purview of regulation by the Government. With the IT Rules now laid down, the social media platforms and other intermediaries are to ensure due diligence and adhere to other necessary measures prior to publishing any content (which includes advertisements) and to ensure that the content to be published are in accordance with laws of the country and the Constitution of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Additionally, due diligence is also expected from &lsquo;significant social media platforms&rsquo;. This term is not defined in the IT Rules, yet it directly hints at big social media giants like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp among others. The Act requires the appointment of Chief Compliance Officer, Nodal Contact Person and Resident Grievance Officer, to hear and resolve complaints. A three-tier redressal mechanism has been introduced under the said IT Rules which are required to strictly be adhered to by social media platforms. Initially, media platforms resisted the enforcement but ultimately acquiesced.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is now mandatory for television advertisements to get CBFC certification. The advertisers cannot now skirt away from the laws when it comes to advertisements to be telecast on television. However, guidelines and regulations for digital media is a fairly new and the rules are yet to find its application on major violations. There are no strict rules on what can or cannot be shown on digital platforms.&amp;nbsp; With the strict enforcement of the laws and the inability to enforce regulations severely on social media platforms, companies are directly promoting alcohol brands using celebrities and influencers on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) is the watchdog of the advertising industry. It is a self-regulatory and voluntary council, which is registered under the Companies Act. It aims to keep a check over companies to avoid advertising products which are hazardous or unacceptable to the society. Its code states that the advertisement of products which are prohibited by the government should not go ultra vires the law by purporting to be products which are not restricted or prohibited by the law. The ASCI, in February 2021, released the draft guidelines for social media influencers. It brings the responsibility of content of advertisements on the influencers and celebrities endorsing it. With ASCI&#039;s proposal of these guidelines, it endeavours to hold relevant personnel responsible and liable for the content that is being marketed and promoted using such personnel&#039;s attributes specifically on the digital media. Thus, even if brands and corporates are not careful about endorsing alcohol brands directly on social media platforms, the influencer/celebrity will now need to safeguard themselves oby drawing effective legal contracts to prevent themselves from being penalised or banned from endorsing such products.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 too celebrities/endorsers are required to ensure due diligence of the specific brand/product that they are endorsing prior to engaging in such endorsement deals, failing which the celebrities would have to face civil and criminal repercussions for the product they are endorsing. Once these guidelines come into effect, restrain on surrogate advertisement is only going to be stronger since the Act, which is central in nature in relation to all kinds of advertisements will be read with the guidelines which specifically cover surrogate advertisements.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The laws have been further strengthened with the government announcing on10th June 2022 new guidelines to curb misleading advertisements and endorsers by banning surrogate ads, while imposing strict norms for those advertisements that seek to lure consumers offering discounts and free claims. The present guidelines define &ldquo;bait advertisement&rdquo;, &ldquo;surrogate advertisement&rdquo; and clearly provides what constitutes as &ldquo;free claim advertisements&rdquo;. Bait advertisement means an advertisement in which goods, products or service is offered for sale at a low price to attract consumers.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Besides, the guidelines lay down conditions to be complied with while issuing bait advertisements and free claims advertisements, enumerating various factors are to be considered when publishing ads specifically targeting children. The new guidelines on &ldquo;Prevention of Misleading Advertisements and Endorsements for Misleading Advertisements, 2022&rdquo; also seeks to regulate advertisements targeting children.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;An advertisement for junk foods, including chips, carbonated beverages and such other snacks and drinks shall not be advertised during a programme meant for children or on a channel meant exclusively for children.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;While the guidelines provide for regulation of bait, free claims and children-targeted advertisements, it prohibits surrogate advertisements too.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The guidelines state, &ldquo;An advertisement of any goods, product or service that addresses or targets children shall not &ndash; (a) be such as to develop negative body image in children; (b) give any impression that such goods, products or services are better than the natural or traditional food that children may be consuming.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, states &ldquo;misleading advertisement falsely describes a product or service; or gives a false guarantee to, or is likely to mislead the consumers as to the nature, substance, quantity or quality of a product or service; or conveys an express or implied representation, which, if made by the manufacturer or seller or service provider thereof, would constitute an unfair trade practice; or deliberately conceals important information&rdquo;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The guidelines aim to protect consumers interest through bringing in more transparency and clarity in the way advertisements are being published, so that, consumers are able to make informed decisions based on facts rather than false narratives and exaggerations. The penalty for violating the guidelines is also clearly outlined. The consumer protection regulator can impose a penalty up to Rs 10 lakh on manufacturers, advertisers and endorsers for any misleading advertisements. For subsequent contravention, CCPA may impose a penalty of up to Rs 50 lakh.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The authority can prohibit the endorser of a misleading advertisement from making any endorsement for up to 1 year and for subsequent contravention, prohibition can extend up to 3 years.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hopefully, we&rsquo;re moving in the right direction.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5acac757fc96d7e46269ab9bc13b16c7.JPG', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-06-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-06-13 22:22:22', '2022-06-13 11:52:26');
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(202, 'UYXZ2z70DURU5zkimZCC4QkyG', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Regression of Abortion Rights: A study of American and Indian Laws.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;-Vangala Sree Ramya, Parvati Menon and Himangi Nagar, Interns, Daksha Legal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;A woman&#039;s right to an abortion is supported by individual freedoms such as the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. A girl&#039;s reproductive options are influenced by her overall health. Abortion rights are viewed as being essential for improving women&#039;s human rights and improving their quality of life. In recent years, governments all around the world have committed to promoting abortion freedom to extraordinary levels, and institutional laws and programs reflect this effort. The complete right to manage one&#039;s body, often known as physical rights for women, belongs to every woman. Therefore, one may argue that women have a wide range of human rights,including the right to an abortion. According to United Nations, around 73 million abortions are carried out worldwide each year. America saw around 9,30,160 legally induced abortions nationwide in 2020, up from 9,16,460 in 2019. (Gold, 2003) Over the last few decades, various Pro-life groups and the Republicans have worked towards reducing and possibly eradicating abortions in the country. However, according to the Guttmacher&rsquo;s Abortion Provider Census there has been an 8% increase in abortions nationwide in the year 2020. (Jones, Philbin, Kerstein, Nash, &amp; Lufkin, 2022) It is important to note that people having the right to choose abortions and licensed abortion centres carrying out the required procedures is what led to the process being safe for them. As per WHO, people opting for illegal abortions are at a higher risk of death. 4.7% to 13.2% &ldquo;of maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion [annually]&rdquo;, says the report. (World Health Organization , 2021) The count goes as high as 220 deaths per 100,000 unsafe abortions in developing nations (World Health Organization , 2021). Unsafe abortions are the third leading cause of maternal mortality in India and claim around 8 lives each day as per the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)&rsquo;s State of the World Population Report 2022. (United Nations, 2022) The recent ruling by the Supreme Court of The United States of America in Dobbs v. Jackson (2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057) has shocked everyone. The states now hold right to regulate abortions at all stages, stripping women of their reproductive rights altogether. In the light of such drastic shift in America&rsquo;s view of abortion, this article summarises the changes in abortion regulations in America and India.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;What is Roe and why is it so important to the current discussion?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;The majority judgement of Dobbs mentions Roe elaborately, saying it &ldquo;must be overruled&rdquo;. For better understanding of the same, we go back to what was held in Roe and how it became a landmark decision in the history of abortion rights in America. Roe stands for the 1973 judgement of Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)), that legalised abortion upto the point of fetal viability. Fetal viability is the point in pregnancy after which a foetus can sustain outside of the womb. Several medical experts and reports contend that this period is generally after 23 or 24 weeks of pregnancy. An average pregnancy lasts for around 40 weeks. Roe was brought before the Supreme Court as a class action against the state criminal abortion statute of Texas. The impugned statute was held violative of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by the Court. The judgment declared that &ldquo;...the right of privacy, however based, is broad enough to cover the abortion decision; that the right, nonetheless, is not absolute and is subject to some limitations; and that at some point the state interests as to protection of health, medical standards, and prenatal life, become dominant.&rdquo; Roe held that up until the stage of the first trimester, the decision to abort must rest between the physician and the pregnant person. However, it provided State with the right to regulate abortion post-viability i.e., after the end of first trimester, in the interest of the potentiality of human life, and for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. Roe did not affect the number of abortions in United States. As per a report by Guttmacher Institute, before Roe, around a million abortions were being conducted illegally in the U.S. annually. After Roe, the number of abortions remained the same, however they were now being done legally. (Maddow-Zimet &amp; Kost, 2021) The mortality rate due to abortions reduced drastically in the years after Roe. Women were having abortions when the procedure is the safest: the number of women obtaining abortions earlier in the first trimester increased from 20% in 1970 to 56% in 1998 (Maddow-Zimet &amp; Kost, 2021). Another landmark judgment regarding abortion regulations was Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1994 SCC OnLine US SC 11: 510 US 1309 (1994)) in 1992 where the court established that any restriction placed on abortion is unconstitutional if it puts an &ldquo;undue burden&rdquo; on a woman seeking an abortion pre-viability. Abortion was, and still remains a polarizing and hotly debated topic in the United States. Based on previous history of state laws, around 26 American States are likely to ban abortion after the overturning of Roe v. Wade (Guttmacher Institute , 2021). The recent Supreme Court judgement of Dobbs v. Jackson has overturned both Roe and Casey and here&rsquo;s why.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What happened in Dobbs v. Jackson?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;In the year 2018, the Mississippi law makers passed the Gestational Age Act, 2018 that banned most abortions after the 15th week of pregnancy which is way before the fetal viability period. The only licensed abortion clinic of Mississippi, Jackson Women&rsquo;s Health Organization, sued the state health officer of Mississippi, and challenged the constitutionality of the Act. The US District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi ruled in favor of Jackson, holding that the state had &ldquo;no legitimate state interest strong enough, prior to viability, to justify a ban on abortions&rdquo;. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld the decision and re-iterated women&rsquo;s right to choose an abortion before viability, as affirmed by various Supreme Court judgments. Mississippi then filed an appeal of the Fifth Circuit decision to the Supreme Court, which recently delivered its judgement, reversing the Fifth Circuit&rsquo;s decision. In its October 2022 session, the Supreme Court held that abortion was not a protected right under the Constitution of the nation and overturned Roe and Casey in the process. After this, the states hold the right to make decisions regarding abortion regulations for the pre-viability period again.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;What did the judges say?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;In a 6:3 judgment, the Supreme Court of U.S.A. upheld the Mississippi Act that banned most abortions after the 15th week of pregnancy. Five of the nine majority judges overruled the landmark judgments of Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. The Court has stripped women of their right to abortion. The contentions of the judges have been analysed below. Justice Samuel Alito wrote the majority opinion in the case, supported by Justice Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. The critical question before the bench was whether the Constitution, properly understood, confers a right to obtain an abortion. &ldquo;The Constitution makes no reference to abortion, and no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional provision.&rdquo;, Alito wrote. He supported the dissenting Justice of Roe, and wrote that Roe was &ldquo;egregiously wrong from the start&rdquo; and that it had &ldquo;damaging consequences&rdquo;. Alito called the analysis of Roe &ldquo;unfocused&rdquo; and one that &ldquo;either ignored or misstated history&rdquo;. The judgement further takes into consideration the rights that can come under the Due Process Clause of Fourteenth Amendment. Quoting from Timbs v. Indiana (2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057), Alito states that for a right to fall under the purview of substantive rights, it shall be &ldquo;deeply rooted in [our] history and tradition&rdquo; and shall be essential to the Nation&rsquo;s &ldquo;scheme of ordered liberty&rdquo;. And when it comes to the current issue, Alito writes, &ldquo;... the clear answer is the Fourteenth Amendment does not protect the right to an abortion&rdquo;. Relying on Washington v. Glucksberg (2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057), Alito states that the right to abortion cannot be guaranteed under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment since it is not &ldquo;deeply rooted in this Nation&rsquo;s history and tradition&rdquo; and it does not &ldquo;implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.&rdquo; The opinion also contains that there was no support for abortion as a constitutional right until shortly before Roe. In fact, common law, followed by America, classified abortion as a crime to some extent. Alito contends in the judgement that Casey only declined to reconsider Roe&rsquo;s &ldquo;faulty historical analysis&rdquo;. Further, Casey did not specify the &ldquo;undue burden&rdquo; on a woman&rsquo;s right to have an abortion and only added more fuel to the fire rather that ending it. &ldquo;Americans continue to hold passionate and widely divergent views of abortion&rdquo;, Alito wrote. Justice Kavanaugh, one of the concurring Justice, added that the Constitution is silent on issues regarding abortion as &lsquo;it does not refer to or encompass abortion&rsquo;. He stated that the Supreme Court upholds the rights of the people that have been deeply rooted and in the country&rsquo;s history and that abortion was not such a right. He thus justified his views on why peoples elected representatives should be the ones deciding what is in the best interest of the people with respect to abortion. The dissenting judges stated that Roe and Casey had been protecting the liberty and equality of women. They opined that the result of Roe and Casey led to the State having control over the women&rsquo;s decision only after the fetal viability period which was a balance between the States and the women&rsquo;s autonomy. The dissenting judges believed overturning Roe and Wade was typing this balance and putting too much power in the hands of the Government.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Current laws in India:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;Abortion by chemical, surgical, or other methods has been permitted in India since 1971. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, which was introduced the same year, grants any woman seeking an abortion the right to one so long as the justifications she cites are valid. Despite the fact that abortion is still legal in India, due to the social stigma attached to the procedure, many women are either trying illegal abortions outside of the medical healthcare system or are uncertain of their access to medical abortion. The MTP (Amendment) Act gained presidential assent on March 25, 2021. The Act revised the 1971 law by extending the number of weeks a woman may choose to end her pregnancy and describing unique cases under which a pregnancy may be ended at any time. While the amendment has, to some point, improved access to abortion, it does not address the MTP Act&#039;s fundamental problem, that a woman does not have the right to terminate a pregnancy but may only do so under particular circumstances and only if a doctor finds those conditions are met. By creating a framework that allowed women to exercise fundamental control over their bodies, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971 helped pave the way for a new era in women&#039;s health. Under the Indian Penal Code, 1860, inducing a miscarriage voluntarily is illegal, and women may also face legal consequences. The Act established a framework that allows women to seek out medical help without being concerned about bodily harm from unqualified or unskilled persons by establishing the practice of abortion. A valid limitation to Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code, 1872, which makes &quot;inflicting a miscarriage&quot; a criminal offense, was made by the MTP Act, 1971. According to Section 315 of the IPC, any action taken with the purpose of avoiding the child from being born alive or causing it to die after birth is illegal, and both the woman seeking the abortion and the doctor might face charges. Due to constraints of the Code, it was discovered that many women seeking abortions have been facing life-threatening issues. As a result, Section 3 of the MTP Act of 1971 set forward the following circumstances in which a pregnancy may be terminated, cases in which the pregnancy may harm the woman&#039;s mental or physical health, or the foetus had a major risk of being born with significant physical or mental problems. Since this, a woman no longer has the legal right to end a pregnancy because she can only do so if one or more of the strict senses were met. In Alok Srivastav v. Union of India (2020) (2020 SCC OnLine SC 345), the court drew support from the medical board&rsquo;s conclusion that, in one of these rejections involving the rape of a minor, prolonging the pregnancy was safer for the unborn child than terminating it. The petitioner, a 10-year-old rape victim who was 32 weeks pregnant, was denied an abortion by the court. The Govt. issued instructions to that effect after the Court ordered it to direct the creation of permanent medical boards in the states to examine petitions for abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy swiftly. Human rights are those that need to be guaranteed to everyone, without exception. The most basic human right, from which there can be no violations and which is inherent, is the right to healthy living. According to Article 6 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ((XXI), 1966), the taking of life unnecessarily is illegal. But there are a lot of complex problems with this right. A few of these problems is a person&#039;s ability to get an abortion. Due to the fact that unmarried women in India bear the majority of the responsibility, not all women have an &ldquo;equal&rdquo; right to choose abortion under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP) of 1971, medical abortions were permitted up to 9 weeks of Pregnancy and surgical abortions up to 20 weeks. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020, increased the time frame during which women may obtain an abortion and placed restrictions on the situations in which it may be carried out. In its ruling in the case of the X v. State of Maharashtra ((23.05.2022 - BOMHC) : MANU/MH/1723/2022), the Bombay High Court&rsquo;s Nagpur Bench on February 4, 2020, granted a rape victim&rsquo;s request to abort her 25-week-old pregnancy, reasoning that a rape-caused pregnancy would cause significant emotional distress and harm to the girl&#039;s mental health. The court took into account the opinion of a licensed medical professional in establishing the harm to the pregnant woman&#039;s physical and mental health since the pregnancy extended longer than the 24-week limit imposed by the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 2021. According to the medical board&#039;s findings, &ldquo;since the girl is not married, the pregnancies bodily and emotional effect will hurt the girl, and if the baby is delivered, it will not receive any appropriate care&rdquo;, The judgement was made based on the findings of the medical board by a bench of Justice SB Shukre and AK Pansare. Additionally, it was said that a report had been made regarding the incident, that the police had identified an offence that was in violation of Section 376 (2)(n) of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and that they were conducting an investigation. On the other hand, the court mandated that the girl&#039;s written agreement be acquired prior to the termination of the pregnancy. The amended MTP Act of 2021 allows for one doctor&#039;s advice if the abortion is performed within 20 weeks of pregnancy and two doctors&#039; advice in certain circumstances between 20 and 24 weeks of pregnancy, whereas the original MTP Act of 1971 required one doctor&#039;s opinion if the abortion was performed within 12 weeks of pregnancy and two doctors&rsquo; opinion for an abortion performed between 12 and 20 weeks. Abortion for single women is lawful in India, but abortion based on the gender of the foetus is forbidden. The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 forbids the use of any test to determine the gender of a foetus. Anyone who requests an abortion based on the gender of the unborn child, as well as the medical professional who conducts the procedure, might spend up to 7 years in prison.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;People&rsquo;s perception of the judgement in India:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;In terms of gender relations, India is still a conservative nation. Its strict social, cultural, and religious foundation does not fully acknowledge premarital relationships or pregnancies that occur outside of marriage. Pregnancy in unmarried women is always considered to be a social disgrace. The frequency of unmarried pregnancies has increased due to premarital sexual encounters being more widespread and gender roles becoming more flexible due to economic independence, social advancement, and better living conditions. Many Indian women worry that the 1973 Roe v. Wade ruling, which removed a woman&rsquo;s constitutional right to an abortion, could have a &ldquo;ripple effect&rdquo; on India&rsquo;s abortion services. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act made abortions lawful in India in 1971. India, which has one of the highest rates of female feticides in the world, has never viewed its abortion law from the perspective of a woman&rsquo;s right, unlike Roe v. Wade decision in the United States, which upheld a pregnant woman&#039;s right to an abortion by referring to it as a fundamental &ldquo;right to privacy&rdquo;. Hence, the grounds of comparison between the two countries stand on extremely weak foundations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;In a time when countries are striving toward progressiveness, Dobbs is a disgraceful black spot in the history of a developed nation like the USA. Several misleading facts around abortion have resulted in the polarization of common population. It is a lesser-known fact that pregnancy and childbirth are way more dangerous than abortion. It is rare for abortion procedures to go wrong and put a woman&rsquo;s life at risk. Therefore, the state citing women&rsquo;s health as a reason for regulating abortions is unjust and lacks medical basis. It is high time to understand that opting for abortion is a human right that every woman should have access to, whenever she ever needs it, without having to explain herself. It is a sad fact that one of the most personal aspects of a person&rsquo;s life is being used as a political agenda in a country like the USA which is considered to be one of the most developed nations in the world. As per the recent polls, 37% of Americans want abortion illegal in all or most cases. However, a bigger fraction of people &mdash; around 6 in 10 Americans think that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. And over 90% of abortions in America happen in the first trimester (by 13 weeks). While comparing the USA and India, both the countries have expressed opposing views with respect to the legality of abortion. The USA has been debating the issue of whether abortion is a constitutional right or not. Whereas, India has been struggling over determining the extent to which abortions should be allowed based on moral grounds. In one of India&rsquo;s recent judgements, the Apex Court held that denying the right to a safe abortion to an unmarried woman violates her personal autonomy and freedom. Justice Chandrachud made it clear that a woman has the right to make reproductive choices and it is an inseparable part of her personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution. This leads us to believe that India&rsquo;s current stance on abortion is clearly more progressive than America&rsquo;s. With the harsh devolution of abortion rights in USA, one can only hope that one day abortion rights get treated the way they are meant to be &ndash; women&rsquo;s right over their reproductive autonomy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 18.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; References &lt;/b&gt;(XXI), G. A. (1966, December 16). Human Rights Instruments. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. United Nations Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner. Dobbs, State Health Officer of the mississippi Department of Health, et al. v. Jackson Women&#039;s Health Organization , 2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057 (Supreme Court of United States of America October 2022). Gold, R. B. (2003). Lessons from Before Roe: Will Past be Prologue? Guttmacher Institute. Guttmacher Institute . (2021, September 28). If the U.S. Supreme Court overturns or guts Roe v. Wade, 26 states are certain or likely to ban abortion. Retrieved from Guttmacher Institute: https://www.guttmacher.org/infographic/2021/if-us-supreme-court-overturns-or-guts-roe-v-wade-26-states-are-certain-or-likely Jones, R. K., Philbin, J., Kerstein, M., Nash, E., &amp; Lufkin, K. (2022). Long-Term Decline in US Abortions Reverses, Showing Rising Need for Abortion as Supreme Court Is Poised to Overturn Roe v. Wade. Guttmacher Institute. Maddow-Zimet, I., &amp; Kost, K. (2021). Pregnancies, Births and Abortions in the United States, 1973&ndash;2017: National and State Trends by Age. Guttmacher Institute . United Nations. (2022). UNFPA State of World Population . Unite Nations. World Health Organization . (2021, November 25). Abortion. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abortion Diamant, Jeff, Mohamed, Besheer. What the data says about abortion in the U.S. Pew Research Center. (2022, June 24). Retrieved from Pew Research Center:&nbsp; https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/06/24/what-the-data-says-about-abortion-in-the-u-s-2/ 410 U.S. 113 (1973) 2022 U.S. LEXIS 3057 1994 SCC OnLine US SC 11 : 510 US 1309 (1994) MANU/MH/1723/2022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3a360b7ce49c0d6d877750706467adf5.png', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-07-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2022-07-26 23:07:05', '2022-09-05 14:43:08');
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(204, 'fTjQUWxEWyrDIRqiUF9IXsAd1', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Arrest under Indian Criminal Law. An analysis on D.K.Basu guidelines laid down by Supreme Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Author: Deepak Rajshekhar Tongli&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Research Associate (Law)&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;You are under Arrest&hellip;..! are the set of words which none of us like to hear. This is something curtailing us from our freedom and liberty. There were many instances that Arrest is been challenged in the court of law as it is infringing Fundamental Rights on Personal Liberty under Art. 21 of the Constitution of India. However, there is a succeeding line in the article which reads as &ldquo;except according to procedure established by law&rdquo;. This protects the state from making laws in the interest of state and maintaining peace, law and order.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Once arrested, the person so arrested is deprived of his personal liberty and detained in the custody. He is under direct control of the Police Authorities and there will be none from his side to represent in the custody. There are instances wherein excessive use of power, misuse of power during interrogation in the police custody. We have heard of Custodial Torture and Custodial Deaths. These are something which is against the mankind. Though there are set procedures elaborately discussed in our procedural law like Code of Criminal Procedure on Arrest, Trail etc yet there are cases of Custodial Deaths and Tortures in the country. In this article, I am expressing the analysis of Judicial activism in such Custodial Harassment and how it has issued guidelines to the State in case of Arrest and detention.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Arrest means &ldquo;the deprivation of a person of his liberty by a legal authority or at least by apparent legal authority&rdquo;. For instance, when a police officer apprehends a theft, he is arresting the thief, but when a robber apprehends a person with a view to extracting ransom, he is not arresting the person but, illegally confining him. Moreover, it has to be noted that &ldquo;every compulsion or physical restraint is not arrested but when the restraint is total and deprivation of liberty is complete, it amounts to arrest&rdquo;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;HISTORY OF ARREST&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;An arrest is an anachronism and the concept of arrest has existed throughout time and space. In England, during the 18th century, the concept of police officers did not exist. In 1749, Magistrate Henry Fielding appointed six men to conduct arrest, search and seizure on his authority to effectuate criminal trials and provide assistance to the Magistrates. These men were the &ldquo;first professional police service of England and came to be known as the Bow Street Runners&rdquo;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;MODERN CONCEPT OF ARREST&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The power to arrest is now vested upon designated police officials under the employment of the State through several legislations. In the United States, the offences are divided into Minor Crimes or infractions and Serious Crimes or felonies. In case of minor crimes, the offender is served with a citation to appear before the court and no arrest takes place. The arrest is allowed only for felonies and the person is kept in a pre-trial prison under the surveillance of the police.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Further, in the United States, there is a clear difference between detention which is an informal interrogation or investigatory stop and arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;In the United Kingdom, the main legislation dealing with arrest powers and procedures is the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984. An arrest is divided into &lsquo;arrest with a warrant&rsquo; and &lsquo;arrest without warrant&rsquo; and the Act provides situations when an arrest can be made without a warrant and when a warrant is vital to effect the arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;CONCEPT OF ARREST UNDER CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE, 1973.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;? OBSERVATIONS &amp;amp; ELEMENTS:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;In R.R. Chari v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex court defined arrest as &ldquo;the act of being taken into custody to be formally charged with a crime&rdquo;. The court observed that in a Constitutional sense, it means the seizure of a person (body of a person).&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;In State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh, the court observed that arrest is the &ldquo;physical restraint put upon an abducted person in the process of recovering and taking that person into legal custody with or without any allegation or accusation of any actual or suspected commission of the offence&rdquo;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The elements necessary to constitute arrest were summarized by the Madras High Court in Roshan Beevi v. Joint Secy. To the Govt. of Tamil Nadu. The vital elements required to institute arrest are:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;1. &ldquo;There must be an intent to arrest under legal authority,&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;2. There must be seizure or detention of the person,&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;3. The person must be in the lawful custody of the arresting person and 4. The act of arrest must include the actual confining of the person and not mere oral declaration of arrest&rdquo;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;PURPOSE&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The code contemplates arrest of an alleged offender under five circumstances:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;1. &ldquo;For securing the attendance of the accused at trial&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;2. For prevention of an apprehended offence or as a precautionary measure.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;3. For obtaining the correct name and address of the person arrested.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;4. For removing obstruction created to police.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;5. For retaking a person escaped from custody&rdquo;. These circumstances are not restricted only to the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the purpose of arrest remains the same under every law. Also, it can be noticed that the Code allows arrest on the apprehension of a cognizable offence as well. In Rajesh Raut v. State of Maharashtra, for instance, it was held that where an arrestee has a design (preparation) to commit a cognizable offence affecting the peace and order in that place, his detention for certain days ordered by the Magistrate would be proper and justified.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;MISUSE OF THE POWER OF ARREST Arrest, as averred earlier, is a restriction on the &ldquo;right to personal liberty&rdquo;. Therefore, any violation of this right &ldquo;must be by a procedure established by law which shall be fair and reasonable&rdquo;. In Kajal Dey v. the State of Assam, the court said that &ldquo;what is fair and reasonable shall depend upon the circumstances of the case&rdquo;.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Despite all the laid procedures and guidelines, misuse of the power of arrest and custodial violence is not novel in India. In People&rsquo;s Union for Democratic Rights v. Police Commissioner, Delhi, the police officers arrested some poor people from the village and compelled them to do certain work at the police station. On asking for wages, these people were stripped and beaten up. Further, in Prem Shankar Shukla v. Delhi Administration, the petitioner moved the Supreme Court contending that he and certain other prisoners were forced to wear handcuffs during custody.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The frequent instances of police atrocities and custodial deaths prompted the apex court to pass judgments such as Nilabati Behera, Joginder Kumar and Shyam Sunder Trivedi which were later reviewed in D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;DK BASU VS. STATE OF WEST BENGAL ALONG WITH ASHOK K. JOHRI VS. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;FACTS OF THE CASE:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;D. K Basu, The Executive Chairman, Legal Aid Services, West Bengal, a non- Political organisation on 26.08.1986 addressed a letter to the Chief Justice of India drawing his attention to certain news items published in the Telegraph Newspaper regarding deaths in police lock up and custody. He requested that the letter be treated as a Writ Petition within the &ldquo;Public Interest Litigation&rdquo; Category. Considering the importance of the issues raised in the letter, it was treated as a Writ Petition and notice was served to the Respondents. While the Writ Petition was under consideration, one Mr. Ashok Kumar Johri addressed a letter to the Chief Justice drawing his attention to the death of one Mahesh Bihari of Pilkhana, Aligarh in Police Custody. The same letter was also treated as a Writ Petition and was listed along with the Writ Petition of D.K.Basu. On 14.08.1987, the Court made the Order issuing notices to all the State Governments and notice was also issued to the Law Commission of India requesting suitable suggestions within a period of two months. In response to the notice, affidavits were filed by several states including West Bengal, Orissa, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya, Maharashtra and Manipur. Further, Dr. A.M.Singhvi, Senior Advocate was appointed as Amicus Curiae to assist the Court. All the Advocates appearing rendered useful assistance to the Court.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;ISSUE:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Issue in the Present Case pertained to Custodial Torture and Deaths by the Police.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;FINDINGS OF THE COURT:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;The Court issued a list of 11 guidelines in addition to the Constitutional and Statutory Safeguards which were to be followed in all cases of arrest and detention.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;GUIDELINES LAID DOWN IN D.K.BASU CASE ARE AS FOLLOWS:&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;1. The Police Personnel carrying out the arrest and handling the interrogation of the arrestee should bear accurate, visible and clear identification and name tags with their designations. The Particulars of all such personnel who handle interrogation of the arrestee must be recorded in a register.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;2. That the Police Officer carrying out the arrest of the arrestee shall prepare a memo of the arrest at the time of arrest and such memo shall be attested by at least one witness who may be either a member of the family of the arrestee or a respectable person of the locality from where the arrest is made. It shall also be counter signed by the arrestee and shall contain the time and date of arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;3. A person who has been arrested or detained and is being held in custody in a police station or interrogation centre or other lock-up, shall be entitled to have one friend or relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare being informed, as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested and is being detained at the particular place, unless the attesting witness of the memo of the arrest is himself such a friend or a relative of the arrestee.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;4. The time, place of arrest and venue of custody of an arrestee must be notified by the police where the next friend or relative of the arrestee lives outside the district or town through the Legal Aid Organisation in the District and the police station of the area concerned telegraphically within period of 8 to 12 hours after the arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;5. The person arrested must be made aware of his right to have someone informed of his arrest or detention as soon he is put under arrest or is detained.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;6. An entry must be made in the Case Diary at the place of detention regarding the arrest of the person which shall also disclose the name of the next friend of the person who has been informed of the arrest and the names and particulars if the police official in whose custody the arrestee is.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;7. The Arrestee should, where he so requests, be also examined at the time of his arrest and major and minor injuries, if present on his/her body, must be recorded at that time. The &ldquo;Inspection Memo&rdquo; must be signed both by the arrestee and the police officer effecting the arrest and its copy provided to the arrestee.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;8. The arrestee should be subjected to medical examination by a trained doctor every 48 hours during his detention in custody by a doctor on the panel of approved doctors appointed by the Director, Health Services of the concerned State or Union Territory.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;9. Copies of all the documents including the memo of arrest should be sent to the Magistrate for his record.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;10. The Arrestee may be permitted to meet his lawyer during interrogation, though not throughout the interrogation.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;11. A Police Control Room should be provided at all district and state headquarters, where information regarding the arrest and the place of custody of the arrestee shall be communicated by the officer causing the arrest, within 12 hours of effecting the arrest and at the Police Control Room Board, it should be displayed on a conspicuous notice board.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Recently, in Ratilala Raghavjibhai v. State of Gujarat, police has come to the complainant&rsquo;s house and said that her husband was involved in a theft incident and since he was not home they arrested her son and told her to inform her husband if he returns and only then will her son be allowed to go. These instances of meaningless misuse of power shake the entire concept of the arrest.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Finally, to conclude with in a free society like ours, &ldquo;law is quite complex of the personal liberty of every individual and does not tolerate the detention of any person without legal sanction&rdquo;. The right of personal liberty is a basic human right recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This has also been prominently included in the Convention on the Civil and Political Rights to which India is now a party.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;Even the Indian Constitution recognizes the right to personal liberty under Article 21 and also provides that it can be violated only by a fair and reasonable procedure established by law. Thus, personal liberty being the corner stone of our social structure, the concept of arrest and legal provisions related to it have special significance.&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1b815c6d1dc3f7506041d832e94abe2a.png', '47926cb6a7b169fa509c76522f011307.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2022-09-05', 0, NULL, NULL, '2022-09-06 00:54:42', '2023-01-27 16:09:49');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(206, 'rIb08pidCRUL9ecxlvPlGpOV8', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Property Tax on Educational Institutions in Municipality, Corporation and Gram Panchayat areas. Latest position explained.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;There is no uniformity in Karnataka when it comes to imposition of property tax on educational institutions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Under the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act (Section 110) the educational institutions are exempted from payment of property tax. Even under the Karnataka Municipalities Act (Section 94) there is exemption. But these exemptions are subject to payment of 25% of the property tax towards service charges.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Referring to the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, Section 199 of the Act controls the levy of taxes, rate etc., by Gram Panchayats. Sub-section (1) states that the manner and subject to such exemptions, as may be prescribed, the Gram Panchayat could levy taxes not exceeding the maximum rate specified in Schedule IV, upon buildings and lands not subject to agricultural assessment within the limits of the Panchayat area.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. The State Government, in exercise of the power conferred under Sections 199, 200 and 201 framed Taxation Rules&rsquo; which came into force in the year 1995.&amp;nbsp; Rule 3 under Chapter II provided for procedure to levy tax on building and land.&amp;nbsp; Rule 5 provides for rate of tax to be levied on the building at 10% of the annual letting value of such building, per annum; while Rule 6 provided for exemptions.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Rule 6 (c) provided exemption for buildings and lands used solely for charitable or public religious purposes and not let out for rent, under Sub-section (1) of Section 199. The educational institutions claimed exemption under this provision though there is no direct provision for exemption.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The Government Circular dated 19:11:2016 imposed property tax on all buildings exempting only the government buildings from the imposition of property tax.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The Karnataka High Court delivered a Judgement on 23 December 2021 in Writ Petition 16323 of 2021 holding that the Circular cannot take away the power of exemption vested in the Gram Panchayat.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. However, the entire taxation policy is now changed with the framing of Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj (Gram Panchayat Tax, Fee and Fee) Rules 2021 which came into existence on 31 March 2022.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;8. Under the present Rules, exemption of property tax is granted to educational institutions only to the extent of 25%. This is applicable only if the educational institutions are self dependent for STP etc.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;9. It may be noted that while Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act grants exemption subject to payment of 25% towards service charge, the new BBMP Act took away the exemption completely. Writ Petitions are filed challenging the BBMP Act as discriminatory and unconstitutional. The High Court has granted stay of demand notices by BBMP in Writ Petition 12954 of 2021 subject to payment of 25% of the demand notice.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Thus, there is no uniformity in property tax imposition on educational institutions in Karnataka.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Karnataka Municipalities Act grants exemption subject to payment of service charges of 25%.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act grants exemption subject to payment of 25% towards service charge.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 1rem; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) BBMP Act has taken away exemption completely.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d) The latest Rules i.e. Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj (Gram Panchayat Tax, Fee and Fee) Rules 2021 exemption is only to the extent of 25% and tax of 75% is leviable.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In my opinion the BBMP Act and the Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj (Gram Panchayat Tax, Fee and Fee) Rules 2021 also suffer from discrimination and hence violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;S. Basavaraj&lt;br&gt;Senior Advocate&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bengaluru&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom:0cm;text-align:justify;text-justify:<br />\r\ninter-ideograph;line-height:normal&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5d365d5b43bc3e3c7f228e6fd0e56c3f.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2023-01-27', 1, NULL, NULL, '2023-01-27 19:07:08', '2023-04-19 17:49:49'),
(207, 'qFtpsUA93s6n4qtSKNwX6hrLC', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Know Your Judge. Justice S Vishwajith Shetty, Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S. Vishwajih Shetty celebrates his 56th birthday today.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Savanur Vishwajith Shetty was born on 19.05.1967. Appointed as Additional Judge of the High Court of Karnataka and taken oath on 28.04.2020 and Permanent Judge on 25.09.2021. Welcome speech by the Chairman, Karnataka State Bar Council. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://webcast.gov.in/events/NTc4/session/MTk5Ng--&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://webcast.gov.in/events/NTc4/session/MTk5Ng--&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Justice Vishwajith Shetty completed primary schooling at St Victors Primary School Puttur and High School in St Philomina High School, Puttur.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;He obtained law degree from Vaikunta Baliga law college, Udupi and nrolled on the Rolls of the Karnataka State Bar Council on 3 August 1990. He joined the chambers of Shri. P.V.Vishwanatha Shetty who became the Judge of the Karnataka High Court and also Karnataka Lokayukta.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Justice Vishwajith Shetty practiced in the field of Civil, Criminal and Writ side and started independent practice in the year 1995. He represented Mangalore and Davanagere City Corporations.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Some of the recent and important judgments delivered by Justice Vishwajith Shetty&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. When accused is acquitted for the offence under Section 392 (Robbery), he cannot be convicted for the offence under Section 411 (Dishonestly receiving stolen property).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;2. Judgment of acquittal passed in a complaint case can be challenged before the High Court under Section 378(4) Cr.PC and an appeal under Section 378(2) Cr.PC before the Sessions Court is not maintainable.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Compliance of Sections 53 and 54 of the Karnataka Excise Act. i.e. securing search warrant or to record the grounds to dispense with the search warrant is mandatory. Non-compliance of the same would vitiate the conviction order.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;4. Rash and negligent driving resulting in death. Leniency can be shown on the sentence that is imposed on the accused in the event if the family members of the deceased receive the compensation from the accused.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;5. When Juvenile Justice Board decides to try the juvenile as an adult, the accused can, apart from appealing against the order, seek bail under Section 12 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;6. When correction of arbitration award is sought, limitation to challenge award commences from the date on which request for correction of award has been disposed of by arbitrator and not from the date of the original award.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;7. Change of entries in property register by playing fraud. Such fraudulent entry can be set aside in a Writ Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;8. Arbitration award. The date for quantifying the stamp duty payable on the award is the date on which the award was signed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;9. Transport vehicle and omnibus, when gross weight does not exceed 7500 kg would be a light motor vehicle. Holder of LMV driving licence is competent to drive such transport vehicle only when the weight does not exceed the limit.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '50b95106997f9c6aaa1d6e4d777332a1.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2023-04-19', 0, NULL, NULL, '2023-04-19 23:19:21', '2023-04-19 23:19:21'),
(208, 'KRGYiJhVJ6mn73PEnSJ5Q7CHX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Know Your Judge. - Justice P N Desai, Karnataka High Court', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Padmaraj Nemachandra Desai celebrates his 62nd birthday today. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice P.N. Desai was born on 21:5:1961 at Navalgund, Dharwad District. He did Bachelor of Science (B.sc) Degree from P.C. Jabin Science College, Hubli and LL.B. (Spl) from University College of Law, Dharwad. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Justice P.N. Desai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;enrolled as an Advocate in the year 1984 and joined the Chambers of his father - Late Sri. N.J.Desai, Advocate. He practiced both on Civil and Criminal Side at Navalgund and Dharwad District Courts. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He Joined Judiciary on 25:7:1992 as a Munsiff &amp; JMFC (Presently Civil Judge) and stood first in the merit list of the batch. He worked as Munsiff and JMFC at Turuvekere Taluk, Tumkur District and Sedam Taluk, Kalaburagi District. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He was promoted as Senior Civil Judge in the year 2002. He worked as an Assistant Draftsmen &amp; Ex-officio Deputy Secretary to Government of Karnataka, Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation, Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He served as Principal Senior Civil Judge and Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) at Hassan and Registrar, City Civil Court, Bengaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the year 2009, through a limited Departmental competitive examination conducted by the High Court of Karnataka, he as promoted as District Judge and worked as Additional City Civil and Sessions Judge, Bengaluru, Presiding Officer of Additional Industrial Tribunal, Bengaluru, Judge, Family Court, Mangaluru and Additional District &amp; Sessions Judge, Mangaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He worked as an Assistant Director, Deputy Director and a Senior faculty member at Karnataka Judicial Academy, Bengaluru. He is a trained mediator from Bengaluru Mediation Centre, Bengaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He served in the High Court of Karnataka as Secretary to Hon&#039;ble The Chief Justice, Additional Registrar General at High Court of Karnataka Dharwad Bench, Registrar (Judicial) and Registrar (Vigilance), High Court of Karnataka, Bengaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He worked as Principal District and Sessions Judge, Chikkamagaluru District and Principal Judge, Family Court, Bengaluru. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Justice P.N. Desai was&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;appointed as an Additional Judge, High Court of Karnataka, Bengaluru on 04:05:2020 and Permanent Judge, High Court of Karnataka, Bengaluru on 25:09:2021.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice P N Desai retires today after serving the institution of judiciary for more than 30 years. Many junior and senior lawyers have expressed heartfelt appreciation for his service and his lawyer friendly nature throughout.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;When he was posted in Turuvekere, he had to get the judgments from his senior&rsquo;s office via fax and he would deliver his judgements taking note of the correct legal position. He recollected with ease the names of the lawyers who appeared before him 30 years ago.&quot; recollects Mr. S. Basavaraj, Senior Advocate and Member, Karnataka State Bar Council.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Justice P N Desai&rsquo;s dedication to the law has been an inspiration to me and so many others, and his warmth and kindness have made the courtroom a better place for all who enter it&rdquo; says junior advocate Mr. A. R. Goutham.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Justice P N Desai&rsquo;s fairness, intelligence, and compassion have made a lasting impact on the legal profession, and his legacy will be felt for years to come. I have learned so much from his lordship and I am grateful for the wisdom and compassion&rdquo; &ndash; Advocate Yashas.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;As you move on to the next chapter of your life, please know that you will be deeply missed. You have touched the lives of so many people, and I know that your contributions to the legal community will never be forgotten.&rdquo; S.P. Shankar, Senior Advocate&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0);&quot;&gt;Some of the latest/important judgments delivered by Justice P N Desai.&nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Company need not be arrayed as an accused for initiating criminal proceedings under the Factories Act 1948.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Payment of interim compensation applies only in respect of offences committed after Section 143(A) of N.I.Act came into force in the statutory book.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Cheque bounce case. Complainant is not expected to appear on every date of hearing and the Court cannot dismiss the complaint for default on that ground.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. NDPS Act. Owner of logistic company cannot be prosecuted if he was not aware of transportation of contraband in his vehicle.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;To be edited.........&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '26451fa35581212f52fd43e7d68110bf.jpg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2023-04-20', 0, NULL, NULL, '2023-04-20 13:09:58', '2023-04-20 15:20:21'),
(209, 'cGGSzAu6vB0i0DmgcZAz5pv2o', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Next 8 Chief Justices of India. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The current Chief Justice of India, D.Y. Chandrachud, will remit office in November 2024 after an extraordinary tenure of two years. Rarely has a Chief Justice in India has had such a long tenure in recent years. Coincidentally, the other Chief Justice who has had a longest tenure was the father of the present Chief Justice, YV Chandrachud.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The next Chief Justice who would hold office for a longer period than the current CJI is Justice J.B. Pardiwala who is set to be Chief Justice in May 2028. He will hold office for over two years and three months. Sadly, none of the next six Chief Justices before him will have a long tenure. Of these six judges, Justice Surya Kant, who will succeed Justice B R Gavai, is expected to be the Chief justice for one year and two months.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Chief Justice of India, as we all known, leads the Supreme Court and its judges as the &ldquo;first amongst equals&rdquo;. The CJI is the &lsquo;Master of Roster&rsquo;, constituting benches of two or more judges and assigning cases to those benches.&nbsp; He also constitutes the Constitutional Bench of more than five depending on the gravity of the issue. More often than not, as has been the convention in recent years, the CJI himself sits on a constitutional bench. Being the seniormost, his opinions do carry weight in any discussions and the juniors on the bench usually defer to him. However, that is not to say that there are no dissents. The current CJI when a puisne judge has dissented many a times.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Chief Justice is, as per convention, appointed on the principle of seniority. Of course, there had been aberrations in the past with the appointments of Justice A N Ray and Justice M N Beg. But that&rsquo;s history now.&nbsp; That need not haunt us anymore.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The succession scenario to the post of CJI in the coming years are as below:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;On the retirement of the incumbent CJI, Y V Chandrachud, Justice Sanjiv Khanna will assume office as the CJI on November 11th, 2024.&nbsp; His term will be for six months till his retirement on May 13, 2025.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;After the retirement of Sanjeev Khanna, Justice B.R. Gavai will be the next the CJI for a term of little over 6 months. His term will end on November 23, 2025.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The next in line is Justice Surya Kant who will serve as the CJI for a year and two months. He will retire on February 9, 2025.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Surya Kant will be succeeded by Justice Vikram Nath on February 7, 2027. His tenure will span nearly eight months ending on September 23, 2027.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B.V. Nagarathna on taking over from Justice Surya Kant will be the first woman Chief Justice of India. Unfortunately, her tenure will last for only 36 days.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice P.S.Narasimha will be the third Supreme Court Judge directly elevated from the Bar to become the Chief Justice.&nbsp; Justices S.M. Sikri and U.U. Lalit were the two previous members of the Bar elevated to the Court to become Chief Justices. Justice Narasimha&rsquo;s term will last for a little over six months ending on May 3, 2028&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice J B Pardiwala will assume office of the Chief Justice on May 3rd, 2028 after Justice P S Narasimha retires.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K.V. Viswanathan will be the fourth Supreme Court judge to become CJI who has been directly elevated from the Bar. He will be CJI for about ten months till his retirement on 25 May, 2031.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;All the justices who are due to become Chief Justices of India have proved themselves on the court. Justice Sanjeev Khanna has been a part of 358 Benches and authored over 90 judgements.&nbsp; Among them authored is the May 2023 judgement Shilpa Sailesh vs Varun Sreenivasan which held that the SC could directly grant a divorce on the ground of irretrievable breakdown. In Union of India &amp; Ors V. Union Carbide Corporation and Ors., he was part of the Constitution Bench that rejected the Union&rsquo;s curative petition seeking additional compensation for the Bhopal gas tragedy victims. In an application filed by the Union against the Supreme Court&rsquo;s judgement in Joseph Shine AIR 2018 SC 4898 a five-Judge bench, of which Justice Khanna was a part, struck down Section 497 of the IPC on the grounds that it violated Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In 2022, Justice Khanna was part of the three-Judge Bench which answered the question whether reservations for SCs and STs should extend to promotions. He held that reservations in promotions must be granted per cadre, and not the service as a whole.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;He also co-authored the majority opinion in the famous T. Takano v. SEBI, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 210 held that as a general rule, SEBI is duty bound to disclose all the relevant material, including the Investigation Report, in order to give a reasonable opportunity to be heard to the notice. In Supreme Court of India v. Subhash Chandra Agarwal, (2020) 5 SCC 481], Justice Khanna who was a part of a full bench ruled that the information sought relating to the appointment of Supreme Court and High Court judges is &lsquo;third party&#039; information and thus the process under Section 11 Right to Information Act, 2005 must be complied with. The Court also held that the information with respect to the judges of the Supreme Court who have declared their assets does not constitute the &lsquo;personal information&#039; of the judges and thus, does not engage the right to privacy.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B R Gavai has authored almost 150 judgements and been a part of 430 benches. In early 2023, a Constitution Bench headed by Justice Abdul Nazeer upheld the Demonetisation Scheme. The same Bench also held that public officials cannot be liable for every statement or opinion they express. He also led a three-judge bench which reserved judgement in a case challenging the repeated tenure extensions of CBI and ED Directors. Additionally, Justice Gavai was on the nine-judge bench which heard the Sabarimala review petition and Parsi excommunication cases. In HDFC Bank Ltd. v. Union of India, 2022 SCC OnLine SC 1337, Gavai J and C T Ravikumar J, rejected an interlocutory application challenging the maintainability of the writ petition while holding that though the concept of the finality of judgment must be preserved, at the same time, the principle of &ldquo;ex debito justitiae&rdquo; cannot be given a go bye. The Court added&lt;i&gt; &ldquo;To err is human, and the Courts including the Apex Court are no exception.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Surya Kant, since joining the court in May 2019, has been on 300 plus benches and has authored more than 50 judgements. In 2022, he was part of the bench which upheld the &lsquo;one-rank-one-pension&rsquo; scheme (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 419 of 2016). He was also on the nine-judge bench for Sabarimala Review petition along with Justice Gavai. The case is still pending. Justice Kant authored the unanimous judgment on behalf of Justice Arun Mishra and himself in Jitendra Singh v Ministry of Environment and Ors. He noted that ponds were public utilities meant for common use. He held that schemes that extinguish local water bodies, even with alternatives, violate Article 21 of the Constitution.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Central Bureau of Investigation v Sakru Mahagu Binjewar and Ors involved a conviction for murder, criminal conspiracy, rioting and intimidation and insult under Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Justice Kant authored the opinion of the three-judge Bench on the proportionality of a 25-year prison sentence. He held that Section 57 of the IPC does not in any way limit the punishment of imprisonment for life to a term of 20 years. Therefore, he upheld the commutation of the death penalty to 25-years &#039;actual imprisonment.&#039;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Vikram Nath has been a part of several Constitution Benches. Some of his notable judgements from the bench are the following. In Mahant Akhileshwardasji Ramlakhandasji v. State of Gujarat (2020), a Division Bench of Chief Justice Nath and Justice J. B. Pardiwala, in a midnight hearing, rejected all pleas seeking permission to conduct the Rath Yatra. The Court reasoned that the situation of Ahmedabad during the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be compared to other states.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Ajay Kumar Shukla v Arvind Rai (2020), a 3-Judge Bench declared the seniority list prepared by the Department of Minor Irrigation in Uttar Pradesh unlawful. The bench included Justices D.Y. Chandrachud, Vikram Nath, and B.V. Nagarathna. The seniority list in question would determine the promotions in the department. The Bench held that the list was in violation of statutory requirements. The appellants argued that the Department had placed candidates from different streams in the same sequence, disregarding their seniority. The SC analysed the relevant rules and concluded that the separate lists for all the streams were contrary to the rules. The Court emphasised the right of candidates to be considered for promotion based on merit and ordered the preparation of a fresh seniority list in accordance with the rules. They also highlighted that &lsquo;the right to promotion is not considered to be a fundamental right, but consideration for promotion has now been evolved as a fundamental right.&rsquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Barun Chandra Thakur v Master Bholu (2022), a bench of Justices Dinesh Maheshwari and Vikram Nath held that &lsquo;mental capacity and the ability to understand consequences of acts&rsquo; are not the same. They reasoned that a child may be aware of the consequences of their actions but lacks the emotional competence to control them. The Court gave an example where a child with average intelligence may understand the risks of reckless driving but may still engage in it due to low emotional competence and a desire for thrill-seeking.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In Balwant Singh v. Union of India (2023), a Bench consisting of Justices B.R. Gavai, Vikram Nath, and Sanjay Karol rejected a plea to commute the death penalty of Balwant Singh Rajoana, who was convicted for the assassination of former Punjab Chief Minister Beant Singh. Instead of making a decision directly, the Court referred the matter to the competent authority within the Central government, which will handle the mercy petition filed by Rajoana.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B.V. Nagarathna will be the first woman Chief Justice of India. She comes with a pedigree. She is the daughter of the former Chief Justice of India, Justice E.S. Venkataramiah. On January 2nd, 2023, the Justice Abdul Nazeer-led Constitution Bench, by a 4:1 majority, upheld the validity of the Union&rsquo;s 2016 Demonetisation Scheme. The Bench also comprised Justices B.R. Gavai, A.S. Bopanna, V. Ramasubramanian and B.V. Nagarathna. On January 13, 2023, Justice Nagarathna delivered two judgments expressing disagreement with the views expressed by her senior colleague Justice Nagarathna held that the Union has unrestricted power to demonetise all series of all currency notes. However, such a scheme can only be carried out through the exercise of the law-making power of the Parliament as granted by the Constitution. Section 26(2) of the RBI Act, under which the 2016 demonetisation was carried out, does not grant the Union such a power as it had claimed.&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In yet another spectacular dissent, only a day after the demonetisation verdict, Nagarathna proposed to hold the government vicariously liable for some of the statements that ministers make. This was in direct contradiction to the opinion of the other four judges on the bench, who stated:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;A statement made by a minister even if traceable to any affairs of the state or for protection of the government cannot be attributed vicariously to the government by invoking the principle of collective responsibility.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;While concurring with the majority on other issues in the matter, including that a restriction, greater than what already exists under Article 19(2), cannot be imposed on free speech, Justice Nagarathna dissented on this key point.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;According to her, if a minister indulges in hate speech in his &ldquo;official capacity&rdquo;, then such disparaging statements can be vicariously attributed to the government. She justified this by pointing out:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&ldquo;Hate speech strikes at the foundational values of the Constitution by marking out a society as being unequal. It also violates the fraternity of citizens from diverse backgrounds, which is the sine qua non (an essential condition) of a cohesive society based on plurality and multiculturalism such as in India.&rdquo;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thus, in her dissenting view, she emphasised on human dignity, and the preambular goals of liberty, equality and fraternity.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Her dissent gathers greater significance at a time when hate speech appears to be on an exponential rise, with government figures exhibiting a shocking lack of restraint in TV debates and public meets.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The other justices have been recently elevated to the Supreme Court. Though some of them are serving on constitution benches, they are yet to deliver judgements that would make an impact. But knowing their legal acumen and vast experience in the High Courts or at the Bar, it should happen in the near future.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gopi Karunakaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Daksha Legal.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f15b119895c51d3549c20683a1889639.jpeg', '', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2023-11-24', 1, NULL, NULL, '2023-11-24 10:24:15', '2023-11-24 11:13:58');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(217, '6a66LbLCt9mAx1fasMt0e28TN', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Purchaser is bound by the arbitration clause binding on its vendor. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S Devtree Corp. LLP Vs M/S Bhumika North Gardenia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 2798 of 2024 decided on 25 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anu Sivaraman and Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The following questions have come up for consideration in this appeal:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) Whether a person who is not a party to the arbitration agreement, and purchases the property from a person who is a party to the agreement, is bound by the arbitration clause that is binding on his vendors?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) Whether a person who purchases the property which is the subject matter of a proceeding under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short &#039;Act of 1996&#039;) is bound by the principle of lis pendens?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The appellant Company which is the respondent in Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 and against which an interim order is passed, is in appeal on the premise that Section 9 proceeding is not maintainable against it as it is not a party to the arbitration agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The respondent in this appeal, which is the applicant in Section 9 proceeding is defending the impugned order. Respondent contends that the appellant is &ldquo;claiming through or under a party&rdquo; who is bound by the arbitration agreement and alleged purchase by the appellant is during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding, as such the appellant is amenable to the jurisdiction under the Act of 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. At this juncture, it is necessary to refer to Section 8 (1) of the Act of 1996&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;8. Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an arbitration agreement.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) A judicial authority, before which an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement shall, if a party to the arbitration agreement or any person claiming through or under him, so applies not later than the date of submitting his first statement on the substance of the dispute, then, notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of the Supreme Court or any Court, refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. On a reading of Section 8(1) extracted above, it is evident that not only a party to the arbitration agreement but also a person claiming through or under a party can apply to refer the matter to arbitration if a proceeding is brought before judicial authority. This provision expressly recognises the right of the &ldquo;party or anyone claiming through or under him&rdquo; to the agreement to seek the resolution of a dispute through arbitration. If a party or a person claiming through or under a party to an arbitration agreement can apply to refer the matter to arbitration, the converse also applies, i.e., anyone claiming through or under the party to the arbitration agreement can be subjected to the jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. During the course of the hearing, an important question was posed by my esteemed sister as to what would be the consequence in case, the proceeding to enforce the obligations under the agreement dated 16.10.2020 against the vendors, ends in an award in favour of the respondent. The learned Senior counsel for the appellant submitted that such an award does not bind the appellant. Said contention is not tenable. Since the sale transaction in favour of the appellant during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding is subject to the outcome of Section 9 proceeding, and said proceeding being a step-in-aid to the proceeding to be initiated before the Arbitral Tribunal, the appellant who is a pendente lite purchaser during Section 9 proceeding cannot be permitted to say the award does not bind him. Accepting such contention in effect amounts to unilateral termination of the &lsquo;arbitration agreement&rsquo; and consequently renders the award of the Tribunal as unenforceable. It will also defeat the very object behind Section 8 of the Act of 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. For the reasons assigned above, this Court is of the view that the appellant Company being a person who is not a party to the arbitration agreement, and being the purchaser of the properties from a person who is a party to the arbitration agreement, is bound by the arbitration clause binding on its vendor. It is not open to the appellant to contend that the arbitration agreement which is binding on its vendors is not binding on the appellant on a specious plea that it is not a signatory to the arbitration agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regarding question (b)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Admittedly, the appellant purchased the properties when the vendors were parties in a pending (earlier) proceeding, under Section 9. The question is whether the transaction is hit by the lis pendens principle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;Section 52 of the Act of 1882 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;52.Transfer of property pending suit relating thereto.&mdash;During the pendency in any Court having authority within the limits of India excluding the State of Jammu and Kashmir or established beyond such limits by the Central Government, of any suit or proceeding which is not collusive and in which any right to immoveable property is directly and specifically in question, the property cannot be transferred or otherwise dealt with by any party to the suit or proceeding to affect the rights of any other party thereto under any decree or order which may be made therein, except under the authority of the Court and on such terms as it may impose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash;For the purposes of this section, the pendency of a suit or proceeding shall be deemed to commence from the date of the presentation of the plaint or the institution of the proceeding in a Court of competent jurisdiction, and to continue until the suit or proceeding has been disposed of by a final decree or order and complete satisfaction or discharge of such decree or order, has been obtained, or has become unobtainable by reason of the expiration of any period of limitation prescribed for the execution thereof by any law for the time being in force.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. The doctrine of lis pendens is based on a sound public policy. It applies in a situation where the right over an immovable property is directly or substantially in question in a suit or proceeding which is not collusive. In such a situation, if any transfer of immovable property which is the subject matter of the suit or proceeding takes place, such transfer shall not affect any decree or order to be made in the said suit or proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The contention that Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 is not a suit, hence Section 52 has of the Act of 1882 has no application, cannot be accepted. The &lsquo;proceeding&rsquo; under Section 9 of the Act of 1996 (not being collusive) involving a direct or substantial question relating to an immovable property satisfies all the requirements of Section 52 of the Act of 1882. Thus, the &quot;proceeding&quot; under Section 52 of the Act of 1882, applies to a proceeding under Section 9 of the Act of 1996, if such proceeding involves a direct or substantial question relating to a right in an immovable property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The lis pendens doctrine envisaged under Section 52 of the Act of 1882 is based on public policy. Under the said doctrine, the transfer of property involved in a suit or proceeding is not altogether barred. However, the transfer of property, if takes place, will not affect the outcome of the suit or the proceeding and any such transfer will be subject to the outcome of the suit or proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In addition, it is also to be noticed that the agreement between the respondent and its vendors is duly registered in the office of the Sub-registrar. The agreement for sale between the respondent and vendors is deemed to be within the knowledge of the appellant in view of Section 3 of the Act of 1882. The said agreement specifically provides that the agreement binds the assignees and the successors. In the instant case, the appellant claims to have purchased the properties during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. For the reasons recorded, this Court is of the view that the appellant is bound by the result of Section 9 proceeding as the doctrine of lis pendens applies to Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 as well.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. It is urged by the learned Senior counsel appearing for the appellant by placing reliance on the judgment of the Kerala High Court in SHONEY SANIL Vs Coastal Foundations (P) Ltd &amp; Ors.3 to contend that the purchaser is not bound by the arbitration clause in the prior agreement between his vendor and third party.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;30. In the said case, the Kerala High Court has taken a view that the auction purchaser is not a party to the agreement, as such, he is not bound by the arbitration clause. It is relevant to note that in the said judgment, the Kerala High Court has also opined that a Section 9 application can be filed against a party to the arbitration agreement and at best against any person claiming under him. Admittedly, the appellant is a person claiming under the original vendor who had entered into an agreement for sale with the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. The judgment in BRAHMAPUTRA REALTORS (P) LTD. vs G G TRANSPORT (P) LTD.4 rendered by the Gauhati High Court does not come to the aid of the appellant as can be noticed from the facts of the said case that three persons who are not parties to any of the agreements were made parties to the proceeding under Section 9 of the Act of 1996. In that case, admittedly three persons did not claim under the parties to the agreement. Whereas the appellant is claiming under the party to the agreement and also a pendente lite purchaser.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. This Court has also perused the reasons assigned in the impugned order. Section 9 Court has concluded that the appellant being the purchaser of the properties from a party who had already entered into an agreement for sale with the respondent, cannot be termed as a third party. This Court finds no error in the said reasoning. However, it is noticed that the interim restraint order is passed till the conclusion of the arbitral proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The learned Senior counsel for the appellant during the course of the hearing submitted that the appellant has moved an application to implead itself as a party to the petition under Section 11 of the Act of 1996, where the respondent is seeking constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. Learned Senior counsel for the respondent submitted that the respondent has objection for the appellant to be a party to the arbitration proceeding. This Court has noticed that Section 9 Court has granted interim measure till the conclusion of proceedings before the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. Under the circumstances narrated above, this Court deems it appropriate to restrict the operation of the interim restraint order for 45 days from the date of service of notice on the parties to the proceeding by the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The appeal is allowed-in-part&hellip;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fbdef4c753abfe0a84eb16d2297fc087.PNG', '222eb3dd9e356232cc08b183310855b7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-27', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-25 13:44:25', '2024-07-27 03:42:25'),
(213, 'A2pD5eDPu66lurnJRUI7WnElb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Assistant Commissioner has no power under the Senior Citizens Act to nullify a registered sale deed executed for valuable consideration. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Dhariyappagouda Patil Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 101705 of 2024 decided on 2 July 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The captioned writ petition is filed by the subsequent transferee who is aggrieved by the order passed by respondent No.2, the Assistant Commissioner. The Assistant Commissioner entertained an application filed under Section 23 of the Senior Citizens Act (hereinafter referred to as &#039;the Act&#039;) and subsequently nullified a registered sale deed executed by respondent Nos.4 to 6 for a valuable sale consideration. This order was passed behind the back of the petitioner, a bona fide purchaser who had acquired the property for a valuable sale consideration.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The impugned order passed by respondent No.2 is not only erroneous but also outside the jurisdiction conferred upon the Assistant Commissioner under the Act. Section 23 of the Act empowers authorities to declare void any transfer of property made by a senior citizen after the commencement of the Act, but only if such transfer includes a condition that the transferee shall provide for the basic amenities and physical needs of the senior citizen. The records in the present case reveal that the property in question was allotted to Basvaraj, the husband of respondent No.4-Sharada, under a registered partition deed documented at Annexure-D. This clearly indicates that the property transfer was legitimate and did not fall under the conditions specified in Section 23 of the Act. The Assistant Commissioner&rsquo;s decision to nullify the sale deed, executed for a valuable sale consideration, oversteps the boundaries of his jurisdiction and misinterprets the provisions of the Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;5. Section 23(1) of the Act confers power upon the Maintenance Tribunal to declare a transfer of property as void if the transferee fails to provide basic amenities and physical needs to the senior citizen who transferred the property. Additionally, Section 23(2) stipulates that a senior citizen has a right to receive maintenance from their estate. If such an estate or part thereof is transferred, this right to maintenance may be enforced against the transferee if the transferee has notice of this right or if the transfer is gratuitous, but not against a transferee for consideration and without notice of the right.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;6. The primary objective of Section 23 of the Act is to protect senior citizens from being deprived of their property without receiving necessary support from the transferee. This provision is designed to ensure that transfers made with the expectation that the transferee will provide basic needs and amenities are honored, failing which the transfer can be declared void.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;8. The petition property was transferred through a registered partition deed to Basavaraj. Upon his death, the property was inherited by his legal heirs (Respondents 4 to 8) and later sold to the petitioner. Respondent No. 3 is not the current owner of the petition property. The property was not transferred by Respondent No. 3 but was part of the inheritance and subsequent sale by Respondents 4 to 8. The petitioner acquired the property through a no indication that the petitioner had notice of any existing right to maintenance or any obligation to provide for Respondent No. 3. Since Respondent No. 3 did not transfer the property to the petitioner, and the transfer was part of a legal inheritance process followed by a sale for valuable consideration, Section 23 cannot be invoked. The petitioner, as a bona fide purchaser, is not liable under Section 23 as he did not receive the property gratuitously or with notice of any obligation towards Respondent No. 3. Therefore, it emerges that Respondent No. 3 is not the owner of the petition property and has neither transferred nor conveyed it to the petitioner. The compromise decree and the registered partition deed remain unchallenged. Consequently, Section 23 of the PSC Act, which aims to protect senior citizens from transfers where their basic needs are not met, cannot be invoked in this case. The petitioner, being a bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration, does not fall within the ambit of the transferee as defined under Section 23 of the PSC Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;9. The impugned order under challenge is liable to be quashed on two primary grounds. Firstly, the parties involved have amicably settled, necessitating the order&#039;s nullification. Secondly, and more critically, the Assistant Commissioner exceeded his jurisdiction by entertaining an application under Section 23 of the Act, which was not maintainable under the circumstances. The Assistant Commissioner&rsquo;s authority does not extend to nullifying a sale deed executed for valuable consideration, and his actions in this case represent an overreach of his statutory powers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. Respondent No.2, the Assistant Commissioner, clearly exceeded his jurisdiction and authority by entertaining the application under Section 23 of the Senior Citizens Act and subsequently nullifying a valid registered sale deed. Section 23 of the Act provides specific conditions under which a transfer of property can be declared void, primarily focusing on transfers where the senior citizen has imposed a condition that the transferee shall provide for their basic amenities and physical needs. In this case, the property in question was part of a registered partition deed, indicating that it was a legitimate transfer not falling under the purview of Section&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. 11. The Assistant Commissioner&rsquo;s overreach in this matter not only misinterprets the Act&rsquo;s provisions but also disrupts the legal protection afforded to bonafide purchasers who has acquired property for valuable consideration. By nullifying a registered sale deed without proper jurisdiction, the Assistant Commissioner undermined the legal certainty and stability of property transactions, leading to unnecessary litigation and financial hardship for the petitioner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. Moreover, the Assistant Commissioner failed to verify the records adequately before passing the order. The records clearly showed that the land had already been alienated to the petitioner, who was not afforded an opportunity to present his case. Respondent No.3 pursuant to compromise recorded in O.S.No.15/2012 and consequent registered partition deed has lost right and title if any over the property. Respondent No.3 is not the owner of the property and thereby has no right to transfer/convey the property. Therefore, Section 23 of the Act is not applicable. Transfer of property happened through inheritance. Respondent Nos.4 to 8 who are the widow and children of the predecessor son of respondent No.3, acquired right by way of inheritance. Petitioner acquired the property through subsequent sale for valid consideration, which thereby excludes applicability of Section 23 of the Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. This lack of due diligence and disregard for procedural fairness highlights a significant lapse in the exercise of administrative power. The imposition of a cost of Rs.25,000/- on respondent No.2, payable to the Advocate Clerks Welfare Fund, underscores the seriousness of this jurisdictional overreach and serves as a reminder of the need for officials to act within the bounds of their legal authority.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; line-height: 25px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#222222&quot; face=&quot;Lora-Medium&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7b5b0e0095167fddbc3cc7d9a5a43abf.JPG', '12dd494c0292d4c229b6e6966e407dfa.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-25', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-24 19:48:14', '2024-07-25 14:25:52');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(214, 'nKIkHEylBGfnhazAE8glWNXA6', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Personal liberty under Article 21 is sacrosanct. Undue delay in trial is a ground to grant bail. Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Amit Digvekar Vs State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 927 of 2023 decided on 16 July 2024.&lt;br&gt;Justice S Vishwajith Shetty.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Accused Nos.5, 7 &amp; 17 in Special.C.C.No.872/2018&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npending before the Court of Principal City Civil &amp; Sessions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJudge, Bengaluru arising out of Crime No.221/2017 registered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby Rajarajeshwari Nagar Police Station, Bengaluru City for the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\noffences punishable under Sections 302, 120B, 118, 203 and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n35 IPC, Sections 25(1) and 27(1) of the Indian Arms Act, 1959&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand Sections 3(1)(i), 3(2), 3(3) and 3(4) of the Karnataka&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nControl of Organized Crimes Act, 2000 (for short &lsquo;COCA Act&rsquo;)&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;are before this Court under Section 439 of Cr.P.C. seeking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nregular bail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. The prosecution has altogether cited 527 charge sheet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses in the present case and out of them, only 130 charge&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsheet witnesses have been examined till date as PW-1 to PW130. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of ANGELA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHARISH SONTAKKE VS STATE OF MAHARASHTRA -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(2021)3 SCC 723, wherein the accused persons were charged&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor the offences under the provisions of Unlawful Activities&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(Prevention) Act, 1967, having considered the seriousness of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe charges and the period of custody suffered by the accused,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhad granted bail to the accused notwithstanding the rigor under&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSection 43-D(5) of the said Act considering the fact that the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccused had suffered five years incarceration.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. In the case of SAGAR TATYARAM GORKHE VS STATE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nOF MAHARASHTRA - (2021)3 SCC 725, considering the fact&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the accused persons were in jail for a period of four years,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand there were 147 witnesses who were still to be examined,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court had enlarged the accused on bail.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the case of UNION OF INDIA VS K.A.NAJEEB -&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(2021)3 SCC 713, considering the fact that the accused were&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin jail for a period of more than five years and there were 276&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses left to be examined, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court had&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrefused to interfere with the order granting bail to the accused&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby the High Court on the ground of delay in trial and long&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nperiod of incarceration suffered by the accused. In paragraphs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n15, 17 &amp; 18 of the said judgment, it has been observed as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunder:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&quot;15. This Court has clarified in numerous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\njudgments that the liberty guaranteed by Part III of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Constitution would cover within its protective&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nambit not only due procedure and fairness but also&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccess to justice and a speedy trial. In Supreme&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt Legal Aid Committee (Representing Undertrial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPrisoners) v. Union of India [Supreme Court Legal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAid Committee (Representing Undertrial Prisoners)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nv. Union of India, (1994) 6 SCC 731, para 15 :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1995 SCC (Cri) 39] , it was held that undertrials&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncannot indefinitely be detained pending trial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nIdeally, no person ought to suffer adverse&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsequences of his acts unless the same is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nestablished before a neutral arbiter. However,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nowing to the practicalities of real life where to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsecure an effective trial and to ameliorate the risk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto society in case a potential criminal is left at large&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npending trial, the courts are tasked with deciding&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhether an individual ought to be released pending&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrial or not. Once it is obvious that a timely trial&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwould not be possible and the accused has suffered&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nincarceration for a significant period of time, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncourts would ordinarily be obligated to enlarge&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthem on bail.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. It is thus clear to us that the presence of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstatutory restrictions like Section 43-D(5) of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUAPA per se does not oust the ability of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconstitutional courts to grant bail on grounds of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nviolation of Part III of the Constitution. Indeed,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nboth the restrictions under a statute as well as the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npowers exercisable under constitutional jurisdiction&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncan be well harmonised. Whereas at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncommencement of proceedings, the courts are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexpected to appreciate the legislative policy against&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngrant of bail but the rigours of such provisions will&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmelt down where there is no likelihood of trial being&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;completed within a reasonable time and the period&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof incarceration already undergone has exceeded a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsubstantial part of the prescribed sentence. Such an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napproach would safeguard against the possibility of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprovisions like Section 43-D(5) of the UAPA being&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nused as the sole metric for denial of bail or for&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwholesale breach of constitutional right to speedy&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;18. Adverting to the case at hand, we are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconscious of the fact that the charges levelled&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nagainst the respondent are grave and a serious&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthreat to societal harmony. Had it been a case at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe threshold, we would have outrightly turned&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndown the respondent&#039;s prayer. However, keeping in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmind the length of the period spent by him in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncustody and the unlikelihood of the trial being&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncompleted anytime soon, the High Court appears to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhave been left with no other option except to grant&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbail. An attempt has been made to strike a balance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbetween the appellant&#039;s right to lead evidence of its&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nchoice and establish the charges beyond any doubt&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand simultaneously the respondent&#039;s rights&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nguaranteed under Part III of our Constitution have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbeen well protected.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;19. In the case of MOHD. MUSLIM ALIAS HUSSAIN VS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSTATE (NCT OF DELHI) - 2023 SCC OnLine SC 352, the&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court while considering the rigor under&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSection 37 of the NDPS Act, for granting bail to the accused,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas observed that grant of bail on the ground of undue delay in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntrial cannot be said to be fettered by Section 37 of the NDPS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nAct, given the imperative of Section 436A which is applicable to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe offences under the NDPS Act too. In the said judgment, at&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nparagraphs 22 to 24, it has been observed as under:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;22. Before parting, it would be important to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreflect that laws which impose stringent conditions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfor grant of bail, may be necessary in public&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninterest; yet, if trials are not concluded in time, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninjustice wrecked on the individual is immeasurable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJails are overcrowded and their living conditions,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmore often than not, appalling. According to the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nUnion Home Ministry&#039;s response to Parliament, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNational Crime Records Bureau had recorded that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nas on 31st December 2021, over 5,54,034 prisoners&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwere lodged in jails against total capacity of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n4,25,069 lakhs in the country. Of these 122,852&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwere convicts; the rest 4,27,165 were undertrials.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. The danger of unjust imprisonment, is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat inmates are at risk of &ldquo;prisonisation&rdquo; a term&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndescribed by the Kerala High Court in A Convict&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPrisoner v. State as &ldquo;a radical transformation&rdquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhereby the prisoner:&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;loses his identity. He is known by a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnumber. He loses personal possessions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHe has no personal relationships.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPsychological problems result from loss&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof freedom, status, possessions, dignity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany autonomy of personal life. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninmate culture of prison turns out to be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndreadful. The prisoner becomes hostile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby ordinary standards. Self-perception&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nchanges.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. There is a further danger of the prisoner&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nturning to crime, &ldquo;as crime not only turns&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadmirable, but the more professional the crime,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmore honour is paid to the criminal&rdquo; (also see&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDonald Clemmer&#039;s &lsquo;The Prison Community&rsquo;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npublished in 1940). Incarceration has further&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndeleterious effects - where the accused belongs to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe weakest economic strata : immediate loss of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nlivelihood, and in several cases, scattering of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nfamilies as well as loss of family bonds and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nalienation from society. The courts therefore, have&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto be sensitive to these aspects (because in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevent of an acquittal, the loss to the accused is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nirreparable), and ensure that trials - especially in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncases, where special laws enact stringent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprovisions, are taken up and concluded speedily.&quot;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In Praveen Rathore&rsquo;s case supra, wherein, the accused&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npersons were tried for the offences punishable under Sections&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n302 and 120B of IPC, taking into consideration that accused&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwere in custody for a period of more than four and half years&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand the prosecution had only examined 53 charge sheet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses in paragraph No.7, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nobserved as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n &ldquo;7. Taking into consideration the period&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nalready spent by the petitioner in custody coupled&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwith the fact that conclusion of trial will take some&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreasonable time however, without expressing any&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nviews on the merits of the case, we inclined to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrelease him on bail.&rdquo;&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. In the case of INDRANI PRATIM MUKERJEA VS.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION - 2022 SCC OnLine&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSC 695, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court taking into consideration&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the accused, who was being tried for the offence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npunishable under Section 302 of IPC was in custody for a&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nperiod of six and half years and the prosecution was yet to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexamine many more charge sheet witnesses, granted bail to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe accused observing as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Admittedly, the petitioner has been in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncustody for 6&frac12; years. We do not intend to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncomment on the merits of the case which might be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndetrimental to the interest of either the prosecution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor the defence. Taking into account the fact that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe petitioner has been in custody for 6&frac12; years&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nand even if 50% of the remaining witnesses are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngiven up by the prosecution, the trial will not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncomplete soon, we are of the considered view that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe petitioner is entitled to be released on bail.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In the said case a contention was urged on behalf of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprosecution that having regard to the gravity of the offence,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe petitioner/accused is not entitled to be enlarged on bail,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhowever, having regard to the long period of incarceration in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncustody by the petitioner therein, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhad released the petitioner on bail.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In K.A.Najeeb&rsquo;s case supra, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin paragraph No.11 has observed as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n11. It is a fact that the High Court in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ninstant case has not determined the likelihood of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe respondent being guilty or not, or whether&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrigor of Section 43D(5) of UAPA are alien to him.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe High Court instead appears to have exercised&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nits power to grant bail owing to the long period of&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;incarceration and the unlikelihood of the trial being&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncompleted anytime in the near future. The reasons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nassigned by the High Court are apparently&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntraceable back to Article 21 of our Constitution, of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncourse without addressing the statutory embargo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncreated by Section 43D (5) of UAPA.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In the said case after referring to the statutory&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrestrictions provided under Section 43-D(5) of the Unlawful&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nActivities (Prevention) Act. 1967, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas held that the statutory restrictions like Section 43-D(5) of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe Act does not oust the ability of the constitutional courts to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngrant bail on the ground of violation of fundamental rights. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsame view is reiterated in the case of MOHD. MUSLIM ALIAS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHUSSAIN&rsquo;s case supra, after rigor under Section 37(1)(B) of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe NDPS Act was considered by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Satender&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nKumar Antil vs. Central Bureau of Investigation - (2022)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n10 SCC 51, has observed as follows:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Prolonged incarceration and inordinate delay&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nengaged the attention of the Court, which&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsidered the correct approach towards bail, with&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrespect to several enactments, including Section&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n37 of NDPS Act. The Court expressed the opinion&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;that Section 436A (which requires inter alia the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccused to be enlarged on bail if the trial is not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconcluded within specified periods) of the Criminal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nProcedure Code, 1973 would apply:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWe do not wish to deal with individual&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nenactments as each special Act has got an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nobjective behind it, followed by the rigor imposed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe general principle governing delay would apply&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto these categories also. To make it clear, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprovision contained in Section 436A of the Code&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwould apply to the Special Acts also in the absence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof any specific provision. For example, the rigor as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprovided under Section 37 of the NDPS Act would&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnot come in the way in such a case as we are&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndealing with the liberty of a person. We do feel that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmore the rigor, the quicker the adjudication ought&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto be. After all, in these types of cases number of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses would be very less and there may not be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nany justification for prolonging the trial. Perhaps&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthere is a need to comply with the directions of this&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt to expedite the process and also a stricter&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ncompliance of Section 309 of the Code.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Ankur&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nChaudhary vs. State of Madhya Pradesh - Special Leave&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPetition No.4648/2024 disposed of on 28.05.2024, has held&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat failure to conclude the trial within a reasonable time&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;resulting in prolonged incarceration militates against the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprecious fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nConstitution of India and as such, conditional liberty overriding&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe statutory embargo created under Section 37(1)(b) of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNDPS Act may, in such circumstances, be considered.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Though it is submitted by the learned Special Public&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nProsecutor that the order passed by this Court in Criminal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nPetition No.7963/2023 disposed of on 07.12.2023 in respect of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccused No.11 &ndash; Mohan Nayak has been challenged by the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nState before the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court, it is not in dispute&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has not passed any interim&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\norder in the said proceedings. The allegations found against&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccused No.11 compared to the allegations found against the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npetitioners herein are more serious. Accused No.11 was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\narrested on 18.07.2018 in the present case and taking into&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;consideration that he was in custody for more than five year,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthis Court had enlarged him on bail in Criminal Petition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNo.7963/2023. So far as petitioners are concerned, accused&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNos.5 and 17 are in custody for more than six years and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccused No.7 is in custody for nearly six years. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprosecution is required to examine nearly 400 charge sheet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses out of 527 charge sheet witnesses and even if it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npresumed that out of the same, only 50% of the charge sheet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwitnesses would be examined by the prosecution, considering&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe fact that for the last more than two years, the prosecution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhas examined only 130 charge sheet witnesses, it may take&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsiderable period of time to complete the examination of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nremaining charge sheet witnesses by the prosecution. In view&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof the observations made by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nK.A.Najeeb&rsquo;s case supra and in Mohd. Muslim&rsquo;s case supra,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsidering the long period of incarceration of petitioners, the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrigor under Section 22(4) of COCA Act shall not fetter the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npowers of this Court to enlarge the petitioners on bail. There is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nundue delay in trial and the material on record would go to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nshow that the trial may not be completed in the near soon. This&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt while disposing of Criminal Petition No.7963/2023 after&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;perusing the order sheet in Special Case No.872/2018 has&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nobserved that the delay in trial in the present case cannot be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nattributed to the accused. Under the circumstances, I am of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nopinion that without expressing any opinion on the merits of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe case, the prayer made by the petitioners in these three&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npetitions requires to be granted.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The criminal petitions are allowed.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'ac5bd00f0d56978d05b134e2883629c9.jpeg', '4a8fa779b2faa5a42d1f1dc9caab4ea7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-25', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-24 19:58:17', '2024-07-25 06:56:29'),
(215, 'Rkmit2lfIUqZHi5ELmS7d13qB', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'An accused can be brought back under Section 319 Cr.P.C only if the evidence is far more than what was available at the threshold. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The State of Karnataka Vs D.T. Krishnegowda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 7280 of 2022 decided on 19 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;These petitions call in question a solitary order. Criminal Petition No.7280 of 2022 is preferred by the respondent/State and Criminal Petition No.274 of 2022 is preferred by the complainant. They call in question an order dated 17-12-2021, passed by the 4th Additional District and Sessions Judge, Hassan District at Channarayapatna, in S.C.No.81 of 2015 by which, the concerned Court rejects the application of the prosecution to bring in the 3rd respondent in Criminal Petition No.274 of 2022 as an accused for conduct of trial with respect to offences punishable under Sections 307, 324, 504 and 506 of the IPC.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The issue now is, whether the order of the concerned Court rejecting the application would require interference. To answer the said issue, it is germane to notice Section 319 of the Cr.P.C., and its interpretation by the Apex Court. Section 319 deals with power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of offence. It mandates that in the course of any inquiry or trial, if it appears from the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed any offence for which the said person is to be tried together with the accused, the Court may proceed against such person for the offence which he appears to have committed. The rigour and purport of Section 319 need not detain this Court for long or delve deep into the matter. Two constitution Bench judgments of the Apex Court would hold the field. The first of which is in the case of HARDEEP SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB reported in (2014) 3 SCC 92 and the other is in the case of SUKHPAL SINGH KHAIRA v. STATE OF PUNJAB1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Since HARDEEP SINGH is quoted and followed, I deem it appropriate to notice the subsequent constitution Bench judgment in the case SUKHPAL SINGH KHAIRA. The Apex Court in the said case summarises its conclusions as follows:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;41.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(III) What are the guidelines that the competent court must follow while exercising power under Section 319 CrPC? &lt;br&gt;41.1. If the competent court finds evidence or if application under Section 319CrPC is filed regarding involvement of any other person in committing the offence based on evidence recorded at any stage in the trial before passing of the order on acquittal or sentence, it shall pause the trial at that stage. &lt;br&gt;41.2. The court shall thereupon first decide the need or otherwise to summon the additional accused and pass orders thereon. &lt;br&gt;41.3. If the decision of the court is to exercise the power under Section 319 CrPC and summon the accused, such summoning order shall be passed before proceeding further with the trial in the main case. &lt;br&gt;41.4. If the summoning order of additional accused is passed, depending on the stage at which it is passed, the court shall also apply its mind to the fact as to whether such summoned accused is to be tried along with the other accused or separately. &lt;br&gt;41.5. If the decision is for joint trial, the fresh trial shall be commenced only after securing the presence of the summoned accused.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;41.6. If the decision is that the summoned accused can be tried separately, on such order being made, there will be no impediment for the court to continue and conclude the trial against the accused who were being proceeded with. &lt;br&gt;41.7. If the proceeding paused as in para 41.1 above, is in a case where the accused who were tried are to be acquitted, and the decision is that the summoned accused can be tried afresh separately, there will be no impediment to pass the judgment of acquittal in the main case. &lt;br&gt;41.8. If the power is not invoked or exercised in the main trial till its conclusion and if there is a split-up (bifurcated) case, the power under Section 319CrPC can be invoked or exercised only if there is evidence to that effect, pointing to the involvement of the additional accused to be summoned in the split-up (bifurcated) trial. 41.9. If, after arguments are heard and the case is reserved for judgment the occasion arises for the Court to invoke and exercise the power under Section 319CrPC, the appropriate course for the court is to set it down for re-hearing. 41.10. On setting it down for re-hearing, the above laid down procedure to decide about summoning; holding of joint trial or otherwise shall be decided and proceeded with accordingly. Subsequent to the aforesaid judgments, the Apex Court has further clarified the intent of constitution Bench judgment in SUKHPAL SINGH KHAIRA. The Apex Court in the case of JUHRU v. KARIM2 has held as follows: 15. In Sukhpal Singh Khaira [Sukhpal Singh Khaira v. State of Punjab, (2023) 1 SCC 289 : (2023) 1 SCC (Cri) 454] , the Constitution Bench refreshed the guidelines that the competent court must follow while exercising power under Section 319CrPC. It was ruled that: 15.1. If the competent court finds evidence or if application under Section 319 CrPC is filed, regarding involvement of any other person in committing the offence based on evidence &ldquo;recorded at any stage in the trial&rdquo; before passing of the order on acquittal or sentence, it shall pause the trial at that stage and the court shall proceed to decide the fate of the application under Section 319 CrPC. 15.2. If the court decides to summon an accused under Section 319 CrPC, such summoning order shall be passed before proceeding further with the trial in the main case and depending upon the stage at which the order is passed, the trial court shall apply its mind to the fact as to whether such summoned accused is to be tried along with other accused or separately. 15.3. If the power under Section 319 CrPC is not invoked or exercised in the main trial till its conclusion and if there is a split-up case, such power can be invoked or exercised only if there is evidence to that effect, pointing to the involvement of the additional accused to be summoned in the split-up (bifurcated trial). 16. It is, thus, manifested from a conjoint reading of the cited decisions that power of summoning under Section 319 CrPC is not to be exercised routinely and the existence of more than a prima facie case is sine qua non to summon an additional accused. We may hasten to add that with a view to prevent the frequent misuse of power to summon additional accused under Section 319CrPC, and in conformity with the binding judicial dictums referred to above, the procedural safeguard can be that ordinarily the summoning of a person at the very threshold of the trial may be discouraged and the trial court must evaluate the evidence against the persons sought to be summoned and then adjudge whether such material, more or less, carry the same weightage and value as has been testified against those who are already facing trial. In the absence of any credible evidence, the power under Section 319CrPC ought not to be invoked. 18. The record reveals that after the application under Section 319CrPC was dismissed by the trial court, Respondent 1 was called on 6-12-2018 for further examination-in-chief as PW 1. His deposition distinctively unravels that at the time of marriage, Appellant 1&mdash;Juhru (father-in-law) had asked Respondent 1 to spend a sum of Rs 20 lakhs on the marriage of Aamir and the deceased, to which Respondent 1 had agreed. Appellant 1 and his wife Akhlima (mother-in-law) were living under the same roof as his son Aamir (husband) and he would have been privy to all the alleged occurrences of torture, harassment or demand for more dowry. Viewed from this angle, it appears that the Ist appellant might have to sink or swim with his son and wife. The High Court order, to the extent of summoning Appellant 1, therefore, satisfies the ingredients of Section 319CrPC and may not warrant any interference by this Court. D. Conclusion 20. In light of the above discussion, we are of the considered view that while summoning of Appellant 1 sustains, but that of Appellants 2 and 3 will be farfetched and they cannot be subjected to trial on the basis of mere strong suspicion. The High Court order under challenge is accordingly set aside qua Appellants 2 and 3. 21. Having held that Appellant 1 has been rightly summoned and is liable to be tried along with his son and wife, the next question that requires consideration is as to the manner in which the trial will proceed hitherto. The Apex Court observes that to bring back an accused under Section 319 the evidence should be far more than what was available at the threshold. The Apex Court holds that mere strong suspicion cannot be the reason to bring back an accused who had been dropped while filing the charge sheet. The Apex Court in the case of N. MANOGAR v. INSPECTOR OF POLICE3 has held as follows: 9. In the present case, the High Court overturned the Trial Court Order; and accordingly impleaded the Appellants&rsquo; as accused person(s) in the Underlying Proceedings on the satisfaction of a prima-facie finding that the materials on record i.e., (i) vague allegations emanating from the underlying complaint; (ii) the Complainant&#039;s statement under Section 161 of the CrPC; and (iii) the Complainant&#039;s examination-in-chief, are sufficient to proceed against the Appellant(s). 10. In our considered view, the approach adopted by the High Court was not in consonance with this Court&#039;s opinion in Hardeep Singh (Supra). The High Court failed to appreciate that the discretionary powers under Section 319 of the CrPC ought to have been used sparingly where circumstances of the case so warrant. In the present case, the Trial Court Order was well reasoned and did not suffer from any perversity. Moreover, the materials on record could not be said to have satisfied the threshold envisaged under Hardeep Singh (Supra) i.e., more than a prima facie case, as exercised at the time of framing of charge but short of evidence that if left unrebutted would lead to conviction.&rdquo; The Apex Court holds that the underlying proceedings before the High Court was only on prima facie finding of the material on record which included the complainant&rsquo;s cross-examination or the statement under Section 161. The Apex Court holds that, that would not be enough, unless there is abundant material to bring back the accused under Section 319. If the order impugned is considered on the touchstone of the principles laid down by the Apex Court, it would become unmistakably clear that the order does not warrant any interference. 9.... The 3rd respondent was representing the respondent therein and he was said to be present and filed objections. This is objected to by the State stating that he may not be the person who filed the vakalath. Anybody can appear and present the case before the Assistant Commissioner. It is, therefore, the 3rd respondent has also produced the vakalath filed. He is the sole Advocate representing the respondent therein. The vakalath is appended to the documents that are produced before the Court. All these being in place, this Court is of the considered view that there is no warrant of interference with the impugned order, which declines to bring in the 3rd respondent as an accused back into the web of crime. The vehement submission of the learned counsel for the 3rd respondent merits complete acceptance for dropping the 3rd respondent in the proceedings, as it is in tune with the principles laid down by the Apex Court in the aforesaid judgments. In the light of the preceding analysis, the submissions of the learned counsel for the complainant and the Additional State Public Prosecutor would not lead to obliteration of the impugned order dated 17-12-2021, as they are unacceptable. 10. For the aforesaid reasons, finding no merit in the petitions, both the petitions are dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '0021484de74c5df88516240fba7aa50f.jpeg', 'c48d2ae12dea2bf8b2e8bb8cbc00016a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-25', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-24 20:20:06', '2024-07-25 10:14:50');
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(216, 'ZKsZb1GfsAkrErYSWWn4OS45R', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Executing Court can decide claim based on Will of a party dying during the execution proceedings. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Iravva and others Vs Kallappa Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 105922 of 2023 decided on 28 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4. Mallavva, widow of Tukkappa, along with her daughters&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(plaintiffs 1 and 3 to 7), filed a suit for partition and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nseparate possession in O.S. No. 307/2007. The Court&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecreed the suit, granting a 1/11th share in the 1/12th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nshare of late Tukkappa to plaintiff No. 2. The plaintiffs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthen filed an application in I.A. No. 14, requesting the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nFDP Court to modify the preliminary decree due to the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntestamentary arrangement made by plaintiff No. 2. In&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe affidavit supporting the application, the plaintiffs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstated that their mother bequeathed her share in the&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;presence of two witnesses, Shivakka Sangalad of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNavalur and Nagappa Ganti of Narendra. She was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nhealthy and medically fit while executing the Will dated&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n22.11.2011. Although the FDP Court allowed the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nplaintiffs to lead evidence and examined two witnesses&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto prove the Will&#039;s due execution, the application was&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrejected on the grounds that the due execution of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWill was not supported by specific pleadings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;5. In the partition suit, the court decreed and plaintiff No.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n2, Mallavva, would be granted a 1/11th share in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1/12th share of the late Tukkappa&#039;s property. Following&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthis, the plaintiffs filed an application in I.A. No. 14,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nrequesting the FDP Court to modify the preliminary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecree due to a testamentary arrangement made by&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nplaintiff No. 2. The affidavit supporting the application&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nstated that their mother had bequeathed her share in&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe presence of two witnesses, Shivakka Sangalad of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nNavalur and Nagappa Ganti of Narendra. It was claimed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthat she was healthy and medically fit at the time of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexecuting the Will on 22.11.2011. The FDP Court&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;allowed the plaintiffs to present evidence and examined&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntwo witnesses to prove the Will&#039;s due execution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nHowever, the application was ultimately rejected on the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ngrounds that there were no specific pleadings to support&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe due execution of the Will.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Under the provisions of Order 20 Rule 18 of the Code of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCivil Procedure, 1908 (CPC), when final decree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproceedings are pending in a partition suit, the situation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbecomes complex if a party dies and a Will is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nintroduced. Understanding the legal framework and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprocedural requirements in such scenarios is crucial.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;9. The Court is required to examine the Will&#039;s validity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthrough evidence. This includes examining witnesses,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nconsidering the Will&#039;s authenticity, and determining&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhether it complies with the relevant legal provisions,&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;such as Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSection 63 of the Indian Succession Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In the light of narration of principles supra, the learned&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nJudge erred in rejecting the application on the grounds&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof insufficient specific pleadings regarding the Will&#039;s&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexecution within the Final Decree Petition (FDP). This&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecision is fundamentally flawed because it&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmisconstrued the procedural requirements established&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunder Order 20 Rule 18 of the Code of Civil Procedure,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n1908 (CPC). The nature of final decree proceedings,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nwhich are a continuation of the original partition suit,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndoes not necessitate the amendment of the FDP to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nincorporate detailed pleadings about a Will introduced&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nafter the preliminary decree. Amendment to the Final&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nDecree Petition (FDP) is not necessary for several&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreasons, grounded in the procedural principles and legal&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nframework governing partition suits and final decree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproceedings under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n(CPC).Requiring an amendment to the FDP petition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevery time a testamentary disposition is introduced&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;would complicate and prolong the proceedings&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunnecessarily. The procedural efficiency is maintained&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nby allowing the testamentary claim to be addressed&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthrough the application and evidence without reopening&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nor altering the fundamental determinations made in the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npreliminary decree. The procedural efficiency is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmaintained by allowing the testamentary claim to be&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naddressed through the application and evidence without&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nreopening or altering the fundamental determinations&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nmade in the preliminary decree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;12.1. The plaintiffs had duly filed an application under&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nSections 151, 152, and 153 of the CPC, which included&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nan affidavit stating that their mother, Mallavva, had&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbequeathed her 1/11th share of the 1/12th share of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe late Tukkappa&rsquo;s property through a registered Will&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndated 22.11.2011. The FDP Court allowed the plaintiffs&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nto lead evidence, and they successfully produced the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWill and examined two attesting witnesses to prove its&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexecution. Despite this, the learned Judge rejected the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplication on the basis that there were no specific&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;pleadings regarding the Will&rsquo;s execution in the FDP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npetition.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12.2. This approach is erroneous, because in the context&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nof final decree proceedings, the application and the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naccompanying affidavit are intended to serve as&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsufficient pleadings to notify the Court and the parties&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nabout the testamentary disposition. The primary focus&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nin such proceedings should be the validity and due&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nexecution of the Will, as these directly impact the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndistribution of shares. The application and the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nevidence led by the plaintiffs were adequate to address&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthese issues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;12.3. Furthermore, the learned Judge&#039;s interpretation that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nspecific pleadings related to the testamentary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndisposition must be incorporated into the FDP petition&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nis not supported by the procedural framework of the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCPC. The purpose of the preliminary decree is to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndetermine the shares of the parties, and the final&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecree proceedings are meant to implement the actual&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndivision based on those shares. Introducing a Will&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;during these proceedings is a matter of administering&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe deceased&#039;s share, not altering the preliminary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecree&#039;s determination of shares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n12.4. The Court should have treated the plaintiffs&#039;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napplication as the necessary pleading for the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ntestamentary claim and focused on adjudicating the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nvalidity of the Will based on the evidence provided.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nThe procedural error in rejecting the application due to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\na perceived lack of specific pleadings has caused an&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nunwarranted delay and complexity in the final decree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproceedings. Therefore, the learned Judge&#039;s decision is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nflawed and warrants interference to ensure the proper&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nadministration of justice in accordance with the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nprocedural laws.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;13. In final decree proceedings arising from a preliminary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndecree, if a family member who is allotted a share under&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nthe preliminary decree dies and there is a testamentary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndisposition, all questions related to the Will&#039;s proof must&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nbe adjudicated in the final decree proceedings. The&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nCourt must record findings on the Will&#039;s proof as it&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;directly affects the shares. If the legatees prove the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWill, the testator&rsquo;s share will be allotted to them; if the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nWill is invalidated, the share will be enlarged, and the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nFDP Court must modify the decree accordingly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;14. In conclusion, the amendment to the FDP petition is not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nnecessary because the application and accompanying&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\naffidavit adequately notify the Court of the testamentary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndisposition. The focus should remain on adjudicating the&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nvalidity of the Will based on evidence, which suffices to&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nensure that the deceased&#039;s share is appropriately&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ndistributed according to the testamentary wishes. This&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\napproach upholds the procedural integrity of final decree&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nproceedings and facilitates the efficient resolution of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\npartition suits. The FDP Court overlooked these&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\nsignificant details.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br />\r\ni) The writ petition is allowed.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'a1f5b10cd55ff082c655843f9a32b752.JPG', '4249e35a6c3d8656736d7caf9e5f5c14.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-25', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-24 20:42:08', '2024-07-25 03:31:37'),
(222, 'poZEUvaIfpNcFIgHyiVGS5tpK', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Doctrine of lis pendens is applicable to proceedings under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;M/S Devtree Corp. LLP Vs M/S Bhumika North Gardenia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 2798 of 2024 decided on 25 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice Anu Sivaraman and Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The following questions have come up for consideration in this appeal:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) Whether a person who is not a party to the arbitration agreement, and purchases the property from a person who is a party to the agreement, is bound by the arbitration clause that is binding on his vendors?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) Whether a person who purchases the property which is the subject matter of a proceeding under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short &#039;Act of 1996&#039;) is bound by the principle of lis pendens?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The appellant Company which is the respondent in Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 and against which an interim order is passed, is in appeal on the premise that Section 9 proceeding is not maintainable against it as it is not a party to the arbitration agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The respondent in this appeal, which is the applicant in Section 9 proceeding is defending the impugned order. Respondent contends that the appellant is &ldquo;claiming through or under a party&rdquo; who is bound by the arbitration agreement and alleged purchase by the appellant is during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding, as such the appellant is amenable to the jurisdiction under the Act of 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;14. At this juncture, it is necessary to refer to Section 8 (1) of the Act of 1996&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;8. Power to refer parties to arbitration where there is an arbitration agreement.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(1) A judicial authority, before which an action is brought in a matter which is the subject of an arbitration agreement shall, if a party to the arbitration agreement or any person claiming through or under him, so applies not later than the date of submitting his first statement on the substance of the dispute, then, notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of the Supreme Court or any Court, refer the parties to arbitration unless it finds that prima facie no valid arbitration agreement exists.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;15. On a reading of Section 8(1) extracted above, it is evident that not only a party to the arbitration agreement but also a person claiming through or under a party can apply to refer the matter to arbitration if a proceeding is brought before judicial authority. This provision expressly recognises the right of the &ldquo;party or anyone claiming through or under him&rdquo; to the agreement to seek the resolution of a dispute through arbitration. If a party or a person claiming through or under a party to an arbitration agreement can apply to refer the matter to arbitration, the converse also applies, i.e., anyone claiming through or under the party to the arbitration agreement can be subjected to the jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. During the course of the hearing, an important question was posed by my esteemed sister as to what would be the consequence in case, the proceeding to enforce the obligations under the agreement dated 16.10.2020 against the vendors, ends in an award in favour of the respondent. The learned Senior counsel for the appellant submitted that such an award does not bind the appellant. Said contention is not tenable. Since the sale transaction in favour of the appellant during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding is subject to the outcome of Section 9 proceeding, and said proceeding being a step-in-aid to the proceeding to be initiated before the Arbitral Tribunal, the appellant who is a pendente lite purchaser during Section 9 proceeding cannot be permitted to say the award does not bind him. Accepting such contention in effect amounts to unilateral termination of the &lsquo;arbitration agreement&rsquo; and consequently renders the award of the Tribunal as unenforceable. It will also defeat the very object behind Section 8 of the Act of 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. For the reasons assigned above, this Court is of the view that the appellant Company being a person who is not a party to the arbitration agreement, and being the purchaser of the properties from a person who is a party to the arbitration agreement, is bound by the arbitration clause binding on its vendor. It is not open to the appellant to contend that the arbitration agreement which is binding on its vendors is not binding on the appellant on a specious plea that it is not a signatory to the arbitration agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Regarding question (b)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;19. Admittedly, the appellant purchased the properties when the vendors were parties in a pending (earlier) proceeding, under Section 9. The question is whether the transaction is hit by the lis pendens principle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;Section 52 of the Act of 1882 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;52.Transfer of property pending suit relating thereto.&mdash;During the pendency in any Court having authority within the limits of India excluding the State of Jammu and Kashmir or established beyond such limits by the Central Government, of any suit or proceeding which is not collusive and in which any right to immoveable property is directly and specifically in question, the property cannot be transferred or otherwise dealt with by any party to the suit or proceeding to affect the rights of any other party thereto under any decree or order which may be made therein, except under the authority of the Court and on such terms as it may impose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Explanation.&mdash;For the purposes of this section, the pendency of a suit or proceeding shall be deemed to commence from the date of the presentation of the plaint or the institution of the proceeding in a Court of competent jurisdiction, and to continue until the suit or proceeding has been disposed of by a final decree or order and complete satisfaction or discharge of such decree or order, has been obtained, or has become unobtainable by reason of the expiration of any period of limitation prescribed for the execution thereof by any law for the time being in force.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;20. The doctrine of lis pendens is based on a sound public policy. It applies in a situation where the right over an immovable property is directly or substantially in question in a suit or proceeding which is not collusive. In such a situation, if any transfer of immovable property which is the subject matter of the suit or proceeding takes place, such transfer shall not affect any decree or order to be made in the said suit or proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;21. The contention that Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 is not a suit, hence Section 52 has of the Act of 1882 has no application, cannot be accepted. The &lsquo;proceeding&rsquo; under Section 9 of the Act of 1996 (not being collusive) involving a direct or substantial question relating to an immovable property satisfies all the requirements of Section 52 of the Act of 1882. Thus, the &quot;proceeding&quot; under Section 52 of the Act of 1882, applies to a proceeding under Section 9 of the Act of 1996, if such proceeding involves a direct or substantial question relating to a right in an immovable property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;22. The lis pendens doctrine envisaged under Section 52 of the Act of 1882 is based on public policy. Under the said doctrine, the transfer of property involved in a suit or proceeding is not altogether barred. However, the transfer of property, if takes place, will not affect the outcome of the suit or the proceeding and any such transfer will be subject to the outcome of the suit or proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. In addition, it is also to be noticed that the agreement between the respondent and its vendors is duly registered in the office of the Sub-registrar. The agreement for sale between the respondent and vendors is deemed to be within the knowledge of the appellant in view of Section 3 of the Act of 1882. The said agreement specifically provides that the agreement binds the assignees and the successors. In the instant case, the appellant claims to have purchased the properties during the pendency of Section 9 proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. For the reasons recorded, this Court is of the view that the appellant is bound by the result of Section 9 proceeding as the doctrine of lis pendens applies to Section 9 proceeding under the Act of 1996 as well.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;29. It is urged by the learned Senior counsel appearing for the appellant by placing reliance on the judgment of the Kerala High Court in SHONEY SANIL Vs Coastal Foundations (P) Ltd &amp; Ors.3 to contend that the purchaser is not bound by the arbitration clause in the prior agreement between his vendor and third party.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;30. In the said case, the Kerala High Court has taken a view that the auction purchaser is not a party to the agreement, as such, he is not bound by the arbitration clause. It is relevant to note that in the said judgment, the Kerala High Court has also opined that a Section 9 application can be filed against a party to the arbitration agreement and at best against any person claiming under him. Admittedly, the appellant is a person claiming under the original vendor who had entered into an agreement for sale with the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;31. The judgment in BRAHMAPUTRA REALTORS (P) LTD. vs G G TRANSPORT (P) LTD.4 rendered by the Gauhati High Court does not come to the aid of the appellant as can be noticed from the facts of the said case that three persons who are not parties to any of the agreements were made parties to the proceeding under Section 9 of the Act of 1996. In that case, admittedly three persons did not claim under the parties to the agreement. Whereas the appellant is claiming under the party to the agreement and also a pendente lite purchaser.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;34. This Court has also perused the reasons assigned in the impugned order. Section 9 Court has concluded that the appellant being the purchaser of the properties from a party who had already entered into an agreement for sale with the respondent, cannot be termed as a third party. This Court finds no error in the said reasoning. However, it is noticed that the interim restraint order is passed till the conclusion of the arbitral proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;35. The learned Senior counsel for the appellant during the course of the hearing submitted that the appellant has moved an application to implead itself as a party to the petition under Section 11 of the Act of 1996, where the respondent is seeking constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal. Learned Senior counsel for the respondent submitted that the respondent has objection for the appellant to be a party to the arbitration proceeding. This Court has noticed that Section 9 Court has granted interim measure till the conclusion of proceedings before the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;36. Under the circumstances narrated above, this Court deems it appropriate to restrict the operation of the interim restraint order for 45 days from the date of service of notice on the parties to the proceeding by the Arbitral Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) The appeal is allowed-in-part&hellip;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'be6e4f7bd03a8034513c9277399fcf08.png', 'ed13694afd6d768667e94ecc3394e84e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-25 21:41:33', '2024-07-26 03:31:54');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(218, 'zVUGFQVFCikY11dgBULax9TEV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Acquittal of accused for offence charged against him bars trial again for the different charge which could have been framed together or alternatively.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sabeel Ahmed Vs National Investigating Agency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 20806 of 2023 decided on 18 July 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar and Justice J.M. Khazi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This writ petition is directed against the order dated 19.08.2023 passed by the Additional City Civil and Sessions Judge (Special Court for trial of NIA cases), Bengaluru, in Special Case No.378/2021. Accused No.21 filed an application under Section 300 of Cr.P.C. seeking his discharge from the case. Since the Special Court dismissed his application by the order challenged in this petition, he has filed this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts may be briefly stated as below.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Based on the credible information, an FIR in Crime No.384/2012 for the offences punishable under Sections 153A, 121A, 120B, 121, 122, 379, 153B and 307 IPC, Sections 3 and 25 of Indian Arms Act and Sections 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18 and 20 of Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 was registered at Basaveshwara Nagar police station, Bengaluru, on 29.08.2012. Having regard to the gravity of the offences, investigation was handed over to the National Investigation Agency by order of the Government of India dated 16.11.2012. FIR was registered by the National Investigating Agency in RC 04/2012/NIA/HYD. Subsequently, another FIR was registered by NIA at Delhi against the petitioner and other accused persons. The petitioner herein and other accused faced trial in S.C.No.23 of 2016 at NIA Special Court, Delhi. The petitioner was acquitted of the offences charged against him by Delhi court. Therefore, he made an application before the Special Court at Bengaluru under Section 300 of Cr.P.C stating that he faced trial at Delhi court on certain facts and circumstances which are same in the case at Bengaluru, and in this view, he cannot be tried again on the same set of facts and circumstances in view of Section 300 of Cr.P.C. This application having stood dismissed, the petitioner is before this court.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. In order to appreciate the rival contentions, it is necessary to analyze section 300 of Cr.P.C. which reads as below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;300. Person once convicted or acquitted not to be tried for same offence.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(1) A person who has once been tried by a Court of competent jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force , not be liable to be tried again for the same of fence, nor on the same facts for any other offence for which a different charge from the one made against him might have been made under sub-section (1) of Section 221, or for which he might have been convicted under subsection (2) thereof.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) A person acquitted or convicted of any offence may be afterwards tried, with the consent of the State Government, for any distinct o ffence for which a separate charge might have been made against him at the former trial under sub-section (1) of Section 220.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(3) A person convicted o f any o ffence constituted by any act causing consequences which, together with such act, constituted a different offence from that of which he was convicted, may be afterwards tried for such last-mentioned o ffence , if the consequences had not happened, or were not known to the Court to have happened, at the time when he was convicted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) A person acquitted or convicted of any offence constituted by any acts may, notwithstanding such acquittal or conviction, be subsequently charged with, and tried for , any other o ffence constituted by the same acts which he may have committed if the Court by which he was first tried was not competent to try the of fence with which he is subsequently charged.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) A person discharged under Section 258 shall not be tried again for the same offence except with the consent of the Court by which he was discharged or o f any other Court to which the first mentioned Court is subordinate .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of Section 26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) or of Section 188 of this Code .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.-- The dismissal of a complaint, or the discharge of the accused, is not an acquittal for the purposes o f this section.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Sub-section (1) states that if a person is once tried and convicted or acquitted by a court of competent jurisdiction, he cannot be made to face trial again for the same offence while the conviction or acquittal is in force, and he cannot be tried for any other offence on same facts based on which a different charge under Section 221(1) of Cr.P.C. could have been framed or he could have been convicted under Section 221 (2) of Cr.P.C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. For better analysis, Section 221 of Cr.P.C. is to be elucidated. Sub-section (1) of Section 221 of Cr.P.C. takes the meaning that, if the nature of single act or series of acts is such that it is doubtful as to which offence will constitute on proof of facts, the accused in that event may be charged with having committed all offences emanating from that act or series of acts or he may be charged with having committed all or any of such offences, and any number of charges may be tried at once or he may be charged alternatively for one of the said offences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Sub-section (2) of Section 221 of Cr.P.C. is to be understood in the context of Sub-section (1). The scope of Sub-section (2) is that if an accused is charged with one offence or alternatively for more than one offence, and the evidence brought on record shows a different offence being committed, in that event he may be convicted for an offence which the evidence proves although there is no charge for that offence. Illustrations (a) and (b) to Section 221 (1) and (2) Cr.P.C. give clear picture of these two subsections.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Secondly, based on a set of facts, an accused is tried for an offence instead of charging and trying him for more than one offence together or alternatively. Acquittal or conviction of the accused for the offence charged against him bars trial again for the different charge which could have been framed together or alternatively. That means Section 300 (1) excludes applicability of Section 221 (1) in a situation like this.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Thirdly, if an accused is charged and tried for an offence, but evidence brought on record shows a different offence being committed for which there is no charge, then as per Section 221 (2) of Cr.P.C. accused can be convicted for that offence for which there is no charge. If for any reason he is not convicted in accordance with Section 221 (2) Cr.P.C. he cannot be tried again for that different offence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Sub-sections (2) to (6) are exceptions to sub-section (1) of Section 300. Sub-section (2) provides for trying an accused for a distinct offence for which a separate charge might have been framed under Section 220 (1) of Cr.P.C. at the former trial, but to proceed under this subsection consent of State Government is required.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Sub-section (3) states that if an accused is convicted of any offence constituted by any act and as a consequence of this act, and together with it, an offence different from the offence for which he is convicted, is constituted, in that event accused may be afterwards tried for that different offence, but this is permissible only when the consequences had not happened or were not known to court at the time of convicting the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Sub-section (4) is another exception to rule of autrefois acquit or autrefois convict, explanation to which is given in Babu Lal Mahton (supra) in the following manner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;It will be noted in the first place that the sub-section involves in itself that part of the common law rule according to which an accused cannot rely upon the pleas of autrefois acquit or autre fois convict unless the previous acquittal or conviction was arrived at by a competent tribunal. But a series o f acts may constitute more than one offence and the sub-section says that a person acquitted or convicted o f an o ffence may nevertheless be subsequently tried for any other o ffence constituted by the same acts if the court by which he was first tried was not competent to try the o ffence with which he is subsequently charged. There fore the common law rule has no application, if the first court was not competent to try him for the of fence subsequently charged notwithstanding that the acts constituting the two offences are identical. In my opinion the words &ldquo;competent to try the offence&rdquo; mean that in order to obtain the advantage o f the common law rule the accused on the second occasion must show that the former Court was in a position, had it so chosen, to try and acquit or convict the accused of the offence subsequently charged.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Sub-section (5) also does not permit trial once again if a person is discharged under Section 258, and if trial is to be held, consent of court is required. Sub-section (6) states that Section 300 of Cr.P.C. does not affect Section 26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 or Section 188 of Cr.P.C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the case on hand, Section 300 (1) of Cr.P.C. cannot be attracted at all. The petitioner may have been acquitted by Delhi Court, but that acquittal does not stop the trial by Bengaluru court. In fact the act giving rise to offences with which the petitioner was charged and tried by Delhi court are not same as acts constituting offences for which he is being tried by Bengaluru court. May be the acts have similarity, but they are not same. Some of the witnesses to both the trial may be same, again it is not a ground for invoking Section 300 of Cr.P.C. The Special Court in para 14 of its order has very well delineated the differences in allegations made in both the cases. It is to be noted here that a submission was made on behalf of the petitioner during trial in Delhi court that case pending in Bengaluru was altogether different.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Therefore Amritlal (supra) did not deal with applicability of Section 300 of Cr.P.C., and referring to two earlier judgments in Bhagwat Ram v. State of Rajasthan and State of Rajasthan v. Tarachand Jain, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court held that binding force of a finding at an earlier stage would depend on allegations, facts required to be proved and the findings of the court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Here, as has been rightly held by the Special Court, the two cases are factually different and separate. There is no error in the impugned order. Writ petition is therefore dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fa4e10859605b8b48fe2953802290a00.JPG', '8664808718ebe42cd0a0486d0469dab4.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-25 14:42:52', '2024-07-26 12:19:33'),
(219, 'eejER9YxkpdjK8cUFAP9CASau', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Question of forgery of documents pleaded in the written statement cannot be a ground for rejection of the plaint.Supreme Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;H.S. Deekshit and another Vs M/S Metropoli Overseas Limited and others.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Petition for Special leave to Appeal (C) 2177 of 2022 decided on 16 August 2022.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hemant Gupta and Justice Vikram Nath. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The challenge in the present appeal is to an order passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru on 14.09.2021, whereby the revision petition filed by the defendant No.3 was allowed and plaint rejected in terms of Order 7 Rule 11(a) and (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short &ldquo;the Code&rdquo;). The plaintiffs have pleaded as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &ldquo;11. The plaintiffs further submit that as already stated above after the enquiry by the plaintiffs with the defendant no 1 and 2 have denied the very execution of the alleged execution of the agreement to sell dated 3/2/1995 registered in the office of the sub-registrar at Nelamangala as document no 2282/1994 and the copy of the same is now obtained on 18/6/20 and produced as Document no 17 for kind perusal of this Hon&rsquo;ble court. That after the perusal of the same revealed the facts that the signatures available on the same are not that of the defendants and the same is forged one. It is important to note that the there is no thumb impression of the defendant no 1 and 2 on the registered agreement which is mandatory one. This shows that the alleged agreement is concocted one with the active connivances of the subregistrar at Nelamangala. Likewise, the plaintiffs have also obtained the copy of registered copy of the registered GPA alleged to have been executed by the defendants no 1 and 2 in respect of the suit property. It appears that even the GPA is also the fabricated by the defendant no 3 with the active help of the villagers who are inimically disposed to the plaintiff&rsquo;s family with the intention to snatch the valuable suit property for wrongful gain. The same was also registered in the office of the sub-registrar at Nelamangala as document no 102/1995 dated 15/2/1995. The copy of the same is produced herewith for kind perusal of this Hon&rsquo;ble court and shown as document no 18.&rdquo; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is further pleaded that the sale deeds were executed by Pawan Kumar Dalmia on the basis of alleged fabricated General Power of Attorney. Such suit was filed in the year 2020 after a suit for the perpetual injunction was filed by defendant No. 3. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is well-settled that while considering an application under Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code, the averments in the plaint alone are to be examined and no other extraneous factor can be taken into consideration. On the basis of averments made by the plaintiffs in the suit as mentioned above, we find that it is disputed question of fact as to whether the Agreement to Sell, the Power of Attorney and the Sale Deeds are forged and fabricated documents. Such questions are required to be decided on the basis of evidence to be led by the parties. We do find that the forgery pleaded cannot be a ground for rejection of the plaint. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In view of the said fact, the order passed by the High Court is set aside. The suit stands restored to its original number. The appeal is accordingly disposed of.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; In the said suit, it shall be open to the parties to raise all questions of law and facts. The suit be decided expeditiously in accordance with law.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fde1a8528d07d9d65d09588f6007f95a.jpeg', '0024d2b6b65c335c41bf3de780775ae3.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-25 15:02:03', '2024-07-26 06:50:51'),
(220, 'XgKQ2eL09JvrOfInJcIUn1sl8', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Though limitation issue can be raised for the first time in the second appeal, the court needs to consider it carefully based on evidence. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Annegowda Vs M.T. Hanumegowda.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R.S.A 216 of 2018 decided on 12 July 2024.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; Justice H.P. Sandesh. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This second appeal is filed questioning the judgment and decree dated 12.12.2017 passed in R.A.No.29/2017 setting aside the judgment and decree dated 06.03.2017 passed in O.S.No.11/2016 and granting the relief in favour of the plaintiff.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 2. The factual matrix of the case of the plaintiff before the Trial Court is that the defendant had borrowed loan of Rs.5,00,000/- from the plaintiff on 19.03.2013 and agreed to repay the same with interest at 2% per month. It is also the case of the plaintiff that the defendant had executed an on demand promissory note for having availed the loan and agreed to repay whenever he demands. Inspite of demand, he did not pay the principal amount or the interest. Hence, he issued legal notice on 10.12.2015 and the same was served and untenable reply was given and hence he filed a suit for recovery of Rs.8,61,000/- with interest. In pursuance of the suit summons, the defendant appeared and admitted that he had borrowed loan of Rs.5,00,000/- from the plaintiff and at the time of borrowing, the plaintiff had collected three cheques drawn on SBM Bank, Mandya. It is also contended that the plaintiff had taken a blank stamp paper signed by the defendant. As agreed, the defendant had paid the interest regularly and he also paid the entire principal amount to the plaintiff on 05.05.2013 in the presence of two witnesses, namely Sri N. Raju and Sri Ramesha T.L., residents of Agasanapura Village and Talagavadi Village respectively. When the amount was repaid, the plaintiff did not return the blank cheque and promissory note saying that he has misplaced them. It is also contended that the plaintiff had misused the cheque, which he had collected and filed a case against him in C.C.No.910/2015 and the same is pending adjudication. It is also contended that the plaintiff has misused the promissory note and filed a frivolous suit and hence prayed the Court to dismiss the suit. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. This Court having considered the grounds urged in the appeal, at the time of admission framed the following substantial question of law: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the lower appellate Court was right in reversing the judgment and decree of the Trial Court? &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. It is the contention of the learned counsel for the respondent that the Court has to compute the period of limitation and Section 12(1) of the Act is very clear about exclusion of time in legal proceedings. The day from which such period is to be reckoned, shall be excluded and the same is in respect of exclusion of time in legal proceedings is concerned and not in respect of suing based on the cheque. The limitation provided under the Act is for a period of three years. Article 19 of the Act says for money payable for money lent, the period of limitation is three years from when the loan is made. The learned counsel for the respondent also brought to the notice of this Court Article 21 of the Act, which says for money lent under an agreement that it shall be payable on demand, the period of limitation is three years from when the loan is made. The learned counsel brought to the notice of this Court Article 35 of the Act which says on a bill of exchange or promissory note payable on demand and not accompanied by any writing restraining or postponing the right to sue, the period of limitation is three years from the date of the bill or note. Hence, it is clear that three years is stipulated for recovery of money. The contention of the learned counsel for the respondent is that Section 12(1) of the Act is applicable for the reason that the same is in respect of exclusion of time in legal proceedings in computing the period of limitation for any suit, appeal or application, the day from which such period is to be reckoned, shall be excluded. Section 12(1) of the Act comes to the aid of the respondent/plaintiff and exclusion of time in legal proceedings is very clear in computing the period of limitation for any suit, the day from which such period is to be reckoned, shall be excluded and hence 19.03.2013 has to be excluded as contended by the learned counsel for the respondent. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. This Court would like to refer to the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of SAKETH INDIA LIMITED v. INDIA SECURITIES LIMITED reported in (1993) 3 SCC 1, wherein scope of Section 12(1) of the Limitation Act is explained in following words: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;The aforesaid principle of excluding the day from which the period is to be reckoned is incorporated in Section 12(1) and (2) of the Limitation Act, 1963. Section 12(1) specifically provides that in computing the period of limitation for any suit, appeal or application, the day from which such period is to be reckoned, shall be excluded. Similar provision is made in Sub-section (2) for appeal, revision or review. The same principle is also incorporated in Section 9 of General Clauses Act, 1897 which, interalia, provides that in any Central Act made after the commencement of the General Clauses Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of excluding the first in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word &#039;from&#039;, and, for the purpose of including the last in a series of days or any other period of time, to use the word &#039;to&#039;.&rdquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; 24. This Court would also like to refer to the judgment of the Madras High Court in the case of B.MAHADEVAN v. K. VELMURUGAN reported in 2022 SCC Online Mad 3931. In paragraph No.10 of the judgment, the Madras High Court has held as under: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;10. There is a sound purpose behind Section 12 (1) of Limitation Act, which enables exclusion of first day of limitation period. In the present case, the suit promissory note was executed on 09.09.2006. There is a possibility that an instrument could have been executed even at 11.59 p.m., on the date of execution. Therefore, if we start counting limitation from the date of execution, the entire 24 hours will not be available. In effect, there will be shortage of almost 23 hours and 59 minutes in the period of limitation allowed for filing of suit. In order to give full benefit of limitation period, Section 12(1) of Limitation Act underlines that the first day from which the limitation period is to be reckoned shall be excluded. Therefore, the plaintiff will get full period of limitation allowed by law plus portion of remaining hours available on the date of execution.&rdquo; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. This Court would also like to refer to the judgment of this Court in the case of SRI M. NARAYANA REDDY v. SRI H.C. VENKATESH reported in ILR 2009 KAR 3130. Head Note of the said judgment reads as under: &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 &ndash; Order 7 Rule 11(d) &ndash; Limitation Act &ndash; 1963 &ndash; Section 12(1) &ndash; Rejection of plaint as barred by limitation &ndash; Appealed against &ndash; HELD, The suit for recovery of money is based on a promissory note. Promissory note came to be executed on 12.04.2000. As per Section 12(1) of the Limitation Act, the date on which promissory note executed shall be excluded. Therefore, the last date for filing suit was 12.04.03. As 12.04.2003 to 15.04.2003 (both days inclusive) were general holidays, the suit filed on 16.04.2003 was well in time. The Trial Court, by a cryptic order, allowed the application filed under Order VII rule 11(d) of CPC and erred in rejecting the plaint as barred by limitation. The Trial Court has passed the impugned order in a cavalier manner and the same has resulted in delay in disposal of the suit and therefore, it is a fit case to impose exemplary costs of Rs.10,000/-.&rdquo; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. This Court would also like to refer to the judgment of Delhi High Court in the case of RAJ KAMAL MISRA v. ANIL KHANNA reported in 2018 SCC Online Del 9243, wherein in a similar set of facts and circumstances, the promissory note was executed on 04.02.1954 and on the same date a post-dated cheque dated 25.02.1954 was given and the same was realized sometime after 25.02.1954 and was credited towards part payment and the same was discussed in paragraph No.18 of the judgment. The case law under Section 20 of the Negotiable Instruments Act to the effect that when the cheque is tendered, if the same is encashed, then the date of payment would be the date when the cheque was handed over, is not disputed. It is also discussed in detail regarding the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Jiwanlal Achariya v. Rameshwar Lal Agarwalla reported in AIR 1967 SC 1118, wherein it is clearly held that whenever the payment of the cheque is conditional, the mere delivery of the cheque on a particular date does not result in the commencement of limitation period. When the cheque is post-dated, the payment is conditional, and the date on the cheque would be relevant for the purpose of limitation. The Supreme Court observed as under:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt; &quot;8. This brings us to the question of limitation. The facts are not in dispute now. The promissory note was executed on February 4, 1954. On the same date a post-dated cheque bearing the date February 25, 1954 was given by the defendant- appellant to the plaintiff-respondent, the intention being that on being realised it would be credited towards part payment. It was realised sometime after February 25, 1954 and was credited towards part payment, the appellant himself having made an endorsement admitting this part payment. But it is contended on behalf of the appellant that as the post-dated cheque was given on February 4, 1954, that must be held to be the date on which part payment was made. It has been held by the High Court that the acceptance of the post-dated cheque on February 4, 1954 was not an unconditional acceptance. Where a bill or note is given by way of payment, the payment may be absolute or conditional, the strong presumption being in favour of conditional payment. It follows from the &#039;finding of the High Court that the payment was conditional, i.e. that the payment will be credited to the person giving the cheque-in case the cheque is honoured. In the present case the cheque was realised and the question is what is the date of payment in the, circumstances of this case for the purpose of Section 20 of the Limitation Act. Section 20 inter alia lays down that where payment on account of debt is made before the expiration of the prescribed period by the person liable to pay the debt, a fresh period of limitation shall be computed from the time when the payment was made. Where therefore the payment is by cheque and is conditional, the mere delivery of the cheque on a particular date does not mean that the payment was made on that date unless the cheque was accepted as unconditional payment. Where the cheque is not accepted as an unconditional payment, it can only be treated as a &#039;Conditional payment. In such a case the payment for purposes of Section 20 would be the date on which the cheque would be actually payable at the earliest, assuming that it will be honoured. Thus ,if in the present case the cheque which was handed over on February 4, 1954 bore the date February 4, 1954 and was honoured when presented to the bank the payment must be held to have -been made on February 4, 1954, namely, the date which the cheque bore. But if the cheque is post dated as in the present case it is obvious that it could not be paid till February 25, 1954 which -was the date it bore. As the payment was conditional it would only be good when the cheque is presented on the date it bears, namely, February 25, 1954 and is honoured. The earliest date therefore on which the respondent could have realised the cheque which he had received as conditional payment on February 4, 1954 was the 25th February 1954 if he had presented it on that date and &#039;it had been honoured. The fact that he presented it later and was then paid is immaterial for it is the earliest date on which the payment could be made that would be the date where the conditional acceptance of a post-dated cheque becomes actual payment when honoured. We are therefore of opinion that as a post- dated cheque &#039;was given on February 4, 1954 and it was dated February 25, 1954 and as this was not a case of unconditional acceptance, the payment for the purpose of Section 20 of the Limitation Act could only be on February 25, 1954 when the cheque could have been presented at the earliest for payment. As in the present case the cheque was honoured it must be held that the payment was made on February 25, 1954. It is not in dispute that the proviso to Section 20 is, complied with in this case, for the cheque itself is an acknowledgment of the payment in the handwriting of the person giving the cheque. We are therefore of opinion that a fresh period of limitation began on February 25, 1954 which was the date of the post-dated cheque which was eventually honoured.&quot; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In view of the discussions made by the Apex Court and also in the case on hand, though the promissory note was executed on 19.03.2013, the cheque was dated 20.03.2013 and the same was honoured on the same day. The Apex Court categorically held that fresh period of limitation began on 25.02.1954, which was the date of the post dated cheque, which was eventually honoured. Hence, it is clear that date of the cheque as well as the honouring of the cheque gives a fresh period of limitation. Hence, the suit is in time. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. These judgments are applicable to the facts of the case on hand as Section 12(1) of the Act is applicable to the facts of the case on hand and hence there is a force in the contention of the respondent. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. Apart from that, a document is produced before the First Appellate Court by invoking Order 41 Rule 27 of CPC. The First Appellate Court comes to the conclusion that there are sufficient other materials and there is no need of those additional material to be placed before the Court. Having perused the certified copy of the cheque issued on the date of transaction, the cheque is dated 20.03.2013. On Ex.P.1 pronote, cheque number is mentioned as 381826. The cheque dated 20.03.2013 was given towards the transaction and the consideration in respect of the said pronote is the said cheque and honouring of the said cheque is very clear that cash was paid and seal is also found as 20.03.2013 and signature of the appellant is found on the overleaf of the cheque. Hence, on that ground also when the consideration was passed on 20.03.2013 on the date of the cheque and not on 19.03.2013, the suit is within time and hence it cannot be held that the same is barred by limitation in view of Section 12(1), Article 21 as well as Article 19 of the Act. Both the Articles are very clear that limitation starts from the date of loan is lent and consideration to pronote was passed onto the appellant only on 20.03.2013. Though, the application is not allowed, the First Appellate Court also not dealt with the issue of limitation, since no such ground of limitation was urged before the First Appellate Court. Hence, this Court is of the opinion that consideration of limitation is also mixed question of fact and law and the bank also issued the documents for having made the payment of Rs.5,00,000/- in favour of the defendant i.e., Annegowda and these are the additional materials produced before the First Appellate Court and the First Appellate Court comes to the conclusion that those documents are not required for considering the germane issues involved between the parties since the said contention that the suit was barred by limitation was not raised before the Trial Court as well as the First Appellate Court and hence the First Appellate Court comes to such a conclusion. In view of raising of limitation for the first time in second appeal, those documents are taken note of since the limitation is also mixed question of fact and law. Those documents are necessary to consider the germane issues involved between the parties and the cheque honoured found in the records and cheque contains the signature of the appellant on the overleaf and while making cash payment, bank taken the signature of the appellant and hence those documents are considered while considering this matter. I do not find any force in the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant that the very suit is barred by limitation having perused the material on record. Hence, the ground of limitation also will not come to the aid of the appellant. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The second appeal is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'db63fc16bd1ab57d41d65a1e66bd96f8.jpg', '39aaa48c0d5ea81c5b86a4768e42f2e5.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-25 15:22:58', '2024-07-26 09:01:48');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(227, 'lcDVECLHFHOUbWEYcVNLsKCps', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Purchaser from auction purchaser can make an application under Order 21 Rule 95 CPC to obtain possession of the property. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nayamat Ali Khan and others Vs M. Sadananda and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RFA 557 of 2016 decided on 22 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar and Justice J.M. Khazi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The question to be answered in these appeals is whether purchasers from auction purchaser can make an application under Order 21 Rule 95 CPC for obtaining possession of the properties which are in occupancy of the respondents in these appeals.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. If the facts leading to these two appeals are traced, they are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O.S.No.73/1969 was a suit for partition instituted in the court of Principal Civil Judge, Mysuru, by Gowramma and others against T.G.Harinath and others. Preliminary decree was passed on 30.06.1980 declaring the extent of shares of the parties to the suit. In the final decree proceeding i.e., FDP No.3/1982, as it was found that one of the subject matters of the suit i.e., Upadhyaya Building was not feasible for division by metes and bounds since 29 shares were to be carved out, the parties agreed for sale of the said building and to share the sale proceeds. Thereafter auction was held and the bid of one Sri Siraj Ahmed for Rs.4,52,00,000/- was accepted. The sale was confirmed on 21.02.2014 and sale certificate was issued to the purchaser on 19.03.2014. Upadhyaya building consisted of a number of shops. The auction purchaser sold portions of the building to several persons. Appellants in RFA No.557/2016 purchased one shop portion each in their individual names vide two sale deeds dated 12.09.2014 and 26.09.2014. Likewise, the appellant in RFA No.558/2016 also purchased a shop portion from Siraj Ahmed under sale deed dated 12.09.2014. It is to be noted here that Siraj Ahmed did not obtain possession of the entire building after he was issued with sale certificate, instead he sold different portions of the building to several persons by executing sale deeds. The appellants herein thereafter initiated two execution proceedings i.e., Ex.No.5/2015 and Ex.No.6/2015 for obtaining possession of their respective shop portions by filing applications under Order 21 Rule 95 CPC. The executing court, vide order dated 05.10.2015, dismissed the applications mainly on the ground that the respondents were not the judgment debtors inasmuch as the property was not sold in execution of a decree and therefore the appellants could not avail remedy under Order 21 Rule 95 CPC. Against this order, these two appeals are filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The findings of the executing court are perhaps founded on the premise that Order 21 Rule 95 of CPC applies only when the property was attached and sold in an execution proceeding. No doubt, an immovable property is to be first attached before it is sold in auction. But attachment of an immovable property does not arise when it is ordered to be sold in a proceeding for final decree pursuant to a preliminary decree in a partition suit. To arrive at this conclusion, it is necessary to refer to sections 7 and 8 of the Partition Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;7. Procedure to be followed in case of sales.&mdash;Save as hereinbefore provided, when any property is directed to be sold under this Act, the following procedure shall, as far as practicable, be adopted, namely:&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) if the property be sold under a decree or order of the High Court of Calcutta, Madras or Bombay, in the exercise of its original jurisdiction, the procedure of such court in its original civil jurisdiction for the sale of property by the Registrar;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) if the property be sold under a decree or order of any other court, such procedure as the High Court may from time to time by rules prescribe in this behalf, and until such rules are made the procedure prescribed in the Code of Civil Procedure in respect of sales in execution of decrees.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Orders for sale to be deemed decrees.&mdash;Any order for sale made by the court under section 2 , 3 or 4 shall be deemed to be a decree within the meaning of section 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure (14 o f 1882).&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Clause (b) of section 7 makes it clear that until the High Court frames rules as to the manner of holding auction, provisions of CPC are to be followed, and in that view provisions of Order 21 relating to sale of immovable property become applicable; but it does not mean that property is to be attached, for it is not necessary since the sale is according to section 2 of the Partition Act, and what is required is an order to sell the property in auction if none of the share holders comes forward to purchase the moiety of others. Once the court passes an order to sell the property, other rules relating to sale of immovable property of Order 21 are to be followed and sale is to be confirmed under Rule 92 followed by issuance of sale certificate under Rule 94 in favour of auction purchaser.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;9. Section 8 of the Partition Act states the order for sale is a decree for which reason such an order is appealable, but it also conveys a meaning that a purchaser becomes entitled to take possession by making an application either under Rule 95 or Rule 96 of Order 21 as the case may be. If this right is not available to the purchaser the purpose of sale is frustrated, for one of the legal incidents of sale is to obtain possession which may be actual or constructive. If the purchaser wants to take actual possession, he can make an application under Order 21 Rule 95 within one year from the date of confirmation of sale in accordance with Article 134 of the Limitation Act. This is a summary remedy made available to the auction purchaser without requiring him to prove his title. If he does not make an application under Rule 95 within one year from the date of order of making the sale absolute, he can file a suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Rule 96 of Order 21 operates if the property sold in auction is in occupancy of a tenant or other person entitled to occupy the same. Here the auction purchaser takes symbolic possession, not actual possession. The distinction between Rules 95 and 96 is so narrow in that Rule 96 applies where property is held by a tenant or a person entitled to occupy, and Rule 95 applies where property is held by a judgment debtor or any person being in possession on behalf of judgment debtor. There is no scope for disputing the auction purchaser&rsquo;s right to take possession, and if at all any right is available to the person in occupancy of the property it is under Rule 97 provided the occupant has an independent right to oppose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The next aspect is about right of purchaser from auction purchaser to claim possession under Rules 95 and 96 of Order 21. It cannot be said that auction purchaser cannot sell or alienate the property that he purchases once sale certificate is issued to him, for alienation is his right. Section 47 of CPC can be pertinently applied here. Explanation II to section 47 states that purchaser in an auction is deemed to be a decree holder, that means he can initiate action for taking possession. If he sells the property inter vivos, there takes place devolution of interest on his purchaser in which event the latter can take out execution to obtain possession in accordance with section 146 of CPC. If there is transfer of decree; the transferee gets right under Order 21 Rule 16 of CPC, but such a situation will not arise if auction purchaser sells the property to another as is in this case. Apposite to like situation judgment of the Supreme Court in Jugalkishore Saraf vs Raw Cotton Company Limited [1955 SCC Online SC 26] can be referred here. There the facts indicate that a business concern Habib &amp; Sons instituted a suit against Jugalkishore Saraf for the recovery of a certain sum of money with interest. When suit was still pending Habib &amp; Sons transferred all its transactions including debts due to it to a company called M/s Raw Cotton Company, but the transferee company did not come on record in the suit in terms of Order 22 Rule 10 of CPC and instead the suit was continued by Habib &amp; Sons. The two partners of Habib &amp; Sons migrated to Pakistan consequent to which the properties of Habib &amp; Sons vested in custodian of Evacuee Property who appears to have continued the suit which came to be decreed against Jugalkishore Saraf. The custodian of evacuee property informed about the decree to the transferee company and also confirmed the transfer of transactions of Habib Ali to Raw Cotton Company Limited. When decree was put into execution by Raw Cotton Limited, Jugalkishore Saraf, the judgment debtor disputed the company&rsquo;s right to execute. In that context the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court held :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;37&hellip;.. Either the respondent company are transferees of the decree by an assignment in writing or by operation of law, in which case they fall within Order XXI, rule 16, or they are not such transferees, in which event they may avail themselves of the provisions of section 146 if the other condition is fulfilled.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip; But the respondent company are, nonetheless, the real owners of the decree because it is passed in relation to and for the recovery of the debt which undoubtedly they acquired by transfer by the document under consideration. The respondent company were after the transfer, the owners of the debt which was the subject matter of the suit and the legal incidents thereof and consequently were the real owners of the decree. In my opinion, the respondent company are entitled under section 146 to make the application for execution which the original decree- holders could do.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Almost identical question arose before Patna High Court in Gobardhan Das and Others vs M/s Jankidas Bansidhar and Others [1971 SCC Online Pat 54]. Referring to Jugalkishore and a few other decided cases, it was held :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9. In view of these authorities there can be no doubt that in circumstances of the present case the petitioners, if they can establish that they are purchasers of the property sold in the auction sale, can avail themselves o f the provision o f Section 146 of the Code and also avail o f the summary remedy provided in (Order 21, Rule 95 or 96 (as the case may be).&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. It becomes clear that property in question was dealt with by T.S.L.Upadhyaya during pendency of the suit by entering into a partnership with the respondents and contributed the property in question as his share to the partnership business. The said transaction was since during pendency of the suit within the meaning of explanation to section 52 of the Transfer of Property Act, it was hit by section 52 of the said Act, and the respondents are the persons who hold occupancy of the property under a party to a partition suit. In this view Rule 96 of Order 21 is not applicable, the appellants are justified in invoking Rule 95 of Order 21.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The appellants are the purchasers from auction purchaser. There was no transfer of decree in favour of appellants in order that they could have exercised their right to execute under Order 21 Rule 16, but their right to take possession under Order 21 Rule 95 is not impeded in as much they derive right under section 146 of CPC. But to proceed under Order 21 Rule 95, application there under must be filed within one year in terms of Article 134 of the Limitation Act, from the date of order of making the sale absolute under Order 21 Rule 92 of CPC, not within one year from date of issuance of sale certificate under Rule 94. In the case on hand, the dates are important. The sale was confirmed i.e., made absolute on 21.02.2014. Sale certificate was issued on 19.03.2014. Two sale deeds were executed by the auction purchaser on 12.9.2014. Another sale deed was executed on 26.09.2014. All the purchasers filed applications under Order 21 Rule 95 of CPC on 02.01.2015 which date is within one year from 21.02.2014. Therefore these applications are very much maintainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. If the second appellant in RFA 557/2016 sold away his property and the purchaser from him has instituted a suit, it cannot be said that the first appellant in RFA 557/2016 and the appellant in RFA 558/2016 cannot proceed under Order 21 Rule 95 of CPC. RFA 557/2016 survives so far as the first appellant is concerned.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(a) RFA 557/2016 stands allowed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1b4cac1cbc90c333adbee418073e28c3.jpeg', '4f9bf48eb5dfe3deec75cbfb4fc02360.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 17:55:32', '2024-07-29 10:22:35'),
(228, 'gcWmi2plT2XdALXZM2iD1r2ka', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'N.I. Act Accused cannot file his evidence by way of an affidavit which right is conferred only on the complainant. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zaheda Inamdhar Vs Fathima Hassina Sayeedha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 3519 of 2024 decided on 19 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner is before this Court calling in question proceedings of recording of evidence of the accused by way of an affidavit in C.C.No.27337 of 2027 pending before the 22nd Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Bengalore arising out of a complaint filed under Section 200 of the Cr.P.C., alleging offences punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo; for short) and has sought quashment of the order dated 13-12-2023 which rejects Section 311 Cr.P.C. application filed by the petitioner seeking further cross-examination of the respondent/accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Facts, in brief, germane are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner and the respondent have a transaction. The transaction leads to issuance of a cheque by the accused in favour of the complainant. The presentation of the cheque leads to it getting dishonored. The dishonouring of the cheque leads the complainant before the concerned Court invoking Section 200 of the Cr.P.C., by registering a complaint. Presently, the proceedings are pending before the concerned Court in C.C.No.27337 of 2017. The issue in the lis does not pertain to the merit of the claim of the complainant or the defence of the accused. On 16-11-2018, the petitioner was cross-examined by the counsel for the accused. This again happens on 18-02-2019. On 25-03-2019 the accused files an affidavit. On the affidavit, further cross-examination of DW1/accused was taken up and recorded as nil owing to the absence of the complainant. The complainant then prefers an application under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C., seeking further cross-examination of DW-1. The accused files objections. An order comes to be passed rejecting the application filed under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C. It is this order that has driven the petitioner to this Court in the subject petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. I have given my anxious consideration to the submissions made by the respective learned counsel and have perused the material on record. In furtherance thereof, the issues that fall for consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i)&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Whether the act of the concerned Court in permitting filing of an affidavit in lieu of examination in-chief by the accused is sustainable?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 39pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(ii)&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Whether the rejection of the application filed under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C., is tenable in law?&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Issue No.1: (i) Whether the act of the concerned Court in permitting filing of an affidavit in lieu of examination in-chief by the accused is sustainable?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The Apex Court in the case of MANDVI COOPERATIVE BANK LIMITED v. NIMESH B.THAKORE2 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&rdquo;44. Coming now to the last question with regard to the right of the accused to give his evidence, like the complainant, on affidavit, the High Court has held that subject to the provisions of Sections 315 and 316 of the Code of Criminal Procedure the accused can also give his evidence on affidavit. The High Court was fully conscious that Section 145(1) does not provide for the accused to give his evidence, like the complainant, on affidavit. But the High Court argued that there was no express bar in law against the accused giving his evidence on affidavit and more importantly providing a similar right to the accused would be in furtherance of the legislative intent to make the trial process swifter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;46. On this issue, we are afraid that the High Court overreached itself and took a course that amounts to taking over the legislative functions. On a bare reading of Section 143 (sic Section 145) it is clear that the legislature provided for the complainant to give his evidence on affidavit and did not provide for the accused to similarly do so. But the High Court thought that not mentioning the accused along with the complainant in sub-section (1) of Section 145 was merely an omission by the legislature that it could fill up without difficulty. Even though the legislature in their wisdom did not deem it proper to incorporate the word &ldquo;accused&rdquo; with the word &ldquo;complainant&rdquo; in Section 145(1), it did not mean that the Magistrate could not allow the accused to give his evidence on affidavit by applying the same analogy unless there was a just and reasonable ground to refuse such permission.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court holds that statute confers a right on the complainant to file his affidavit by way of evidence. The same right is not conferred upon the accused. Therefore, the act of permitting evidence of the accused by way of an affidavit was erroneous. The Apex Court, later, in the case of INDIAN BANK ASSOCIATION v. UNION OF INDIA3 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Considerable time is usually spent on recording the statement of the complainant. The question is whether the court can dispense with the appearance of the complainant instead, to take steps to accept the affidavit of the complainant and treat the same as examination-in-chief. Section 145(1) gives complete freedom to the complainant either to give his evidence by way of affidavit or by way of oral evidence. The court has to accept the same even if it is given by way of an affidavit. The second part of Section 145(1) provides that the complainant&#039;s statement on affidavit may, subject to all just exceptions, be read in evidence in any inquiry, trial or other proceedings. Section 145 is a rule of procedure which lays down the manner in which the evidence of the complainant may be recorded and once the court issues summons and the presence of the accused is secured, an option be given to the accused whether, at that stage, he would be willing to pay the amount due along with reasonable interest and if the accused is not willing to pay, the court may fix up the case at an early date and ensure day-to-day trial.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court follows the judgment in the case of MANDVI COOPERATIVE BANK LIMITED supra and reiterates the same view. A coordinate Bench of this Court in SRI B.N. ASHWATH NARAYAN v. SRI SHANKAR4 has after following MANDVI COOPERATIVE BANK LIMITED case holds that the accused shall not be permitted to lead evidence by way of an affidavit. The finding of the coordinate Bench qua on this point is as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;15(xv) In view of the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in MANDVI COOPERATIVE BANK LIMITED v. NIMESH B.THAKORE, (2010) 3 SCC 83, the accused shall not lead his evidence in defence by way of an affidavit.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9&hellip;. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana follows the judgments in MANDVI COOPERATIVE BANK LIMITED and INDIAN BANK ASSOCIATION cases supra. It further becomes germane to notice the judgment of the High Court of Bombay in VIRAL ENTERPRISES v. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA wherein it is held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The substance of the petition is that if viewed in the light of the object of insertion of the provisions contained in section 143 to 147 of the NI Act, 1881, by Act, 55 of 2002, the accused also has a right to adduce his evidence on an affidavit. The learned Metropolitan Magistrate was in error in declining to accept such evidence on affidavit by placing reliance on the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank Limited v. Nimesh B. Thakore1 as the subsequent judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Indian Bank Association v. Union of India2 had further expanded the scope of provisions contained in section 145 of the NI Act, 1881, with a view to give impetus for expeditious conclusion of the proceedings under section 138 of NI Act, 1881 and the said decision was not properly construed by the learned Magistrate. Thus, to advance the object of the provisions contained in sections 143 and 145 of the NI Act, 1881, the petitioners/accused deserve to be permitted to adduce the evidence on an affidavit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Indian Bank Association and Others filed Writ Petition before the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution of India seeking appropriate guidelines, directions to be followed by all the Courts dealing with complaints under section 138 of NI Act, 1881 so as to ensure expeditious disposal of the complaints. In Indian Bank Association (supra), the Supreme Court took note of the decision in the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra) and issued a number of directions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Special emphasis was laid on the observations, &ldquo;the Court has option of accepting affidavits of the witnesses. The word &ldquo;witnesses&rdquo;, according to Mr. Patel, subsumes in its fold an accused. Therefore Indian Bank Association (supra) expands the scope of section 145 and permits the Court to record the evidence of accused on affidavit. To this extent, the Indian Bank Association (supra) deviates from the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. I have perused the judgments in the cases of Rakeshbhai Barot (supra) and Afzal Pasha (supra). Rakeshbhai Barot (supra) substantially followed the reasoning of the decision of the Karnataka High Court in the case of Afzal Pasha (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. In the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra), a Bench of co-equal strength of the Supreme Court has elaborately considered the specific question as to whether an accused can be permitted to adduce evidence on oath and ruled against such course of action ascribing reasons. It cannot be urged that in the the case of Indian Bank Association (supra), another two Judge Bench of the Supreme Court delved into the correctness of the said view and took a diametrically opposite view. The decision in the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra), in my view, still holds the field.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. As noted above, in my humble opinion, there is no conflict between the decisions in the cases of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra) and Indian Bank Association (supra). Even if one proceeds on the premise that decisions in the cases of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra) and Indian Bank Association (supra) are irreconcilable, the rule is to apply the earliest view as the succeeding one would fall in the category of per incuriam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Thus, this Court regrets its inability to agree with the view of the Karnataka High Court in the case of Afzal Pasha (supra) on both the counts namely there being an inconsistency in the decisions in the cases of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra) and Indian Bank Association (supra) and Indian Bank Association (supra), being a latter decision, deserves to be followed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The upshot of aforesaid consideration is that, the decisions of this Court in SBI Global Factors Limited (supra) and Nitin Shriram Sabe (supra) have correctly held that the question sought to be raised by the petitioners is no longer res integra and stands concluded against the accused by the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Mandvi Cooperative bank (supra). This Court does not find any reason to take a different view of the matter than the one taken by the coordinate Benches in the cases of SBI Global Factors Limited (supra) and Nitin Shriram Sabe (supra). Therefore, I decline the invitation of Mr. Patel to take a different view of the matter and refer the question to a larger Bench.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Bombay High Court holds that it does not agree with the view taken by this Court in the case of AFZAL PASHA supra, as it completely runs counter to the judgments of the Apex Court in the cases of MANDVI CO-OPERATIVE BANK LIMITED and INDIAN BANK ASSOCIATION cases (supra). This Court is also of the same view that the judgment in the case of AFZAL PASHA though rendered by a co-ordinate Bench of this Court, it has lost its precedential value, on the score that it is inconsistent with the judgments rendered by the Apex Court supra. Therefore, holding the said decision as per incuriam, I deem it appropriate to hold that the statute does not confer any right on the accused to file his evidence by way of an affidavit. It is the right of the complainant, and the legislature in its wisdom has excluded the same right to be conferred upon the accused. In that light, holding no right to the accused to file the affidavit evidence, the proceedings of the learned Magistrate who has permitted filing of the evidence by way of an affidavit by the accused is illegal and unsustainable. Therefore, the said action of the learned Magistrate will have to be obliterated from the stage of acceptance of affidavit evidence of the accused. Accordingly, Issue No.1 is answered in favour of the petitioner, holding that the accused has no right to tender his evidence by way of an affidavit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Issue No.2:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Whether the rejection of the application filed under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C., is tenable in law?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10&hellip; The purport of Section 311 Cr.P.C. need not detain this Court for long or delve deep into the matter. The Apex Court in the case of VARSHA GARG v. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH7 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. This power can be exercised at any stage of any inquiry, trial or other proceeding under the CrPC. The latter part of Section 311 states that the Court &ldquo;shall&rdquo; summon and examine or recall and re-examine any such person &ldquo;if his evidence appears to the Court to be essential to the just decision of the case&rdquo;. Section 311 contains a power upon the Court in broad terms. The statutory provision must be read purposively, to achieve the intent of the statute to aid in the discovery of truth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. The power of the court is not constrained by the closure of evidence. Therefore, it is amply clear from the above discussion that the broad powers under Section 311 are to be governed by the requirement of justice. The power must be exercised wherever the court finds that any evidence is essential for the just decision of the case. The statutory provision goes to emphasise that the court is not a hapless bystander in the derailment of justice. Quite to the contrary, the court has a vital role to discharge in ensuring that the cause of discovering truth as an aid in the realization of justice is manifest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;If the findings of the Apex Court is pitted against the order impugned rejecting the application, it would undoubtedly run foul of the judgment of the Apex Court. Owing to the absence of the complainant on a particular day, the cross-examination of the accused is rendered nil, apart from the illegality of permitting her to file the evidence by way of affidavit. It cannot be that the accused is not cross-examined at all, by the complainant. Therefore, the Court ought to have permitted further cross-examination of the accused/DW-1. In that light, issue No.2 is also answered in favour of the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Writ Petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'ed313f4d54bd53036dcec47bccbb5c4b.jpeg', '94b7b14f077f40ef7f44d4b73d49b7e2.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 17:56:27', '2024-07-29 03:25:39');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(229, 'J96IUyqIbOQbD6AdccCVWxx3v', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Criminal Law. Evidence of ‘’partisan’’ or ‘’interested’’ witness cannot be mechanically rejected since this may lead to failure of justice. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Raju Vs The State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CRL.A. 200174 of 2017 decided on 26 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Ashok S. Kinagi and Justice Rajesh Rai K.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;These three appeals by convicted accused Nos.1 to 3 are directed against the judgment of conviction and order of sentence passed in S.C.No.122/2015 dated 12.07.2017 by the Court of III Additional District and Sessions Judge at Kalaburagi, wherein the learned Sessions Judge has convicted the accused for the offences punishable under Sections 394, 302 r/w Section 34 of IPC and consequently sentenced them to undergo imprisonment for life and also to pay a fine of Rs.5,000/- each. In default of payment of fine, they shall suffer simple imprisonment for six months for the offence punishable under Section 302 r/w Section 34 of IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Since the accused sentenced for the major offence punishable under Section 302 of IPC for life, no separate sentence is imposed on them for the offence punishable under Section 394 of IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Having heard the learned counsel for the appellants so also learned Addl. State Public Prosecutor, the points that would arise for our consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1)&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&ldquo;Whether the judgment under this appeal suffers from any perversity or illegality?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2)&lt;span times=&quot;&quot; new=&quot;&quot; roman&quot;;&quot;=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Whether the learned Sessions Judge is justified in convicting the accused for the offences punishable under Sections 394, 302 r/w Section 34 of IPC?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Before delving upon to analyze the evidence on record as stated supra, this case totally rests upon the circumstantial evidence, as per the settled position of law by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court way back in the year 1993 i.e., in the case of Sarbir Singh v. State of Punjab reported in 1993 Supp (3) SCC 41 held in Paragraph No.6 as under&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. It is said that men lie but circumstances do not. Under the circumstances prevailing in the society today, it is not true in many cases. Sometimes the circumstances which are sought to be proved against the accused for purpose of establishing the charge are planted by the elements hostile to the accused who find out witnesses to fill up the gaps in the chain of circumstances. In countries having sophisticated modes of investigation, every trace left behind by the culprit can be followed and pursued immediately. Unfortunately it is not available in many parts of this country. That is why courts have insisted (i) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should in the first instance be fully established; (ii) all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilty of the accused and should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one sought to be proved; (iii) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature; and (iv) the chain of evidence should not have any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The above principles enunciated in the above case is also re-iterated in the case of Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra reported in (1984) 4 SCC 116 and laid the golden principles to prove the case based on circumstantial evidence. The said principles also reiterated in the recent judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Shankar v. State of Maharashtra reported in 2023 SCC OnLine SC 268, wherein, the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has summarized the guidelines to convict the accused in the cases which are based on circumstantial evidences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. The learned counsels for the appellants would vehemently contend that there is a delay in lodging the complaint by PW.1. As discussed supra, PW.1 was residing 85 kilometers away from the house of deceased and after the incident, PW.10 informed him and he rushed to the spot and lodged the complaint at about 1:00 p.m. Due to these facts, the delay now called-in for examination has arisen. Hence, we are unable to accept the contention of the learned counsels for the appellants. The learned counsels for the accused argued much on missing chain link of circumstance since there are material contradictions in the evidence of witnesses examined before the Court so also some of the circumstances are not proved by the prosecution, since the material witness PWs.14 and 15 were turned hostile to the prosecution case. Nevertheless, as discussed supra, the prosecution successfully established the above circumstances and as such, we are unable to accept the contention of the learned counsels for the appellants. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Raj Kumar Singh v. State of Rajasthan reported in (2013) 5 SCC 722 held in Paragraph 43 as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;43. while appreciating the evidence of a witness, minor discrepancies on trivial matters, which do not affect the core of the case of the prosecution, must not prompt the court to reject the evidence thus provided, in its entirety. The irrelevant details which do not in any way corrode the credibility of a witness, cannot be labelled as omissions or contradictions. Therefore, the courts must be cautious and very particular in their exercise of appreciating evidence. The approach to be adopted is, if the evidence of a witness is read in its entirety, and the same appears to have in it, a ring of truth, then it may become necessary for the court to scrutinise the evidence more particularly, keeping in mind the deficiencies, drawbacks and infirmities pointed out in the said evidence as a whole, and evaluate them separately, to determine whether the same are completely against the nature of the evidence provided by the witnesses, and whether the validity of such evidence is shaken by virtue of such evaluation, rendering it unworthy of belief.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9. Exaggerations per se do not render the evidence brittle. But it can be one of the factors to test the credibility of the prosecution version, when the entire evidence is put in a crucible for being tested on the touchstone of credibility.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is in fact, the entirety of the situation which must be taken into consideration. While appreciating the evidence, the court must not attach undue importance to minor discrepancies, rather must consider broad spectrum of the prosecution version. The discrepancies may be due to normal errors of perception or observation or due to lapse of memory or due to faulty or stereotype investigation. After exercising such care and caution, and sifting through the evidence to separate truth from untruth, embellishments and improvements, the court must determine whether the residuary evidence is sufficient to convict the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;43. The learned counsels for the appellants also argued that PWs.1 and 10 are the close relatives of the deceased, their evidence cannot be relied since they are partisan witness. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Ravasahebgouda Alias Ravasahebgouda v. State of Karnataka reported in (2023) 5 SCC 391, held that the evidence of sole related eyewitness can be basis for conviction, particularly when there is no vagueness in his/her testimony with respect to the act committed by the accused. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Para No.17 of the said judgment held that:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;17. It is clear that it is the quality and not the quantity of the witnesses that matters. Further in Paragraph No.25 of the said judgment, it is stated that &ldquo;a witness being a close relative is not a ground enough to reject his/her testimony. Mechanical rejection of an even &ldquo;partisan&rdquo; or &ldquo;interested&rdquo; witness may lead to failure of justice. The principle of &ldquo;falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus&rdquo; is not one of the general applications&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;44. Hence, considering the above decision and law laid down by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court, the evidence of PWs.1 and 10 cannot be discarded only for the reason that they are the relatives of the deceased.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Criminal Appeal Nos.200174/2017, 200165/2022 and 200242/2023 are dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '06b6219ccd6bca9d60e2ec94990efffb.JPG', 'c3823e021e4c27265ede7ed2eb73fe4e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 17:57:19', '2024-07-29 12:22:13'),
(230, 'koNFq6Litf5sAwcl6Dit06KNF', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'N.I. Act. Authorized signatory of company cannot be considered as ‘drawer of the cheque’ for the purpose of imposing criminal liability. Supreme Court', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shri Gurudatta Sugars Marketing Pvt. Ltd Vs Prithviraj Sayajirao Deshmukh and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Appeal 3070-3071 of 2024 decided on 24 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Vikram Nath and Justice Prashant Kumar Mishra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The present Appeals are filed challenging the judgments and orders passed by the Bombay High Court, dated 08.03.2023 and 29.03.2023 in CRLA 967/2022, whereby the High Court allowed the Criminal Application filed by the present respondents thereby setting aside the order of the Judicial Magistrate directing the interim payment under Section 143-A, Negotiable Instruments Act, 18811 to be paid by the respondents &ndash; directors of the company on whose account the dishonoured cheque was drawn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Appellant company entered into several Agreements and Sale Orders with one Cane Agro Energy (India) Ltd. (Cane hereinafter) between September 2016 and June 2017. Under these Agreements and Sale Orders, the appellant made advance payments amounting to Rs.63,46,00,000/- (Rupees sixty three crores forty six lakhs) for supply of sugar by Cane. It is alleged by the appellant that Cane failed to supply the ordered quantities of sugar and also failed to discharge its other obligations as agreed upon. Cane agreed to refund the advance amount due and payable to the Appellant. In part discharge of liability, a sum of Rs.1,00,00,000/- (Rupees one crore) was refunded by Cane on 30.01.2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;4. Subsequently, respondent Nos. 1 to 3 issued two cheques dated 30.03.2020 in favour of the appellant, one for Rs.45,00,00,000/- (Rupees forty five crores) and one for Rs.6,64,41,300/- (Rupees six crores sixty four lakhs forty one thousand and three hundred), amounting to a total amount of Rs.51,64,41,300/- (Rupees fifty one crores sixty four lakhs forty one thousand and three hundred). These two cheques were signed by respondent No.1, who is the Chairman of Cane.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;5. The said cheques were presented to the Bank but were dishonoured due to insufficiency of funds, vide return memos dated 02.06.2020. Appellant issued notice date 18.06.2020 to respondent Nos. 1 to 3 against the dishonour of cheques demanding payment of dues. A notice was duly served on 30.06.2020. When the payments due were not made, the appellant preferred a complaint before the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Kolhapur, which was registered as Summary Criminal Case No.2967 of 2020. On 11.08.2020, the Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Kolhapur issued process against respondent Nos. 1 to 3. In the meantime, Cane was admitted into Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process by order of National Company Law Tribunal, Mumbai.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The appellant has challenged the judgment and order of the High Court dated 29.03.2023 as well as the relied upon judgment and order dated 08.03.2023. The present Appeal is filed assailing the correctness of these orders vis-&agrave;-vis the larger question of law, as framed by the High Court:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the signatory of the cheque, authorized by the &quot;Company&quot;, is the &quot;drawer&quot; and whether such signatory could be directed to pay interim compensation in terms of section 143A of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 leaving aside the company?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. The High Court&#039;s interpretation of Section 7 of the NI Act accurately identified the &quot;drawer&quot; as the individual who issues the cheque. This interpretation is fundamental to understanding the obligations and liabilities under Section 138 of the NI Act, which makes it clear that the drawer must ensure sufficient funds in their account at the time the cheque is presented. The appellants&#039; argument that directors or other individuals should also be liable under Section 143A misinterprets the statutory language and intent. The primary liability, as correctly observed by the High Court, rests on the drawer, emphasizing the drawer&#039;s responsibility for maintaining sufficient funds.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;29. The general rule against vicarious liability in criminal law underscores that individuals are not typically held criminally liable for acts committed by others unless specific statutory provisions extend such liability. Section 141 of the NI Act is one such provision, extending liability to the company&#039;s officers for the dishonour of a cheque. The appellants&#039; attempt to extend this principle to Section 143A, to hold directors or other individuals personally liable for interim compensation, is unfounded. The High Court rightly emphasized that liability under Section 141 arises from the conduct or omission of the individual involved, not merely their position within the company.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. The distinction between legal entities and individuals acting as authorized signatories is crucial. Authorized signatories act on behalf of the company but do not assume the company&#039;s legal identity. This principle, fundamental to corporate law, ensures that while authorized signatories can bind the company through their actions, they do not merge their legal status with that of the company. This distinction supports the High Court&#039;s interpretation that the drawer under Section 143A refers specifically to the issuer of the cheque, not the authorized signatories.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. The principle of statutory interpretation, particularly in relation to Sections 143A and 148, was also correctly applied by the High Court. The Court emphasized that when statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it should be given its natural and ordinary meaning. The legislative intent, as discerned from the plain language of the statute, aims to hold the drawer accountable. The appellants&#039; argument for a broader interpretation to include authorized signatories under Section 143A contradicts this principle and would lead to an unjust extension of liability not supported by the statutory text.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. The High Court&rsquo;s reliance on established legal precedents further reinforces its interpretation. Judicial precedents relied upon in the impugned judgment underscore the need for a literal interpretation of the statutory provisions. These precedents support the High Court&#039;s decision to limit the definition of &#039;drawer&#039; to the issuer of the cheque, excluding authorized signatories.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. The appellants&rsquo; reliance on the judgment in Aneeta Hada (Supra),11 is misplaced and out of context. While this case underscored the necessity of involving the company as an accused to maintain a prosecution under Section 141, it does not support the extension of liability to authorized signatories under Section 143A. The judgment nowhere lays down that directors or authorised signatories would come under the ambit of &lsquo;drawer&rsquo; for the purposes of Section 143A. The appellants&#039; interpretation conflates the roles of authorized signatories and drawers, which are distinct under the NI Act. Appellants have relied upon a single paragraph, which does not form part of the ratio therein, to substantiate their argument. But in this relied upon paragraph, the Court only made an observation that the authorised signatory becomes a drawer for the company, for the limited purpose of extending the criminal liability as per Section 141.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;34. The respondents correctly argued that an authorized signatory is not a drawer of the cheque, as established in N. Harihara Krishnan (Supra). 12 This judgment clarified that a signatory is merely authorized to sign on behalf of the company and does not become the drawer. The respondents&#039; interpretation aligns with the principle that penal statutes should be interpreted strictly, particularly in determining vicarious liability. The judgment in K.K. Ahuja (Supra),13 further supports this approach, emphasizing that penal provisions must be read strictly to determine liability.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. In conclusion, the High Court&rsquo;s decision to interpret &#039;drawer&#039; strictly as the issuer of the cheque, excluding authorized signatories, is well-founded. &nbsp;This interpretation aligns with the legislative intent, established legal precedents, and principles of statutory interpretation. The primary liability for an offence under Section 138 lies with the company, and the company&rsquo;s management is vicariously liable only under specific conditions provided in Section 141. The appellants&#039; submissions are thus rejected, and the High Court&rsquo;s judgment is upheld. This decision maintains the clarity and consistency of the law regarding cheque dishonour cases, ensuring that liability is appropriately assigned to the responsible parties under the NI Act. Therefore, the question of law put before this Court is answered in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. The appeals are accordingly dismissed. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd921312f1b22b56a152cf3d278adef35.jpg', '2c8c8876d160c86c4222dea43f1f55a0.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 18:24:05', '2024-07-29 06:49:47');
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(231, 'VUEDme6eXB102uZzVr2wsvdfg', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'SARFAESI Act. Borrower cannot maintain a suit for injunction against the auction purchaser in view of the bar under Section 34. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S. Shree Garodi Steels Vs M/S. Yojaka India Private Ltd.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R.S.A. 2243 of 2023 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The factual matrix of case of plaintiff/respondent before the Trial Court that he has prayed restrain the defendant in interfering with peaceful possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule property consequent upon purchase made by the defendant/appellant herein. The suit schedule property which was purchased in the auction and contend that no possession is delivered to the auction purchaser. It is also contended that he had borrowed the loan and could not repay the amount and hence, the creditor Bank of Baroda classified the plaintiff&rsquo;s company account as NPA on 01.04.2017 and proceeded for recovery by bringing the property of the plaintiff company for public auction etc. The company has given an OTS proposal to the Bank of Baroda for a sum of Rs.14.25 crore and the same has been accepted by the Bank. In pursuant of the OTS, opened a no lien account with the Bank of Baroda and deposited Rs.1.00 crore. When the creditor bank proceeded to recover the money, the plaintiff/respondent had approached the High Court by filing the W.P.No.1016/2022 and High Court was pleased to grant an interim order dated 28.01.2022 directing the bank to restore the possession of the subject property to the plaintiff&rsquo;s company and not to confirm the then proposed e-auction sale scheduled to be held on 29.01.2022 without leave of the Court by directing the plaintiff company to deposit 10% of the OTS amount of Rs.14.25 Crore within 3 weeks from 28.01.2022 and another 10% within three weeks thereafter towards the upfront amount for the said OTS compromised. The bank had withdrawn the amount of Rs.1.00 crore deposited by the plaintiff company in no lien account and the plaintiff company has also deposited a sum of Rs.1.80 crores and reported compliance of the condition stated in the interim order dated 28.01.2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Having considered the material on record, this matter is listed for admission and hence this Court heard the matter on merits with the consent of both the parties regarding admission and framed the following substantial question of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Whether the Appellate Court committed an error in setting aside the order of the Trial Court that the SARFAESI Act not pressed into service and matter requires trial?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The main contention of the counsel appearing for the respondent that an application was filed under Section 14 and the same was withdrawn. But, voluminous documents are produced before the Court having given the notice before the possession was taken and the same is also given through paper publication and also mahazar was drawn. I have already pointed out that in the plaint in paragraph No.5 itself stated that a direction was given by the High Court as per the plaint averments to restore the possession subject to compliance of order of the High Court and the same was not complied and an attempt was made to deposit the amount and the same is also not permitted by the High Court and auction was also conducted and sale certificate was issued. The defendant is the purchaser and he had invested the money and photographs which placed before the Court evidence the fact that he had undertaken the work and no documents of photographs are produced before the Court that still the possession with the plaintiff and when such being the material on record when the proceedings was taken place in terms of the SARFAESI Act and it is nothing but the forum shopping by the plaintiff since he had approached the High Court to scuttle the e-auction proceedings. Even though High Court came to rescue of the plaintiff and conditional order was passed and condition was not complied and also an attempt was made before the High Court initiating contempt proceedings and contempt C.C.C proceedings was also withdrawn by the plaintiff. The fact that he had approached the DRT is also not in dispute and also filed a suit not to transfer the khatha and later withdrew the suit. Inspite of it, he had approached the Civil Court. It is for scuttling the SARFAESI proceedings, but Court has to take note of genesis of the dispute between the parties. The appellant/defendant is a auction purchaser and he had purchased the property under the auction when the proceedings was initiated under the SARFAESI Act. If any grievances, the plaintiff is having, he has to get the relief before the DRT under Section 17 of SARFAESI Act with regard to if any irregularity in selling the property. Unless, the sale has been set-aside, he cannot maintain a suit against a auction purchaser. The records also discloses that possession has also delivered in favour of the appellant. The very contention that possession has not been delivered cannot be accepted even as on the date of filing of the suit. Even revenue entries are also found in the name of the appellant and even filed a suit for restraining transfer of khata and there also he was unsuccessful and the said suit was also withdrawn by the plaintiff. The Mangalore Corporation is given permission and sanction and accordingly the appellant has undertaken the construction. When such being the material on record, the Trial Court has given the reasoning for invoking Section 34 also. Even extracted Section 34 of SARFAESI Act taking into note of genesis for the litigation and rightly invoked Section 34 of SARFAESI Act and comes to the conclusion that suit itself is not maintainable and rejected the plaint.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. This Court would like to even refer the Section 13, 14 and 17 of SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 13: Enforcement of security interest. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 69 or section 69A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), any security interest created in favour of any secured creditor may be enforced, without the intervention of the court or tribunal, by such creditor in accordance with the provisions of this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Where any borrower, who is under a liability to a secured creditor under a security agreement, makes any default in repayment of secured debt or any installment thereof, and his account in respect of such debt is classified by the secured creditor as non-performing asset, then, the secured creditor may require the borrower by notice in writing to discharge in full his liabilities to the secured creditor within sixty days from the date of notice failing which the secured creditor shall be entitled to exercise all or any of the rights under sub-section (4).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 14: Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or District Magistrate to assist secured creditor in taking possession of secured asset.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Where the possession of any secured assets is required to be taken by the secured creditor or if any of the secured assets is required to be sold or transferred by the secured creditor under the provisions of this Act, the secured creditor may, for the purpose of taking possession or control of any such secured assets, request, in writing, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the District Magistrate within whose jurisdiction any such secured asset or other documents relating thereto may be situated or found, to take possession thereof, and the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or as the case may be, the District Magistrate shall, on such request being made to him&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(a) Take possession of such asset and documents relating thereto; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(b) Forward such asset and documents to the secured creditor:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) For the purpose of securing compliance with the provisions of sub-section (1), the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the District Magistrate may take or cause to be taken such steps and use, or cause to be used, such force, as may, in his opinion, be necessary.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) No act of the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate or the District Magistrate done in pursuance of this section shall be called in question in any court or before any authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 17: In the securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Any person (including borrower), aggrieved by any of the measures referred to in sub-section (4) of section 13 taken by the secured creditor or his authorized officer under this Chapter, [may make an application along with such fee, as may be prescribed] to the Debts Recovery Tribunal having jurisdiction in the matter within forty-five days from the date on which such measure had been taken.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Having considered the Section 13, 14 and 17 of the SARFAESI Act, it is not in dispute that bank has invoked Section 13 and also conducted the auction and the same has attained its finality. It is also important to note that Section 17 is also very clear that any person aggrieved by any of the measures referred to in Section 4(13) of SARFAESI Act taken by the secured creditor by making an application to question the same before the DRT. Admittedly, already the creditor had approached the D.R.T invoking Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. This Court also would like to refer the judgment reported in (2014) 1 Supreme Court Cases 479 in case of Jagdish Singh V/s Heeralal and others held that irrespective of issue of maintainability of civil suit, remedy lay under Section 17 where bank (secure creditor) adopts any measure as contemplated under Section 13(4) for enforcement of its security interest including sale of secured assets, in respect of his respondent Nos.1 to 5 were claiming an interest. The High Court erred in holding that civil Court had such jurisdiction. The Section 35 says, the SARFAESI Act overrides other law, if they are inconsistent with the provisions of that Act, which takes in Section 9 of C.P.C as well. It is also held that respondent Nos.1 to 5 have prayed for a declaration of title, partition and permanent injunction against respondent Nos.7 to 9 and others in which the appellant and the Bank were also made parties. The bank and the appellant filed preliminary objection in the suit stating that in view of Section 13 R/w Section 34 of SARFAESI Ac, the Civil Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the above civil suit. The Apex Court also taking into note of the proviso under Section 34 of SARFAESI Act in paragraph No.21 discussed in detail and summed up in paragraph No.24. The opening portion of Section 34 clearly states that no civil Court shall have the jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which a D.R.T or an appellate Tribunal are empowered by or under the SARFAESI Act to determine. The expression in respect of &lsquo;any matter&rsquo; referred to in section 32 would take in the measures provided under Sub-section 4 of Section 13 of SARFAESI Act. Consequently, if any aggrieved person has got any grievance against any &lsquo;measures&rsquo; taken by the borrower under Sub-Section (4) of Section 13, the remedy open to him is to approach the D.R.T or the appellate Tribunal and not the civil Court. The civil Court in such circumstances has no jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceedings in respect of those matters which fall under sub-section (4) of Section 13 of the Securitization Act because those matters fell within the jurisdiction of the DRT and the appellate Tribunal. The Apex 2 Court also held that the civil Court jurisdiction is completely barred. In the present case, when the suit was filed for the relief of declaration of title, partition and permanent injunction and in the case on hand also, suit is filed for permanent injunction by which barrower against the auction purchaser and auction purchaser participated in the auction and purchased the property in accordance with law and already the borrower had approached the DRT and when such being the case, in view of Section 34 of SARFAESI Act, he cannot even maintain a suit for bare injunction against the auction purchaser since the right of auction purchaser is genesis of Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. This Court would like to rely upon the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of AUTHORISED OFFICER, STATE BANK OF INDIA v. M/S. ALLWYN ALLOYS PVT. LTD. reported in AIR 2018 SC 2721, wherein having considered the grounds which have been urged in the said matter, in paragraph No.4 observed that the Bank has assailed the aforesaid decision of the High Court primarily on the ground that all the issues concerning the mortgaged/secured property are required to be decided only by the DRT; and not in any civil proceedings as has been observed by the High Court in the impugned judgment. For, filing of a civil suit in respect of secured assets is barred by law. The DRT has to examine the merits of the controversy. The Apex Court in paragraph No.6 of its judgment held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;6. After having considered the rival submissions of the parties, we have no hesitation in acceding to the argument urged on behalf of the Bank that the mandate of Section 13 and, in particular, Section 34 of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (for short, &ldquo;the 2002 Act&rdquo;), clearly bars filing of a civil suit. For, no civil Court can exercise jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which a DRT or DRAT is empowered by or under this Act to determine and no injunction can be granted by any Court or authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under the Act&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. The Apex Court in the judgment in the case of SREE ANANDHAKUMAR MILLS LIMITED v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK AND OTHERS reported in (2019) 14 SCC 788, relying upon Section 34 read with Sections 2(zf), 2(zc), 13(1), 13(4), 17, 18 and 35 of the SARFAESI Act, when the suit was filed for the relief of partition, held as non-maintainable when action under the SARFAESI Act stands initiated. It is also held that the remedy lies before the DRT by way of proceedings under Sections 17 and 18 of the SARFAESI Act by relying upon the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Jagdish Singh (supra), wherein it is held that suit for partition would not be maintainable in a situation where proceedings under the SARFAESI Act have been initiated and the remedy of any person aggrieved by the initiation of proceedings under the SARFAESI Act lies under Section 17.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;25. Having taken note of the principles laid down in the above two judgments, it is clear that no civil Court can exercise the jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceedings in respect of any matter which a DRT or DRAT is empowered by or under the SARFAESI Act to determine and no injunction can be granted by any Court or authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under the Act. The words used is very clear that any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under the Act. The words used in the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Sree Anandhakumar Mills (supra) also is clear that any person aggrieved by the initiation of proceedings under the SARFAESI Act lies under Section 17. The discussion made in the case of Jagdish Singh (supra), has been referred in paragraph No.4 of the judgment and extracted paragraph No.24 and hence it is clear that any action taken, if it affects the borrower, he cannot maintain a suit for bare injunction against the auction purchaser.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The Patna High Court in the case of HIRA NAND LALL v. SANTOSH KUMAR BADHWANI AND OTHERS reported in (2012) 05 PAT CK 0114, when a suit was filed for the relief of partition, held that the appeal was filed under Section 17 of the SARFAESI Act and once proceeding under the provisions of the SARFAESI Act had already been initiated, there was a restriction for exercise of jurisdiction of the Civil Court and extracted Section 34 of the SARFAESI Act and held that it is evident that there is a specific bar in granting injunction by any Civil Court in respect of any action taken in pursuance of the power conferred by SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Having considered the principles laid down in the judgments referred (supra), it is clear that when action was taken under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act, admittedly the property was sold in auction in favour of the defendant in the present suit and if any grievance, even a third party also can question the same before the DRT and the same has been observed by the Trial Court in paragraph No.19 while passing the order invoking Section 34 of the SARFAESI Act. The Trial Court even taken note of the writ proceedings initiated before the High Court and also observation is made that the Karnataka High Court had also not restrained the defendant from proceeding against the plaintiff according to law. It is also clear that when approach was made to the High Court, the High Court passed a conditional order and condition also has not been complied and the Trial Court rightly comes to the conclusion that a suit for injunction against the auction purchaser is not maintainable in view of the bar under Section 34 of SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The First Appellate Court, however committed an error in coming to the conclusion that the Bank is not a party in the suit. Whether the Bank is a party or not, the First Appellate Court fails to take note of the genesis of the right conferred upon the defendant, who had purchased the property in the auction when the recovery proceedings was initiated under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act and conducted &lsquo;e&rsquo; auction and sold the property to the defendant. The First Appellate Court discussed Section 9 of CPC and Section 14 of the SARFAESI Act. No doubt, the Bank had initiated the proceedings under Section 14 of the SARFAESI Act and later withdrew the same when they came to know that already physical possession was taken and the documents are also placed for having taken the possession by issuing the notice and even making the paper publication with regard to the physical possession and mahazar is also produced before the Court for having taken the possession. The First Appellate Court made an observation that the relief claimed by the plaintiff is permanent injunction, which is discretionary relief in nature, which can be granted by the Civil Court only and not the DRT and fails to take note of Section 34 of the SARFAESI Act which clearly bars even including the suit for bare injunction if action is taken under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;30. The other observation made by the First Appellate Court is that the Civil Court is barred from taking jurisdiction to deal with the proceedings in respect of any matter which a DRT or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered under the SARFAESI Act and this observation is against the principles laid down in the judgments referred (supra). The Apex Court categorically held that any action taken under Section 13(4) of the SARFAESI Act cannot be questioned. The observation made in paragraph No.20 is also erroneous that it is an admitted fact that the creditor Bank of Baroda has taken action against the plaintiff Company under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act, but simply because of that reason, it cannot be said that the Civil Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the matter between the parties to the suit in question who are admittedly independent parties. The parties are not independent parties and admittedly the plaintiff is a borrower and committed default in repayment of the money and accordingly the proceedings was initiated under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act. The observation that the merits of the case of the parties to the suit is not considered in this case is nothing but utter disregard to the principles laid in the judgments of the Apex Court and the High Court. The borrower aggrieved by the action taken under Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act, questioned before the DRT and when the matter is pending before the DRT, made an attempt to question the sale proceedings before the High Court and though relief was granted conditionally and the condition imposed by the High Court was not complied. Even an attempt was made to get the extension of time for making payment and the same was rejected and the Bank also issuing fresh proceedings, conducted auction and in the auction, the defendant had purchased the property for valuable consideration. When such being the material on record, the very approach of the First Appellate Court is erroneous and it requires to be set aside by answering the substantial question of law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(i) The second appeal is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '51e2f2501b108e308e1f0da8c05838a9.jpg', '3d89176a0780e80b748187ec43d6e82b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 18:42:40', '2024-07-30 08:23:13'),
(226, 'zKeUnJl1hjRMwN7us0Hbq2fNk', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'When two suits are decided by a common judgment but by two decrees, the aggrieved party needs to challenge by filing separate appeals. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Husenbi and others Vs Shaiklabi and others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Regular Second Appeal 123 of 2008 decided on 8 July 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The relevant facts necessary for consideration of the present appeal are that one Gafarsab Badagi was admittedly the owner of the property measuring 3 acres 3 guntas of land in survey No.21/2, situated in Konanatambagi village, Ranebennur taluk, Haveri District . The wife of the said Gafarsab Badagi, filed a suit in O.S No.97/94, seeking for a declaration, that consequent to the death of her husband, she is the absolute owner of the suit property and to restrain the defendants from interfering with her possession of the suit property.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. This Court framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i. Vide order dated 14.02.2008, the following substantial question of law was framed:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Whether the Lower Appellate Court was justified in holding that the suit agreement is duly executed by misreading the documentary evidence produced in support of the same?&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ii. Vide order dated 30.11.2022 the following substantial question of law was framed:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Whether the Appellate Court is justified in disturbing the judgment and Decree of the Trial Court in so far as decreeing of suit in O.S No.97/1994 which was not challenged in the appeal?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;21. Learned counsel for the appellants relies on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Premier Tyres Limited Vs. Kerala State Transport Corporation, wherein it has been held as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4... The question is what happens where no appeal is filed, as in this case from the decree in connected suit. Effect of non filing of appeal against a judgment or decree is that it become final. This finality can be taken away only in accordance with law. Same consequences follows when a judgment or decree in a connected suit is not appealed from.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;22. In this context, it is also relevant to note the following judgments:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Harbans Singh and Others vs. Sant Hari Singh and Others has held as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;12.... Indisputably, the Managing Committee did not file any Second Appeal against the judgment and decree passed against it. The said judgment and decree, therefore, attained finality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i(a). It is relevant to note that in the case of Harbans Singh , the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court has also noticed its judgment in the case of Premier Tyres Limited8 as also the Constitution Bench judgment in the case of Badri Narayan Singh vs. Kamdeo Prasad as well as the judgment in the case of Union of India vs. V. Pundarikakshudu and Sons and Another.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ii. A Division Bench of Himachal Pradesh High Court in the case of Ramesh Chand and Others vs. Om Raj and Others while considering a reference made to it as to whether a common appeal questioning the correctness of the judgment and decree passed in a suit as well as a counter claim was legally maintainable, after a detailed consideration of various judgments has held as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(iii) When two suits though not consolidated but are decided by a common judgment, resulting into preparation of two separate decrees, the aggrieved party would be required to challenge both of them by filing separate appeals;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;iii. A Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Karnataka State Agro Corn Products Limited vs. M/s Kerala Agro Seeds13 noticing various judgments, including the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Harbans Singh9 and Premier Tyres Limited8 has held as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;38... A Court may draw up a formal decree or may not, but if by virtue of the order of the Court, the rights have finally been adjudicated, irrefutably it would assume the status of a decree. As is evincible, in the case on hand, the counter- claim which is in the nature of a cross-suit has been dismissed. Nothing else survives for the defendants who had filed the counter- claim. Therefore, we have no hesitation in holding that the order passed by the learned trial Judge has the status of a decree and the challenge to the same has to be made before the appropriate forum where appeal could lay by paying the requisite fee.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;40.... this Court sees no force in the contention put forth on behalf of the counsel representing the defendants that in the absence of specific decree drawn by learned Trial Court at the time of dismissal of their counter claim, defendants could not file separate appeal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. In view of the settled position of law as noticed above, the respondent No.1, who was the plaintiff in O.S No.33/95 i.e., the suit for specific performance, not having filed any appeal against the decree passed in the suit for declaration and injunction, i.e., O.S No.97/94, the findings recorded in the said suit would operate as res judicata in the suit for specific performance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. Hence, the First Appellate Court erred in entertaining the appeal of the agreement holder and setting aside the judgment and decree passed by the Trial Court in the absence of the agreement holder challenging the judgment and decree passed in O.S No.97/94. 25. In view of the aforementioned, the substantial question of law dated 30.11.2022 is answered in the &lsquo;negative&rsquo;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;font face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i. The above appeal is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '387f53ba149d9efea4ffc42c85962853.JPG', '4ff02abf9d4519e905c6891cf037897c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-28 17:54:43', '2024-07-29 13:40:25');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(232, 'GgKJ8JevSgqucl3XRre8ezTcX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Bar on civil court jurisdiction under the Karnataka Land Reforms Act does not apply to a suit for injunction to protect the possession over property.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dayanada Poojary and others Vs Surendra T. Mendon and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R.S.A. 283 of 2018 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The factual matrix of the case of the plaintiffs while seeking the relief of possession that defendant No.2 is the brother of the plaintiffs and he did not choose to join along with the plaintiffs hence, he has been arrayed as defendant No.2. It is the case of the plaintiffs that they are the owners of 10 cents of land bearing Sy.No.124/2A of Puttur village of Udupi taluk bounded as per plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule. The suit schedule property has been inherited by the plaintiffs along with defendant No.2 and they are the owners. In the suit &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property which is a nonagricultural land, having tiled building bearing D.No.4/2010 and 4-10A totally measuring 10 cents which was a part of entire Sy.No.124/2A, 55 cents and extent of 45 cents have been granted to the mother of defendant No.1 namely Akkamma Poojarthy by the Land Tribunal. It is contended that the Land Tribunal granted occupancy right in the name of Akkamma Poojarthy on 21.05.1981 in Sy.No.124/2 except the plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property. In fact, in the plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property which is belonging to the plaintiffs and defendant No.2 wherein the house and tea stall are occupied by defendant No.1. The plaintiffs contend that defendant No.1 and his brothers and sisters preferred writ petition in W.P.No.5134/1995 before the High Court against the order of the Land Tribunal which came to be dismissed on 08.09.2000. On 04.12.2008, defendant No.1 and his family members have entered a registered partition deed wherein plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property of these plaintiffs have not been find a place and not been allotted to the share of any person since it is the property of the plaintiffs. It is contended that they permitted defendant No.1 and his family members to continue in possession of plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property out of sympathy in fact, defendant No.1 promised to make alternative arrangement with regard to plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property to which plaintiffs got issued registered notice on 06.12.2006. Inspite of service of notice, defendant No.1&rsquo;s family members failed to surrender the vacant possession of plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property. Hence, they are liable to pay mesne profits of Rs.4,000/- from December 2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. This Court having heard the learned counsel appearing for the appellants at the time of admission, framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether the Courts below were correct and justified in passing judgment and decree for possession against appellants through plea had been raised by appellants of filing of Form No.7A as contemplated under Section 77A of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;2. Whether suit filed by the respondents for possession of suit schedule property (10 cents) was not maintainable before Civil Court on account of Form No.7A having been filed by appellants and in the teeth of Sections 132 and 133 of Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether suit filed by respondents-plaintiffs for possession was maintainable after Form No.7 filed by appellants/ their predecessors claiming occupancy rights in respect of 55 cents in which proceedings, an extent of 45 cents alone was granted and thereby application filed in Form No.7A under Section 77A of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 would not bar the jurisdiction of Civil Court by entering such suit?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Whether successive applications filed by applicant in Form No.7 or 7A in respect of same property would bar the jurisdiction of Civil Court?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Having heard the appellant&rsquo;s counsel and also the counsel appearing for the respondent and also in keeping the grounds urged in the second appeal and also the judgment relied upon by the respective counsel and also the substantial question of law framed by this Court has to analyze the material available on record. The first substantial question of law is with regard to filing of Form No.7A as contemplated under Section 77A of KLR Act and in keeping the said provision, this Court has to analyze whether the Courts below were correct and justified in passing the judgment and decree for possession and also when the suit was filed by the plaintiffs for possession, whether the same was not maintainable in view of Form No.7A having been filed, whether there is a bar under Section 132 and 133 of KLR Act and whether the suit is maintainable after Form No.7, the predecessors claiming occupancy right in respect of 55 cents in which proceedings, extent of 45 cents was granted and thereby an application filed under Form No.7A and Section 77A of KLR Act would not bar the jurisdiction of civil Court by entering said suit and whether the successive application filed by the applicant in Form No.7A in respect of the same property will bar the jurisdiction of the civil Court and all these 4 substantial question of law are considered together and all of them are interconnected.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. It is the contention now that an application filed under Form No.7A invoking Section 77A of KLR Act. No doubt the counsel appearing for the appellant relied upon the judgment of the 1976 of Mallayya Murigeyya Nadivinamath V/s Puttappa Shivappa Mosali and also the judgment of the Koraga Marakala and another V/s Smt. Kamala and others and also the judgment reported in ILR 2004 KAR 1615 and so also the judgment of this Court G GOPAL KRISHNA vs K BASHEER wherein in case of jurisdiction under Section 133 of KLR Act was discussed in detail. No doubt there is no dispute with regard to the settled principles that when the application is pending before the Tribunal when the claim was made that grant jurisdiction is vested with land tribunal confirming the occupancy right. The Trial Court shall refer the question to the decision of the tribunal in accordance with provisions of Section 133 of KLR Act and there is a bar. No dispute with regard to the said ratio and principle. It is also important to note that when the tenancy application was filed and rejected to an extent of 10 cents of land which is the subject matter of the suit. I have already pointed out that the writ petition also rejected the claim of the Form No.7 which was filed by the said Koosa Poojary and has attained its finality as contended by the counsel for respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. It is also important to note that the judgments which have been relied upon by the counsel for the respondent also throughout from 1994 to 2015 referred above, categorically held that civil Court has jurisdiction to entertain the suit for injunction and pass appropriate orders and categorically held that provision of Section 133 are not attracted the cases arising out of Section 77A of KLR Act as the authority which is empowered to deal with the cases in a distinct entity and cannot be equated with the land tribunal constituted under a separate provisions of Land Reforms Act. In the case on hand, it has to be noted that no dispute that Form No.7A is filed invoking Section 77A of KLR Act and the same was also rejected. The counsel appearing for the appellant would submits that the same is questioned before the KAT and the matter is still pending. But, the law is very clear that suit need not be stayed only because the person claiming to be a tenant has filed an application in Form No.7A, because the Deputy Commissioner only grants lands and not the occupancy rights under Section 77A as held in the judgment Venkatappa V/s Ramakka and even it is held in a case of K.V.Rushyashringabhatta V/s S.G.Nagendra and others and also discussion was made with regard to Form No.7 filed for grant of occupancy rights when the same is pending before the land tribunal. In the case on hand, application filed under Form No.7 is not pending and it has reached its finality and also discussed with regard to the effect of section 77A R/w Section 132 of the Act. When an application is filed under Form No.7A and categorically held that provisions of the Section 133 of the Act do not attracted to cases arising out of Section 77A of the Act as the authority which is empowered to deal with such cases is a distinct entity and cannot be equated with land tribunal constituted under Section 48 of the Act and the same is also re-iterated in the judgment of Sanjeeva Shetty V/s Sri.Shekar Shetty in W.P.No.9952/2014 and so also earlier judgment in Shankar and another V/s Madhukar Bandopant and another and in the judgment referred supra ILR 2000 KAR 1019 wherein also held that under Section 77A the Deputy Commissioner only grants land if condition mentioned in that sections are fulfilled, but he does not grant occupancy right to a tenant and hence the provision under Section 133 are not attracted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. This Court would like to rely upon the judgment reported in 2015 SCC online KAR 5407 in case of Veerabadra V/s State of Karnataka wherein also similar question was arosed before the division bench regarding Form No.7A and confirmed the judgment of the single judge in coming to the conclusion that when the Form No.7 was rejected by the land tribunal which has been confirmed by the division bench of this Court, the appellants have no right to file an application again invoking Form No.7A of the Act and held that Form No.7A could not have been filed by the appellants because Form No.7A can be filed only if a tenant could not file Form No.7 for the reasons beyond his control. In view of categorical observation made by this Court that Form No.7A cannot be invoked when the Form No.7 was rejected.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. This Court would like to rely upon the judgment of this Court in W.P.No.23806/2012 dated 20th day of July 2012 discussed with regard to when Form No.7A was invoked, the provisions of Section 77A of Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961, discussion made in the paragraph No.3 that when the application was dismissed under Form No.7&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;and the same is attained its finality and if a person invoked Section 77A of the Act and the same being entitled to be registered as occupant of such land and Section 45 or 49, had failed to apply for registration of occupancy rights in respect of such land under sub-Section (1) of Section 48-A within the period specified and also discussion made that once an application was rejected on merits and petitioner being the son of unsuccessful applicant who had suffered an order earlier by the land tribunal cannot maintain an application in Form No.7A and prescribed authority cannot entertain such an application as per Section 77A of the Act and dismissed the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. The single Judge of this Court also in the R.S.A.No.5946/2010 dated 11th day of July 2023 wherein also similar factual aspects was discussed with regard to the filing of Form No.7A for grant of occupancy right in respect of suit schedule properties and discussion was made with regard to Section 133 and wherein also relied upon the judgment reported in ILR 2000 KAR 2298 in case of Shankarappa Gowda and another V/s Indudhara Gowda regarding Section 133 and also cases arising out of Section 77A as the authority which is empower to deal with such cases is a distinct entity and cannot be equated with the land tribunal constituted under a separate provisions of land reforms Act, relying upon this judgment also set-aside the judgment of the Trial Court and First Appellate Court in coming to the conclusion that the finding of the courts below that it attracts section 133 in respect of proceedings initiated under Section 7A is not sustainable under law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Having considered the material available on record and also the principles laid down in the judgments referred supra by both the appellant&rsquo;s counsel as well as the respondent&rsquo;s counsel and also judgment relied upon by this Court, it is very clear that once an application is filed under Form No.7 was rejected to an extent of 10 cents which is the subject matter of suit was rejected, the same was questioned before the Court in writ petition and writ petition was also dismissed and it has reached its finality. Though contend that an application is filed under Form No.7A invoking Section 77A of the Act and granting authority is distinct and throughout from 1994 onwards this Court categorically held that both are distinct entity and admittedly when Form No.7A was rejected, matter is pending before the KAT. The very contention of the appellant that the matter is liable to refer to tribunal cannot be accepted and matter is not pending before Tribunal and an application is pending before the Deputy Commissioner invoking Form No.7A and the same is distinct and the division bench of this Court also categorically held that once Form No.7 is rejected and cannot file one more application under Form 7A. The division bench also categorically held that once the application was rejected by the Land Tribunal under Form No.7, the appellants have no right to file again invoking Form No.7A of the Act and could not have been filed by the appellants because Form No.7A can be filed only if a tenant could not file Form No.7 for the reasons beyond his control and when such finding was given and held that cannot maintain an application under Section 7A, question of invoking Section 133 of the Act does not arise as contended by the appellant&rsquo;s counsel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Apart from that, material available on record and both the Courts have taken note of the admission on the part of DW1 and DW2 categorically held that RTC which is marked as Ex.P2 stands in the name of the plaintiffs and also taken note of Ex.P11 wherein partition was taken place between the appellant&rsquo;s family not included 10 cents of land and only they partitioned the property to an extent of 45 cents which was granted when the Form No.7 was filed before the Land Tribunal and also categorical admission was given by the DW1 in the evidence also that the respondents have claimed the possession to the extent of only 10 cents and also admitted with regard to non-inclusion of 10 cents of land in Ex.P11. The DW1 also categorically admitted that before filing the suit, they have issued the notice and also admitted that in suit schedule property they are residing and having hotel building and also there is a surrounding land. Hence, the contention of the appellant&rsquo;s counsel that the property is not identified cannot be accepted since he categorically admitted in the suit schedule property consists of house, hotel and surrounding area. Even DW2 categorically admits in the cross-examination that the Plaintiff were land lord to some property and his father has filed the writ petition before the High Court and the same came to be dismissed and also admits that the plaintiffs made the claim to surrender the property which is in their possession and also categorically DW2 admits that the matter was disposed of in the High Court and dispute with regard to 10 cents of land are now over and this admission takes away the case of the appellants and also admitted that if questioned based on the documents placed by them, they are not going to have any right as of ownership over the suit property. This witness also admits that property is not included in their family partition and also admits that RTC is not standing in their name. He also admits that the RTC stands in the name of the Plaintiffs and also admits the Ex.P7 certified copy of the registered partition. Taking into note of the admission on the part of the DW1 and DW2 also, the Trial Court considered the material on record and no perversity in the finding of both the Courts. The very contention that the property is not identified as contended by the counsel for appellant also cannot be accepted. He categorically admits that the suit schedule property consists of the house in which they are residing and also the hotel is located and also the surrounding area and identity of the property is also admitted by the witnesses and now cannot contend that property is not identified. Hence, I do not find any merit in the appeal to reverse the finding of the Trial Court as well as the First Appellate Court. Both the Courts have taken note of the said fact into consideration. In view of the discussion made above, I answered substantial question of law Nos.1 and 2 as negative and answered substantial question of law No.3 as affirmative that Section 133 of the Act is not a bar to file a suit and suit is maintainable and answered the substantial question of law No.4 accordingly as there is no bar in view of filing of an application under Section 7A.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Second Appeal is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e7258bd24941ab401f31fc1c5660adba.jpg', '8320a834d8b09a66d003bfd9c0f0dd9e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-29', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-29 12:59:01', '2024-07-30 12:25:29'),
(233, 'ixjscbilNGlD8PUBQkTnsP8xJ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Exoneration in departmental enquiry will not come in the way of criminal prosecution when the accusations are different. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;State Vs T. Manjunath and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Revision Petition 422 of 2018 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The factual matrix of the case of the Karnataka Lokayuktha police in Crl.R.P.No.422/2018 is that the complainant was working as a Supervisor in M/s Prashanth Crushers Limited and the company operates many vehicles including tippers. Accused No.1 was working as a Senior Inspector of Motor Vehicles at RTO Office, K R Puram, Bengaluru. Accused No.1 used to threaten the drivers of tipper vehicles sating that he would seize the vehicles if they do not pay him periodical bribe. In this background, CW1-Manjunath met CW17- Sanjeevarayappa, T-Police Inspector, Lokayuktha whereupon he gave him a voice recorder to record the conversation whereby accused No.1 was said to have made a demand for bribe amount of Rs.24,000/- and after bargaining, he reduced it to Rs.18,000/-. Since the complainant was not inclined to pay the bribe amount, he gave written information to the Lokayuktha Inspector, who arranged for the trap. He secured two independent witnesses who were th Government servants and in their presence, conducted pre-trap proceedings. During the course of pre-trap proceedings, an amount of Rs.15,000/- was entrusted to the complainant to be handed over to accused No.1 upon demand. Thereafter, CW17 along with his staff, two independent witnesses and the complainant left to the RTO office, K R Puram, Bengaluru, where accused No.1 was working. Accused No.1 was trapped while demanding and accepting illegal gratification of Rs.15,000/- from the complainant through accused No.2- H B Mastigowda &ndash; a private person who is alleged to have received the amount at the instance of accused No.1. The Lokayuktha police, after completion of investigation, obtained Sanction Order from the Commissioner of Transport, for prosecution against accused No.1 and filed charge sheet against the accused Nos.1 and 2 for the offence punishable under Sections 7, 8, 13(1)(d) r/w 13 (2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the respective counsel and also on perusal of the material available on record, the points that would arise for the consideration of this Court are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether the Special Court committed an error in allowing the application filed under Section 227 r/w 239 of Cr.P.C in discharging the accused Nos.1 and 2 on the ground that sanction is not valid?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the Special Court committed an error in giving liberty to file the charge sheet along with fresh sanction and giving of liberty is erroneous as contended by the accused No.1/petitioner?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. What order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point Nos.1 and 2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Having considered the materials available on record, it is the case of the prosecution that accused No.1 demands bribe amount of Rs.24,000/- and the same was reduced to Rs.18,000/- and trap was conducted while accepting the amount of Rs.15,000/- through accused No.2 who is the private person. The police investigated the matter and filed the charge sheet and sanction was obtained from the Transport Commissioner and no dispute with regard to the said fact is concerned. It is also not in dispute that accused No.1 was appointed as a Motor Vehicle Inspector as Group-C employee and he was promoted in 2010 as Group-B Officer. It is the main contention that sanction is not valid and sanction ought to have been obtained from the Government not from the Transport Commissioner. It is brought to notice of this Court by the Special Counsel for Lokayukta to the Notification dated 11.02.2010 issued by the Government of Karnataka, which read thus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;In exercise of powers conferred by the proviso to sub-rule (1) of Rule 7 of the Karnataka Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1957, the Government of Karnataka hereby specifies that the Heads of Department concerned shall be the Appointing Authorities in respect of first appointment to Group-B poses in all Departments/Services, except Group-B posts of Tahsildar Grade-II.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that the Government shall continue to be the disciplinary authority for the purpose of imposing any of the penalties specified under Clauses (v) to (viii) of Rule 8 of the Karnataka Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1957 in respect of the persons appointed by the Government to the States Civil Services Group-B posts except the Group-B posts in respect of which Heads of Departments concerned have already been notified as the Appointing Authorities.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Having read this Notification, it is very clear that Heads of Departments concerned shall be the Appointing Authorities in respect of first appointment to Group-B posts in all departments except the Group-B posts of Tahsildar Grade-II. It is also important to note that the Transport Commissioner while giving sanction also referred this Notification but the Trial Court even not discussed anything about this Notification and it appears that even not read the Sanction Order of the Transport Commissioner which was given as sanction and proceeded erroneously in coming to the conclusion that the Government is the Competent Authority. The power exercised by the Commissioner is also not considered by the Trial Court and the Transport Commissioner while giving the sanction also even referred the Government Order dated 19.05.2010 and so also Government Order dated 15.11.2012 wherein specifically he has stated that he is having the power of appointing or removing of the employees and hence, he had invoked Section 19(1)(c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 to give the sanction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. This Court has to take note of the factual aspects of the case and also the judgments relied upon by the counsel appearing for the Lokayukta in the case of State of Mizoram referred supra wherein the Apex Court held that it will not amounts to double jeopardy and also taken note of Article 20(2) of the Constitution of India and comes to the conclusion that the Special Court finds that sanction is not valid and directed the prosecution to proceed further in accordance with law. In view of the discussions made above, it is clear that the very approach of the Special Court is erroneous. The counsel for the Lokayukta police brought to notice of this Court to the recent judgment of the Apex Court passed in Criminal Appeal arising out of Slp (Crl.) No.8254/2023 dated 23.04.2024 wherein also the case of invoking Section 7(a) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 was discussed in detail. Hence, this Court would like to supply the emphasis of the said judgment to consider the same in the present case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;7. In the aforesaid backdrop, in the considered view of this Court, the approach adopted by the Courts in quashing the FIR in the attending facts and circumstances, is legally unsustainable. It ventured into an inquiry, unwarranted at this stage, holding that there is no direct evidence that the present respondent had demanded any money and that there was no material to proceed against him, completely forgetting, if not ignoring the material which had surfaced during the course of investigation, amongst others, the pendrive, allegedly, indicating his complicity in the crime.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Under these circumstances, in the attending facts and circumstances, we allow the appeal, more so when despite the accused having been exonerated in the departmental proceedings yet the competent authority, vide Annexure P3 proceeded to accord sanction for prosecution. The High Court, in our considered view, failed to account for the principles enunciated by this Court in the case of State of Haryana and others VS Bhajan Lal and others (1992) SCC Suppl.1 335.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. We may also observe that it was the pleaded case of the Lokayukta before the High Court that the continuance of the trial was not on the very same evidence as what weighed with the authorities in exonerating the employee in the departmental proceedings. This fact, also appears not to have been considered by the High Court in its correct perspective.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. The Apex Court in the above judgment made an observation that the High Court ventured into an inquiry, unwarranted at this stage, holding that there is no direct evidence that the present respondent had demanded any money and that there was no material to proceed against him, completely forgetting, if not ignoring the material which had surfaced during the course of investigation, amongst others, the pendrive, allegedly, indicating his complicity in the crime. In the case on hand also it has to be noted that accused was trapped and a conversation was recorded and in this regard, FSL report is also collected and demand also made and received alleged bribe of Rs.15,000/- through accused No.2. It is also important to note that in paragraph 8, the Apex Court also observed that more so when despite the accused having been exonerated in the departmental proceedings yet the competent authority, vide Annexure P3 proceeded to accord sanction for prosecution. The High Court, in our considered view, failed to account for the principles enunciated by this Court in the case of State of Haryana and others VS Bhajan Lal and others. In the case on hand also sanction was granted having considered the material available on record regarding demand and acceptance of the alleged bribery.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The Apex Court also an observation is made in paragraph 9 that the continuance of the trial was not on the very same evidence as what weighed with the authorities in exonerating the employee in the departmental proceedings. This fact, also appears not to have been considered by the High Court in its correct perspective. In the case on hand also, departmental enquiry is different with regard to misconduct. But in the case on hand, there is a criminal misconduct making demand and acceptance of bribe amount. Hence, having considered the material available on record, it needs to comes to the conclusion that the principles laid down in the case of ASHOO SURENDRANATH TEWARI is not applicable to the facts of the case on hand when there is an evidence of conversation with regard to demand and acceptance of bribe amount of Rs.15,000/- through accused No.2. When the criminal misconduct has been alleged against a Government employee who is discharging the duty as a public servant, demanded the amount illegally and raid was conducted and material discloses regarding demand and acceptance of the same, it needs trial and even exonerating him in Departmental Enquiry will not come in the way of continuing the trial against the petitioner/accused No1. Hence, I do not find any merit in the petition filed by the petitioner/accused No1. Even though, questioning of giving liberty to proceed further against accused No.1/petitioner, no grounds are made out even for setting aside the order of giving liberty to proceed against him in accordance with law. I have already pointed out that the question of giving liberty also does not arise when sanction is accorded by the Competent Authority in terms of the Notification dated 11.02.2010 which has been extracted above which confers on the Transport Commissioner to accord the sanction in view of the order of the Government. Hence, the order impugned is liable to be set aside and the Trial Court has to proceed further against the accused Nos.1 and 2 in accordance with law. Hence, answer the points accordingly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Crl.R.P.No.422/2018 filed by the Lokayukta is allowed&hellip;.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7f69fb4a5cf4456061b32281227c19d1.jpg', '8c025a7028891fadf81a67102f235cff.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-29 13:07:34', '2024-07-30 03:26:44');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(234, 'nOlNzHsTTSKgqpvzi3Ll9LnwR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Grant of probate when persons who have right over the property are not made parties to the proceedings is defective and liable to be set aside. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;T. Gopalaraju Vs Lakshminarasaraju.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MFA 2797 of 2012 decided on 5 March 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The respondent herein sought for a probate of a Will dated 28.04.2008 allegedly executed by Smt. Lakshmidevamma in P &amp; SC No.53/2008 before the II Additional District Judge, Tumakuru (henceforth referred to as &#039;District Court&#039;). The respondent claimed that the property bequeathed belonged to Smt. Lakshmidevamma, she having inherited it as her share in terms of a partition deed dated 06.02.1968. He claimed that Smt. Lakshmidevamma had a son named, Gopalaraju and a daughter named, Lakshmi Narasamma. The respondent claimed that while Gopalaraju was a permanent resident of Bengaluru and employed in a private company, he was the son of Smt. Lakhminarasamma and the grandson of Smt. Lakshmidevamma. He claimed that he was residing with Smt. Lakshmidevamma and was looking after her and therefore, out of love and affection, she while in a sound disposing state of mind, bequeathed her property to him in terms of a Will dated 28.04.2008 in the presence of the attesting witnesses. He therefore, claimed that he was entitled to a probate of the Will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The grant of a probate is a judgment in rem and is conclusive and binds not only the parties but also the entire world. The Court before whom a petition is filed for probate alone, has the exclusive jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the proof or validity of the Will propounded by the executor or executrix. In the case on hand, a perusal of the Will dated 28.04.2008 shows that there was no executor appointed by the testatrix. Therefore, the question whether the beneficiary was entitled to a probate or a letters of administration in view of Part - IX of the Act of 1925, must have been considered by the District Court. This apart, though the respondent had mentioned the name of the appellant as the son of the testatrix, yet he did not array him as a party to the proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In the case of Basanti Devi, referred supra, the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court held as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;24. It is now well settled that an application for grant of probate is a proceeding in rem. A probate when granted not only binds all the parties before the curt but also binds all other persons in all proceedings arising out of the will or claims under or connected therewith. Being a judgment in rem, a person, who is aggrieved thereby and having had no knowledge about the proceedings and proper citations having not been made, is entitled to file an application for revocation of probate on such grounds as may be available to him. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the application for revocation of the grant of probate should have been entertained.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Similarly, a Coordinate Bench of this Court in M.F.A.No.5819/2018, referred supra, held as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;27. The appellant has impugned the Probate Court&#039;s order dated 12.06.2018 on the ground that the respondents, more specifically the first respondent, should have cited the appellant as one of the party - respondent after the demise of Mr. Balaji Singh, and the respondents have also deliberately concealed material circumstances and been fraudulent in making false suggestions before the Probate Court. If the appellant is able to establish these allegations, which given the circumstances of the case would essentially be questions of facts that will have to be decided after necessary evidences recorded, would be reasons for revocation of the grant of probate of the Will and Testament dated 04.07.2011 in favour of the first respondent in exercise of the jurisdiction under Section 263 of the Act.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Likewise, another Coordinate Bench of this Court in MFA No.200373/2016, referred supra, held as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;13. A perusal of the impugned judgment and order will indicate that though the respondents raised several grounds in support of their contentions, the trial court has allowed the petition filed by respondents and annulled/revoked the probate granted in favour of the appellant for the following reasons:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The material on record prima facie indicates that the respondents were the wife and children of the deceased Manohar Prasad and consequently, it was essential that respondents were cited as parties to P &amp; SC No.1/2001;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) Since prima facie, the respondents were the wife and children of the deceased Manohar Prasad, special citation ought to have been issued to them in P &amp; SC No.1/2001 and they should have been notified about the said proceedings;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(c) In the absence of the respondents being made parties or being notified about P &amp; SC No.1/2001, the proceedings culminating in the grant of probate in favour of appellant were violative or principles of natural justice in that no opportunity was given to them to contest P &amp; SC No.1/2001;&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of Manju Puri, supra, while dealing with an application for revocation of the probate held&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;27. Rule 5A provides that in all the applications for probate or for letters of administration with the Will annexed the petition shall state the names of the members of the family or other relatives upon whom the estate would have devolved in case of an intestacy together with their present place of residence. Rule 9 deals with citation to rightful parties which requires issue of citation or an application of letters of administration unless such persons have signified their consent to the application. Rule 9 begins with the words &quot;on an application for letters of administration&quot;. Had Rule making authority wanted to Rule 9 to apply to probate also they ought to have used both the phrases probate or letters of administration. Rule making authority wherever intended to refer both i.e., applications for probate or for letters of administration, the same has been used like in Rule 4, Rule 4A, Rule 4B, Rule 5A, Rule 6 where both the expressions &quot;probate of a Will&quot; and &quot;letters of administration&quot; have been used whereas Rule 7 uses the expression letters of administration. Rule 9 uses only the expression letters for administration. Rule 12 deals with direction in citation to show cause on a certain day. Rule 12 does not refer to either probate or letters of administration and thus, is equally applicable to both the expressions. The applicability of Rule 12 with regard to both letters of administration and probate which is clear from Form V which uses the expression:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Petition for probate _____________ Letters of administration&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Therefore, in view of the aforesaid position of law, since the appellant was not arrayed as a party in P &amp; SC No.53/2008, the grant of probate was defective and therefore, the same deserve to be revoked.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;15. In that view of the matter, this appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '536d58a610026c08e0ba15786dfbaa84.JPG', '219883539cecae303b8516d6c34b0138.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-29 14:48:46', '2024-07-30 06:45:53'),
(237, 'CKlLLBgUgaK1GfLlPxYblQypY', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Order granting or declining ex-parte interim measure is appealable under Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;M/S KLR Group Enterprises Vs Madhu H V and others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Commercial Appeal 56 of 2024 decided on 19 July 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Anu Sivaraman and Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether an order refusing or granting ex-parte interim measure on an application under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short &lsquo;Act, 1996&rsquo;) falling under &lsquo;Commercial Arbitration Dispute&rsquo; is appealable order under Section 37 of the Act, 1996, or such an appeal, barred under the proviso to Section 13(1A) of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015? (for short &lsquo;Act, 2015&rsquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Section 9 of the Act, 1996 provides for interim measures in an arbitrable dispute. Section 37 of the Act, 1996 provides for an appeal against certain orders in a proceeding under the Act, 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The relevant portion of Section 37 of Act, 1996 reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;37. Appealable orders. 1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, an appeal shall lie from the following orders (and from no others) to the Court authorised by law to hear appeals from original decrees of the Court passing the order, namely:&mdash;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(b) granting or refusing to grant any measure under section 9&nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Section 37 of the Act, 1996 starts with a nonobstante clause introduced in 2019 by way of an amendment. Section 37 not only provides as to which orders under the Act, 1996 are appealable but also puts a specific bar that appeal shall not lie from any other order. Section 37 as amended in 2019, because of the non-obstante clause takes care of any inconsistency in any other law providing for an appeal in respect of the matters covered under the Act, 1996. Under Section 37 of the Act, 1996, the final order granting or refusing to grant any interim measure under Section 9 is appealable. There is no dispute on the point.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. If, the expression, &ldquo;granting or refusing to grant any measure under Section 9&rdquo; appearing in Section 37(1)(b) of Act, 1996 includes the order granting or refusing the ex-parte interim order, then, under Section 37 of Act, 1996, appeal against such an order is maintainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Thus, the Court has to consider whether the expression &quot;granting or refusing to grant any measure under Section 9&quot; appearing in Section 37 of Act,1996 includes only a &lsquo;final order&rsquo; under Section 9, or it includes an &lsquo;ex-parte interim measure&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Now it is necessary to refer to the relevant portion of Rule 9 of Rules, 2001, which reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;9. Application for an interim measure, etc. - 1). When an application is made for an interim measure, under Section 9 of the Act, the Court shall in all cases, except where it appears that the object of granting the interim measure would be defeated by the delay, before passing the interim order, direct notice of the application to be given to the opposite party:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Provided that, where it is proposed to make an order by way of interim measure without giving notice of the application to the opposite party, the Court shall record the reasons for its opinion that the object of granting the interim measure would be defeated by delay, and require applicant.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The language used in Rule 9 of Rules, 2001 is not identical, though similar to the language used in Order XXXIX Rule 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. (for short &lsquo;Code&rsquo;). Order XXXIX Rule 3 of the Code, invests the power on the Court to grant ex-parte interim orders. However, the language used in Rules, 2001, particularly the expression, &ldquo;When an application is made for an interim measure, under Section 9 of the Act, the Court shall in all cases, except where it appears that the object of granting the interim measure would be defeated by the delay before passing the interim order, direct notice of the application to be given to the opposite party&rdquo;, unerringly suggests that the ex-parte interim measure, if granted, is in exercise of power under Section 9 of the Act, 1996 itself. Rule 9 of Rules, 2001 does not confer the power to pass an ex-parte order, but it only recognises the power inherent in Section 9 of the Act, 1996 and Rule 9 also deals with the procedure to be followed in case of exparte order.&nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Section 13 of the Act, 2015 not only deals with the forum of appeal but also provides as to which the judgments and orders are appealable. As far as appealable orders (not judgments) are concerned, it is linked to Order XLIII Rule 1 of the Code as a result only those orders enumerated under Order XLIII Rule 1 are appealable. However, as far as appealable orders under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 are concerned, it is not linked to Order XLIII of the Code but the same is still governed by Section 37 of the Act, 1996. And Section 37 as already noticed, has a non-obstante clause. There is nothing in the language of Section 13 of the Act, 2015 to hold that the only&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lsquo;final order&rsquo; under Section 9 is appealable under Section 37 of Act, 1996 read with Section 13 of Act, 2015 when it comes to arbitration disputes coming under the jurisdiction of the Commercial Courts Act.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;19. There is one more angle to it. Though the order refusing &lsquo;ex-parte interim measure&rsquo; is a discretionary order, the discretion conferred on the Court is not absolute but is guided by certain principles. While declining the &lsquo;ex-parte interim measure&rsquo;, and ordering notice to the respondent, the Court must arrive at a prima facie conclusion that the object of issuing ex-parte interim measure would not be defeated by delay caused in issuing notice to the opponent, before considering the prayer for interim measure. Thus, if the Court takes a view that there are no grounds to pass the &lsquo;ex-parte interim order&rsquo;, said view and consequent order declining &lsquo;ex-parte interim measure&rsquo; is in the nature of the final order as the relief of &lsquo;ex-parte order&rsquo; prayed by the applicant is declined once for all in the said proceeding. The reason is quite simple. If an ex-parte order is declined, then after notice and hearing the other side, if the interim measure is granted, such an order is not an &lsquo;ex-parte order&rsquo;. In that view,&lt;/span&gt;&nbsp;the order refusing &lsquo;ex-parte interim measure&rsquo; has all the attributes of a final order as a prayer to grant &lsquo;ex-parte&rsquo; order is declined and rendered irreversible by that Court by issuing notice to the opponent. Thus, the party aggrieved by refusal can file an appeal against such order invoking Section 37 of the Act, 1996. However, though there is a right of appeal, the scope of such appeal is limited as the application seeking interim measure will be still pending consideration before the Section 9 Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Applying the same analogy, the order granting ex-parte interim measure under Section 9 of the Act, 1996 is also appealable. However, the scope for interference in such a case is still more limited, as the party aggrieved by such ex-parte interim order will have the remedy of moving the Section 9 Court to vacate the ex-parte interim order. The Court would be extremely slow in entertaining appeals from an order granting ex-parte order and such appeals can be entertained in exceptional cases.&nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. This being the position, this Court is of the view that an order granting or declining ex-parte interim measure is&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;appealable under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 even if Section 9 dispute is before the Commercial Court.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Referring to the judgment in BGS SGS Soma JV supra, it is urged that any order under Section 9, which does not dispose of the Section 9 application and which is in the nature of a step towards interim order, would not amount to granting or refusing to grant any measure under Section 9 of the Act, 1996.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The judgment in BGS SGS Soma JV supra, the Apex Court was dealing with a question, as to whether order Under Order VII Rule 10 of the Code, returning Section 34 application for want of jurisdiction is appealable or not? Said judgment is not&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;a ratio on an order under Section 9 of the Act, 1996. It is held in the said judgment that Order allowing Order VII Rule 10 application is not appealable under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 as such an order cannot be construed as an order refusing to set aside the award.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Reference to paragraph No.21 of the said judgment to contend that the order refusing ex-parte interim measure is placed. On careful consideration of the discussion of the judgment in the case of Antrix vs Davas , this Court is of the view that the said judgment supports the case of the appellant as the Delhi High Court has held that appeal against an order directing the opponent to furnish an affidavit, in the exercise of jurisdiction under Section 9 of Act, 1996 is maintainable.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. Though the learned Senior Counsel laid lot of emphasis on the judgment of the Meghalaya High Court in National Thermal Corporation supra, with due respect, this Court is unable to agree with the decision. In the said judgment, it appears that the ratio in judgment in BGS SGS Soma JV supra is incorrectly applied. Even otherwise, in the said case, the order&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;passed under Order XXXIX Rule 4 was under challenge, and the order granting ex-parte interim measure under Section 9 was not under challenge.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. Conclusions on the question of law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The appeal under Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 is maintainable against an order granting or refusing ex-parte interim measure under Section 9 of the Act, 1996, even if the Section 9 application is filed before the Commercial Court, as defined under Commercial Courts Act, 2015.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) As a corollary, appeal under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 is maintainable against an order granting or refusing exparte interim measure under Section 9 of the Act, 1996, if the Section 9 application is filed before the Court exercising jurisdiction under the Act, 1996.&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(c) Though the appeal under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 is maintainable against the order refusing &lsquo;ex-parte&rsquo; measure, the scope of interference in such appeal is limited as the Appellate Court is only required to consider whether consideration of prayer of ex-parte interim measure can be deferred till the appearance of the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) In an appeal under Section 37 of the Act, 1996 against the order granting &lsquo;ex-parte&rsquo; measure, the appeal may be entertained only in exceptional cases as the aggrieved party will have an efficacious remedy of moving the same Court which passed the order, to vacate the &lsquo;ex-parte order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(e) Law laid down in Symphony Services Corporation (India) Private Limited, Bangalore vs. Sudip Bhattacharjee (2008) 2 KLJ 24 stands overruled.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Now the question is whether the appellant is entitled to interim protection till the application under Section 9 before the Section 9 Court is considered. The impugned order is passed on 13.02.2024. Thereafter, the appeal is filed. This Court vide&nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;interim order dated 22.02.2024 granted interim protection to the appellant. Since then the interim protection has been extended. Now it is stated that the Section 9 application is listed on 29.07.2024 for final disposal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Under these circumstances, the matter is remitted to the Trial Court to consider Section 9 application in accordance with the law extending the interim protection till then. However, it is made clear that the interim order granted by this Court should not be construed as an order in favour of the appellant indicating the merit of the appellant&rsquo;s claim. Nothing is expressed on the merits of the claim of the appellant seeking interim measure.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Since the interim order has been operating against the respondents since February 2024, we expect Section 34 Court will hear the objections of the respondents expeditiously and the parties shall co-operate for early disposal of Section 9 application.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. It is brought to the notice of the Court, that the respondents have raised a contention that the dispute between the parties is not a commercial dispute. Said question is not&nbsp;addressed by this Court and same shall be addressed by the Commercial Court, if not already decided.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;var(--bs-font-sans-serif)&quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Accordingly, the Appeal is disposed of.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd4a94234b91c089a923f5877bece6800.png', 'e8edf0709b1422b08365d20b43545e20.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-29 21:29:04', '2024-07-30 10:35:25');
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(238, 'ypKUxbI7SPbNWrcMxDkoUyDoE', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Court while dismissing suit for specific performance can order redelivery of possession given under Section 53A of the TP Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tukaram Sadashiv Chambar Thr LRS and others Vs Mallu Babu Chambar Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 5922 of 2010 decided on 10 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The present second appeal is filed by plaintiff under Section 100 of Code of Civil Procedure, 19081 challenging the judgment and decree dated 20.01.2010 passed in R.A No.70/2005 by the Fast Track Court-I, Chikodi2 and the judgment and decree dated 10.06.2005 passed in O.S No.69/1999 by the Additional Civil Judge (Jr.Dn.), Nipani3 , whereunder, the suit for specific performance has been partly decreed by the Trial Court, wherein, refund of the advance amount and redelivery of possession have been ordered, which has been affirmed by the First Appellate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The relevant facts leading to the present appeal are that the defendant being the owner of the suit property, had executed an agreement of sale dated 26.05.19824 , agreeing to sell the agricultural land bearing R.S Nos.20/5 and 20/2, measuring 13 guntas and 1 acre - 06 guntas respectively situated at Adi village in Chikodi5 , for a total sale consideration of ?12,000/-. That on the date of the agreement, the plaintiff paid the defendant an earnest money of ?5,350/-, and the defendant put the plaintiff in possession of the suit property in part performance of the agreement. That the sale transaction was required to be completed in one year. The defendant having failed to complete the sale transaction, the plaintiff filed the suit for specific performance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. This Court, by its order dated 12.08.2013, admitted the above appeal and framed the following substantial question of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case the Courts below were justified in denying the relief of specific performance having held that Ex.P1 sale agreement has been duly proved and directing the appellant to hand over possession without there being a counter claim for possession by the respondent?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. While considering the aspect of readiness and willingness, it is relevant to note that the agreement was executed on 26.05.1982, and the suit was filed on 16.04.1999, after lapse of nearly 17 years. The reliance placed by the learned counsel for the appellant/plaintiff on the letters dated 07.09.86 (Ex.P23) and 07.02.88 (Ex.P24), will not aid the case of the plaintiff, since the said letters have been returned to the plaintiff. There is no communication available on record which has been received by the defendant, wherein, the plaintiff has called upon the defendant to come and execute the Sale Deed and complete the sale transaction. Even if Ex.P23 and Ex.P24 are taken into consideration, the plaintiff has failed to explain as to what steps have been taken by him for nearly 11 years after the said letters for the purpose of demonstrating his readiness and willingness. In view of the aforementioned, the finding of readiness and willingness, recorded by the Trial Court and as affirmed by the First Appellate Court is just and proper.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. It is the contention of the learned counsel for the appellant that having regard to Section 53A of the T.P. Act, the order directing redelivery of possession passed by the Trial Court, and as affirmed by the First Appellate Court are erroneous. In order to consider the said contention, it is relevant to note Section 53A of the T.P. Act, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;53A.Part performance:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;and the transferee has performed or is willing to perform his part of the contract,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. A full Bench of this Court in the case of Narasimhasetty11 , relied upon by the learned counsel for the appellant, while considering the scope and effect of Section 53A has recorded the following findings:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26&hellip;.. and subject to fulfillment of statutory conditions contained in the said section is statutory in nature and cannot be whistled down on the equitable concept of latches or implied limitation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;35. In our opinion, the first aspect to be attended to is as to whether only because of failure on the part of the transferee to bring a suit for specific performance of the contract within the period of limitation prescribed therefore under the Limitation Act, 1963 leads to extinction of his statutory right created by the legislature by incorporating Section 53A in the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37&hellip;. in exercise of his statutory right conferred by Section 53A of the Act by way of defence in a suit brought against his by his transferor for recovery of possession.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of A. Lewis and Ors. Vs. M.T.Ramamurthy and Ors.12 relied on by the learned counsel for the respondent No.1, considering the protection granted under Section 53A of the T.P. Act, as held has follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;6. As rightly pointed out by the High Court, the existence of right to claim protection under Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act would not be available if the transferee just kept quiet and remained passive without taking effective steps. Further, he must also perform his part of the contract and convey his willingness.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. It is forthcoming from the aforementioned that although the full Bench of this Court in the case of Narasimhasetty13 has authoritatively pronounced regarding the protection granted by Section 53A of the T.P. Act upon a plain reading of Section 53A of the T.P. Act and as noticed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of A. Lewis and Ors. Vs. M.T.Ramamurthy and Ors.14 , in order to claim the protection under Section 53A, the factual finding as to the plaintiff having performed or willing to perform his part of the contract is required to be answered in his favour.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In the present case, the finding of readiness and willingness having been held against the plaintiff by both the Courts, and the same having been affirmed by this Court as noticed above, the question of the plaintiff taking the benefit of Section 53A of the T.P. Act to remain in possession of the suit property does not arise. Hence, the said contention put forth by the plaintiff is untenable and liable to be rejected.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. With regard to the contention by the learned counsel for the appellant that without a prayer seeking recovery of possession made by the defendant, the Trial Court ought not to have granted the same, the learned counsel for the respondent has pointed out that the plaintiff in the plaint has sought for the alternative relief of refund of the earnest money paid with interest vide prayer (c) made in the plaint. Further, it is contended that having regard to Section 29, the granting of the said relief by the Trial Court is proper.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. It is relevant to notice Section 29 of the S.R. Act reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;29. Alternative prayer for rescission in suit for specific performance.- A plaintiff instituting a suit for the specific performance of a contract in writing may pray in the alternative that, if the contract cannot be specifically enforced, it may be rescinded and delivered up to be cancelled; and the court, if it refuses to enforce the contract specifically, may direct it to be rescinded and delivered up accordingly.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. It is forthcoming from Section 29 of the S.R. Act that the plaintiff having sought for refund of the earnest money and the Trial Court having granted the said order of refund, the same tantamounts to the contract being &ldquo;rescinded&rdquo; and &ldquo;delivered up to be cancelled&rdquo;. In other words, the suit having been filed for specific performance of the said agreement and the same having been adjudicated upon, and the Trial Court having ordered for the alternative relief of refund of the earnest money, it is clear that the rights of the parties under the said agreement has been adjudicated. When the rights of the parties under the said agreement have been adjudicated, the plaintiff who is admittedly in possession of the property under the said agreement cannot be permitted to retain possession of the property under the very agreement in respect of which rights of parties have been adjudicated and is hence required to return possession of the same, when the refund of the earnest money has been ordered upon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. In view of the clear wording of Section 29 of the S.R. Act, the Trial Court was justified in ordering the plaintiff to return the possession of the suit property upon the payment of the earnest money by the plaintiff and the said finding cannot be said to be erroneous.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. In view of the discussion made above, the substantial question of law framed by this Court is answered in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The above appeal is dismissed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '67cf3c5bf280c757a1f6087ddd1b3fbe.JPG', 'c359e7cbe17d9faf51adb91ffa827ddd.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-30 13:05:59', '2024-07-31 10:46:38'),
(245, 'zLuKyx3T6Zk3nYUBWckH20Oyp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'PTCL Act. Mortgage created by an agreement holder does not fall within the exception to ‘transfer of granted lands’. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The Bangalore, Banaglore Rural and Ramanagara District Central Co-Operative Bank Vs The Asst. Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 29196 of 2014 decided on 25 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The factual background in all the above petitions more or less similar in that the petitioner-Bank claims to be a financial institution registered under the provisions of the Karnataka Co-operatives Act, 1959. The main sources of finance to the said Bank are deposits from members and the public, loans from Apex Bank, NABARD as also loan/share capital from the Government of Karnataka. It is claimed that the said Bank operates in Bangalore District, Bangalore Rural and Ramanagara District.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;3. It is further claimed that respondent No.3-Javahar House Building Co-operative Society Ltd., having approached the petitioner for sanction of a loan an amount of Rs.2 crores, was sanctioned on 06.01.1993 to enable the said Society to purchase lands for the formation of layouts. There being a default in repayment of the loan, the petitioner &ndash; Bank raised a dispute before the Joint Registrar of Co-operative Societies in Dispute No.908/1993-94 against the Society for recovery of Rs.2,38,00,497/-, an award was passed on 01.03.1997 directing the payment of the said amount with interest at the rate of 22.5% and penal interest at 1% on defaulted principal amount of Rs.1,99,98,500/- from 01.01.1994 till the date of realisation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Respondent No.6 the original owner of the property claiming to be a grantee of the land had filed a proceeding before the Assistant Commissioner under Section 5 of the Karnataka Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes (prohibition of transfer of certain lands) Act, 1978 (hereinafter referred as PTCL Act) contending that respondent No.6 had been granted an extent of 1 acre of 25 guntas in Sy. No.79, Block No.15 of Machohalli village, Dasanapura Hobli, Bangalore North Taluk, and that he received a notice from respondents No.3 to 5 therein i.e., petitionersrespondents No.4 and 5 herein that an award dated 01.03.1997 had been passed in Dispute No.908/1993-94 and in pursuance of the said award the land of respondent No.6 was proposed to be auctioned by way of public auction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The Assistant Commissioner after hearing the matter came to a conclusion that the Society-respondent No.3 herein had not acquired any right and title over the land in question under a mere agreement of sale, the agreement itself is in violation of the provisions of Section 4(2) of PTCL Act. The grantee had not mortgaged the property with the petitioner-Bank. The Society not having acquired any right, title and interest over the land in question had unilaterally mortgaged the land in favour of the Bank and as such the award cannot be binding on respondent No.6. and in those circumstances, all the encumbrance in respect of the land in question were discharged and the land restored to the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Having heard the learned counsels and perused the papers, the points that would arise for consideration of this Court are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether a Bank can claim benefit of Subsection (3) of Section 4 without the grantee having mortgaged the property in favour of the Bank and without the grantee having received any money from the Bank?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the Bank can on the basis of an award passed against a third party execute the same in respect of a land owned by the grantee and would the exemption under Section 7 of the PTCL Act, apply in relation thereto?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;3. In the present case, whether the orders passed by the Assistant Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner are proper and correct or would they suffer from legal infirmity requiring interference in hands of this Court?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. What Order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. ANSWER TO POINT NO.1: Whether a Bank can claim benefit of Subsection (3) of Section 4 without the grantee having mortgaged the property in favour of the Bank and without the grantee having received any money from the Bank?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.5. Section 4 of the Act deals with prohibition of transfer of granted land and reads as under: 4. Prohibition of transfer of granted lands.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Notwithstanding anything in any law, agreement, contract or instrument, any transfer of granted land made either before or after the commencement of this Act, in contravention of the terms of the grant of such land or the law providing for such grant, or subsection (2) shall be null and void and no right, title or interest in such land shall be conveyed or be deemed ever to have conveyed by such transfer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) No person shall, after the commencement of this Act, transfer or acquire by transfer any granted land without the previous permission of the Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall apply also to the sale of any land in execution of a decree or order of a civil court or of any award or order of any other authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.6. By virtue of Subsection (1) of Section 4, there is a prohibition for a grantee to transfer the land either before or after the commencement of the Act in contravention of the terms of the grant. However, in terms of Subsection (2) of Section 4, no person shall after commencement of the Act transfer or acquire by transfer any granted land without the previous permission of the government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;19.7. Subsection (3) of Section 4 creates an exception to Subsection (1) and Subsection (2) of Section 4 and mandates that the said Subsection would not apply to the sale of any land in execution of decree or order of a Civil Court or of any award or order of any other Authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.8. Section 6 of the Act prohibits the registration of any document relating to transfer or creation of any interest in any granted land, thus creating an embargo for registration of a transfer of a granted land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.10.A perusal of Section 7 would indicate that nothing in the Act would apply to the transfer of granted lands in favour of the Government, a local Authority or a Bank either before or after the commencement of the Act. Thus, the restriction which has been imposed in Subsection (1) and (2) of Section 4, as also under Section 6 would not apply if the sale is in furtherance of a decree or order of a Civil Court or of any award or order of any Authority in terms of Subsection (3) of Section 4 and or if there is a transfer in favour of the Government, local Authority or a Bank in terms of Section 7 of the PTCL Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.11.From the above, it is clear that a grantee of the land though is prohibited from alienating the property or transferring the property, such grantee is not prohibited from raising a loan on the said property from an entity qualifying to be a Bank under Subsection (1) of Section 3. It cannot be presumed that the loan would be repaid by the grantee, thus an exception has been made out under Subsection (3) of Section 4 that in the event of any decree or order passed by a Civil Court or any award or order passed by any Authority, Subsection (1) and Subsection 2 of Section 4 would not apply.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.12.Thus, to qualify for the exemption under Subsection (3) of Section 4, it is required that there should be a valid loan transaction with a Bank, the Bank obtain necessary decree or order from the Civil Court or of any award or order of any Authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.13. In the present cases, the grantee has not borrowed any loan from an organization qualifying the requirement of Bank under Subsection (1) or Section 3. The grantee had only entered into an agreement of sale with the Society, and it is the Society who has allegedly mortgaged the property in favour of the Bank at the time of borrowing monies from the Bank.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.15. When a grantee has not received any benefit of the loan, the question of there being any privity of contract between the Bank and the grantee would not arise. The exemption under Subsection (3) of Section 4 and that under Section 7 of the Act is only applicable as regards a transaction made by the grantee and not made by anyone else as regards the land belonging to the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.16. The Society not being the owner but only an agreement holder, the said agreement not having fructified into a sale deed has remained an incohate document and confers no title or interest in the said land in terms of Section 54 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1872.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.17. The Society not having any right in the property has mortgaged the property to the Bank and the Bank has accepted the said mortgage knowing fully well that the Society is not the owner and does not have any right, title or interest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;19.18. Interest of the Society, if any, would only be limited to a right to seek for specific performance of the agreement of sale and not to deal with the property subject matter of the agreement of sale. Thus, any transaction entered into by the agreement holder would not bind the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19.19. Hence, I answer Point No.1 by holding that the Bank cannot claim the benefit of Subsection (3) or Section 4 of the PTCL Act without the grantee having mortgaged the property in favour of the Bank which needless to say would imply that the grantee has not received any money from the Bank, there being no privity of contract between the Bank and the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. ANSWER TO POINT NO.2: Whether the Bank can on the basis of an award passed against a third party execute the same in respect of a land owned by the grantee and would the exemption under Section 7 of the PTCL Act, apply in relation thereto?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.2. In the present case, there is no decree which has been passed nor is there any order passed by the Civil Court, however, the Bank claiming to be a cooperative Bank has raised a dispute in terms of Section 70 of the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Act, 1959 [KCS Act] which provides for disputes among members and the Society to be settled by way of the mechanism prescribed under Section 70.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.3. In terms of Section (2) of Section 70, a claim by the Society for any debt or demand due by the member or by a principal debtor would be a dispute which could be settled in terms of the said provision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.5. A dispute can be decided by the Registrar of Societies, transfer it to any person who has been invested by the State Government with powers in that regard or refer it for disposal to an Arbitrator appointed by the Registrar. An award passed by an Arbitrator can be enforced in terms of said act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.6. Section 71B deals specifically with a credit agency to proceed against members of the cooperative Society for recovery of the money due to the Society.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.7. In the present case, the Society had borrowed money from the Bank and as such any dispute between the Bank and the Society would be a dispute within the purview of Section 70 to be resolved in terms of Section 71 and 71B of the KCS Act. It is exercising these rights that the Bank had approached the Registrar of Cooperative Society with a claim against the Society which came to be allowed and the Society was directed to make payment of certain monies by way of an award. In furtherance of said award, the properties which had allegedly been mortgaged by the Society were sought to be attached and auctioned.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.12. In the present case it is not the contention of the Bank that there is collusion between the Society and the grantee or that the society and grantee are together sought to defraud the Bank. As aforesaid, the transaction between the Bank and the Society is independent of the transaction between the Society and the grantee, both these transactions could never have been clubbed together and proceedings initiated by the Bank in execution of the award passed against the Society to enforce it against the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.13. In that view of the matter, though the award passed by the Registrar would qualify to be an award under Subsection (3) of Section 4 that award will not be capable of being enforced against the grantee who is not a party to the proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.14.The exemption under Section 7 would also not apply since there is no transfer to the Bank made and the proposed attachment and auction dehors any transaction entered into between the Bank and the grantee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;20.15.Hence, I answer Point No.2 by holding that the Bank cannot on the basis of the award passed against a third party execute the same in respect of a land owned by the grantee and the exemption under Subsection (3) of Section 4 as also that under Section 7 of the PTCL Act would not apply in relation thereto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. ANSWER TO POINT NO.3: In the present case, whether the orders passed by the Assistant Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner are proper and correct or would they suffer from legal infirmity requiring interference in hands of this Court?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21.3. In view of my answers to Points No.1 and 2, as also for the reason that the Assistant Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner had necessary powers under Section 5 and 5A of the PTCL Act which has been properly exercised by discharging any alleged encumbrance created by the Society as regard the land belonging to the grantee and restored the property without any encumbrance to the grantee is proper and correct, does not suffer from any infirmity requiring interference at the hands of this court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. ANSWER TO POINT NO.4: What Order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.1. In view of my answers to points No. 1, 2 and 3 above, I find no infirmity in the order of the Assistant Commissioner and The Deputy Commissioner. The relief sought for by the petitioner are bereft of merits, are not sustainable. No grounds are being made out in the present petitions, the petitions stand dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e21c3602ac3a3e0ccb0163c88ed2d7d4.JPG', 'b9433ecb8da0c575841c628057dff121.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-31 13:05:34', '2024-08-01 16:12:54');
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(239, 'rHyco42izeqB924Qi9rq7E2T7', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Property acquired by a Sanyasi passes to his religious relations and not to his natural heirs after his death. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sidlingayya Thr LRS and others Vs Revansiddayya Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 7281 of 2010 decided on 12 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K.S. Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The plaintiff is before this Court in the Regular Second Appeal assailing the legality and correctness of the judgment and decree dated 24.04.2010 in RA No.75/2007 on the file of the I Additional District Judge, Gulbarga (Hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;first Appellate Court&rsquo; for the sake of convenience), confirming the judgment and decree dated 28.07.2002 in O.S. No.38/2003 on the file of the Civil Judge (Sr.Dn.) at Aland (Hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;trial Court&rsquo; for the sake of convenience), whereby, the suit seeking for declaration and possession was dismissed by the Courts below.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. This Court while admitting the appeal on 31.08.2020 framed the following substantial questions of law, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;i. Whether the Courts below committed an error in construing the order dated 12.08.1981 passed by the Land Tribunal, Aland as a grant to the family or whether it was self-acquisition of the plaintiff?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii. Whether withdrawal of O.S. No.132/1990 debarred the plaintiff from filing a fresh suit?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2nd Substantial question of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In order to answer the 2nd substantial question of law, the relevant provisions of CPC needs to be placed:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Order XXIII Rule 1 CPC reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;1. Withdrawal of suit or abandonment of part of claim.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;At any time after, the institution of a suit, the plaintiff may as against all or any of the defendants abandon his suit or abandon a part of his claim:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that where the plaintiff is a minor or other person to whom the provisions contained in rules 1 to 14 of Order XXXII extend, neither the suit nor any part of the claim shall be abandoned without the leave of the Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) Where the plaintiff&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) abandons any suit or part of claim under sub-rule (1)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Order XXIII Rule 3A CPC reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;3A. Bar to suit-No suit shall lie to set aside a decree on the ground that the compromise on which the decree is based was not lawful.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Plain reading of Rule 1 and Rule 1(4)(a) of Order XXIII CPC enables the plaintiff at any time after the institution of the suit to abandon his suit or part of claim under sub-rule (1) he shall be liable for such costs as the Court may award and shall be precluded from instituting any fresh suit in respect of such subject matter or such part of the claim. Order XXIII permits the plaintiff to withdraw from the suit brought by him with liberty to institute a fresh suit in respect of the subject matter of that suit on such terms as it thinks fit. The expression &ldquo;subject matter&rdquo; in Order XXIII Rule 1 means a bundle of facts which have to be proved in order to entitle the plaintiff to the relief claimed by him. It refers to the right in the property which the plaintiff seeks to enforce. Where the cause of action and the relief claimed in the subsequent suit and the previous suit are not the same, the subsequent suit cannot be considered to have been brought in respect of the same subject matter as the previous suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The present suit is barred under the provisions of Order XXIII Rule 1(4)(a) CPC. The Apex Court in the case of Vallabdas stated supra has held at paragraph No.5 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;5. Rule 1, Order 23, Code of Civil Procedure entitles Courts to permit a plaintiff to withdraw from the suit brought by him with liberty to institute a fresh suit in respect of the subject-matter of that suit on such terms as it thinks fit. The term imposed on the plaintiff in the previous suit was that before bringing a fresh suit on the same cause of action, he must pay the costs of the defendants. Therefore we have to see whether that condition governs the institution of the present suit. For deciding that question we have to see whether the suit from which this appeal arises is in respect of the same subject-matter that was in litigation in the previous suit. The expression &quot;subject-matter&quot; is not defined in the Civil Procedure Code. It does not mean property. That expression has a reference to a right in the property which the plaintiff seeks to enforce. That expression includes the cause of action and the relief claimed. Unless the cause of action and the relief claimed in the second suit are the same as in the first suit, it cannot be said that the subject-matter of the second suit is the same as that in the previous suit. Now coming to the case before us in the first suit Dr. Madan Lal was seeking to enforce his right to partition and separate possession. In the present suit he seeks to get possession of the suit properties from a trespasser on the basis of his title. In the first suit the cause of action was the division of the status between Dr. Madan Lal and his adoptive father and the relief claimed was the conversion of joint possession into separate possession. In the present suit the plaintiff is seeking possession of the suit properties from a trespasser. In the first case his cause of action arose on the day he got separated from his family. In the present suit the cause of action, namely, the series of transactions which formed the basis of his title to the suit properties, arose on the death of his adoptive father and mother. It is true that both in the previous suit as well as in the present suit the factum and validity of adoption of Dr. Madan Lal came up for decision. But that adoption was not the cause of action in the first nor is it the cause of action in the present suit. It was merely an antecedent even which conferred certain rights on him. Mere identity of some of the issues in the two suits does not bring about an identity of the subject matter in the two suits. As observed in Rakhma Bai v. Mahadeo Narayan, ILR 42 BOM 155, the expression &quot;subject matter&quot; in Order 23, Rule 1, Code of Civil Procedure means the series of acts or transactions alleged to exist giving rise to the relief claimed. In other words &quot;subject matter&quot; means the bundle of facts which have to be proved in order to entitle the plaintiff to the relief claimed by him. We accept as correct the observations of Wallis C.J. in Singa Reddi v. Subba Reddi, ILR 39 Mad 987 that where the cause of action and the relief claimed in the second suit are not the same as the cause of action and the relief claimed in the first suit, the second suit cannot be considered to have been brought in respect of the same subject matter as the first suit.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The Apex Court in the case of Sarguja Transport Service Vs. State Transport Appellate Tribunal, M.P. Gwalior and Others Appellate Tribunal, M.P., Gwalior, and Ors.6 has held at para No.7 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;7. The Code as it now stands thus makes a distinction between &lsquo;abandonment&rsquo; of a suit and &#039;withdrawal&#039; from a suit with permission to file a fresh suit. It provides that where the plaintiff abandons a suit or withdraws from a suit without the permission, referred to in subrule (3) of Rule 1 of Order XXIII of the Code, he shall be precluded from instituting any fresh suit in respect of such subject-matter or such part of the claim. The principle underlying Rule 1 of Order XXIII of the Code is that when a plaintiff once institutes a suit in a court and thereby avails of a remedy given to him under law, he cannot be permitted to institute a fresh suit in respect of the same subject-matter again after abandoning the earlier suit or by withdrawing it without the permission of the court to file fresh suit. . In the case of abandonment or withdrawal of a suit without the permission of the court to file a fresh suit, there is no prior adjudication of a suit or an issue is involved, yet the Code provides, as stated earlier, that a second suit will not lie in sub-rule (4) of Rule 1 of Order XXI of the Code when the first suit is withdrawn without the permission referred to in sub-rule (3) in order to prevent the abuse of the process of the Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. For the forgoing reasons the 2nd substantial question of law framed by this Court is answered against the appellant holding that the suit of the plaintiff is barred under Rule 1(4)(a) of Order XXIII CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1st Substantial question of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25&hellip;.. The law is well settled that one who enters into the religious order, severs his connection with the members of his natural family. He is accordingly excluded from inheritance. Neither he nor his family members or his natural relatives can succeed to each other&rsquo;s property. In other words, &ldquo;a person who become a Sanyasi, he renounces his world&rdquo;, in other words, it is a civil death.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The Apex Court in Krishna Singh&rsquo;s case stated supra has held at paragraph Nos.30 and 31 and 64 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. One who enters into a religious order severs his connection with the members of his natural family. He is accordingly excluded from inheritance. Entrance to a religious order, is tantamount to civil death so as to cause a complete severance of his connection with his relations, as well as with his property. Neither he nor his natural relatives can succeed to each other&#039;s properties. Any property which may be subsequently acquired by persons adopting religious orders passes to their religious relations. This civil death does not prevent the person who enters into an order from acquiring and holding private property which will devolve, not of course upon his natural relations, but according to special rules of inheritance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. The Apex Court observed that when a Sanyasi enters into a religious order, is a tantamount to civil death, so as to cause a complete severance of his connection with his relations, as well as with his property. This civil death does not prevent the person who enters into an order from acquiring and holding private property which will devolve, not of course upon his natural relations, but according to the special rules of inheritance and the &ldquo;normal line of succession then gets broken&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Bearing in mind the principles laid down in Krishna Singh&rsquo;s case stated supra, the facts in this present appeal can be gathered that Gurubasayya when he was serving as a Mathadipathi filed an application for grant of occupancy rights, the Land Tribunal granted occupancy rights in favour of Gurubasayya and the grant in faovur of Gurubasayya is not in his individual capacity but as the Mathadipati and the grant is for the benefit of the Matha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The 1st substantial question of law framed by this Court is answered holding that the order of the Land Tribunal granting occupancy right in favour of Gurubasayya is as a Mathadipathi and not in his individual capacity. The plaintiff is not entitled for declaration as prayed and accordingly, 1st substantial question of law is answered against the appellant. Accordingly, this Court pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Regular Second Appeal is hereby dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'eca594fa4150c48fb7aa2c22dbdf99a7.JPG', '83e5b6dbe0820b3183307d1c833e7437.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-30 13:42:24', '2024-08-01 06:43:19'),
(240, 'YD3pbQ7jAWZHPAgLAYCMbQKp0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'There is no limitation to sue for partition of a property which was left out in the earlier partition. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K. Veerabhadrappa and others Vs Kalleshapaa and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 2769 of 2006 decided on 29 October 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In this appeal, the appellants seek to challenge the divergent finding rendered by the First Appellate Court in R.A.53/2003 on the file of the Fast Track Court at Kadur. In terms of the impugned judgment and decree dated 10.07.2006, the learned Fast Track Judge allowed the appeal and set aside the judgment and decree in O.S.672/1991 on the file of the Additional Civil Judge, Jr. Dvn., Kadur. Learned Additional Civil Judge in terms of the judgment and decree dated 23.09.2003 has decreed the suit for partition and awarded 1/3 share in favour of the plaintiff. Since the first appeal is allowed, the suit is dismissed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. This Court vide order dated 03.06.2009 has admitted the appeal to consider the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;1. Whether the lower appellate has properly appreciated the evidence available on record while coming to the conclusion that the property bearing Sy. No.22 measuring 9 acres 21 guntas, which is the subject matter of the suit is not a joint family property?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the manner of finding rendered by the lower appellate court on additional issue no.3 is sustainable in law?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the light of the contentions raised and the substantial question of law framed, what is required to be decided is, &quot;Whether the partition said to have taken place in the 1940s is complete or partial partition&quot;?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In the case of BHAGWATI PRASAD SAH vs DULHAN RAMESHWARI KUER reported in AIR 1952 SC 72, in para 8 of the judgment, it is held that once the partition is admitted and once it is established that one of the co-parceners is separated from the family, there is no presumption that the rest of the co-parceners continue to be joint. Learned counsel would urge that the ratio laid down in the said judgment be understood to mean that when a person asserts a particular property as a joint family property, by admitting the partition in all other family properties, the burden is on him to establish that the properties are still joint. Relying on the judgment in HAREY KRISHNA AGARWAL vs JAIRAJ KRISHNA reported in MANU/UP/1382/2013, wherein the High Court of Allahabad laid down the ratio that when the partition takes place, there is a presumption that the partition is complete and no property is excluded from the partition. If someone asserts the contrary to say that some of the properties are not still partitioned and are excluded from the partition, the burden is on the person who alleged that the partition has not taken place in the said property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Learned counsel for the respondents Ms. Deepashree also urged that plaintiffs have not averred as to why the suit property was not partitioned in the previous partition. In the absence of pleading and evidence in this regard and given the fact that the partition is sought decades after the partition of other properties and that too by the grandson of Mallappa, who was allotted a share in the partition of other joint family properties, it is to be held that the suit property is already partitioned. Though the contention in the first instance appears to have some force, the same cannot be accepted. The answer to this contention is fairly simple. Under Hindu law, partial partition is permissible and well-recognised. There can be partial partition in respect of properties as well as persons. In this case, partial partition in respect of properties is pleaded. It is true that the plaintiff has not assigned satisfactory reasons as to why the property was not partitioned in the 1940s. However, same cannot be a ground to dismiss the suit as there is no dispute that the property was held by the propositus Kallappa. When that is the position, there is no compulsion under the law to plead why the property is not partitioned in the first instance when other properties are partitioned. Of course, a proper explanation would have strengthened the case of the plaintiff. However want of explanation as to why the property is not partitioned and kept joint is not fatal to warrant the dismissal of the suit, as admittedly the property belonged to the propositus of the plaintiffs and defendants. Moreover the partition of said property and allotment of share in the said property in favour of defendants ancestors is not established. Admittedly the defendants have not pleaded ouster. Thus the plea of limitation is not available. When that is the position assuming that the defendants are in possession of the property, in the absence of plea and proof of ouster, the plaintiffs are deemed to be in constructive possession and suit for the partition after 6 decades of earlier partial partition is maintainable. Under the circumstances, this Court is of the view that the finding of the First Appellate Court that Sy. No.22 is not the joint family property is an erroneous finding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;34. This Court has considered the reasons assigned by the First Appellate Court in allowing the appeal. The First Appellate Court has proceeded that the plaintiff has not discharged his burden to establish the fact that this property bearing Sy. No.22 was not partitioned and kept joint. There is no doubt that the burden is heavy on the plaintiff to establish that the property is kept joint and that rest of the properties are partitioned. As noted earlier, if the contention of the defendants is that Sy. No.22 was also partitioned, in that event the defendants would have nearly 45% more share compared to the extent of lands allotted to the plaintiff. That appears to be highly inequitable and illogical. Since this Court has already noticed that there is no evidence by the defendants that the properties allotted to the plaintiff though lesser in extent carried more value. There is no such plea and evidence. Therefore, this Court is of the view that the first substantial question of law has to be answered in favour of the appellants and against the respondents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. Insofar as the 2nd substantial question of law is concerned, it is related to the finding on additional issue No.2 framed by the trial court relating to the non-inclusion of certain properties and so far as additional issue No.3 is concerned, it relates to the non-joinder of necessary parties.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. As far as the contention relating to noninclusion of certain survey numbers pleaded in paragraph No.14 of written statement is concerned, the defendants have not established that the said properties are available for partition as on the date of the suit. The Court has come to the conclusion that partition was partial and all properties except Sy.No.22 were partitioned earlier.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Under the circumstances, the second substantial question of law relating to finding on Additional Issue No.3 is answered in favour of appellants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '77b77abb35cc97f77b18f3d7f3e08bbb.JPG', '7956c07fa9631313bbeadae6a87bab98.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-30 14:40:59', '2024-07-31 10:37:24'),
(241, 'a6KAZAVgFhSq4RCDC7iOWqRvX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Wife cannot allege kidnap against husband for taking away minor child from her custody unless she was granted custody by the Court. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kushagra Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 102394 of 2023 decided on 4 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Venkatesh Naik T.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. At the instance of first information lodged by respondent No.2/biological mother, a crime has been registered against the petitioner/ biological father. First informant mother has alleged that on 20.08.2023 at 7.00 p.m., the petitioner-father forcibly took away their minor son aged about two years, from the house of defacto &ndash; complainant and thus committed offence of kidnapping.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. A short issue that falls for consideration is &quot;whether a father can be booked for the offence of kidnapping for taking away his own minor child from the custody of the mother?&#039; and &#039;whether it would attract the offence under Section 363 IPC?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Under such circumstances, it is just and necessary to analyse Section 361 IPC. Section 361 IPC reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;Whoever takes or entices any minor under sixteen years of age if a male, or under eighteen years of age if a female, or any person of unsound mind, out of the keeping of the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind, without the consent of such guardian, is said to kidnap such minor or person from lawful guardianship.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash; The words &ldquo;lawful guardian&rdquo; in this section include any person lawfully entrusted with the care or custody of such minor or other person.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(Exception)&mdash; This section does not extend to the act of any person who in good faith believes himself to be the father of an illegitimate child, or who in good faith believes himself to be entitled to lawful custody of such child, unless such act is committed for an immoral or unlawful purpose. &ldquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Explanation added thereto includes the words &ldquo;lawful guardian&rdquo; to include any person lawfully entrusted with the care or custody of such minor or other person. However, to complete the offence, the person who takes away the minor, must fall within proposition of term &#039;lawful guardian&#039;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The parties are governed under Hindu Law. Hence, it is just and necessary to analyse the term &#039;guardian&#039; as defined under Section 4(2) of The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, which reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; 4. Definitions&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;In this Act, unless there is something repugnant in the subject or context,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) &ldquo;guardian&rdquo; mean&rsquo;s a person having the care of the person of a minor or of his property, or of both is person and property:&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The term &#039;guardian&#039; means a person having the care of the person of a minor or of his property, or of both is person and property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. From the perusal of Section 6 of The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, it contemplates that for Hindu minor, the father is a natural guardian and after him, the mother.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Sub-clause (a) of the said Act speaks about the custody of a minor upto the age of five years. Therefore, it is clear that the petitioner-father is a natural guardian of a minor, in the absence of the order otherwise passed by the Court by competent jurisdiction. Section 361 IPC speaks about lawful guardian as explained in the Section itself. If the minor of the age specified in the section, is taken out of the custody of the lawful guardian of such a minor, then the offence would be complete. It is not a case that the mother was lawfully entrusted within the care or custody of the minor by the order of competent Court. Therefore, the petitioner-accused is natural guardian to the child. In the absence of any prohibition of the order of the competent Court, the petitioner-father cannot be booked for taking away his own minor child from the custody of her mother.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The father of a child will not come within the scope of Section 361 IPC, even if he takes away the child from the custody of the mother. She may be lawful guardian as against any other except the father or any other person who has been appointed as a legal guardian by virtue of an order of the competent Court. So long as there is no divestment of rights of guardianship of the father, he cannot be held guilty of the offence under Section 361 IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Whereas in the instant case, the petitioner-father attended second birthday of child. On 20.08.2023, he took child away from the house, and informed his wife that, he took child to his house, where he arranged birthday programme of his child, and also seeks grace from his parents and his relatives. Hence, the defacto complainant being mother of child booked her husband for kidnap punishable under Section 363 of IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In similar circumstances, the coordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Capt. Vipin Menon v. The State Of Karnataka and Another reported in ILR 1992 KAR 2622 and the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of Chandrakala Menon (Mrs) And Anr. v Vipin Menon (Capt.) and Anr reported in (1993) 2 SCC 6 held that the father cannot be charged for taking away his minor child from the custody of his wife, because, he is the natural guardian and therefore, the offence under Section 363 IPC cannot be directed against him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Under such circumstances, on acceptance of the prosecution case, in its totality, a prima-facie case is not made out for the offence under Section 363 IPC by specifying the ingredient of offence of kidnap. Therefore, the continuation of such prosecution amounts to abuse of process of Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. The petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c4a9bf9bb67c447c3d68ec6603cefbcb.jpeg', 'ffc468c3f20fc81403d834ad09620ec3.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-30 15:34:14', '2024-07-31 06:42:13');
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(243, 'NC82EbOyyfkH6ytnrLYsQY062', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'State Bar Councils cannot charge enrolment fees and miscellaneous charges beyond the stipulation under the Advocates Act. Supreme Court. ', '&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gaurav Kumar vs Union of India and others&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 352 of 2023 and others decided on 29 July 2024 &lt;br&gt;Chief Justice Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud Justice B Pardiwala &lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;The proceedings under Article 32 of the Constitution address a challenge to the validity of the enrolment fees charged by State Bar Councils.1 The grievance is that the fees charged by the SBCs at the time of admission of persons on State rolls are more than the enrolment fee prescribed under Section 24(1)(f) of the Advocates Act 1961. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;B. Issues 8. The petitions give rise to the following issues: a. Whether the enrolment fees charged by the SBCs are in contravention of Section 24(1)(f) of the Advocates Act; and b. Whether payment of other miscellaneous fees can be made a pre-condition for enrolment &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;20. In 1973, the enrolment fee payable by the members of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was reduced to Rupees one hundred twenty-five. Subsequently, Section 24(1)(f) was amended in 1993 to revise the fees payable by general candidates from Rupees two hundred fifty to Rupees seven hundred fifty, without increasing the fees payable by candidates belonging to the SC and ST category. The enrolment fees were increased given the representations made by the Bar Councils.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;23 This indicates that Parliament is aware and responsive to the financial problems faced by the Bar Councils. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: var(--bs-font-sans-serif); font-size: 1rem;&quot;&gt;40. Presently, the SBCs charge different fees from advocates at the time of enrolment. Most SBCs charge an enrolment fee in addition to other miscellaneous fees. For instance, the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa is charging library fees, certificate fees, administration fees, identity card fees, training fees, and welfare fund contributions. Resultantly, the enrolment fee and the other fees charged by the SBC amounts to Rupees fifteen thousand for general candidates and Rupees fourteen thousand five hundred for candidates from SC and ST category. 42. All the SBCs justify charging the miscellaneous fees for the following reasons: (i) the miscellaneous fees are one-time fees paid by the advocates to the Bar Councils; (ii) the fees are charged as a one-time lump sum because advocates do not pay the fees periodically after their enrolment; (iii) the SBCs do not get any financial assistance from the Government and have to sustain their operations, including payment of salaries to their employees, from the amount collected by way of enrolment fee and miscellaneous fees; and (iv) the lump sum fees are intended to defray the expenditure incurred by each SBC while discharging myriad statutory functions including continuing legal education and welfare schemes for advocates. 51. We can derive the following principles concerning the rule-making power of the SBCs under Section 15: (i) the SBCs can exercise rule-making powers only for the subject matters specified under Chapter II; (ii) although the SBCs have a broad rule-making power, it must be exercised to further the object and purpose of the Advocates Act; (iii) the SBCs cannot use their rule-making power under Section 15 with respect to subject matters on which the BCI has been granted exclusive power to make rules under the Advocates Act; and (iv) approval by the BCI to an invalid rule made by the SBCs cannot be deemed to validate the invalid rule. 58. While acting as a delegate of Parliament, the SBCs and the BCI can frame rules under the Advocates Act. However, any rule enacted by the SBCs is only ancillary and cannot be so exercised to bring into existence substantive rights, obligations or disabilities not contemplated by the provisions of the parent enactment. Further, the rules must align with the object and purpose of the Advocates Act, namely, the creation of a common bar and regulation of legal practitioners and their qualifications, enrolment, right to practice, and discipline. 66. From the above discussion, we can cull out the following principles: (i) a delegate cannot act contrary to the express provisions and object of the parent legislation; (ii) a delegate cannot widen or constrict the scope of the parent legislation or the legislative policy prescribed under it; and (iii) a fiscal provision has to be construed strictly and a delegate cannot consider any circumstance, factors or condition not contemplated by the parent legislation. 68. Presently, the SBCs charge enrolment fees in the following manner: (i) they charge an enrolment fee according to the legal stipulation under Section 24(1)(f), but charge miscellaneous fees, and (ii) they charge an enrolment fee beyond the legal stipulation in addition to charging miscellaneous fees. Section 24(1)(f) expressly stipulates that the total enrolment fees shall be Rupees seven hundred fifty for advocates belonging to the general category and Rupees one hundred twenty-five for advocates belonging to the SC and ST category. The SBCs cannot charge &ldquo;enrolment fees&rdquo; beyond the express legal stipulation under Section 24(1)(f) as it currently stands. Therefore, prescribing enrolment fees beyond Rupees seven hundred for general candidates and Rupees one hundred twenty-five for SC and ST candidates is contrary to Section 24(1)(f). The subject matter of enrolment fee is covered by the Advocates Act. Therefore, the SBCs, being delegated authorities, do not have any legislative powers to prescribe enrolment fees contrary to the statutory stipulation. 70. Section 24(1)(f) is a fiscal regulatory provision and has to be construed strictly. Parliament has prescribed the enrolment fees in the exercise of its sovereign legislative powers. The SBCs and the BCI, being delegates of Parliament, cannot alter or modify the fiscal policy laid down by Parliament. 79. Admission on the roll of advocates is a pre-requisite for any person intending to practice law in India. At the time of enrolment, candidates have little agency but to pay the miscellaneous fees imposed by the SBCs to get enrolled. Nonpayment of the fees means that a candidate cannot get enrolled on the State roll. Thus, all the miscellaneous fees collected from a candidate at the time of enrolment essentially serve as a pre-condition to the process of enrolment. Section 24(1) specifically lays down the pre-conditions subject to which an advocate can be enrolled on State rolls. Since Section 24(1)(f) specifies the amount that can be charged by the SBCs as an enrolment fee, the SBCs and the BCI cannot demand payment of fees other than the stipulated enrolment fee as a pre-condition to enrolment. 92. The decision of the SBCs to charge exorbitant fees also suffers from the vice of manifest arbitrariness. 101. We can cull out the following principles from the above discussion: (i) the power of the authority to impose restrictions on the right under Article 19(1)(g) is not absolute and must be exercised in a reasonable manner; (ii) any fees or licences levied by the authorities must be valid and levied on the basis of the authority of law; and (iii) delegated legislation which is contrary to or beyond the scope of the legislative policy laid down by the parent legislation places an unreasonable restriction in violation of Article 19(1)(g). I. Conclusions 109. In view of the above discussion, we conclude that: a. The SBCs cannot charge &ldquo;enrolment fees&rdquo; beyond the express legal stipulation under Section 24(1)(f) as it currently stands; b. Section 24(1)(f) specifically lays down the fiscal pre-conditions subject to which an advocate can be enrolled on State rolls. The SBCs and the BCI cannot demand payment of fees other than the stipulated enrolment fee and stamp duty, if any, as a pre-condition to enrolment; c. The decision of the SBCs to charge fees and charges at the time of enrolment in excess of the legal stipulation under Section 24(1)(f) violates Article 14 and Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution; and d. This decision will have prospective effect. The SBCs are not required to refund the excess enrolment fees collected before the date of this judgment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4dcd2158b2c152834dc52d2a52364c3a.png', '6c406e36fa81640c490bfd2e419c1752.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-30 22:39:06', '2024-07-31 03:18:23'),
(244, 'tTJBV67zaGzLo2UrObX9uIQFq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Senior Citizens Act. Petition against non-relatives is not maintainable especially when the gift deed is silent about maintenance. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Roopakala C Vs G. Shanthakumari and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 28140 of 2015 decided on 6 February 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice Jyoti Mulimani.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The facts are simple and are stated as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The petitioner was married to the son of the first respondent in the year 1992. A daughter was born to them in the year 1995. The first respondent buys the property on 14.05.2003 and she unconditionally gifts the schedule &lsquo;A&rsquo; property to the petitioner on 25.06.2003. The petitioner constructs a residential duplex house on the schedule &lsquo;A&rsquo; property. It is said that the son of the first respondent and the petitioner separated owing to some personal differences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;As things stood thus, the first respondent filed a petition under Section 5 of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 against the petitioner. The Tribunal allowed the petition and directed the petitioner to allow the first respondent to stay on any of the floors in the building.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;4&hellip;. The scheme of the Act contemplates the provision of maintenance by children or relatives, to the benefit and welfare of the parents and senior citizens. The provision for a parent or a senior citizen to make an application for maintenance under Section 5 of the Senior Citizen&rsquo;s Act is circumscribed by the mandate section 4 of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Suffice it to note that Section 4 of the Senior Citizen&rsquo;s Act in its scheme, enables a senior citizen (including a parent) who is unable to maintain himself from his own earning or out of the property owned by him, to make an application for maintenance against either:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;1. One or more of his children, not being a minor in the case of a parent or grandparent; or 2. Such of his relative referred to in section 2 (g), in the case of a childless senior citizen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Reverting to the facts of the case, the first respondent made an application. The petitioner is admittedly not the &lsquo;child&rsquo; of the first respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Thus, it is clear that to maintain an application under the Act, the respondent to such an application must either be the child or relative (as referred to in section 2 (g) of the Act) of the applicant against whom the applicant can establish a right of maintenance. It is pivotal to note that the first respondent admittedly has a son and the petitioner is not her child. Furthermore, the first respondent to maintain an application against the petitioner under the Act would have to show first that she is childless and second that the petitioner is either in possession of her property or would stand to inherit her property. The failure to fulfill these primary requisites, the Tribunal ought to have dismissed the application.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Sri.Vedanth., learned counsel for petitioner is right in his submission that the transfer by way of Gift can be declared as void, only if such transfer is made subject to the condition that the transferee shall provide basic amenities and physical needs to the transferee. A perusal of the gift deed shows that the gift deed is absolute and no such condition is imposed in the gift deed. I may venture to say that the Tribunal has failed to have regard to relevant considerations and disregarded relevant matters. In my considered opinion, the order passed by the Tribunal is unsustainable in law. As already noted above, the petitioner is not a child and hence the first respondent could not have maintained the application.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The result is that the Writ Petition will be allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3febd807a03a39127fdeeb7c5067dbe6.JPG', '074123e05d4e0dcfdaea0719872ec49a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-07-31', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-31 12:39:24', '2024-07-31 08:15:26'),
(246, '9oO6yA0BDABF0gX8zekhD8wDk', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Stamp Act. Agreement of sale cannot be impounded once it is merged with sale deed duly executed and stamped. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Nagamma and others Vs Rudrayya and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 105278 of 2018 decided on 25 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts leading to the case are as under: The case arises from a partition suit where the plaintiffs contend that the suit schedule properties are joint family ancestral properties, with no partition having occurred. They rely on the agreement of sale dated 11.12.2002 to demonstrate that the mother-in-law of the first plaintiff, and grandmother of plaintiffs 2 to 5, had offered to sell the land in question to P.W.2. This agreement, which includes possession, was executed with the intent to transfer property. Plaintiffs intends to use this document to demonstrate that family members are in possession of specific portion of lands and there is no severance and they wish to place reliance on the document executed by mother-in-law of plaintiff No.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The sale deed, which was marked as Ex.D1, is an essential document produced by the petitioners. Article 5(i) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 (hereinafter referred to as &#039;the Act&#039;), specifies that if possession of the property is delivered or agreed to be delivered before executing a conveyance, such a document is liable for stamp duty as a conveyance. However, once a sale deed is executed, it absorbs the terms and conditions of the earlier agreement of sale, making the sale deed the governing document of the transaction. In the present case, the agreement of sale dated 11.12.2002 was followed by the execution of sale deed on 29.08.2005. The sale deed, which was duly stamped and registered, effectively supersedes the agreement of sale. Since the sale deed has been properly executed and bears the appropriate stamp duty, it becomes the operative document governing the transfer of title. Consequently, Article 5(e)(i) does not apply to the agreement of sale once a sale deed has been executed, as the agreement of sale merges into the sale deed and ceases to function as an independent document for the purposes of stamp duty. Therefore, the imposition of stamp duty under Article 5(e)(i) of the Act, on the agreement of sale in this context is not applicable, as the sale deed is the primary legal instrument reflecting the property transaction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Thus, the agreement of sale, once a sale deed has been duly executed and stamped, should no longer be independently subject to stamp duty as it has merged into the sale deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The impugned order fails to account for the principle of merger, which dictates that the sale deed, executed on 29.08.2005, effectively renders the earlier agreement of sale redundant. Since the sale deed was executed with appropriate stamp duty and registration charges paid, it becomes the primary legal document evidencing the property transfer. The decision of the learned Judge to impound the agreement of sale does not consider that the agreement&rsquo;s legal significance has been superseded by the sale deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Given the execution of the sale deed on 29.08.2005, which encompasses the terms of the agreement of sale, the former document is rendered redundant in terms of legal significance. The agreement of sale dated 11.12.2002, having merged into the sale deed, should not be subject to independent impoundment. The records in the present case reveal that the entire stamp duty is paid on the sale deed and sale deed is registered. Therefore, though sale agreement still remains valid, but the sale deed will supersede the terms and conditions mentioned in the sale agreement and therefore, the sale deed has to be treated as a final ownership document. The impugned order disregards this principle and the legal precedent that governs the transaction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c7966eb1e7c9ed6e5d17293e28779311.JPG', '58d93aad9713453d9d329c3940109a27.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-31 13:25:35', '2024-08-01 12:37:48'),
(247, 'NOAFlcIsZOnjddMLavzfhMS7v', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'MV Act. Ex-gratia payment paid to victim cannot be deducted from the compensation awarded to the claimants. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The Managing Director, KSTRC North West Division Vs Shivanadappa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;MFA 103515 of 2016 decided on 20 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice S G Pandit and Justice G Basavaraja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The brief relevant facts leading to these appeals are as follows: M.V.C. No. 31/2012 is filed seeking compensation for injuries sustained in an accident, while M.V.C. No. 32/2012 is filed by the claimants seeking compensation for the death of Rameshappa Koller in the same road traffic accident.It is stated in the claim petitions that on 02.07.2012, at approximately 2:00 p.m., the petitioner was traveling as a pillion rider on a motorcycle bearing Registration No. KA-15/L-6562, from Agrahara Muchadi to Hirekerur, for the purpose of purchasing paddy seeds. The rider was operating the motorcycle in a slow and cautious manner on the Chikkerur-Hirekerur road. At that time, a KSRTC bus bearing Registration No. KA-25-F-2217, driven by its driver in a rash and negligent manner and in violation of traffic rules and regulations, collided with the motorcycle. As a result, the petitioner, who is the claimant in MVC No. 31/2012, sustained grievous injuries. The claimants in MVC No. 32/2012 filed the claim petition seeking compensation for the death of the motorcycle rider, Rameshappa Koller, due to the accident. It is further submitted in the claim petition that the deceased, aged 40 years, was earning Rs. 25,000 per month, and his untimely death has resulted in the loss of the primary bread-earner for the claimants. Consequently, the claimants have sought compensation from the respondents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Having heard the arguments from both sides and upon perusal of the appeal papers and original records, the following points arise for our consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;1. Whether the respondent has made out grounds to interfere with the impugned judgment and award of the Tribunal regarding the respondent&#039;s liability?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the Tribunal erred in not deducting the amount of Rs. 50,000 ex-gratia already paid by the respondent in M.V.C. No. 32/2012, which pertains to M.F.A. No. 104226/2016?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;3. Whether the appellants/claimants in both appeals are entitled to enhancement of compensation?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. What order or award should be passed?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Our findings on the above points are as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Point No. 1: In the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Point No. 2: In the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Point No. 3: Partly in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Point No. 4: As per the final order for the following reasons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REASONS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. After considering the evidence presented by both parties, the Tribunal correctly evaluated the evidence in accordance with the law and facts, concluding that the accident resulted from the rash and negligent action of the bus driver. Even upon re-examining and re-evaluating the entire evidence on record, we find no legal defects or irregularities in the challenged judgment and award concerning the attribution of liability to the bus. Therefore, we answer point no. 1 in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point No.2:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The term &#039;ex-gratia&#039; is not defined under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, or the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, including the Karnataka Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989. According to its dictionary definition, an ex-gratia payment refers to &quot;a payment not legally required.&quot; Such payments are considered voluntary, meaning they are made by an organization, government, or insurer to an individual for damages or claims without admitting liability.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. &quot;Ex gratia&quot; derives from Latin, meaning &quot;by favor,&quot; and is predominantly used within legal contexts. An ex gratia payment signifies a voluntary act, typically done out of kindness or grace, where the giver does not acknowledge any legal liability or obligation. According to the Oxford English Dictionary (Online Edn.), in legal terms, an ex gratia payment is made without the giver recognizing any legal responsibility.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In &lsquo;Law Lexicon&rsquo; the word &lsquo;Ex-gratia payment&rsquo; is defined as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Ex-gratia payment. Payment made by one who recognizes no legal obligation to pay but who makes payment to avoid greater expense as in the case of a settlement by an insurance company to avoid costs of suit. A payment without legal consideration.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In governance, &ldquo;ex gratia&rdquo; refers to a relief payment granted by the State when there is no legislative, regulatory, or policy instrument mandating such a payment. These payments are made in the public interest to compensate for losses incurred or expenses suffered, for which the State bears no legal obligation. Such payments are made without any legal consideration and are distinguished from legally-mandated payments by their voluntary nature. Ex-gratia payments are less common because they are discretionary and not compelled by law. In the insurance context, an ex-gratia payment refers to a settlement made by an insurance company voluntarily, even when it believes it is not legally obligated to do so, often to avoid costly legal proceedings. Unlike payments mandated by insurance policies, which are based on legal obligations and typically acknowledge liability, ex gratia payments are gestures of goodwill without admission of fault. These payments are common in situations like accidents where compensation is provided without accepting legal responsibility. Ex gratia payments have been pivotal in several humanitarian crises across India. In the aftermath of Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984, where a deadly gas leak from the Union Carbide plant claimed thousands of lives and caused extensive injuries, the Indian government issued ex gratia payments to victims and their families. Similarly, during the devastating floods in Jammu and Kashmir in 2014, ex gratia payments were disbursed to families who lost loved ones and individuals whose properties were damaged. These payments are also a common response to natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, and floods nationwide, providing crucial immediate relief to affected communities. Moreover, in instances of major railway accidents resulting in fatalities or injuries, Indian Railways has routinely offered ex gratia payments to support victims and their families during times of crisis and loss, during deadly pandemic The Supreme Court of India issued directives regarding ex-gratia payments for COVID-19 victims&#039; families. Under Section 12(3) of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, families of deceased COVID-19 victims are entitled to Rs 50,000 from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF), disbursed through District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMA), as humanitarian gestures, not as admissions of liability.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In the High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Civil Appellate Jurisdiction First Appeal No. 180/2023 in paragraph No.9, the Court has observed as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;9. In respect of issue ex-gratia amount. The dictionary meaning of ex-gratia payment is a payment not legally required. An ex-gratia payment is considered voluntary. The ex-gratia, means by &lsquo;favour&rsquo;. It is an payment, made to an individual by an organization, government or insurer for damages or claims but is does not require the admittance of liability by the party making the payment. In my view, the ex-gratia amount is different from the compensation awarded under the M.V. Act. The exgratia payment is voluntary, whereas compensation under M.V. Act is mandatory on the basis of liability or contractual liability. Hence, I do not see merit in contention of learned counsel for the Appellant, that an ex-gratia is received by the claimants, they are not entitled for compensation.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. A co-ordinate bench of this Court in M.F.A. No. 1692/2012 (MV) dated 22.04.2013 in the case of United India Insurance Co. Ltd. Vs. Smt. Velangini @ Velangani &amp; Others, at paragraph nos.4 to 6, has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;4. It is not in dispute that the fifth respondent-KSRTC is the registered owner of bus involved in the accident and it was insured with appellant - Insurance Company. The KSRTC had paid a sum of Rs.50,000/- as ex-gratia payment immediately after the accident. It was an act of grace. Therefore, it should not have been deducted from compensation awarded to claimants. Similarly, the Insurance Company should not have been directed to pay the same to KSRTC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Shri Nagaraj, learned Counsel for the KSRTC would submit KSRTC had paid a sum of Rs.50,000/- as ex-gratia to the claimants which was a benefit that had accrued to claimants due to accident.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. I am not persuaded to accept this submission. The State owned Corporation had paid a sum of Rs.50,000/- as ex-gratia to the claimants who were in state of distress having lost bread winner of the family. Any amount paid in grace cannot be taken into consideration while computing compensation vis-&agrave;-vis liability of parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Therefore, this submission cannot be accepted. The approach of the Tribunal is erroneous. Therefore, I hold that the appellant - Insurance Company is liable to pay compensation of Rs.7,85,000/- with interest @ 6% per annum from the date of petition till realization to the claimants.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Following the above judgment, a co-ordinate bench of this Court in M.F.A. No. 201475/2015 (MV) dated 04.02.2020 between The Divisional Controller, NWKRTC, Raichur Vs. Mumtaj @ Mumtaj Parveen and others has held that the KSRTC has paid a sum of Rs.50,000/- as Ex-gratia payment immediately after the accident. It was an act of grace. Therefore, it should not have been deducted from the compensation awarded to the claimants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. The respondents have not placed any materials before the Tribunal on which circumstances/ schemes the respondent has paid a sum of Rs.50,000/- as Ex-gratia. The terms and conditions in payment of Ex-gratia amount of Rs.50,000/- also not explained by the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. In the given set of circumstances keeping in mind the dictionary meaning of the word &lsquo;Ex-gratia&rsquo; and also the meaning defined in &lsquo;The Law Lexicon&rsquo; and the aforesaid decisions, we are of the considered view that Ex-gratia amount is different from the compensation awarded under the M.V. Act. Ex-gratia payment is voluntary, whereas the compensation awarded under the M.V. Act is mandatory on the basis of liability or contractual liability. Hence we do not see merit in any contentions of the learned counsel for the NWKRTC that Ex-gratia is received by the claimants and hence they are not entitled for compensation. The said contention is hereby rejected. Accordingly, point no.2 is answered in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;a) M.F.A. No. 103515/2016 and M.F.A. No. 103516/2016 filed by the KSRTC are dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '02de28a8830b27850d7e86947a31c8a5.JPG', 'ce28af4c06b275e0f388be63a7edf8d1.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-31 13:43:27', '2024-08-01 03:28:45');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(274, 'JTykYiMJgCqsPAMowsyK3aJ7o', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Defendant can maintain an application for return of plaint under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S. Sekar Poultry Feeds Vs Annapurna Organics Pvt Ltd.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 8550 of 2024 decided on 5 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.I. Arun.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. As per Section 20 of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908, (CPC) the Courts situated at the place where defendant resides or where the cause of action either in full or part had arisen will have the jurisdiction to try the suit. A bare reading of the plaint does not reveal as to where the cause of action arose in the instant case. Hence, the petitioner herein, who is the defendant, filed an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC with a prayer to return the plaint to be presented before the appropriate Court. The trial Court on the ground that the said application can be made only by the plaintiff and not by the defendant and also on the ground that the transaction reveals that the cause of action has arisen at Bengaluru as the defendant was required to make payment to the Bank of plaintiff at HDFC, M.G.Road, Bengaluru, has dismissed the application. Aggrieved by the same, the present writ petition is filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The case of the petitioner is that even defendant is entitled to make necessary application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC and the trial Court is required to consider the pleadings made in the plaint to determine whether it reveals where the cause of action arose and in the instant case, the plaint does not reveal the place where the cause of action arose and hence, the trial Court ought to have returned back the plaint to be presented before the appropriate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The questions that arise for consideration in the instant writ petition are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Whether only plaintiff is entitled to make an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC or can defendant also maintain an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii. Whether the plaint reveals that the cause of action or a part of it arose in Bengaluru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Order VII Rue 10 of CPC reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;10. Return of plaint.&mdash;(1) Subject to the provisions of rule 10A, the plaint shall at any stage of the suit be returned to be presented to the Court in which the suit should have been instituted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[Explanation.&mdash;For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that a Court of appeal or revision may direct, after setting aside the decree passed in a suit, the return of the plaint under this sub-rule.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Procedure on returning plaint.&mdash;On returning a plaint, the Judge shall endorse thereon the date of its presentation and return, the name of the party presenting it, and a brief statement of the reasons for returning it.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. This Court while examining the aforementioned provision in W.P.No.100173/2024 which is decided on 22.01.2024 in paragraph Nos.6 and 7 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;6. A perusal of the said provision would only indicate that, in the event of suit being presented before the Court which does not have the pecuniary or territorial jurisdiction over the mater, an application could be made under the said provision for return of the plaint to be presented before the appropriate forum, or subject to the provision of Rule 10A of Order VII of the Code of Civil Procedure, when the Court comes to the conclusion on its own motion that it does not have jurisdiction to entertain a particular suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. In the present case, the application is made by the defendant for return of the plaint, which, I am of the considered opinion, cannot be so done by the defendant. The defendant is entitled to take a defence as regards lack of jurisdiction, which would have to be considered by the Court on merits in terms of the applicable law including Section 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure, either after the trial or as preliminary issue which can so permissible under Sub-Rule(2) of Order 14 of the Code of Civil Procedure.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. However, a Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in W.P.No.6789/2023 decided subsequently on 22.04.2024 in paragraph Nos.10 and 11 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;10. Yet another submission is made by the learned counsel for respondent that an application under Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC could not have been maintained by the present petitioners/the defendants before the concerned Court. I decline to accept the said submission. Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC permits filing of an application for return of plaint. Sub-section (1) of Section 10 permits the concerned Court to return the plaint to be presented before the Court in which the suit should have been instituted. The procedure to be followed on returning the plaint is dealt with under sub-section (2) of Section 10. Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC touches upon the jurisdiction of a Court to have entertained a suit. The question of jurisdiction cuts at the root of the matter, and if the Court has no jurisdiction territorial or otherwise, to entertain a plaint, it cannot. Who brings up the issue before the concerned Court is immaterial, as Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC nowhere indicates that it is only to be filed by the plaintiff and not the defendant. What is brought to the notice of the Court qua jurisdiction is what is important and not who brings it. In a given case, a defendant/s has/have a right to file application or even raise an oral objection for raising grounds based on Order VII Rule 10 or Order VII Rule 11 of the CPC. The Court cannot direct the defendant to file a written statement for raising objections, if he does not desire to do so. But if he chooses to do so, it is an altogether a different circumstance, which is not the circumstance in the case at hand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The present application in the case at hand under Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC, is filed by the defendant. Though the Court does not reject the application on the said ground of it being filed by the defendant, since the submission is made, I have deemed it appropriate to consider the said submission and answer it holding that the defendant also has a right to file an application seeking return of the plaint under Order VII Rule 10 of the CPC, for want of jurisdiction of a particular Court, to try the suit. The submission that it is the right of the plaintiff only, stands repelled.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;11. The aforementioned decisions are contrary to each other, wherein in the earlier judgment it has been held that only the plaintiff can maintain an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC for return of plaint. Whereas in the latest judgment it has been held that even the defendant can maintain an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Bare perusal of Order VII Rule 10 of CPC reveals that the provision does not bar the defendant from making an application under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC. Under the said circumstances, I am inclined to accept the reasoning rendered by the Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in W.P.No.6789/2023 and not in W.P.No.100173/2024. Further, W.P.No.6789/2023 is the latest judgment and is pronounced subsequent to the order passed in W.P.No.100173/2024. Further, under the circumstances, the decision of the Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in W.P.No.100173/2024 has to be held as per incuriam as it has not taken into consideration that Order VII Rule 10 of CPC does not bar the defendant from making an application before the trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Even on reading the plaint in its entirety, there is no pleading as to where the agreement was entered into between the parties, where the money had to be paid by has to be concluded that the pleadings in the plaint does not reveal where the cause of action has arisen. There is only a mere mention of breach of agreement due to non-payment of money. It does not state that it had to be paid in HDFC Bank, M.G.Road Branch, Bengaluru as recorded by the trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. For the aforementioned reasons, I am of the opinion that the impugned order passed by the trial Court is erroneous and is liable to be set aside and the application filed by the petitioner / defendant is required to be allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3afc2fee93578f141503f861656dbc03.JPG', '698c7189c0f678f822c1ba010aed8f3f.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-07', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-06 13:47:19', '2024-08-07 11:29:25'),
(249, '1tzkf5Cd98VL9Unp8Ahn7R9LG', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'When an officer is entrusted with the duty to decide the issue, detailed order and not an official memorandum is required to be passed. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Saravana Eswar P Kumar Vs The Commissioner BBMP and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 58594 of 2015 decided on 14 July 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Jyoti Mulimani.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. It is stated that petitioner is the grandson of Sri.T.S.Nanjundaiah Setty and his grandfather purchased the property bearing Door Nos.127, 128 and 129, Ibrahim Saheb Street, Shivajingar, Bangalore under a registered sale deed dated 23.02.1931 from one Mohammed Shariff Saheb. Sri.T.S.Nanjundaiah Setty died on 17.09.1938 and petitioner&rsquo;s father Sri.T.N.Prasanna Kumar inherited the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;After the death of petitioners father, the petitioner applied for the Revenue Extract from the office Assistant Revenue Officer from 01.04.2000 to 21.09. 2004. It was noticed by the petitioner that the revenue entries indicated the name of one Abdul Kareem Saheb as the owner. Therefore, on 23.01.2015, the petitioner submitted the application under Section 114 of the KMC Act and sought for change of Katha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is also averred that the proceedings would indicate that the petitioner is in possession of the property but, the name of one Abdul Kareem Saheb has entered in the registers. The matter was referred to the Law Department and an endorsement was issued calling upon the petitioner to obtain a declaration from the competent Civil Court that he is the owner of the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Under these circumstances, left with no other alternate or efficacious remedy, petitioner has invoked the writ of jurisdiction of this Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3&hellip;. The principal ground on which the Court is asked to quash the Official communication is that there had been a breach of rules of natural justice, in particular, it is said that the petitioner had been denied a fair hearing by reason of the fact that the petitioner had not been served with notice as required under Section 114-A of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 (for short &#039;Act&#039;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;While arguing the matter, learned counsel for petitioner Sri.Vellanki Ravi strenuously urged that the first respondent has not exercised the power as per Section 114-A of the Municipal Corporation Act in true spirit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It would be relevant to refer to Section 114-A of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 which reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Section 114A. Review by the Commissioner.- Where the Commissioner, either suo motu or otherwise, after such enquiry as he considers necessary is satisfied that any transfer of title under section 114 was got recorded in the Corporation register by fraud, misrepresentation, or suppression of facts or by furnishing false, incorrect or incomplete material, he may within a period of three years from the date of such recording of transfer of title reopen the case and pass such order with respect thereto as he thinks fit:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that no such order shall be made except after giving the person likely to be affected thereby a reasonable opportunity of being heard&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A bare perusal of the proviso makes it very clear that no order shall be made without giving an opportunity to person who may adversely be affected. But in the instant case, no opportunity was given to the petitioner to have his say in the matter. The Official Memorandum is issued in violation of Section 114-A of the Municipal Corporation Act. Further, it is pivotal to note that as and when the power under Section 114-A is exercised, the Commissioner is required to pass an order. But in the present case, an Official Memorandum is issued which is totally opposed to the provisions of the statute.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The principle of Audi alteram partem is the basic concept of the principle of natural justice. The omnipotence inherent in the doctrine is that no one should be condemned unheard.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is needless to say that whenever a public function is being performed there is an inference, in the absence of an express requirement to the contrary, that the function is required to be performed fairly. The inference will be more compelling in the case of any decision which may adversely affect a person&rsquo;s rights or interests or when a person has a legitimate expectation of being fairly treated. The significance of this approach is that it prima facie imposes on all administrators an obligation to act fairly. Without acknowledging this expressly, the majority of the decisions/orders of the public authorities are in practice no more than conscious or unconscious illustrations of the approach.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. In the result, the writ petition deserves to be allowed. Accordingly, the writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f28cde1bb60b96f1cbabfe2d2240a489.JPG', '87aceb87231b4d33b67669ccb078ad0c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-01', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-07-31 15:14:56', '2024-08-01 16:13:08'),
(250, 'jX09eINcCVcHyG9NkXvPrp4Q3', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Income earned by educational institutions through non-educational activities and sources is liable for Service Tax. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Principal Additional Director General and others Vs M/S Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 856 of 2022 decided on 30 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S Dixit and Justice Ramachandra D Huddar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This intra-court appeal seeks to call in question a learned Single Judge&rsquo;s judgment dated 26.07.2022 whereby, respondent-University&rsquo;s W.P.No.57941/2018 (T-RES), having been favoured, the impugned Show Cause Notice dated 20.04.2018 coupled with the Statement of Demand dated 28.02.2019 respectively at Annexures-C &amp; U to the petition came to be quashed. The practical implication of the judgement is that the respondentUniversity being an &lsquo;educational institution&rsquo; is not within the Service Tax net and even otherwise, it enjoys exemption from the liability under the Finance Act, 1994 and therefore, it need not seek Service Tax registration too.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;II. BRIEF FACTS OF THE CASE:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) Respondent-University is established under Section 3 of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Act, 1994, a State legislation. A set of subordinate legislations nomenclatured as &lsquo;Statutes&rsquo; have been promulgated under the provisions of this Act. It has constituent colleges; several private colleges have been affiliated to it, as well. Levies in respect of affiliation are borne by the affiliated colleges, in certain sums of money, in the form of fees, delayed fees, charges, fines, penalties, etc. The University apart from imparting education inter alia at the Post Graduate level, normatively regulates the affiliated colleges. The University owns properties, some of which are rented out.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) The appellant-Revenue issued a Show Cause Notice dated 20.04.2018, complaining that: during the period between July 2012 and September 2016, no Service Tax has been paid on the amount received by way of fees, charges &amp; penalties, whilst granting affiliation/renewal and the rental income from its buildings; it also called for the explanation as to why the University has not been registered under the Finance Act, 1994. A demand notice dated 28.02.2019 followed asking the University to remit a total of Rs.7,40,28,684/- plus. Aggrieved thereby, the University filed the writ petition with a slew of prayers. The learned Single Judge partly allowed the petition granting relief qua the Show Cause Notice and Demand Notice. That is how, the present appeal at our hands has arisen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;X. EXEMPTION NOTIFICATIONS OF THE YEARS 2014- 2017&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The aforesaid 2012 &amp; 2013 Exemption Notifications defined the &lsquo;auxiliary educational services&rsquo; and &lsquo;educational institution&rsquo; for the purpose of granting exemption from service tax liability. In text &amp; context, they are almost identical. However, the subsequent Notifications have the text much in variance with these two. Notification No.6/2014-ST dated 11.7.2014, Notification No.9/2016-ST dated 1.3.2016 and Notification No.10/2017-ST dated 8.3.2017, retain the definition of &lsquo;educational institution&rsquo; as it is. However, the adjective &lsquo;auxiliary&rsquo; is dropped from the definition of &lsquo;services&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) The vehement submission of Mr.Raghuraman is that the students, faculty &amp; staff need the facilities of banking, canteen &amp; the like; added, service by way of &lsquo;catering&rsquo; is specifically exempted under clause (ix)(b)(ii). The submission is partly acceptable and partly not: if intention of the Board/Government was to continue exemption in respect of income by way of renting, the terminology of earlier Notifications would have been continued; however, that is not the case. The other terminology does not imply or indicate the intent which Mr.Raghuraman wants us to assume. We are not construing a provision of statute of West Minister Abbey; what we are interpreting is only a piece of delegated legislation namely the Exemption Notifications which essentially address the educational institutions; their terminology has to be construed in the common parlance. It is true that banking service has become essential to daily life, whichever be the field. However, that does not mean that the said facility should be provided in the very campus of the University.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) The above apart, the argument that the banking facilities should be treated as being incidental to education, is bit difficult to countenance. Education is imparted through schools, colleges and other such institutions. There could be activities incidental to providing education, cannot be denied. One example is of textbooks. In ASSAM STATE TEXTBOOK PRODUCTION AND PUBLICATION CORPORATION vs. CIT, 17 it is observed that dealing in textbooks is part of a larger educational activity and that if an institution facilitated learning of its pupils by sourcing and providing textbooks, such activity would be incidental to education. Providing hostel facilities to pupil is also an activity incidental to imparting education. The predominant object test must be applied; the purpose of education should not be submerged by a profit making motive. more often than not, such renting or licensing is done through public tender and ordinarily, highest bid is accepted. Thus, when the University rents out its property for running a bank, the profit motive is abundant. It is not the case of University that the banking services are agreed to be provided on &lsquo;no profit no loss basis&rsquo; by prescribing license fee as contradistinguished from rentals. However, providing banking facilities by no stretch of imagination can be held to be incidental to education. The term &lsquo;educational services&rsquo; has been employed in these Exemption Notifications in a reasonable sense if not restrictive. In ascertaining whether banking service is part of educational service in the contemplation of the subject Notifications, there is no scope for employing the &lsquo;predominant object&rsquo; test, either, in the light of latest decision of the Apex Court in NEW NOBLE EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY vs. CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX18. Therefore, we are of the considered view that the income from the rentals of buildings leased/licensed for banking facilities is not exempted from service tax.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) The above being said, there is force in the submission of Mr.Raghuraman that the income accruing to the University because of renting of property for providing canteen facilities is entitled to be exempted from service tax. It is a matter of common knowledge that normatively the campuses of universities nowadays are huge and their areal hugeness would justify providing canteen facilities within the campus, especially when the courses comprise of long hours. Otherwise, interest of the teachers and taught is likely to be affected since they have to spend time in traveling to the eateries ex-campus. It is presumably with that purpose, the Exemption Notifications of the years 2014 to 2017 specifically immuned the catering services provided by an educational institution to its students, faculty &amp; staff. There may be economic considerations too. Clause (ix)(b)(ii) is printed in all these Notifications, almost verbatim, is not in dispute. The said clause is inclusive. Apparently it is not self-cateringspecific. The word &lsquo;catering&rsquo; employed in these notifications, in the context does not imply that the University/Educational Institution itself should undertake that activity, in order to claim exemption. It can do it on its own or cause it to be done through agencies, regard being had to intricacies involved in the venture. The contention of learned CGC to the contrary if countenanced would defeat the intent of granting exemption and therefore does not merit acceptance. His submission that clause (d) of section 96D of the Finance Act, 1994 itself is deleted w.e.f. 14.05.2016 and therefore, whatever protection the educational services enjoyed under the Exemption Notifications would come within the taxability after the said date, is only a partial truth. As already stated, the Exemption Notifications issued post this deletion would bind the authorities. There is nothing repugnant to the policy content of the Finance Act, 1994.&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;In the above circumstances, we make the following&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[1] The appeal is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '402f6002149417b7e1494921e52d9d1a.jpeg', '53c613144e8ccc26803c29c2eaf2c970.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-02', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-01 13:11:53', '2024-08-02 12:28:35');
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(252, 'suRSUG7P3E1ck6M2biezKLhHT', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Want of money lending license cannot be pleaded in proceedings under NI Act when issuance of cheque is admitted. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;D.B. Jatti Vs Naraindas Bodaram.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Revision Petition 932 of 2021 decided on 11 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice V Srishananda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The present revision petition is filed by the revision petitioner challenging the order of conviction and sentence passed in CC NO.17696/2013 dated 07.11.2017 on the file of XX Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Bengaluru which was confirmed in Criminal Appeal No.1693/2017 dated 31.05.2021 on the file of LXIX Additional City Civil and Sessions Judge, Bengaluru (CCH 70) for the offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Brief facts of the case which are utmost necessary for disposal of the revision petition are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1. Respondent launched a criminal prosecution against the revision petitioner for the offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act by contending that accused approached the complainant for hand loan in a sum of Rs.15,00,000/- during January 2006 with an assurance to repay the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;3.2. Towards repayment, accused passed on cheque bearing No.217882 dated 04.01.2006 drawn on Oriental Bank of Commerce, Sadashivnagar Branch, Bengalore. The said cheque on presentation came to be dishonored with an endorsement &lsquo;funds insufficient&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.3. Thereafter, legal notice was issued by the complainant to the accused and same is served on the accused. There was no reply nor compliance to the callings of the legal notice. Therefore, complainant sought for action.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In this regard, he places reliance on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Bombay High Court reported in 2010 Crl.L.J. 1217 in the case of Anil Baburao Kataria Vs. Purshottam Prabhakar the relevant portion of the said judgment in paragraph No.9 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9. Here, I may refer to the provisions of the Bombay Money-Lenders Act, 1946. Section 5 of the said Act lays down that no money lender shall carry on business of money lending except in the area for which he has been granted a licence and except in accordance with the terms and conditions of such licence. It is not the case of present applicantcomplainant that he has any money lending licence. Section 10 of the Act lays down that no court shall pass a decree in favour of a money-lender in any suit to which said Act applies unless the court is satisfied that at the time when the loan or any part thereof, to which the suit relates was advanced, the money-lender held a valid licence, and if the court is satisfied that the money-lender did not hold a valid licence, it shall dismiss the suit. In other words, carrying on money lending business without licence debars a person from doing money lending and recovering the amount through court. As per explanation to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act &quot;debt or other liability&quot;means a legally enforceable debt or other liability. So, a loan advanced by a money lender who is doing business of money lending without licence is not a debt or other liability and provisions of Section 138 of the Act will not apply to such transaction. In the light of above, it cannot be said that in the present case, that the cheque issued by the Respondent in favour of the applicant was for the liability enforceable in law.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. He also placed on record the decision of the Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Andra Pradesh in the case of M/s. Krishnam Raju Finances, Hyderabad Vs. Abida Sultana and another reported in 2004 Crl. L. J. 4019 on the same principal wherein, in paragraph No.17 it has been held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&ldquo;17. I am in complete agreement with the submissions made by the learned counsel for the appellant. But, as seen above, admittedly, the appellant-complainant claimed that it is a money lender, but has not produced any licence as required under law and further the amount alleged to have been advanced by the complainant cannot be said to be a loan as defined under the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Money Lenders Act, 1349 Fasli. Since the appellant had no money lending business licence, it cannot be said that there was a legally enforceable liability of the respondent in view of Section 9(2) read with Section 2(4) of the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Money Lenders Act, 1349 Fasli. Once an Act declares that a particular transaction is illegal, it cannot be made legal for the purpose of any other Act. The sheet-anchor of Section 138 of the Act is as to legally enforceable liability against the respondent, which is conspicuously absent in the case on hand. Therefore, there was no legally enforceable liability against the respondent. I am of the opinion that the Judgment of the Court below is a well reasoned one and does not suffer from any irregularity or illegality. There are no grounds to interfere with the Judgment of the lower Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Further, the said presumption is a rebuttable presumption. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the very same judgment, has observed as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;What is required to be established by the accused in order to rebut the presumption is differed from each case under the given circumstances. But the facts remains that a mere plausible explanation is not expected from the accused and it must be more than plausible explanation by way of rebuttal evidence. In other words, the defense raised by way of rebuttal evidence must be probable and capable of being accepted by this court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;41. Having regard to the system and procedure that prevailed when the presentation of the cheques for clearing at the relevant point of time, it is the complainant banker who would physically carry the instrument to the clearing house and it is the accused banker who has to find out the balance and the validity of the cheque and issue suitable instructions or clear the cheque if it is in order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. In the case on hand, since the cheque is dishonored with an endorsement &lsquo;funds insufficient&rsquo; and not with an endorsement that the date of the cheque is altered, the accused cannot be permitted to raise a defence that the cheque is not dishonored for want of funds but it is dishonored on the ground of alteration of the date and therefore, there is no action permissible under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;45. Having said thus, the next contention that has been taken by the accused to avoid the liability under the penal provisions of Section 138 is that the complainant is not possessing a money lending license though he is a money lender.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;46. In that regard, learned counsel for the revision petitioner vehemently contended that the income tax returns filed by the complainant clearly shows that the complainant has lent the money to several people and for want of money lending license, the amount that has been lent by the complainant cannot be recovered in the eye of law and as such there is no legally recoverable debt which is a sine qua non for considering the offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;48. On close reading of the above decisions, it is crystal clear that both the Hon&rsquo;ble High Courts have taken into consideration that if the complainant fails to produce the money lending license, the amount covered under the cheque would par take the nature of not a recoverable debt therefore, offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act is impermissible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;49. On close reading of the entire decision of both the Hon&rsquo;ble High Courts, it is also to be noted that both the Hon&rsquo;ble High Courts have not bestowed their attention to the presumption available to the complainant under Section 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;50. More so, how such a presumption is to be dislodged by placing rebuttal evidence as is held in the case of Rangappa Vs. Sri. Mohan as referred to supra is not considered by both the Hon&rsquo;ble High Courts in the aforesaid judgments.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;51. Therefore, this Court is of the considered opinion that the principals of law enunciated in the aforesaid judgments of Hon&rsquo;ble High Court of Bombay and Andra Pradesh are of no avail in advancing the case of the revision petitioner any further.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;53. Even after reconsideration of the above aspects of the matter, in the light of the revision grounds, this Court is of the considered opinion that the grounds urged in the revision petition are not sufficient enough to interfere with the well reasoned orders of learned Trial Magistrate confirmed by the First Appellate Court. Accordingly, having regard to the scope of this revision, this Court is of the considered opinion that the order of conviction needs no interference.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;54. Having said thus, as against the cheque amount of Rs.15,00,000/-, learned Trial Magistrate has imposed fine of Rs.18,10,000/-. Out of the said amount, sum of Rs.10,000/- is ordered to be paid as defraying expenses of the State confirmed by the First Appellate Court. Since, lis is privy to the parties and no state machinery is involved, awarding fine amount of Rs.10,000/- towards defraying expenses of the State cannot be countenanced in law, to that extent both the judgments needs interference in this revision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Criminal Revision Petition is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd260c685facc7534ec5431151ae5d1e4.JPG', '7239331e334b561e48d83942d352b4b1.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-02', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-01 15:11:19', '2024-08-02 03:38:44'),
(253, 'FzqSPWZoLFlWUHcQR3wZd5Uf3', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Without recognising the title of the owner, plea of adverse possession cannot be established. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kum. Stephani Lobo Thr LRS and others Vs Kum. Sobina Lobo and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RSA 15 of 2013 decided on 29 May 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The appellant&rsquo;s who was the plaintiff in the suit contended that the schedule property, which is adjoining the land owned by the plaintiff in Sy.No.87/2 was in the possession and enjoyment of the plaintiff. She had planted coconut plants, cashew plants, Mango plants, jack fruit plants, lemon plants and other fruits etc. as also cultivated various seasonal crops. She being in possession of the said property, it is alleged that the defendant&rsquo;s were falsely representing that the said property has been settled on the defendants in a settlement deed dated 19.05.1976, on which basis, the defendants were shown to be the registered owners of the scheduled property. It is contended that all the claims of the defendant&rsquo;s were false and not substantiated either on fact or law and as such on that basis, the aforesaid reliefs were sought for.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. In so far as possession is concerned, the first Appellate Court came to a conclusion that from the material available before the Court it can only be construed that the possession of the plaintiff was permissive in nature and not more than that. The first Appellate Court also dismissed the appeal on the ground that no adverse possession was made out. It is challenging the said concurrent finding that the appellant is before this Court. It is in the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;above background, I answer the substantial questions of law framed by this Court on 21.01.2020 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Substantial Question of Law No.1: Whether in the light of the judgment rendered by Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Ravinder Kaur Grewal vs. Manjit Kaur reported in (2019) 8 SCC 729, the deceased plaintiff and his legal heirs have established that they had perfected their title to the suit property by way of adverse possession?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.1. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Ravinder Kaur Grewal&rsquo;s case categorically came to a conclusion that for establishment of adverse possession, the plaintiff has to plead that the property is owned by a third party. Further plead that the statute of limitations has expired and that he has perfected his title by adverse possession and then thereafter seek for declaration of title on the basis of the adverse possession.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.2. The classic requirement for establishment of a claim for adverse possession being nec vi, nec clam and nec precario It is required for a person claiming adverse possession to establish that the entry of such person into possession was adverse and hostile to that of a true owner. Such person is required to exercise ownership rights over the property adverse to the knowledge of the true owner and that the true owner did not take any action against such person in hostile possession for a period of limitation and thereafter, that is for a period of 12 years or more.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.3. In terms of all the above, it is clear that for a plaintiff to claim title to a property by way of adverse possession it is required for such plaintiff to firstly state that the plaintiff is not the owner of the property. Secondly, to admit the ownership of the said property by the defendant and thereafter, however to make averments to satisfy the requirements of being nec vi, nec clam and nec precario as afore detailed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.4. In the present case, a reading of the plaint would indicate that the plaintiff herself has categorically stated that the claim of title of the defendant is false. She has asserted ownership of the property as her own right and further contended that the alleged settlement of the property in favour of the defendant under settlement deed is false and unsubstantiate. Thus, though the plaintiff claims to be in possession of the land in question, she does not accept the ownership of the defendant. Therefore, the question of plaintiff asserting her possession over the property in a hostile manner and adverse manner against the plaintiff would not arise. The plaintiff having failed at the very first instance in recognising the defendant to be the owner of the property and ascertaining a title adverse to that of the defendant, the question of considering any further requirement to satisfy the essentials of a claim for adverse possession would not arise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.5 Thus, I answer substantial question of law No.1 by holding that the requirements for claim of adverse possession as laid down by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in catena of decisions including that in Ravinder Kaur Grewal&rsquo;s case have not been satisfied and both the Trial Court and the first Appellate Court were right in coming to a conclusion that the claim for adverse possession has not been established by the plaintiff.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Substantial question of law No. 2: Whether the Courts below properly appreciated the evidence on record to determine the suit reliefs claimed in the plaint?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.4 It is trite law that even possession of a trespasser in a property would have to be protected and cannot be disturbed without following the due process of law. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Rame Gowda (D) by L.Rs vs. M.Varadappa naidu (D) by L.Rs and another1 has dealt the said issue, more particularly in para 9, which is reproduced hereunder for easy reference:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. It is the settled possession or effective possession of a person without title which would entitle him to protect his possession even as against the true owner. The concept of settled possession and the right of the possessor to protect his possession against the owner has come to be settled by a catena of decisions. Illustratively, we may refer to Munshi Ram v. Delhi Admn. [AIR 1968 SC 702 : (1968) 2 SCR 455 : 1968 Cri LJ 806] , Puran Singh v. State of Punjab [(1975) 4 SCC 518 : 1975 SCC (Cri) 608] and Ram Rattan v. State of U.P. [(1977) 1 SCC 188 : 1977 SCC (Cri) 85] The authorities need not be multiplied. In Munshi Ram case [AIR 1968 SC 702 : (1968) 2 SCR 455 : 1968 Cri LJ 806] it was held that no one, including the true owner, has a right to dispossess the trespasser by force if the trespasser is in settled possession of the land and in such a case unless he is evicted in the due course of law, he is entitled to defend his possession even against the rightful owner. But merely stray or even intermittent acts of trespass do not give such a right against the true owner. The possession which a trespasser is entitled to defend against the rightful owner must be settled possession, extending over a sufficiently long period of time and acquiesced to by the true owner. A casual act of possession would not have the effect of interrupting the possession of the rightful owner. The rightful owner may re-enter and reinstate himself provided he does not use more force than is necessary. Such entry will be viewed only as resistance to an intrusion upon his possession which has never been lost. A stray act of trespass, or a possession which has not matured into settled possession, can be obstructed or removed by the true owner even by using necessary force. In Puran Singh case [(1975) 4 SCC 518 : 1975 SCC (Cri) 608] the Court clarified that it is difficult to lay down any hard-and-fast rule as to when the possession of a trespasser can mature into settled possession. The &ldquo;settled possession&rdquo; must be (i) effective, (ii) undisturbed, and (iii) to the knowledge of the owner or without any attempt at concealment by the trespasser. The phrase &ldquo;settled possession&rdquo; does not carry any special charm or magic in it; nor is it a ritualistic formula which can be confined in a straitjacket. An occupation of the property by a person as an agent or a servant acting at the instance of the owner will not amount to actual physical possession. The Court laid down the following tests which may be adopted as a working rule for determining the attributes of &ldquo;settled possession&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) that the trespasser must be in actual physical possession of the property over a sufficiently long period;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(ii) that the possession must be to the knowledge (either express or implied) of the owner or without any attempt at concealment by the trespasser and which contains an element of animus possidendi. The nature of possession of the trespasser would, however, be a matter to be decided on the facts and circumstances of each case;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) the process of dispossession of the true owner by the trespasser must be complete and final and must be acquiesced to by the true owner; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) that one of the usual tests to determine the quality of settled possession, in the case of culturable land, would be whether or not the trespasser, after having taken possession, had grown any crop. If the crop had been grown by the trespasser, then even the true owner, has no right to destroy the crop grown by the trespasser and take forcible possession.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.5 In the present case, the plaintiff being in physical possession of the suit property though permissive, in the event of the defendant wanting to take over the said possession, the defendant would have to take recourse to law and file necessary proceedings seeking for possession of the property from the hands of the court having competent jurisdiction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.6 In that view of the matter, both the trial Court and the first Appellate Court having come to a conclusion that the plaintiff is in permissive possession neither the trial Court nor the first Appellate Court could have deprived the relief of injunction to the plaintiff. The said finding not having been challenged by the defendant in any proceeding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.7 I therefore, answer substantial question No.2 by holding that the courts have not appreciated the law applicable to the law of injunction in respect of a person in settled possession of a property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The appeal is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8c55f0a710a3d01958d20ef20415970a.JPG', 'd1f8622157ad99489fed7447d9b2eeb1.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-02', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-01 15:52:05', '2024-08-02 09:29:31');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(255, 'yxdK90jhbZ85FgLsaQeRPpT58', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Plaintiff in a suit for declaration of title and possession can succeed only on the strength of his own title. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Basavegowda Thr LRS and others Vs Basavaraju and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RSA 2781 of 2007 decided on 23 December 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S. Vishwajith Shetty.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Brief facts of the case that would be relevant for the purpose of disposal of this appeal are, the plaintiffs had filed O.S.No.72/1994 before the Trial Court against the defendants for declaration of ownership in respect of the suit schedule property and for permanent injunction restraining the defendants from interfering with their possession of the suit schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is the case of the plaintiffs that the suit schedule property is their ancestral property and the khatha of the suit schedule property originally stood in the name of Karagaiah who is the paternal grandfather of the plaintiffs. According to the plaintiffs, Karagaiah had only one son by name Thammaiah @ Thammanna and after the death of Karagaiah, he inherited the suit schedule property. Thammaiah @ Thamanna expired on 20.02.1994, and thereafter, plaintiffs claim to be the owners in possession of the suit schedule property. It is the further case of the plaintiffs that defendant no.1 had no right whatsoever over the suit schedule property and inspite of the same, he tried to interfere with the plaintiffs&#039; possession over the suit schedule property. They further contended that defendant no.1 claimed right and interest in respect of 18 guntas of land which is situated in the centre of the suit schedule property and he got entered his name in the revenue records of the said land during the year 1993-94.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. This Court, on 27.09.2012 has admitted this second appeal to consider the following substantial questions of law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether the Courts below justified in decreeing the suit of the plaintiff on the basis of the revenue entries?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the Courts below justified in decreeing the suit on the basis of revenue records?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether the Courts below justified in granting the decree in favour of the plaintiff on the weakness of the defendants?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Whether the lower appellate Court justified in dismissing the application filed by the defendants for additional evidence and production of additional documents?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. It is a settled principle of law that the Civil Courts cannot declare title in respect of immovable property in favour of any party solely based on the entries in the revenue records of the said land. In the case on hand, Ex.P-3 which is an RTC extract of the suit schedule property would go to show that the name of defendant no.1 is found along with the name of Karagaiah in the suit schedule property. Ex.D-20 is an important document which has not been properly appreciated by the courts below. The very mention in the said document that the entry of Karagaiah&#039;s name in the revenue records of the suit schedule property is on the ground that he was the eldest male member of the family would go to show that his name was not entered in the revenue records of the suit schedule property as absolute owner. Therefore, merely for the reason that Karagaiah&#039;s name was found in the revenue records of the suit schedule property, the courts below ought not have declared that the title of the plaintiffs in respect of the suit schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;17. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in Vasavi Cooperative Housing Society&#039;s case (supra), has held that the entries in the revenue records of the property do not confer any title and the plaintiffs independent of the entries are required to show that their predecessors had title over the property in question. In Sawarni&#039;s case (supra), the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held that mutation of name in the revenue records does not create any title nor the same has any presumptive value regarding title of the property, but it only entails the person to pay the land revenue.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. This Court in the case of ANNAPPA VS LAXMI DEVI DEVAR TEMPLE AND NULICHANDAYYA DEVASTHAN COMMITTEE &amp;amp; OTHERS - 2016(5) KCCR 1233, has held that the Civil Courts have no jurisdiction to declare the title in respect of the immovable property in favour of any party solely on the basis of the revenue records, when the party has failed to produce any valid documents in support of his title.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The contention of the plaintiffs that their title is required to be declared on the basis of possession is basically required to be rejected for the reason that admittedly the suit schedule property are the ancestral joint family properties, and therefore, mere possession of such a property would not be sufficient to declare the title of the plaintiffs as against the defendants who claim to be the members of the joint family. In the judgment in Poona Ram&#039;s case (supra) relied upon by the plaintiffs, it has been clearly observed that settled possession means such possession over the property which has existed for a sufficient long period of time and has been acquiescence to by the true owner and title based on possession can only be declared in respect of a trespasser and not in favour of a coparcener or a co-owner of the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Under the circumstances, I am of the considered view that the courts below were not justified in decreeing the suit of the plaintiffs on the basis of the revenue entries and accordingly substantial questions of law nos.1 &amp;amp; 2 are answered against the plaintiffs and in favour of the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In so far as substantial question of law no.3 is concerned, the party who approached the court is required to establish his case independently and cannot depend on the weaknesses of the defendants. In Vasavi Cooperative Housing Society&#039;s case (supra), the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has reiterated the position of law that the plaintiffs have to establish their case independently irrespective of whether the defendants prove their case or not. In paragraphs 15 &amp;amp; 19 of the said judgment, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;15. It is trite law that, in a suit for declaration of title, the burden always lies on the plaintiff to make out and establish a clear case for granting such a declaration and the weakness, if any, of the case set up by the defendants would not be a ground to grant relief to the plaintiff.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The legal position, therefore, is clear that the plaintiff in a suit for declaration of title and possession could succeed only on the strength of its own title and that could be done only by adducing sufficient evidence to discharge the onus on it, irrespective of the question whether the defendants have proved their case or not. We are of the view that even if the title set up by the defendants is found against (sic them), in the absence of establishment of plaintiff&rsquo;s own title, plaintiff must be non-suited.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In Annappa&#039;s case (supra), the coordinate bench of this Court has held that in view of Sections 34 &amp;amp; 38 of the Specific Relief Act, in a suit for declaration of title and permanent injunction, burden always lies on the plaintiff to independently prove his case and the weaknesses of the defendants case cannot be a ground to grant the relief. Having regard to the said position of law, even substantial question of law no.3 is required to be answered against the plaintiffs and in favour of the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. So far as substantial question of law no.4 is concerned, admittedly, the plaintiffs who claim that the suit schedule property is their ancestral joint family property, ought to have produced the genealogy tree of the family in order to establish their relationship with Karagaiah in whose name the revenue records of the suit schedule property stands. The defendants have filed an application under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC before the First Appellate Court producing the copy of the genealogy tree which was produced by the plaintiffs in O.S.No.72/1994. Therefore, the said genealogy tree has got a direct bearing to the facts of the present case and it would be a very relevant document to prove the relationship between the parties to the suit as the said document cannot be disputed by the plaintiffs who themselves have produced the same in O.S.No.72/1994.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. In addition to the said document, the defendants have also produced several other documents such as electricity bills, certificate issued by the bank regarding defendants having availed loan and the letter issued by the sugar factory for having supplied sugarcane and all these documents relate to the suit schedule property. The defendants have specifically contended that they are in occupation and enjoyment of the portion of the suit schedule property and the very fact that after the defendants had filed their written statement, the plaintiffs have amended the plaint and sought for the relief of possession, would prima facie indicate that the plaintiffs were not in possession of the suit schedule property, and therefore, the documents which are produced by the defendants along with the application filed under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC gains relevance and though the First Appellate Court had framed point no.3 for consideration which relates to the application filed by the defendants under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC, the reasons assigned by the First Appellate Court to reject the said application filed by the defendants is not cogent and acceptable. The approach of the First Appellate Court, while considering the application filed under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC, having regard to the facts and circumstances of the present case is totally erroneous. Admittedly, several of the documents produced along with the application were not in existence while filing the suit and the material document which is a genealogy tree is a document which has been produced by the plaintiff in another suit, and therefore, the First Appellate Court was not justified in dismissing the application filed by the defendants for additional evidence and production of additional documents. Under the circumstances, even the substantial question of law no.4 is required to be answered against the plaintiffs and in favour of the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. The First Appellate Court without properly appreciating the aforesaid aspect of the matter has erred in rejecting the application filed by the defendants under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC and in my considered view, the First Appellate Court ought to have allowed the said application and granted the parties an opportunity to put forward their case with regard to the additional evidence made available before the First Appellate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Under the circumstances, I am of the considered view that it is appropriate to allow the application filed by the defendants under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC before the First Appellate Court and remit the matter to the First Appellate Court with a direction to dispose of the regular appeal afresh after granting an opportunity to both the parties to put forward their case with regard to the additional evidence produced by the defendants along with their application under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC and if need be by recording the evidence of both the parties in relation to the additional documents/evidence. Accordingly, I proceed to pass the following order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The regular second appeal and the cross-objections are allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b3c3052d96736bdfc475aef7cdf24989.jpeg', '50479414c507196001b6b0248a93e981.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-02', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-02 13:03:40', '2024-08-02 07:33:42'),
(271, 'I0ljh6xv2LGTCbdkMgrdpfmAL', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' Cause of action in a partition suit is recurring one. Dismissal of earlier suit for partition for default is not a bar for the second suit. Kar HC. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Srinivas and others Vs M.C. Narayanaswamy and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RFA 946 of 2018 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice V Kameswar Rao and Justice C M Joshi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts as noted from the record are, it was the case of the appellants/plaintiffs in the suit being O.S.No.144/2014 that certain suit properties are ancestral/joint Hindu Undivided Family properties as the same were purchased by the original propositus Sri. Chikkamuniyappa, the father of appellants and respondent No.1. Late Chikkamuniyappa died intestate on 18.10.1994 leaving the appellants and respondent No.1 as his legal representatives to succeed to his estate including the suit properties. It was the case of the appellants that respondent No.1 had obtained registered sale deed dated 29.09.2006 from appellants No.1 to 5 (along with Akkamma W/o Late Chikkamuniyappa).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and perused the record, the short question that arises for consideration is, whether the Trial Court is justified in allowing the application filed by respondents No.6 to 10 under Order VII Rule 11 of C.P.C. by holding that the second suit is barred by Order IX Rule 9 of C.P.C.?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. In this regard, it is necessary to reproduce the provisions of Order IX Rule 8 of C.P.C. and Order IX Rule 9 of C.P.C. as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8. Procedure where defendant only appears.&mdash; Where the defendant appears and the plaintiff does not appear when the suit is called on for hearing, the Court shall make an order that the suit be dismissed, unless the defendant admits the claim, or part thereof, in which case the Court shall pass a decree against the defendant upon such admission, and where part only of the claim has been admitted, shall dismiss the suit so far as it relates to the remainder.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Decree against plaintiff by default bars fresh suit.&mdash;(1) Where a suit is wholly or partly dismissed under rule 8, the plaintiff shall be precluded from bringing a fresh suit in respect of the same cause of action. But he may apply for an order to set the dismissal aside, and if he satisfies the Court that there was sufficient cause for his nonappearance when the suit was called on for hearing, the Court shall make an order setting aside the dismissal upon such terms as to costs or otherwise as it thinks fit, and shall appoint a day for proceeding with the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) No order shall be made under this rule unless notice of the application has been served on the opposite party.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. At the outset, we may state that the first suit being O.S.No.534/2007 was filed by appellants No.6 and 7 and respondents No.3 to 5 herein, in that sense, the appellants No.1 to 5 were not the plaintiffs in that suit. So, as O.S.No.534/2007 was not filed by appellants No.1 to 5 herein who were defendants No.3 to 7 in that suit, the said suit could not have been said to be dismissed for non-prosecution as is contemplated under Order IX Rule 8 of C.P.C. against the appellants. So, there was no occasion for appellants No.1 to 5 to pursue the application for restoration in O.S.No.534/2007.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. The law with regard to applicability of Order IX Rule 9 of C.P.C. in respect of partition suits is well settled. It has been held by the Himachal Pradesh High Court in the case of Asha Sharma and Others -Vs.- Amar Nath and Others [AIR 2003 Himachal Pradesh 32] that co-sharers&rsquo; right to seek partition is a recurring cause of action, until and unless the partition between members of the joint family is effected, the joint owner can file a suit for partition until partition is actually effected irrespective of the fact whether earlier suit for such partition was dismissed for non-prosecution or the earlier decree for partition was not acted upon. It held that, right to seek partition is a substantive right.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Similarly, in the case of Madhura Gramani -Vs.- Thummala Sesha Reddi and Others [AIR 1926 Madras 1018], it is held by the Madras High Court that in a suit for partition, provisions contained under Order IX Rule 9 of C.P.C. would not be applicable. It is held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&hellip; &hellip; &hellip; &hellip; In the present case, when the suit of the plaintiff&#039;s assignee was dismissed in 1917 she was relegated to her right of possession as joint owner and consequently to her right to partition, a right which accrues from time to time, for this right had not been taken away by the prior litigation. It is not contended for the appellant that the question is res judicata and consequently the present suit which is based on the plaintiff&#039;s assignor&#039;s right of partition is not barred by O.9, Rule 9.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Similarly, in the case of Tara Kishore Das (supra) on which Mr. Srivatsa has relied upon, in paragraphs No.5 and 6 thereof, the Guwahati High Court has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;5&hellip;.&nbsp; He appears to have ignored the position that a right to obtain partition is a right inherent in the joint ownership of property. It is a natural and legal incident of ownership which could not be denied to a co-owner of the property so long as his right subsists. The mere fact that on an earlier occasion he could not obtain partition, is no ground for holding that the right of the co-owner to seek partition is barred for ever. It is a continuing right which the co-owner possesses in the lands in question; and if on account of inconvenience or differences with the co-owner, it is not possible for him to continue in joint ownership of the property, there is no reason why the right to seek partition should be denied to him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In other words, it is open to the co-owner to ask for separate enjoyment of his share of the property at any time he likes and the right to partition the land cannot be refused so long as his interest in the land is not extinguished. The proposition is too well settled to need authorities&hellip;.. , it was pointed out that the right to bring a suit for partition, unlike other suits, is a continuing right incidental to the ownership of joint property and a second suit is, therefore, not barred. Another decision to which reference may also be made is Jagamohini Dasi v. Shiba Gopal Banerjee AIR 1920 Cal 108 (B), where it was again laid down that the right to sue for partition is a continuing right and incidental to the ownership of joint property: Therefore, so long as the property remains joint, one of the co-owners has a good cause of action for bringing a fresh suit for partition notwithstanding the dismissal of a previous suit for partition.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In Ganesh Prasad -Vs.- Rajeshwar Prasad and Others [SLP(C) No.28377/2018, decided on 14.03.2023], the Supreme Court, in its latest opinion, in paragraphs No.60, 61 and 62, has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;60. Thus, we may sum it up saying that Order IX Rule 9 of the CPC provides that when the suit is wholly or partially dismissed under Rule 8 (dismissed for default) the Plaintiffs shall be precluded from bringing in a fresh suit, in respect of the same cause of action. The present suit i.e., Suit No. 154 of 2009 filed in the Court of Civil Judge (J.D.) Eastern, District Ballia is not filed on the same cause of action. In the present suit, the case of the Plaintiffs as put up in the alternative is that the Defendant is in possession of the suit property as a mortgagee and they are ready to redeem the mortgage by making the necessary payment of the mortgaged amount and take back the possession. Whether the relief prayed for is time barred or not is for the trial court to decide on the basis of the evidence that the parties may lead. As observed by the Privy Council in Mohammad Khalil Khan (supra) if the evidence to support the two claims is different than the causes of action are also different. Hence, the contention raised on the basis of the provisions of Order IX Rule 9 of the CPC has no merits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;62. It follows, therefore, that if the right of redemption is not extinguished, the provision like Order IX Rule 9 of the CPC will not debar the mortgagor from filing a second suit because as in a partition suit, the cause of action in a redemption suit is a recurring one. The cause of action in each successive action, until the right of redemption is extinguished or a suit for redemption is time barred, is a different one.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. In a partition suit, a partition is not effected till such time the rights are determined. So, the cause for partition subsists till such time the partition is effected in the manner stated above. It is to be noted that a learned Single Judge of this Court in the case of Smt. G.C.Sudha -Vs.- Smt. B.M.Parvathamma [R.F.A.No.972/2007 connected with R.S.A.No. 357/2015, decided on 06.04.2023] has, in paragraphs No.53 to 58, held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;57. In the light of this declaration of law, it is clear that the cause of action in a partition suit is a recurring action and the cause of action in each successive action would be a different one until the right has been adjudicated upon. Thus, Order IX Rule 9 of CPC would not be a bar for the filing of a second suit for partition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. So it is clear, like right of redemption, the right to seek partition is not extinguished till such time the right in the property is determined. As such, the cause of action in a partition suit is recurring one. Thus Order IX Rule 9 of C.P.C. would not be a bar for the second suit for partition. Even otherwise, the issue can be seen from another angle in as much as if the plaint could not be rejected against plaintiffs/appellants No.1 to 5, then the same cannot be rejected against plaintiffs/appellants No.6 and 7 though they were plaintiffs in O.S.No.534/2007 on the principle that a plaint cannot be rejected in-part. The Supreme Court in its latest opinion in Kum. Geetha D/o Late. Krishna and Others -Vs.- Nanjundaswamy and Others [Civil Appeal No.7413/2023, decided on 31.10.2023] has, held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. There is yet another reason why the judgment of the High Court is not sustainable. In an application under Order VII Rule 11, CPC a plaint cannot be rejected in part. This principle is well established and has been continuously followed since the 1936 decision in Maqsud Ahmad v. Mathra Datt &amp; Co.4. This principle is also explained in a recent decision of this Court in Sejal Glass Ltd. v. Navilan Merchants (P) Ltd.,5 which was again followed in Madhav Prasad Aggarwal v. Axis Bank Ltd. The relevant portion of Madhav Prasad (supra) is extracted hereinunder:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;10&hellip;.. The Court held that it is not permissible to reject plaint qua any particular portion of a plaint including against some of the defendant(s) and continue the same against the others. In no uncertain terms the Court has held that if the plaint survives against certain defendant(s) and/or properties, Order 7 Rule 11(d) CPC will have no application at all, and the suit as a whole must then proceed to trial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. So, from the above exposition of law, it is clear that if the plaint cannot be rejected against appellants No.1 to 5, the same could not have been rejected against appellants No.6 and 7.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. In view of our above discussion, the impugned order dated 09.02.2018 is clearly unsustainable and the same is set aside.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2177366ebb348c7624bbfe45ead9f7be.jpeg', '9a33d0a590ec3b6ba87013a6cb46700a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-07', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-06 13:01:41', '2024-08-07 03:26:50'),
(272, 'Of0ja4Xn2PQx2cGTBEawmW7qU', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'NI Act. Imposing double the cheque amount as fine cannot be ordered without assigning reasons. Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Francis Zavier W Vs M M Mathew.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Criminal Revision Petition 1414 of 2021 decided on 19 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice V Srishananda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The present revision petition is filed by the accused challenging the validity of the order of conviction and sentence passed in CC No.5905/2016 dated 15.10.2018 on the file of XIX Additional Chief Metropolitan magistrate, Bengaluru which was confirmed in Criminal Appeal No.2267/2018 dated 26.02.2021 on the file of LXIV Additional City Civil &amp; Sessions Judge, for the offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;9. On careful perusal of both judgments, no special reasons are forthcoming for imposing the fine of Rs.3,00,000/- which is double the cheque amount. While, the learned Trial Magistrate has not assigned any reasons whatsoever much less the special reason, the learned judge in the First Appellate Court did not even the address the said issue as could be seen from para Nos.22 and 23 of the judgment of the First Appellate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;11. It is a settled principles of law and requires no emphasis, that the role of the Court in convicting an accused is different from the role of the Court while passing the appropriate sentence in a given case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. The statue no doubt invests the power in the learned Trial Magistrate to impose double the fine amount, if the facts and circumstances of such case, do warrant imposition double the cheque amount as the fine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. It is equally settled principles of law and requires no emphasis that every decision should be based on reasons in as much as reasoning in the heartbeat of a judgment. In the case on hand, no reason whatsoever is forthcoming for the imposition of the double the cheque amount by the Trial Magistrate much less special reasons. So also learned judge in the First Appellate court has not assigned any reason to confirm the sentenced imposed by the Trial Magistrate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;14. Being the judge in the First Appellate Court, was duty bound not only to consider the merits of the case insofar as the order of conviction, but also a point ought to have raised with regard to sufficiency of sentence. Learned judge in the First Appellate Court failed to do so in the case on hand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;15. Therefore, this Court while considering the prayer of the revision petitioner did bestow its attention to the said aspect of the matter, in view of the principles of law enunciated by the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of Amit Kapoor vs. Ramesh Chander &amp; Anr. reported in (2012)9 SCC 460. Accordingly, in the considered opinion of this Court, if the fine amount is reduced from Rs.3,00,000/- to a sum of Rs.2,25,000/- ends of justice could be made.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;16. Having said thus, the complainant would be entitled to an entire sum of Rs.2,25,000/- as compensation and the fine amount imposed the learned Trial Magistrate and confirmed by the First Appellate Court in a sum of Rs.10,000/- towards the defraying expenses of the State, also needs to be set aside as the lis is privy to the parties and no State machinery is involved.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i. Criminal Revision Petitions are allowed in part.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '57cb08657ecdc50e2b6f340923ad62f0.JPG', 'b231d4f9a6aca1d38163390dcbe178eb.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-07', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-06 13:02:36', '2024-08-07 09:27:09');
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(259, 'jxzKqijMiYnVUlFsrltraFHDl', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Muslim Law. Property given to wife under mutual divorce mubara’at will be her absolute property. Karnataka High Court ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bashirahmed Vs Surayya and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 101005 of 2015 decided on 29 July 2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S Dixit and Justice Vijay Kumar A Patil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Brief facts of the case:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The parties are Sunni Muslims. They got their marital tie disrupted by virtue of Khulanama dated 6.4.2008 at Ex.P3. It is the case of plaintiff/wife that in terms of this Khulanama, the appellant/husband had agreed to give 1/4th share in the house property bearing CTS No.4817/52/HB fully described in the suit schedule. Some dispute as to this property having propped up, the respondent/wife had filed the subject suit seeking a decree for declaration as to her 1/4th share in the said property and a decree of partition of this share. In addition, she had also prayed for the grant of a decree for restraining alienation of the said property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) The appellant being the defendant entered appearance through his counsel and filed his Written Statement resisting the suit claim, inter-alia, contending that the law relating to Khulanama contemplates consideration being given by the wife to the husband and not the reverse of it; wife having taken up money in lieu of 1/4th share in the subject property has given up her claim over the same, as is evidenced by her affidavit dated 6.4.2008. Suit of the kind was not maintainable in its present form and substance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the appeal papers along with the original TCR, we decline to grant indulgence in the matter for the following reasons:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The first submission of learned counsel appearing for the appellant that, in Islamic Law where the marriage is dissolved by khula, it is the wife, who has to give consideration to the husband and not the reverse, is difficult to countenance as a thumb rule and reasons for this are not far to seek: firstly it is not a case of khula as such but a mixed case of mubara&rsquo;at &amp;amp; Khula. Asaf A.A. Fyzee&rsquo;s OUTLINES OF MUHAMMADAN LAW1 :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&ldquo;&hellip;In the case of khula the wife begs to be released and the husband agrees for a certain consideration which is usually a part or the whole of the maher&hellip;; while in mubara&rsquo;at apparently both are happy at the prospect of being rid of each other&hellip; As a general rule, in khula the wife makes some compensation to the husband or gives up a portion of her maher; but this is not absolutely necessary...&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) In Islamic Law there lies a difference between the process by which khula is brought about and the way mubara&rsquo;at is effected: in the former, the proposal to put an end to the marital relation comes from the side of wife whereas in the later both the sides bring it up. In Moonshee Buzulur Raheem Vs. Luteefut-oon-Nissa2 , what the Privy Council observed, lends support to this view: &ldquo;&hellip; A divorce by Khoola is a divorce with the consent and at the instance of the wife in which she gives or agrees to give a consideration to the husband for her release from the marriage tie &hellip;&rdquo; Fyzee supra at page 129 further writes &ldquo;&hellip; if the desire to separate emanates from the wife it is called Khula; but if the divorce is effected by mutual aversion (and consent) it is known as mubara&rsquo;at &hellip;&rdquo;. The marital tie between the parties was disrupted by virtue of &ldquo;KHULA &ndash; MUBARA&rsquo;AT&rdquo; DEED dated 06.04.2008, at Ex.P-3. It specifically mentions that the marital relationship between the parties became strained and reached beyond the stage of patch up. That is how they have entered into the arrangement, whereby the marriage is dissolved. Deed also mentions that the appellant has given property share on the instructions of elders of community. Thus, he has not given it at the insistence of respondent. Therefore, it is not a clear case of khula but an anomalous arrangement, not unkown to Islamic Law&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(c) The appellant and the respondent have entered into a contract to put an end to the marriage and accordingly the marriage came to be dissolved. As a part of bargain between the parties, in which others too participated the appellant had undertaken to give 1/4th share in the subject property to the respondent. This cannot be said to run counter to the Islamic Law which mandates that the women should be treated with love and affection.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(f) The last contention of the learned counsel appearing for the appellant that suit of the kind was not maintainable before the Family Court, is again liable to be rejected. Section 7 of the Family Courts Act, 1984 by its terminology vests a pervasive jurisdiction in the Family Courts in respect of matrimonial causes. Section 7 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;7. Jurisdiction.&mdash;(1) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, a Family Court shall&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(a) have and exercise all the jurisdiction exercisable by any district court or any subordinate civil court under any law for the time being in force in respect of suits and proceedings of the nature referred to in the Explanation; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) be deemed, for the purposes of exercising such jurisdiction under such law, to be a district court or, as the case may be, such subordinate civil court for the area to which the jurisdiction of the Family Court extends.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation to sub- section (1) reads.- &ldquo;the suits and proceedings referred to in this sub-section are suits and proceedings of the following nature, namely:- &hellip;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(c) a suit or proceeding between the parties to a marriage with respect to the property of the parties or of either of them&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That being the position, suit of the kind perfectly fits into its wide phraseology.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the above circumstances, this appeal being unworthy of merit is liable to be and accordingly dismissed with costs of Rs.10,000/- (rupees ten thousand only&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;', '0a51bfa1094315410c6c4440c48f279f.png', '03d5341e6525fbb701a5a194c6c5a445.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-03 09:15:32', '2024-08-03 03:45:56'),
(260, '2FyJVEN98sxqXWZK7yMPoMVYX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Section 89 of the Waqf Act is equivalent to that of Section 80 of CPC, which is a statutory notice, without which, a suit cannot be instituted. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohammed Mastansab Mulla and others Vs Jagannath and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 7084 of 2010 decided on 23 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Court while admitting the appeal on 21.04.2010 has framed the following substantial question of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Whether both the Courts below were justified in entertaining the suit, notwithstanding that the Courts have noticed of the fact that the suit property was disputed Wakf property and therefore, the suit was barred under Section 89 of the Wakf Act, 1995?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Brief facts of the case are that:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The plaintiff filed suit for declaration to declare that the registration certificate dated 26.04.1991 to be cancelled and declared to be not binding on the plaintiff and by way of perpetual injunction sought to restrain the defendants from interfering into the suit area. The description of the suit property is land bearing Sy.No.456, which is totally measuring 1 acre 22 guntas, out of which, the suit area is only 10 guntas with boundaries mentioned in the plaint. The suit was instituted against the Waqf Board-defendant Nos.1 and 2 and defendant Nos.3 to 5, who are the managing committee to Muslim graveyard. The cause of action to the plaintiff to file the suit was that the Waqf Board has made an application to the Tahsildar to incorporate the name of the Waqf Board in the ROR pertaining to suit Sy.No.456 and the Tahsildar has entered the name of the Waqf Board. The order of the Tahsildar was challenged before the Assistant Commissioner, Sedum by the plaintiff. The Assistant Commissioner dismissed the appeal directing the plaintiff to approach the Civil Court. The cause of action arose on 26.04.1991 on the first occasion, when defendant No.1 granted the suit area to defendant Nos.3 and 4 and provided the registration certificate and immediate cause of action arose on 11/12.09.1995 when the plaintiff requested defendant Nos.3 to 5 not to use and not to interfere with the suit area for the purpose of using it as a graveyard.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The said suit was resisted by the defendants disputing the description of the land given by the plaintiff. It is stated by the defendants that the suit schedule property was being used as a graveyard since time immemorial and the forefathers of defendant Nos.3 to 5 were buried in the suit land. It is stated that the Waqf Board is the owner of this suit property and that without issuing two months notice to defendant Nos.1 and 2 as per Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995, the suit is liable to be dismissed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. A careful reading of the plaint would enumerates that the plaintiff is seeking to cancel the registration certificate dated 26.04.1991 which is issued holding the suit property as Waqf property which is being Waqf as user. As could be gathered from the plaint averments that the main relief by the plaintiff is against defendant Nos.1 and 2, during the pendency of the suit, the plaintiff got dismissed the suit against defendant Nos.1 and 2. The Trial Court framed issue No.7, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;7 Whether Deft.3 to 5 proves that two months notice as per Section 89 of the Wakf Act 1995 is mandatory?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. On issue No.7, the Trial Court held that the declaration is sought by the plaintiff against defendant Nos.1 and 2 and in the light of dismissal of the suit against the said defendants, the said issue would not survive for consideration and the contention of the defendants that two months prior notice to defendant Nos.1 and 2 is mandatory under Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 was not considered by the Trial Court. Trial Court by the judgment and decree held that the very relief which was sought by the plaintiff having got dismissed against defendant Nos.1 and 2, the declaration to that effect would not be granted to the plaintiff and dismissed the suit. The question of considering the prior notice is mandatory under Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 was not rightly considered by the Trial Court. The first Appellate Court on a wrong assumption and without considering that defendant Nos.1 and 2 were not a party to the proceedings, nor the registration certificate was challenged by the plaintiff, continued the suit as declaration was rightfully sought against the said defendants and without considering that the mandatory statutory notice as contemplated under Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 was necessary to institute a suit against the Waqf Board, has decreed the suit by setting aside the judgment and decree of the Trial Court. Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;89. Notice of suits by parties against Board.&mdash;No suit shall be instituted against the Board in respect of any act purporting to be done by it in pursuance of this Act or of any rules made thereunder, until the expiration of two months next after notice in writing has been delivered to, or left at, the office of the Board, stating the cause of action, the name, description and place of residence of the plaintiff and the relief which he claims; and the plaint shall contain a statement that such notice has been so delivered or left.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 mandates that no suit shall be instituted against the Board in respect of any act purporting to be done by it in pursuance of this Act or any rules made thereunder, until the expiration of two months next after notice in writing has been delivered to or left at, the office of the Board.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In the present case, admittedly there is no notice issued by the plaintiff to the Board to the institution of the suit against the Board. Section 89 of the Waqf Act is equivalent to that of Section 80 of CPC, which is a statutory notice, without which, a suit cannot be instituted. In the absence of the same, the suit of the plaintiff cannot be maintainable. The entire exercise of the first Appellate Court is without application of mind and without considering material and evidence on record. Therefore, this Court is of the considered view that the order of the first Appellate Court is not justifiable and liable to be set aside. The non-issuance of notice of two months, which is mandatory under Section 89 of the Waqf Act, 1995 having not been issued, the first Appellate Court was not justified in decreeing the suit. Accordingly, the substantial question of law is answered for the foregoing reasons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The Regular Second Appeal filed by defendant Nos.3 to 5 is hereby allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '60e5444339a74c0f1109daae62947c65.jpeg', '8e836b3d7dded5138370eedcbf9a83a6.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-05 09:05:23', '2024-08-05 03:35:28');
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(281, 'vf5Q9D2DXv0HpcyZzOcgG3VmZ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Pure commercial transaction or breach of an agreement between the parties cannot be given a colour of crime. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Patel Engineering Limited and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 6513 of 2024 decided on 6 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Facts, in brief, germane are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1st petitioner/Patel Engineering Company (&lsquo;the Company&rsquo; for short) is a Company incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and is said to be engaged in construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, roads, piling works, industrial structures, real estate and is said to be a public limited company in the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. The 2nd respondent is the complainant. The Company and the 2nd petitioner/the Chairman and Managing Director of the Company who is now said to be no more, owned certain properties measuring about 103 acres in various survey numbers in Hulimangala, Thirupalya and Maragondanahalli, Jigani Hobli, Anekal Taluk, Bengaluru (&lsquo;the aggregate property&rsquo;) and desirous of developing into an integrated township on the property had applied to the State Government seeking requisite permission to develop the lands as integrated township in the name and style of &lsquo;Neotown&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. One Gulam Mustafa, of Gulam Mustafa Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., approached petitioners 1 and 2 being desirous of developing the said aggregate property. In terms of talks of the 2nd petitioner indulged with Gulam Mustafa, they enter into a Memorandum of Understanding (&lsquo;MoU&rsquo; for short) on 15-03-2016. The MoU was for the purpose of development of the property as noticed hereinabove. Post execution of MoU, the parties enter into sale deed and Joint Development Agreements (&lsquo;JDAs&rsquo; for short) with regard to various packets or parcels of lands in the property. Of the agreements so entered, the subject lis concerns two particular agreements in Sy.No.30/1 measuring 32 guntas, Sy.No.30/3 measuring 33 guntas, Sy.No.31 measuring 1 acre 6 guntas, Sy.No.43 measuring 1 acre 32 guntas, Sy.No.44/6 measuring 35 guntas of Maragondanalli Village, Jigani Hobli (&lsquo;the Schedule property&rsquo;) and Sy.No.352 measuring 4 acres 38 guntas situated at Hullimangala Village, Jigani Hobli, Anekal Taluk, Bengaluru (&lsquo;Townsville property&rsquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. On 21-11-2017 the Company and Gulam Mustafa Infinite Dwelling (India) Private Limited (&lsquo;GM infinite&rsquo;) took finance assistance from State Bank of India for sanction of loan facility. The Company which was the legal owner of the land was insisted by the Bank to give a corporate guarantee towards the finance availed of by the other parties to the JDA. Based on the representations of all the parties, the Company agreed to give a corporate guarantee. The corporate guarantee was submitted by the Company to the Bank on 06-07-2018. After about 5 years of the JDA availing of the loan, the GM Infinite is said to have approached the Company expressing its intention to purchase the schedule property through its group Company Azeem Infinite Dwelling (India) Private Limited (&lsquo;Azeem Infinite&rsquo; for short). These are the broad focus of the agreements that are entered into between the parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. On 08-12-2022 another agreement or a term sheet comes to be signed for a buyout of certain packets of property as aforesaid. Since the Company had mortgaged the properties to State Bank of India and the loan became sticky, the Bank initiated SARFAESI proceedings in respect of the said property and sought to invoke the guarantee given by the Company to the full extent of ` 64,08,12,642/-. Since several disputes were impending between the parties, the Company sought to enforce the arbitration clause in the agreement by filing a petition under Section 9 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act before the Commercial Court at Bengaluru in Commercial A.A.No.353 of 2023. Simultaneously the Company also filed a Commercial Original Suit in O.S.No.1159 of 2023 before the Commercial Court against State Bank of India seeking a declaration that no liability accrues upon the Company under a corporate guarantee and sought to determine the liability of the Company under the guarantee. The said suit is pending before the concerned Court. The State Bank of India filed an insolvency petition invoking Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 against the Company/1st petitioner before the NCLT, Mumbai. The said proceedings are pending. During the pendency of all these proceedings comes the impugned crime being registered by the 2nd respondent/complainant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The Company and the complainant are in dispute in several proceedings. The 2nd petitioner is no more today and nothing can be driven against the 2nd petitioner, who is the signatory to all the documents. Who are caught in the cross-fire are the office bearers of the Company. The cross-fire needs to be doused not by setting the criminal law into motion, but by other methods available in law, as this is purely a commercial transaction arising out an agreement between the parties and the allegation is regarding the contents of the agreement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. As observed in the course of the order, there are several proceedings pending between the parties. It was always open to the complainant to initiate civil proceedings in a manner known to law and not set the criminal law into motion on breach of agreements, on the specious plea that he is unlettered. On the said the score, permitting further investigation even, in the case at hand, would run foul of the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of VIJAY KUMAR GHAI v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL1 where in it is held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. &ldquo;Entrustment&rdquo; of property under Section 405 of the Penal Code, 1860 is pivotal to constitute an offence under this. The words used are, &ldquo;in any manner entrusted with property&rdquo;. So, it extends to entrustments of all kinds whether to clerks, servants, business partners or other persons, provided they are holding a position of &ldquo;trust&rdquo;. A person who dishonestly misappropriates property entrusted to them contrary to the terms of an obligation imposed is liable for a criminal breach of trust and is punished under Section 406 of the Penal Code.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The definition in the section does not restrict the property to movables or immovables alone. This Court in R.K. Dalmia v. Delhi Admn. [R.K. Dalmia v. Delhi Admn., (1963) 1 SCR 253 : AIR 1962 SC 1821] held that the word &ldquo;property&rdquo; is used in the Code in a much wider sense than the expression &ldquo;movable property&rdquo;. There is no good reason to restrict the meaning of the word &ldquo;property&rdquo; to movable property only when it is used without any qualification in Section 405.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Section 420 IPC is a serious form of cheating that includes inducement (to lead or move someone to happen) in terms of delivery of property as well as valuable securities. This section is also applicable to matters where the destruction of the property is caused by the way of cheating or inducement. Punishment for cheating is provided under this section which may extend to 7 years and also makes the person liable to fine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. To establish the offence of cheating in inducing the delivery of property, the following ingredients need to be proved:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The representation made by the person was false.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) The accused had prior knowledge that the representation he made was false.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) The accused made false representation with dishonest intention in order to deceive the person to whom it was made.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) The act where the accused induced the person to deliver the property or to perform or to abstain from any act which the person would have not done or had otherwise committed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. There can be no doubt that a mere breach of contract is not in itself a criminal offence and gives rise to the civil liability of damages. However, as held by this Court in Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma v. State of Bihar [Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma v. State of Bihar, (2000) 4 SCC 168 : 2000 SCC (Cri) 786] , the distinction between mere breach of contract and cheating, which is criminal offence, is a fine one. While breach of contract cannot give rise to criminal prosecution for cheating, fraudulent or dishonest intention is the basis of the offence of cheating. In the case at hand, complaint filed by Respondent 2 does not disclose dishonest or fraudulent intention of the appellants.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Later, the Apex Court in the case of MITESH KUMAR J.SHA v. STATE OF KARNATAKA2 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Issues&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the necessary ingredients of the offences punishable under Sections 406, 419 and 420 are prima facie made out?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In the instant case, the complaint levelled against the appellants herein is one which involves commission of offences of criminal breach of trust and cheating. While a criminal breach of trust as postulated under Section 405 of the Penal Code, 1860, entails misappropriation or conversion of another&#039;s property for one&#039;s own use, with a dishonest intention, cheating too on the other hand as an offence defined under Section 415 of the Penal Code, 1860, involves an ingredient of having a dishonest or fraudulent intention which is aimed at inducing the other party to deliver any property to a specific person. Both the sections clearly prescribed &ldquo;dishonest intention&rdquo;, as a precondition for even prima facie establishing the commission of the said offences. Thus, in order to assess the relevant contentions made by the parties herein, the question whether actions of the appellants were committed in furtherance of a dishonest or fraudulent scheme is one which requires scrutiny.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. At this juncture, it further becomes pertinent to mention that eventually though both the parties partly succeeded before the arbitrator, in terms of their respective claims, the arbitrator observed that GPA indeed could not have been revoked unilaterally at the instance of Respondent 2. Aggrieved, Respondent 2 thereafter even preferred a challenge to the award passed by the arbitrator. Moreover, pending arbitration proceedings issue regarding selling of excess flats at the instance of the appellants, was also withdrawn by Respondent 2 seeking liberty to pursue his claim with regard to selling of four excess flats in pending civil proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the dispute is one of entirely civil nature and therefore liable to be quashed?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Having considered the relevant arguments of the parties and decisions of this Court we are of the considered view that existence of dishonest or fraudulent intention has not been made out against the appellants. Though the instant dispute certainly involves determination of issues which are of civil nature, pursuant to which Respondent 2 has even instituted multiple civil suits, one can by no means stretch the dispute to an extent, so as to impart it a criminal colour. As has been rightly emphasised upon by this Court, by way of an observation rendered in Indian Oil Corpn. v. NEPC India Ltd. [Indian Oil Corpn. v. NEPC India Ltd., (2006) 6 SCC 736 : (2006) 3 SCC (Cri) 188] , as under : (SCC p. 749, para 14)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. It was also observed : (Indian Oil Corpn. case [Indian Oil Corpn. v. NEPC India Ltd., (2006) 6 SCC 736 : (2006) 3 SCC (Cri) 188] , SCC pp. 748-49, para 13)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;13. While on this issue, it is necessary to take notice of a growing tendency in business circles to convert purely civil disputes into criminal cases. This is obviously on account of a prevalent impression that civil law remedies are time consuming and do not adequately protect the interests of lenders/creditors. &hellip; There is also an impression that if a person could somehow be entangled in a criminal prosecution, there is a likelihood of imminent settlement. Any effort to settle civil disputes and claims, which do not involve any criminal offence, by applying pressure though criminal prosecution should be deprecated and discouraged.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;40. On an earlier occasion, in G. Sagar Suri v. State of U.P. [G. Sagar Suri v. State of U.P., (2000) 2 SCC 636 : 2000 SCC (Cri) 513] , this Court has also observed : (SCC p. 643, para 8)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8. Jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code has to be exercised with great care. In exercise of its jurisdiction the High Court is not to examine the matter superficially. It is to be seen if a matter, which is essentially of civil nature, has been given a cloak of criminal offence. Criminal proceedings are not a short cut of other remedies available in law. Before issuing process a criminal court has to exercise a great deal of caution. For the accused it is a serious matter. This Court has laid certain principles on the basis of which the High Court is to exercise its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code. Jurisdiction under this section has to be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. Applying this dictum to the instant factual matrix, it can be safely concluded that the present case clearly falls within the ambit of first, third and fifth category of the seven categories enlisted in the abovesaid judgment. The case therefore warrants intervention by this Court, and the High Court has erred in dismissing the petition filed by the appellants under Section 482CrPC. We find that there has been attempt to stretch the contours of a civil dispute and thereby essentially impart a criminal colour to it.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court in the case of VIJAY KUMAR GHAI (supra) has held that breach of agreement can never be a subject matter of criminal law set into motion, as such cases would be unjustifiably of a civil nature. In the light of the facts obtaining in the case at hand, as narrated hereinabove and the judgments rendered by the Apex Court quoted supra, if further proceedings are permitted to continue, it would undoubtedly become an abuse of the process of law and result in miscarriage of justice. The issue would be whether a FIR without permitting investigation could be quashed in such cases. This is also answered by the Apex Court in the case of MITESH KUMAR J.SHA (supra) holding that where the dispute is one of entirely civil nature, the crime should not be permitted to be investigated even.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. In the aforesaid facts, it becomes germane to notice the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of MAHMOOD ALI v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH4 wherein the Apex Court has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. At this stage, we would like to observe something important. Whenever an accused comes before the Court invoking either the inherent powers under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) or extraordinary jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution to get the FIR or the criminal proceedings quashed essentially on the ground that such proceedings are manifestly frivolous or vexatious or instituted with the ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance, then in such circumstances the Court owes a duty to look into the FIR with care and a little more closely. We say so because once the complainant decides to proceed against the accused with an ulterior motive for wreaking personal vengeance, etc., then he would ensure that the FIR/complaint is very well drafted with all the necessary pleadings. The complainant would ensure that the averments made in the FIR/complaint are such that they disclose the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence. Therefore, it will not be just enough for the Court to look into the averments made in the FIR/complaint alone for the purpose of ascertaining whether the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence are disclosed or not. In frivolous or vexatious proceedings, the Court owes a duty to look into many other attending circumstances emerging from the record of the case over and above the averments and, if need be, with due care and circumspection try to read in between the lines. The Court while exercising its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the CrPC or Article 226 of the Constitution need not restrict itself only to the stage of a case but is empowered to take into account the overall circumstances leading to the initiation/registration of the case as well as the materials collected in the course of investigation. Take for instance the case on hand. Multiple FIRs have been registered over a period of time. It is in the background of such circumstances the registration of multiple FIRs assumes importance, thereby attracting the issue of wreaking vengeance out of private or personal grudge as alleged.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14&hellip;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5&hellip;.When a complaint is sought to be quashed, it is permissible to look into the materials to assess what the complainant has alleged and whether any offence is made out even if the allegations are accepted in toto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. In dealing with the last category, it is important to bear in mind the distinction between a case where there is no legal evidence or where there is evidence which is clearly inconsistent with the accusations made, and a case where there is legal evidence which, on appreciation, may or may not support the accusations. When exercising jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code, the High Court would not ordinarily embark upon an enquiry whether the evidence in question is reliable or not or whether on a reasonable appreciation of it accusation would not be sustained. That is the function of the trial Judge&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court holds that when petitions are filed under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C., or under Article 226 of the Constitution to get the FIR quashed, essentially on the ground that it is either frivolous, vexatious or instituted with ulterior motives to wreak vengeance or civil disputes or commercial transactions are projected to be a crime, the Court while exercising its jurisdiction under Article 482 of the Cr.P.C., should not restrict itself only to such of the cases, but is empowered to take into account overall circumstances and answer whether the crime should be permitted to be investigated into or not.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. In the light of the afore-elucidated law by the Apex Court, I deem it appropriate to exercise the jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. and obliterate the Damocles sword that hangs on the head of these petitioners, in the light of the fact that a pure commercial transaction or breach of an agreement between the parties is sought to be given a colour of crime; added to the fact that the signatory to all the documents, the 2nd petitioner is no more.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Criminal Petition is allowed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'bf183f33838d3607cd05466ab61d3cc0.jpeg', 'cad8e5830c1761a70a7c0cd2e33687e4.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 17:58:09', '2024-08-10 08:59:36'),
(273, 'Lc6MRlWXbBX0sDjGit7LLRO3H', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Motor Vehicles Act. Insurance company is liable to pay interest on the future prospects. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Reliance General Insurance Company Limited Vs Supreeth S Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M.F.A. 511 of 2020 decided on 1 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K. Somashekar and Justice Chillakur Sumalatha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The matrix of the case as projected by the claimants is that on 18.11.2014 the deceased Supreeth (hereinafter be referred as &#039;the deceased&#039; for brevity) was travelling in a car bearing Registration No.KA-53 MB-7335 along with his friends. The car was proceeding on National Highway from Krishnagiri side towards Bengaluru. When the car reached near Chinnur Sangeetha Dhaba Hotel, Hosur Road, at about 4.00 a.m. a lorry bearing Registration No.KA-01 C-1773 which was proceeding in front of the car suddenly turned to the right side being driven by its driver in a rash and negligent manner. No signal or indication was given by the driver of the lorry. Due to such sudden turning, the car dashed against the lorry. The deceased who was present in the car sustained severe head injury and other injuries all over the body. The deceased was shifted to hospital for treatment. Despite of giving best treatment and all efforts to save his life, he succumbed to injuries in the year 2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In catena of decisions the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court awarded interest even on future prospects. Few of them are cited for the benefit of discussion. Holding that award of interest would normally depend upon the bank rate prevailing at relevant time and the amount of interest should be just basing on the facts and circumstances of each case, the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of ABATI BEZBARUAH Vs. DY.DIRECTOR GENERAL, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA AND ANOTHER reported in (2003)3 SCC 148, at paragraph No.18 observed as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;18. Three decisions were cited before us by Mr A.P. Mohanty, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant, in support of his contentions. No ratio has been laid down in any of the decisions in regard to the rate of interest and the rate of interest was awarded on the amount of compensation as a matter of judicial discretion. The rate of interest must be just and reasonable depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case and taking all relevant factors including inflation, change of economy, policy being adopted by Reserve Bank of India from time to time, how long the case is pending, permanent injuries suffered by the victim, enormity of suffering, loss of future income, loss of enjoyment of life etc., into consideration. No rate of interest is fixed under Section 171 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Varying rates of interest are being awarded by Tribunals, High Courts and the Supreme Court. Interest can be granted even if a claimant does not specifically plead for the same as it is consequential in the eye of law. Interest is compensation for forbearance or detention of money and that interest being awarded to a party only for being kept out of the money which ought to have been paid to him. No principle could be deduced nor can any rate of interest be fixed to have a general application in motor accident claim cases having regard to the nature of provision under Section 171 giving discretion to the Tribunal in such matter. In other matters, awarding of interest depends upon the statutory provisions, mercantile usage and doctrine of equity. Neither Section 34 CPC nor Section 4-A(3) of the Workmen&#039;s Compensation Act are applicable in the matter of fixing rate of interest in a claim under the Motor Vehicles Act. The courts have awarded the interest at different rates depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Therefore, in my opinion, there cannot be any hard-and-fast rule in awarding interest and the award of interest is solely on the discretion of the Tribunal or the High Court as indicated above.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Interest was awarded on entire compensation including future prospects in the decision that is rendered in the case between N.JAYASREE AND OTHERS Vs. CHOLAMANDALAM MS GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED reported in (2022) 14 SCC 712, wherein the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court while awarding total compensation of Rs.85,81,815/- at paragraph No.38 directed as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;38. The appellants are also entitled to interest on the said amount @ 7.5% p.a. from the date of the claim petition till the date of its realisation. The respondent is accordingly directed to deposit the above amount with accrued interest thereon @ 7.5% p.a. from the date of claim petition till the date of deposit, after deducting amounts, if any, deposited by the respondent, within eight weeks from today.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Dictating that the interest is payable even on the enhanced amount, the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case between SWARAN LATA AND OTHERS Vs. RAM CHET AND OTHERS reported in (2007)15 SCC 650, at paragraph No.11 held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;11. So far as the question of award of interest is concerned, we find that the High Court, though enhanced the amount, refused to award interest, stating &ldquo;since the appeals are being disposed of at motion stage, no interest on the enhanced amount of compensation will be paid to the claimants&rdquo;. We find it to be no good reason to deny the interest on the enhanced amount. It would be taken that the amount enhanced was liable to be paid to the claimants right from the beginning though enhanced later on appeal. That being the position, it will be logical to award the interest on the increased amount as well. We find that as a result of the order which is being passed today in these appeals, namely, by applying the higher multipliers of 13 and 15 in regard to the claimants of Narinder Kumar and Subhash Aggarwal respectively, the amount of compensation shall be further increased. Interest would also be payable on the said increased amount.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In the aforementioned case when the High Court refused to award interest on the enhanced amount with an observation that as the appeals have been disposed of at the motion stage, there is no need to award interest on the enhanced amount of compensation, the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court held that it would be logical to award interest on the increased amount as well.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. Motor Vehicles Act is a beneficial legislation which intents to place the claimants in the same position as they were before the accident and to compensate the loss sustained by them. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court time and again held that, the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 should be interpreted liberally so as to achieve the object of the said Act. It is incumbent on part of the insurance companies to settle the claims relating to the accidents as soon as possible. Also the insurance companies are directed to settle the claims by designating an Officer for processing the settlement of claims of compensation. Section 149 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 thus reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;149. Settlement by insurance company and procedure therefor. &ndash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) The insurance company shall, upon receiving information of the accident, either from claimant or through accident information report or otherwise, designate an officer to settle the claims relating to such accident.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2)An officer designated by the insurance company for processing the settlement of claim of compensation may make an offer to the claimant for settlement before the Claims Tribunal giving such details, within thirty days and after following such procedure as may be prescribed by the Central Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3)If, the claimant to whom the offer is made under sub-section (2), - (a)accepts such offer, - (i)the Claims Tribunal shall make a record of such settlement, and such claim shall be deemed to be settled by consent; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii)the payment shall be made by the insurance company within a maximum period of thirty days from the date of receipt of such record of settlement;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b)rejects such offer, a date of hearing shall be fixed by the Claims Tribunal to adjudicate such claim on merits.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. By the aforementioned provision one can draw an inference that the legislative intent is that the claims should be settled by the insurance companies within least possible time. Also as per the said provision of law, the insurance company is at liability to designate an officer to settle the claim relating to accident immediately upon receiving information of the accident either from the claimant or through accident information report or otherwise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Matters may be very few or negligible where insurance companies are coming forward for settlement of claims upon receiving information in respect of occurrence of accident. The insurance companies never claim that they have designated an officer to settle the claims relating to the accidents soon after the occurrence of accident upon receiving such information as envisaged under Section 149 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The amount payable to the claimants which lies with the insurance companies for years together is one way the debt the insurance companies have to make good to the claimants. When the insurance companies are enjoying the fruits of the said amount and the accrued interest for years together, they cannot take plea that they are not liable to pay interest to the claimants over the amount which they are liable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. In the case on hand, the accident occurred in the year 2014 and the claim is not settled till this day. Thus, the amount which the claimants are legally entitled to is being enjoyed by the insurance company for a long period of ten years. Now the insurance company has taken a plea that it is not liable to pay the interest on future prospects.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. The plea taken by the insurance company that it is not liable to pay interest on the future prospects, as the amount awarded under that head would be the future earnings of the deceased is not justifiable due to the reason that the claimants are not being paid the entire earnings of the deceased which he would have earned had he been alive. Cases where there is no proof in certainty regarding exact income, the Courts are taking notional income into consideration. Either applying appropriate multiplier as per the decision in Sarala Verma&#039;s case or taking percentage of the said income towards future prospects as per the decision in Pranay Sethi&#039;s case is on probabilities but not on exact figures. In no case, the claimants get the exact amount which the deceased would have earned had he been alive. In all cases the amount which the claimants would get for their livelihood through the deceased would be many times more than the actual amount awarded. That apart, the insurance companies are depositing the compensation years after the date of accident which is in clear violation of Section 149 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Further more, award of amount as compensation is a one time procedure. Even if in the future course it is found that the deceased would have earned much more amount in the light of hike in his position and global opportunities, the Tribunals will not order payment of any further amount and insurance companies will not be made liable on that count. Such being the case, this Court is of the view that the insurance companies are liable to pay the awarded amount including the amount awarded under the head future prospects together with banking rate of interest which is prevalent during relevant time. Thus, we ultimately hold that, the insurance company cannot escape from the liability to pay interest on the future prospects.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MFA No.511/2020 which is filed by the Reliance General Insurance Company Limited stands dismissed without costs.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '640310702cc552e1fefba79c9a54f6fa.jpeg', '4deb7128e98a08580927dcee775cd4eb.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-07', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-06 13:32:13', '2024-08-07 06:45:30');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(285, 'NlODWB9WYHXowM6Ez8iVbnkfp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Land acquisition. Enormous delay in issuing final notification at the behest of third party vitiates the entire acquisition process. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Narayan Thr LRS and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 71377 of 2012 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice &lt;/span&gt;Hemant Chandangoudar&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The challenge in these petitions is to the notification dated 6.2.2008 issued by Respondent No.1 under Section 28(4) of the Karnataka Industrial Area Development Act, 1966 (hereafter referred to as the &#039;KIAD Act, 1966&#039;). The petitioners also seek a declaration that the acquisition of their land is contrary to law and against the objectives of the KIAD Act, 1966. Consequently, the petitions are considered together and disposed of collectively.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. After carefully considering the arguments of the learned counsel for the parties, the key points that arise for deliberation in these petitions are as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether there was compliance with the mandatory provision contained in Section 28(3) before issuing the final notification under Section 28(4)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In the absence of a prescribed limitation, can the KIADB issue a final notification after the expiry of a period of 27 years from the date of the preliminary notification?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether the respondents can acquire land for the sole purpose of establishing an educational institution as an amenity or for a different purpose than the one notified under Section 28(1) of the KIAD Act?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Whether the instant writ petitions are plagued with delay and laches, and if so, whether it can be condoned?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Whether the acquisition proceedings are vitiated on the grounds that it is a case of colorable exercise of power by the concerned authorities?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Point No.1. In this instance, the preliminary notification was issued on 10th February 1981, and the final notification was published on 12th February 1982. However, this final notification was quashed by this Court in WP No. 6448/1982 and a connected petition via an order dated 26th April 1984 due to non-compliance with the mandatory provision contained in Section 28(3) of the Act, 1966. Following the order of remand passed by this Court, a notice dated 21st November 1984/27th November 1984 was issued, to which the petitioner in WP No. 71377/2012 filed objections, requesting the acquisition proceedings to be dropped. Despite these objections, the Special Land Acquisition Officer recommended acquisition via an order dated 26th January 1986. The KIADB subsequently sent a proposal to the State Government to issue and publish the final notification, followed by subsequent reminders.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. In light of the above facts, the key points raised for deliberation must be considered with reference to the relevant provisions of the KIAD Act and the legal principles established by the Apex Court and this Court regarding those provisions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sub-Section (1) states that if, at any time, the State Government deems land necessary for development by the Board or for any other purpose in furtherance of the Act&rsquo;s objectives, it may issue a notification announcing its intention to acquire such land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sub-Section (2) requires the service of a notice to the landowner to show cause within 30 days why the land should not be acquired.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sub-Section (3) mandates that an opportunity be given to the landowners to be heard. The State Government must consider any objections raised by the landowners and may then pass such orders as it deems appropriate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sub-Section (4) stipulates that after passing an order under Sub-Section (3) and if the State Government is satisfied that the land is required for the purpose specified in the notification issued under Section 1, a declaration shall be made by notification in the official gazette.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. In the case of Poojari Peddanna v. State and Others 2009(5) Kar L J 556, the coordinate Bench of this Court examined whether service of notice under Section 28(2) of the Act on all interested parties is mandatory or directory. Referring to the decisions of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in Ahuja Industries Limited v. State of Karnataka (AIR 2003 SC 3519) and Devinder Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 2008 SC 261), it was ruled that non-service of notice on the legal representatives of the original grantee, despite the respondent&#039;s awareness of the pending proceedings, constitutes absolute non-compliance with the mandatory provisions contained in Section 28(2) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. In the present case, the father of the petitioner in WP No.60868/2011 was plaintiff No. 2 in OS No.61/2005. The pendency of the partition suit concerning the subject land was well within the knowledge of the respondent KIADB. Despite this knowledge, the KIADB did not issue a notice under Section 28(2) or provide a personal hearing as required by Section 28(3). Similarly, the petitioner in WP No.71377/2012 was not issued a notice under Section 28(2) nor provided a personal hearing as required by Section 28(3), as evidenced by the endorsements made by the Tahsildar and the Village Accountant on the notice issued by the Special Land Acquisition Officer. Therefore, the noncompliance with the mandatory provisions of Section 28(2) and (3) of the KIAD Act, 1966, vitiates the acquisition proceedings. Accordingly, Point No. 1 is answered in the negative and in favor of the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Point No. 2. The preliminary notification was issued on October 30, 1981. The final notification dated February 12, 1982, was subsequently quashed by this Court on July 26, 1984. Upon remand, the KIADB, during its 143rd General Body Meeting dated 11.7.1989, resolved to withdraw from the acquisition of the subject land. However, on November 6, 2006, respondent No. 4 requested the KIADB to proceed with the acquisition of the subject land. In response, the Special Deputy Commissioner of KIADB directed the Special Land Acquisition Officer to verify the status of the acquisition and check for any pending cases.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;40. A review of the provisions contained in Section 28 of the Act indicates that while there is no specific time limit prescribed for issuing the final notification from the date of the preliminary notification issued under Sub-Section (1), it is implicit that the final notification should be published within a &ldquo;reasonable time&rdquo; if no specific time frame is established by law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. The Division Bench of this Court in Shimoga Urban Development Authority by its Commissioner and Another v. State of Karnataka by its Secretary (ILR 2002 KAR 2078), referencing the Apex Court&#039;s decision in Ramchand and Others v. Union of India and Others (1994) 1 SCC 44, ruled that when a statute does not prescribe a time limit for exercising a power, it must be exercised within a time frame that can be deemed reasonable. The Division Bench further observed that, according to the Supreme Court, when compensation is pegged to the date of the preliminary notification and there is an inordinate delay, the market value as of the preliminary notification becomes a fraction of the market rate prevailing at the time of passing the award and taking possession, which is unjust to the landowners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;43. In H.N. Shivanna and Ors v State of Karnataka and Ors, WA 3189/2010 : AIR 2013 KAR 163 , the Division Bench, referring to the Shimoga Urban Development Authority by its Commissioner and Another v. State of Karnataka by its Secretary (ILR 2002 KAR 2078) case and a series of Apex Court decisions, held that even if no period is prescribed under the Act for issuing the final declaration or passing the award, it does not imply that limitation is not a bar. A period of two years was considered reasonable for issuing a final declaration, provided there are no legal or procedural obstacles. If the final declaration is not issued within this period, the land acquisition proceedings lapse, regardless of the absence of a specific provision in the Act. Although the decision in Shivanna&#039;s case was challenged before the Apex Court, which dismissed the special leave petition while keeping the position of law open, the decision of the Division Bench in Shimoga Urban Development Authority remains final.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;44. Regarding the abandonment of acquisition proceedings due to delay and inaction by the KIADB, the Division Bench in Special Land Acquisition Officer and Others v. Sri Venugopal V. and Others (WA No. 6820/2017, dated September 28, 2020) dismissed the writ appeal and affirmed the co-ordinate bench&rsquo;s order, stating that a delay of nearly seven years in passing the award for land acquisition under the Act, 1966 leads to the lapse of the acquisition proceedings. The co-ordinate bench in WP No. 34313-317/2016 (dated August 17, 2017), referring to Tukaram Kana Joshi &amp; Others v. M.I.D.C. (AIR 2013 SC 565), Ram Chand and Others v. Union of India (1994 1 SCC 44), and H.N. Shivanna and Ors v. State of Karnataka and Ors WA 3189/2010 AIR 2013 KAR 163, noted that there is a legal obligation on the competent authority to conclude acquisition proceedings within a reasonable time.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;45. Similarly, this Court in Special Land Acquisition Officer v. Sri K.B. Lingaraju (WA No. 6819/2017, dated September 28, 2020) upheld the decision of the co-ordinate bench in WP No. 34318/2016 (dated August 17, 2017), ruling that a delay of nearly seven years in passing the award for land acquisition under the Act, 1966 results in the lapse of the acquisition proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;46. In this case, no order of restraint was in place against the KIADB acquiring the land. The final notification pertained only to the subject land, and there were no impediments to commencing the acquisition proceedings. Unlike cases involving large extents of land, where the State Government delayed action from the date of the proposal sent by the KIADB, the proceedings here were inordinately delayed due to extraneous considerations and a lack of reasonable explanation. Consequently, the entire acquisition proceedings have lapsed due to the failure to issue the final notification within a reasonable time. Therefore, Point No. 2 is answered in the negative and in favor of the petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;47. Point No. 3. The preliminary notification under Section 28(1) was issued for the establishment of industries, proposing to acquire the subject land among other lands, totaling an extent of 223 acres. At the behest of Respondent No. 4, the final notification under Section 28(4) was published for the benefit of Respondent No. 4. The KIADB decided on July 11, 1999, to exclude an extent of 43 acres and 19 guntas of land in Sy. Nos. 112, 127, and 113 from the acquisition. Subsequently, on March 25, 2000, a resolution was passed to hand over possession of the land in Sy. No. 127 to M/s. Nandi Engineering Ltd.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;50. According to Section 28(4), the final notification must be published to acquire land for the purpose specified in the notification issued under sub-Section (1). The final declaration runs contrary to the purpose stated in sub-Section (1), which implies that the acquisition of the subject land, initially abandoned, was revived at the instance of Respondent No. 4 for extraneous reasons instead of initiating the acquisition process afresh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;53. In P. Narayanappa and Another v. State of Karnataka (AIR 2006 SC 3001), the Apex Court addressed the issue where the impugned notification issued under Section 28(1) did not specify that the land was to be acquired for a technology park, research and development center, shopping mall, engineering college, residential apartments, etc., depriving landowners of their right to proper and effective representation under Section 28(2) of the Act. The Court concluded that the land was acquired for industrial development and vested with the KIADB, which had the authority to allocate it to private entities for orderly industrial development. It was determined that it is not necessary to detail the nature of the industry or facility in the notification under Section 28(1). The key test is whether the land is acquired for development by the Board or any other purpose that furthers the objectives of the Act, as stated in Section 28(1).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;54. The Division Bench of this Court in M/s Century Central, Palace Road, Bangalore v. State of Karnataka and Ors. 2015 (3) Kar.L.J. 293 (DB), referencing P. Narayanappa and Another v. State of Karnataka (AIR 2006 SC 3001), ruled that the impugned notification specified certain amenities, including technical and training institutes and educational institutions, as conveniences contributing to orderly industrial development. It further held that, based on a combined reading of the Act and the notifications, acquiring land solely for establishing an educational institution is not permissible under the KIAD Act. It emphasized that while industrial infrastructural facilities and amenities are crucial for the functioning of industries in an industrial area, an area cannot be designated as an industrial area solely for expanding an educational institution in the absence of industrial development.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;55. In Somashekar v. State of Karnataka (supra), relying on P. Narayanappa and Another v. State of Karnataka (AIR 2006 SC 3001), the Division Bench ruled that land can be acquired under the KIAD Act for the establishment of institutions like Rajiv Gandhi Medical University, provided it is for the orderly development of an industrial area.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;56. Furthermore, in Muninanjappa L and Others v. State of Karnataka and Ors. WA No.3135/2010, the Division Bench ruled that hospitals, schools, and colleges fall within the category of industrial infrastructure facilities. There is no dispute regarding the ratio laid down in that case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;57. Thus, based on the ratios established by the Apex Court and this Court, it can be inferred that while the KIAD Act does not require that a notification under Section 28(1) must specify the exact nature of the activity to be undertaken on the acquired land, it does not mean that land can be acquired solely for establishing and expanding amenities such as educational institutions in the absence of industrial establishments.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;58. Therefore, in this case, where the KIAD Act, 1966 was invoked to acquire land solely for expanding the educational society of Respondent No. 4, the entire acquisition process stands vitiated due to a colorable exercise of power. Accordingly, Point No. 3 is answered in the negative and in favor of the petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;59. Point No. 4. In State of A.P. v. Surya Chandra Rao (2005 (6) SCC 149), the Apex Court elaborated on the concept of fraud, stating that in public or administrative law, fraud arises from a deception that involves the disclosure of incorrect facts, knowingly and deliberately, to exercise jurisdiction that would otherwise not have been exercised. The misrepresentation must relate to conditions outlined in a section, concerning the existence or non-existence of which power can be exercised. Hence, if the exercise of power involves exceeding the jurisdiction conferred by the legislature or defeating statutory provisions through subterfuge or for irrelevant considerations, it constitutes a fraud in law and amounts to a colorable exercise of power.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;60. Citing earlier decisions in Narayana Reddy v. State of Karnataka (ILR 1991 KAR 2248, decided on January 1, 1991) and HMT House Building Cooperative Society v. Syed Khader &amp; Ors (AIR 1995 SC 2244), where the Court had annulled mala fide acquisition proceedings as a colorable exercise of power&mdash;because members who were neither employees of HMT nor residing within the society&#039;s jurisdiction were admitted, and land was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 for extraneous considerations&mdash;the Supreme Court in Vyalikaval House Building Co-operative Society v. Chandrappa (2007 (9) SCC 304) upheld the decision to allow a writ petition in a Letters Patent Appeal filed after a delay of fourteen years. The challenge was based on the finding that the acquisition was mala fide and fraudulent. The Court also concluded that money paid for settlement in such cases was at the risk of the petitioner society.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;61. In State of Punjab v. Gurdial Singh (1980 2 SCC 471), the Supreme Court had observed that where land was notified for industrial development under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and was later allocated to private builders for residential apartments&mdash;contrary to the intended use&mdash;the acquisition was deemed a colorable exercise of power. The Court affirmed that fraud on power voids the order if it is not exercised bona fide for the intended purpose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;62. In Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority v. Devendra Kumar (2011 12 SCC 375), the Court noted that when land acquired for industrial development was instead allotted for residential purposes within weeks of the notification, it constituted a colorable exercise of power. The State Government&#039;s evasive responses about land usage further supported the finding of fraud.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;66. Given that the final notification was published after 28 years from the date of issuance of preliminary notification, and the writ petitions were filed on February 1, 2011, and October 18, 2012, respectively, it is improper and unacceptable for the KIADB to argue that the petitions should be dismissed on the grounds of delay and laches. The principle of equity prevents a party from benefiting from wrongful conduct and protects the enjoyment of rights that have become permanent due to the passage of time. The KIADB&#039;s conduct signifies a waiver of the right to the land proposed for acquisition. Moreover, fraud on power renders limitations on remedies ineffective. Therefore, the KIADB&rsquo;s claim that the writ petitions are barred by delay and laches is without merit and is hereby rejected. Accordingly, Point No. 4 is answered in favor of the Petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;67. Point No. 5. In light of the discussion of facts in the instant case, the restrictive scope of the invoked provisions of law, and the relevant case laws elucidated in the preceding paragraphs, it is reasonable to conclude that the impugned acquisition proceedings, which initially lapsed after the expiry of a reasonable time and were subsequently revived for extraneous and irrelevant considerations, and at the behest of individuals not involved in the decision-making process under the governing statute, amount to a colorable exercise of power. Consequently, these proceedings are vitiated and are hereby quashed to the extent of the acquisition of the lands belonging to the petitioner. Accordingly, Point No. 5 is answered in favor of the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The petitions are allowed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1f6ec2cc24b3c0fe9c65f86475e184a5.jpeg', 'db85f2fae549c4a262fd0a0e85cb4810.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-08 18:09:49', '2024-08-09 12:56:58'),
(278, 'MzxLZS3wCZ3dFEIAdlzCwgYTn', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Prohibition against transfer under the KLR Act cannot be applied to grants under the Hyderabad Certain Inams Abolition Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ambanna and others Vs Vaijinath and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 7065 of 2012 decided on 22 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The brief facts of the case are that the plaintiffs filed suit for declaration that plaintiffs and defendant No.1 are the absolute joint owners and possessors of the suit lands bearing Sy.No.218 measuring 5 acres and Sy.No.218/AA measuring 6 acres 6 guntas, both situated at village Dhannura in Bhalki Taluk at Bidar District and further for a declaration that the sale deed dated 29.10.1988 executed by defendant No.2 in favour of defendant No.4 in respect of Sy.No.218/AA, measuring to an extent of southern 3 acres situated at the village Dhannura in Bhalki Taluk is null, void, ineffective and inoperative as against the rights and interest of the plaintiffs and for perpetual injunction restraining defendant Nos.4 to 6 from interfering and obstructing the peaceful possession and enjoyment of the suit properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is stated in the plaint that the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 are brothers and defendant No.2 is their mother. Defendant No.3 is the son of defendant No.1, whereas defendant Nos.4 to 6 are strangers to the family of plaintiffs and defendant Nos.1 to 3. It is stated that the suit schedule properties were previously inam lands, the occupancy rights of both the suit lands was granted by the Special Deputy Commissioner under the Hyderabad Certain Abolition of Inams Act, 1955 and the plaintiffs&rsquo; father Gundappa son of Thukkappa Harijan was registered as an occupant protected tenant. That Gundappa became the absolute owner and exclusive possessor of both the suit lands with other non-suit lands. It is stated that during the lifetime of Gundappa, out of love and affection gifted the lands in Sy.No.215 measuring 25 acres 1 gunta, 217 measuring 19 acres 5 guntas and the suit properties which was originally measuring 35 acres 16 guntas in favour of the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 vide registered gift deed dated 25.01.1971 and delivered the actual physical possession of the suit lands jointly in favour of plaintiffs and defendant No.1. It is stated that by virtue of the registered gift deed the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 have become the absolute joint owners and possessors of the suit lands. Accordingly, the name of the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 remained and continued to be in joint possession and enjoyment of the suit lands.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. This Court, while admitting the appeal has framed the following substantial questions of law on 04.03.2021:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;1. Whether, under the facts and circumstances involved into in the case, that the gift deed dated 25.01.1971 becomes null and void as it is executed within the prohibitory period of 15 years from the date of occupancy in absence of any specific provision under the Hyderabad Certain Inams Abolition Act, 1955 ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether, under the facts and circumstances involved into the case by virtue of grant certificate Ex.P.27 issued in favour of plaintiffs, whether it amounts to proof of the title of the plaintiffs either under the gift deed or by way of succession ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether, under the facts and circumstances involved into the case where the title documentary evidences are produced in not considering the same amounts to perversity?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Whether, under the facts and circumstances involved into the case, whether title can be declared only on the basis of revenue entries and panchanama ?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. The perusal of the said document would evidence that the grant in favour of the father of the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 namely, Gundappa was under Section 10 of the Act, 1955 on an application filed by Gundappa under Section 6 and the occupancy rights were granted by the Special Deputy Commissioner Inams Abolition, Gulbarga Division, Gulbarga. Section 10 of the Act, 1955 which is beneficial to the plaintiffs reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;10. The Collector shall examine the nature and history of all lands. Enquiry by in respect of which an Inamdar, Kabiz-Kadim, permanent tenant, procollector on intected tenant or non-protected tenant claims to be registered as an occupant under sections 4,5,6,7 and 8 as the case may be and decide-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) In whose favour, and in respect, of which inam lands, the claims should be allowed;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) the land revenue and the premium payable in respect of such lands.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The Act, 1955 does not provide for a nonalienation period nor the grant mentions any conditions.. The approach of the trial Court in considering Section 61 of the KLR Act, 1961 is totally misconceived, more particularly when the plaintiffs were governed by the Act, 1955. It is also relevant to note that the Abolition Act, 1961 under Section 2 provides as under exempting of the Act, 1955:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;2. (1) In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) &#039;Collector&#039; means the Collector of a district and includes any other officer, not below the rank of a Deputy Collector, who may be author.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Words and expressions used in this Act but not defined therein shall have the meaning assigned to them in the Land Revenue Act, 1317 Fasli, the Hyderabad Tenacy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 and the Hyderabad Atiyat Enquiries Act, 1952 and the rules there under.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. A careful reading of the said written statement, would emphasise that the grant in favour of the father of the plaintiffs under the Inams Abolition Act is not in dispute and defendant No.5 claims right by way of an alleged agreement of sale by the father of the plaintiffs. The latter by way of additional written statement, the plaintiffs tried to contend that the father of the plaintiffs was not the owner of the suit schedule properties and tries to set up a claim of adverse possession stating that he is in possession of the suit schedule properties for the past twenty years and the suit of the plaintiffs is barred by limitation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The trial Court again on a wrong assumption and against the proposition of law holds that the defendant No.5 has proved that he has become the absolute owner of 8 acres out of suit land Sy.No.218 by way of an adverse possession which he claims to be, by way of an alleged agreement of sale which admittedly does not create any right in favour of defendant No.5. The rial Court also holds that the mutation entries in favour of defendant No.5 confers right in his favour. The appellate Court is not an exception and being the last fact finding Court without proper application of mind goes to the extent of confirming the judgment and decree of the trial Court. Both the Courts have lost sight of the governed proposition of law that is applicable to the parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The approach of both the Courts is unsustainable for the following reasons:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. That the occupancy rights granted to Gundappa was under the Abolition Act, 1955 and considered Act by the Courts below is under Section 61 of the KLR Act, 1961.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii. The alleged gift deed by Gundappa on 25.01.1971 in favour of the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 is not disputed by the executant nor defendant No.1, defendant No.5 is a stranger and no way concerned with the suit properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iii. Ex.P-27 is the certificate of occupancy stood confirmed without any challenge before any appropriate forum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iv. The gift deed in favour of the plaintiffs and defendant No.1 is valid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;v. Defendant No.5 cannot claim title or possession merely on agreement of sale which has not even been produced before the Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;vi. Entry in the name of defendant No.5 in revenue records without evidencing any registered document would not create any right in favour of defendant No.5.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;vii. Ex.P.27 conferred title of Gundappa, based on which gift deed is executed, conferring right in favour of plaintiffs and defendant No.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The regular second appeal filed by the plaintiffs is hereby allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8c800853d316a533932a54415a371d66.JPG', '00a47e9c9302dd88613150bb8956d12b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 17:24:08', '2024-08-08 08:19:00');
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(279, 'hr2MDgJ5vRsKKRvvNeIpwr0kR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Once the forest, always forest”. Karnataka High Court orders preservation and protection of Chamundibetta State Reserve Forest. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Karnataka State Road Corporation and others Vs Mallaiah and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R.F.A. 1653 of 2011 decided on 30 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S Dixit and Justice Ramachandra D Huddar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. FACTS IN BRIEF:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The private respondents herein had filed the subject suit for declaration of title, for possession and for injunction in respect of suit lands fully described in the schedule thereto. The appellant-KSRTC and State &amp; its officials happened to be the defendants. Suit is founded principally on the ground that the subject lands are the ancestral properties; originally they belonged to one Sri.Mayaga S/o Kurubara Malla. 1st plaintiff Sri.Mallaiah claimed to be his son; plaintiff Nos.2, 3 &amp; 4 are the sons of 1 st plaintiff. Other plaintiffs also claim under Sri.Mayaga only.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) Plaintiffs averred that the cause of action for filing of the suit arose in a set of circumstances: all through, revenue records reflected the name of Sri.Mayaga as the owner/kabjedaar of lands in question; the jurisdictional revenue authorities unlawfully changed these entries in favour of the State Forest Department; plaintiffs&rsquo; pursuit of remedies under the provisions of section 136 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 ultimately having proved futile, they had filed W.P.No.29959/2009 and a learned Single Judge of this court vide order dated 9.6.2010 disposed off the petition relegating the plaintiffs to Civil Court inter alia on the ground that disputed facts were involved. Therefore, said suit was filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) The State &amp; its officials filed their Written Statement resisting the suit; so did the Appellant-KSRTC as well. The gist of their case was that: way back in 1929, the then Mysore Government had issued the Notification for the formation of State Reserve Forest and the suit lands are comprised therein; the finality of this Notification has not been disturbed, no proceedings having been taken up for setting the same at naught; even otherwise, the said lands along with other have vested in the State by virtue of acquisition process that commenced with the Notifications of 1935/1940 issued under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894; the change of entries in favour of the State Forest Department was rightly effected by the jurisdictional Revenue Officials; the plaintiffs are not related to the said Mr.Mayaga in any way and that they had fabricated records to vouch their title.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the Appeal Papers along with the original Trial Court Records as also additional evidentiary material placed on record with leave, we are inclined to grant indulgence in the matter for the following reasons:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) Rivers and forests have defined civilizations throughout the history of mankind. They were revered and worshiped in ancient India as organic entities. Kautilya&rsquo;s Arthashaastra mentions about the importance of forest and forest departments. A lot of forest jurisprudence has developed by the Apex Court through a series of directions issued from time to time vide T.N. Godavarman Thirumulkpad Vs. Union of India. Judicial Institution is a stake holder along with other. The Apex Court in Common Cause vs. Union of India1 has observed that natural recourses such as air, water, forest, lakes, rivers &amp; wildlife are public properties; they are entrusted to the Government for safe &amp; proper use. The doctrine of public trust enjoins upon the Government to protect these resources. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) centuries ago declared &ldquo;That belongs to all belongs to none and that belongs to none belongs to all&rdquo;. India is a signatory to several International Conventions concerning Forests, Ecology and Environment. These covenants/conventions which have been ratified by India are binding to the extent that they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the domestic law2 . In cases relating to rivers and forests, the constitutional courts are not mere arbiters but the stake holders too. Cases of that nature cannot be treated as a lis inter parte. All this should prelude our discussion in the matter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) A Coordinate Bench of this Court had an occasion to consider how State Reserve Forest were formed under the provisions of the very same statute namely 1900 Act in W.P.No.23928/2018 (GM-FOR) between B.R.GANAPATHI SINGH vs. STATE AND OTHERS4 . What is observed in paragraphs 25 &amp; 26 would fully support the case of appellants and therefore, the said paragraphs are reproduced:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;In the instant case, by virtue of Notification dated 04.08.1994 and as per the boundaries indicated therein, certain lands were declared to be constituted as reserved forest i.e., by specifying the constitution and limits of such land, by intelligible boundaries&hellip; A reading of the provisions from Sections 4 to 17 of the Act would indicate that when once it has been decided to constitute land within certain boundaries as reserved forest and a declaration is made to that effect then, a proclamation has to be made by the Forest Settlement Officer. There is a bar to accrual of forest rights over the land comprised in the Notification, except by succession or under a grant of contract in writing made or entered into by or on behalf of the Government or some person in whom such right, or power to create such right was vested when the Notification was issued. Thereafter, the Forest Settlement Officer shall have to make an inquiry into all claims duly preferred. Where no claim is preferred under Section 5 of the Act and of the existence of which no knowledge has been acquired by inquiry under Section 7 of the Act, all claims shall be extinguished unless, before the final notification under Section 17 of the Act is published, the Forest Settlement Officer is satisfied that a person had sufficient cause for not preferring such a claim within the period fixed under Section 5 of the Act. In such case, the Forest Settlement Officer shall proceed to dispose of the claim as per law. Where a claim is admitted, the Forest Settlement Officer has to specify certain details and record the same in the final record. Subsequent to following of the procedure contemplated under Sections 5, 6, 11 to 14 of the Act, the State Government has to publish a Notification, specifying clearly and according to the boundary marks erected or otherwise, the limits of the forest which it intended to constitute as reserved forest and declaring the same to be reserved forest from the date fixed by such notification, subject to the exercise of rights (if any) specified in such notification. From the date so fixed, such forest shall be deemed to be a reserved forest. A Notification issued under Section 17 of the Act shall be published in accordance with Section 18 of the Act.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(e) There is force in the submission of learned counsel appearing for the appellants that in the absence of any challenge to the 1929 Notification, the constitution of Chamundibetta State Reserved Forest would remain intact by operation of law. &lsquo;Once a forest, always a forest&rsquo; should operate as a Thumb Rule vide NARINDER SINGH vs. DIVESH BHUTANI5 , in these days when forests are fast depleting with unprecedented acceleration because of dreadful population growth and allied factors. The Apex Court has specifically observed that unless the forest is denotified, the same would continue as forest ever. There is absolutely no material on record to indicate that any subsequent Notification was issued by the State Government denotifying the suit lands from being State Reserve Forest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(h) The long standing entries in favour of the Forest Department would also lend credence to the contention of Sri.P.D.Surana, learned Panel Counsel appearing for the KSRTC that acquisition having been duly accomplished, the said entries having been made continued unopposed and therefore, even if 1929 Forest Notification is held to have not comprised the suit lands, there is absolutely no case for the plaintiffs&rsquo; side. The Apex Court in STATE OF KARNATAKA VS. I.S. NIRAVANE GOWDA6 at paragraphs 3 &amp; 4 has observed as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; &hellip; The learned counsel contended that Ext.D-1, being the true copy of the Gazette Notification dated 26.6.1937, was rightly accepted by the trial Court as well as the first appellate Court and the High Court was not justified in not accepting the same particularly when it had become a part of the record and no objection had been taken by the respondents at the time of recoding the evidence. He also submitted that Ext. D-2, being the statement of lands taken for Indavara State Forest in Hukkund Village, should have been accepted. &hellip; The trial Court as well as the first appellate Court, based on the evidence, recorded findings that the lands in question were the part of reserved forest. We do not find any good ground or a valid reason for rejection of Ext. D-1 by the High Court. When the lands were included in reserve forest, the entries in the revenue records were of non consequence and further, mere saguvali chits did not confer any title on the suit lands. This apart, the Revenue Authorities were not competent to deal with the property which was the part of the reserved forest. &hellip;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Learned counsel appearing for the State &amp; its officials is right in telling us that in view of the statutory scheme enacted in 1900 Act as interpreted by the Coordinate Bench in B.R.GANAPATHI SINGH supra, the suit itself was not maintainable. The grievance of private citizens in respect of land comprised in section 17 Notification has to be worked out as provided under the very same statute. In fact, at para 36, what has been observed being supportive of this view, is reproduced:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Further, in the aforesaid context, we do not think that there can be any distinction with regard to a piece of land which has been decided to be constituted as reserved forest under Section 4(1) of the Act and land being deemed to be reserved forest under Section 17 of the Act which is like a final notification. The reason being, once the land is constituted as reserved forest under Section 4(1) of the Act, it is by issuance of a Notification then the claims would have to be made and it is only on the consideration of the claims that an application for exclusion of the land constituted as reserved forest under Section 4(1) of the Act could be ordered. Merely because the procedure contemplated under the Act subsequent to the issuance of a Notification under Section 4 of the Act is not yet completed or no Notification has been issued under Section 17(1) of the Act, in our view, would not make any difference, as the object and purpose of reserving any land is to treat the said land as being constituted a reserved forest. If such a land or any portion thereof is excluded on adjudication of claims, it would not find a place in Notification issued under Section 17 of the Act. In such a case, it would no longer be constituted as reserved forest. But, till that procedure is not completed by the Forest Settlement Officer, it remains to be constituted as reserved forest.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(j) Had land owner Mayaga any grievance against the formation of Reserve Forest inter alia because of inclusion of the subject lands, he could have had recourse for redressal as provided under the provisions of 1900 Act itself. It is difficult to assume that Sri.Mayaga had any such grievance inasmuch as he had not instituted any proceedings either after the formation of State Reserve Forest or after the issuance of 1935/1940 acquisition Notification. It has been a settled position of law that once a special statute establishes separate machinery for working out the grievance, ordinarily, the jurisdiction of civil courts stands excluded vide a Five Bench decision in DHULABAI vs. STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH7 . The following observations therein are worth advertence:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;1) Where the statute gives a finality to the orders of the special tribunals the Civil Courts&#039; jurisdiction must be held to be excluded if there is adequate remedy to do what the Civil Courts would normally do in a suit&hellip; Where there is no express exclusion the examination of the remedies and the scheme of the particular Act to find out the intendment becomes necessary and the result of the inquiry may be decisive. In the latter case it is necessary to see if the statute creates a special right or a liability and provides for the determination of the right or liability and further lays down that all questions about the said right and liability shall be determined by the tribunals so constituted, and whether remedies normally associated with actions in Civil Courts are prescribed by the said statute or not.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the contention as to maintainability of a suit was specifically taken in the pleadings or not, the same can be raised even in appeal, needs no mentioning. However, such a contention is loosely taken in the Written Statements.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(k) The vehement contention of learned counsel appearing for the respondent-plaintiffs that if the 1929 Notification had comprised the suit lands for the formation of State Reserve Forest, the 1935/1940 Notification would not have been issued under the 1894 Act, appears attractive at the first blush. However, a deeper examination thereof shows its untenability: firstly, it is crystal clear that the 1929 Notification has formed the State Reserve Forest and the Forest Map appended to the same also shows demarcation of boundaries within which such a forest is declared. Therefore, non-mentioning of the survey numbers of suit lands would not advance the case of plaintiffs. Whether 1935/1940 acquisition Notification culminated into acquisition is also not forthcoming. It is possible to assume that this acquisition Notification resulted into such a culmination would not come to the rescue of respondents in view of the 1929 Forest Notification, more particularly because of the observations made in GANAPATHI SINGH supra and in NARINDER SINGH too i.e., &lsquo;once the forest, always forest&rsquo;. Much deliberation beyond this in this regard is not required.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the above circumstances, this appeal succeeds;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c7712e0f4f443d38b59c0fa37b8b6e46.jpeg', '6e0b25d8219c1f0f78f6d39490d65f03.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 17:25:39', '2024-08-08 10:33:43'),
(280, 'IYPJI1JDgXcerUwb2u43qTDkw', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Arbitration and Conciliation Act. Arbitrator or the Court has no power to grant compound interest or interest upon interest. Supreme Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;M/S D. Khosla and Company Vs The Union of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Special Leave Petition (Civil) 812 of 2014 decided on 7 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha and Justice Pankaj Mithal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In connection with a contract of 1984-85 between the petitioner and the respondent, an award came to be passed by the Arbitrator on 17.09.1997 under the Indian Arbitration Act, 19401. It was made the rule of the court under Section 14 read with Section 17 of the Act and a decree was accordingly drawn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The award vide its paragraph 12 provided for the interest on the amount awarded. The interest was awarded for two periods viz. (i) from the date of completion of the work up to the date of the award @ 12% per annum (simple interest); and (ii) @ 15% per annum from the date of the award till the date of its payment or the date of the court decree, whichever is earlier.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. A simple reading of the aforesaid decree reveals that interest has been awarded in two parts on the amount of Rs.21,56,745/- i.e. (i) 12% per annum on the awarded amount up to the date of award; and (ii) 15% per annum from the date of award till the realization of the decretal amount.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It appears that the petitioner was paid the principal amount of compensation awarded and interest of 12% and 15% for the two periods i.e. pre-award and postaward on the principal amount awarded. However, petitioner was not satisfied and he moved execution for the realization of certain amount as shortfall of the interest. The petitioner contended that insofar as 15% interest is concerned, it is payable on the principal amount of compensation awarded plus 12% simple interest on the said amount. In other words, petitioner sought to include 12% interest in the principal amount of compensation awarded for the purposes of claiming 15% simple interest for the post-award period.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. In the instant case, the arbitrator had granted interest for two separate periods on the principal sum adjudged only and there is no direction that the interest for the subsequent period would be payable on the principal sum adjudged including interest for the first period.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The sole simple issue herein for our opinion is whether interest is payable on interest or whether 15% interest per annum awarded would be on the principal sum award plus 12% per annum interest on it for the preaward period.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Section 29 of the Act provides that the court may in the decree order interest at the rate deemed reasonable to be paid on the principal sum as adjudged by the award meaning thereby in drawing the decree, the court may order for payment of interest on the principal sum as adjudged by the award. In other words, the court cannot order for payment of interest on interest but only on the principal sum adjudged.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Since the award under the Act is in the nature of a decree in terms of Section 17 of the aforesaid Act, it attracts the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure2 also to a limited extent namely insofar as award of interest is concerned and for the execution of the decree drawn pursuant to the award.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;17. Section 34 of the CPC provides that where the decree is for payment of money, the court may order interest at such rate as the court deems reasonable to be paid on the principal sum adjudged. Again, the reading of the aforesaid Sub-Section (1) of Section 34 CPC would reveal that the interest is payable on the principal sum adjudged and not on interest part of the award.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The Interest Act, 1978 vide Sub-Section (3) of Section 3 specifically lays down that nothing in Section 3 which permits the court to award interest shall empower the court to award interest upon interest. It means that ordinarily the courts are not entitled to award interest upon interest unless specifically provided either under any statute or under the terms and conditions of the contract.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In Oil and Natural Gas Commission vs. M.C. Clelland Engineers S.A.3 which was also a case under the Act, this Court observed that there cannot be any doubt that the Arbitrators have power to grant interest akin to Section 34 CPC and it is clear that interest is not permissible upon interest awarded but only upon the claim made. In the aforesaid case, the claim made was in two parts, and in the second part, interest on delayed payment was also claimed. In that situation, the court held that the interest awarded would form part of the damages or compensation for delayed payment and would become part of the principal amount and thus, in that circumstances, Arbitrator has the power to grant interest on interest which partakes the compensation awarded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In State of Haryana and Others vs. S.L. Arora and Company4 , it was observed that interest, unless otherwise specified, refers to simple interest and that interest is payable only on principal amount and not on any accrued interest. It was further held that the compound interest can be awarded if there is a specific provision under the statute or in the contract for compounding of interest but no general discretion lies with the courts or tribunals to award compound interest or interest upon interest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. In Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited vs. Governor, State of Orissa5, this Court was dealing with Section 31(7) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, wherein for the purposes of payment of post-award interest, the phrase &lsquo;sum directed to be paid by award&rsquo; was used and it was held that it includes the pre-award interest and, therefore, post-award interest is payable on the sum awarded which includes pre-award interest. However, a distinction was made between Section 31(7) which simply uses the word &lsquo;sum&rsquo; and Section 34 CPC wherein the phrase &lsquo;on principal sum adjudged&rsquo; has been used. The departure in the use of the language in the two provisions was held to be of great significance which clearly showed that the term &lsquo;sum&rsquo; under Section 31(7) refers to aggregate amount of the award and the pre-award interest whereas &lsquo;principal sum adjudged&rsquo; under Section 34 CPC refers only to the amount awarded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The case of UHL Power Company Limited vs. State of Himachal Pradesh6, is again in relation to interpretation of Section 31(7) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, wherein the principal laid down in Hyder Consulting (UK) Limited (supra) has been accepted. 23. In the light of the above legal provisions and the case law on the subject, it is evident that ordinarily courts are not supposed to grant interest on interest except where it has been specifically provided under the statute or where there is specific stipulation to that effect under the terms and conditions of the contract. There is no dispute as to the power of the courts to award interest on interest or compound interest in a given case subject to the power conferred under the statutes or under the terms and conditions of the contract but where no such power is conferred ordinarily, the courts do not award interest on interest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Neither the Act specifically empowers the Arbitrator or the court to award interest upon interest or compound interest nor there is any other provision which provides for grant of compound interest or interest upon interest. Even Section 34 CPC is silent in this regard whereas Sub-Section (3) of Section 3 of the Interest Act specifically prohibits the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. In view of the above legal position, we have to examine the award in question and the decree drawn in pursuance thereof to find out if compound interest or interest upon interest has been awarded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. A plain reading of the aforesaid award and decree reveals that interest awarded under the award has been dissected into two parts. The first part relates to the pre-award period from the date of the completion of the work till the passing of the award whereas the second part is the post-award period commencing from the date of the award till the satisfaction of the award. In the first part, simple interest @ 12% per annum has been awarded on the &lsquo;amount awarded&rsquo; whereas in the second part, interest @ 15% per annum has been awarded referring to the &lsquo;amount awarded&rsquo;. The amount awarded in both the situations have to be the same and cannot be two distinct amounts. The &lsquo;amount awarded&rsquo; refers to the principal amount of compensation awarded that is Rs.21,56,745/-. The award and the decree nowhere specifically contemplate for awarding 15% interest per annum on the amount awarded including the interest component i.e. the pre-award interest. This could not have been done even otherwise as there is no provision to that effect under the relevant statutes or the contract. No material has been placed before us or as a matter of fact before any court below to show that the terms and conditions of the contract contained any such provision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. In the light of the above discussion, we do not deem it appropriate under the facts and circumstances of the case to exercise our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India so as to interfere with the opinion expressed concurrently by the two courts below. Therefore, the Special Leave Petition is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c404a36218c5623a3bc7271e82074b84.jpg', '7fe543aa5fe3aa2de88bfb755750cfe4.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 17:44:37', '2024-08-08 06:30:08'),
(275, '1JvyLORVWUegaHJEgSnB9vF4z', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Defective enquiry is no enquiry in the eyes of law.” Service of enquiry notice on brother of the employee is fatal to the enquiry. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Anwarbhashasab Vs The Divisional Controller, NEKRTC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 104702 of 2023 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.G.S. Kamal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The case of the petitioner is that, he was appointed as a Driver in the respondent &ndash; Corporation. That, a charge memo was issued to him alleging that, he was absent for a period of 44 days without sanction of leave between 13.07.2012 to 09.08.2012. An enquiry was conducted by the respondent &ndash; Corporation, wherein the petitioner was held to be on unauthorised absence. Consequently, he was dismissed from service, vide order dated 22.02.2013, as per Annexure-A. Aggrieved by the same, the petitioner filed a claim petition before the Labour Court, Hubballi in KID No.78/2013 contending that, the order of dismissal was illegal and the enquiry that was held by the respondent &ndash; Corporation was not fair and proper. He also contended that, he was not gainfully employed anywhere and he had no source of income, for his livelihood. Accordingly, sought for setting aside of the order of dismissal, dated 22.02.2013 and prayed for his reinstatement into service with full back wages and continuity of service along with consequential benefits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. It is settled law that, the defective enquiry is no enquiry in the eyes of law. When the very enquiry report itself states that it was prepared in the absence of the petitioners, the Labour Court could not have held that petitioners had sufficient opportunity to participate, as the same is contrary to the material referred to above. Admittedly even the charge memo was not served on the petitioner. The Labour Court without adverting to these aspects of the matter has however, answered issue No.1 in the affirmative by holding that, the enquiry held was fair and proper and has thereby proceeded to permit the parties to lead additional evidence. The Labour Court has further opined that, since the petitioner was a permanent employee, he was required to apply for leave and that, he has not produced any document regarding he having applied for any leave and as such has concurred that the respondent &ndash; Management had proved the misconduct committed by the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Necessary to note that the petitioner has specifically contended that, there was sufficient number of leaves available to his credit and that his request for grant of leave had not been considered by the respondent - Management. The Labour Court has not adverted this aspect of the matter either.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Yet another aspect, which requires to be looked into is that, the respondent &ndash; Management has relied upon the purported five previous cases of absenteeism while passing the order of dismissal and there is nothing on record to show that, the petitioner &ndash; workman was made known of the said five cases of absenteeism would be used against the petitioner in the enquiry. It is relevant in this regard to refer to paragraph 30 of the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Nicholas Piramal India Limited Vs.Harisingh1 , which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;30. Further, in State of Mysore v. K. Manche Gowda, this Court has held thus: (AIR p. 510, para 8)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8. It is suggested that the past record of a government servant, if it is intended to be relied upon for imposing a punishment, should be made specific charge in the first stage of the enquiry itself and if it is not so done, it cannot be relied upon after the enquiry is closed and the report is submitted to the authority entitled to impose the punishment. An enquiry against a government servant is one continuous process, though for convenience it is done in two stages. The report submitted by the enquiry officer is only recommendatory in nature and the final authority which scrutinises it and imposes punishment is the authority empowered to impose the same. Whether a particular person has a reasonable opportunity or not depends, to some extent, upon the nature of the subject-matter of the enquiry. But it is not necessary in this case to decide whether such previous record can be made the subject-matter of charge at the first stage of the enquiry. But, nothing in law prevents the punishing authority from taking that fact into consideration during the second stage of the enquiry, for essentially it relates more to the domain of punishment rather than to that of guilt. But what is essential is that the government servant shall be given a reasonable opportunity to know that fact and meet the same.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The Labour Court, though has taken note of the fact that, the respondent &ndash; Management, while imposing the punishment could not have relied upon the five previous cases of absenteeism without providing an opportunity to the petitioner &ndash; workman and has even held the same to be illegal and improper, has however upheld the enquiry to be fair and proper. This, in the considered view of this Court is unsustainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In the over all, fact situation of the matter, this Court is of the considered view that, the Labour Court by not adverting to the aforesaid material aspects of the matter has committed error in holding that, the enquiry conducted by the respondent &ndash; Management was fair and proper. The said finding and the conclusion arrived at by the Labour Court is without appreciation of the materials evidence available on record and without appreciation of the contentions raised by the petitioner &ndash; workman and the same is thus suffers from perversity and patent error on the face of the record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. As regards the issue of petitioner being gainfully employed during the period, when he was not in the job, even the Labour Court has taken note of the fact that the respondent &ndash; Management has failed to prove that, the claimant being gainfully employed. The petitioner in his claim statement has specifically contended that, he was not gainfully employed and no rebuttal evidence has been produced by the respondent &ndash; Management.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The Apex Court in the case of Deepali Gundu Surwase (supra) at paragraph nos.22 &amp; 23 held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Para No.22: When the termination is held to be bad in law, if the employer wants to deny the back wages and entitlement of employee to get consequential benefits then it is for employer to plead and prove that the employee was gainfully employed. In the absence of the same denial of back wages and consequential benefits would be rewarding the employer for the illegal act done by him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para No.23: when the termination is held to be illegal, the employee would be entitle to full back wages except to the extent that he was gainfully employed during the enforced idleness. That is the normal rule.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. Though, the Labour Court has passed the order setting aside the order of dismissal and directing reinstatement of the claimant with continuity of service, has in the considered view of this Court erred in not providing consequential benefits. Further, withholding of two increments with cumulative effect is also inappropriate, as the same has adverse effect on the carrier progression of the petitioner &ndash; workman.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The petition is partly allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'ef6f5940da2b741462a4d341f0734d0a.JPG', '294f2958ab0431ce303981fccac7b898.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-06 15:16:42', '2024-08-08 13:03:05');
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(276, 'qeYmd5nSa8N3bg01vGPFjlrEz', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Commercial Courts Act. Non-filing of statement of truth under Order VI Rule 15A, CPC with written statement is a curable defect. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;N. Babu Reddy Vs M/S. EIT Services India Private Limited.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 18331 of 2024 decided on 22 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.I. Arun.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The defendant has filed his written statement within the time stipulated, but it does not comply with the provisions of Order VI Rule 15-A of CPC as amended by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. The written statement was not verified in the manner provided and as per Order VI Rule 15A(4) of CPC, the defendant cannot rely upon such pleadings for leading evidence. It is submitted that the petitioner realized the mistake after the evidence of the plaintiff was closed and the trial court ordered that the petitioner/defendant cannot lead his evidence. Immediately, he filed I.A.No.10 under Section 151 of CPC to recall the said order of the trial court, I.A.No.11 under Section 151 of CPC with a prayer to permit the defendant to file the statement of truth in support of his written statement and I.A.No.12 under Section 5 of the Limitation Act read with Section 151 of CPC praying to condone the delay in filing I.A.No.11. The trial court has dismissed the said applications. Aggrieved by the same, the present writ petition is filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The question that arises for consideration in the instant writ petition is whether non filing of statement of truth or not complying with the mandatory provisions of Order VI Rule 15A of CPC as amended by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, at the time of filing the written statement is a curable defect or not?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Order VI Rule 15A of CPC as amended by the Commercial Courts Act, 2015 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;15A. Verification of pleadings in a Commercial Dispute.- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Rule 15, every pleading in a Commercial Dispute shall be verified by an affidavit in the manner and form prescribed in the Appendix to this Schedule.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) An affidavit under sub-rule (1) above shall be signed by the party or by one of the parties to the proceedings, or by any other person on behalf of such party or parties who is proved to the satisfaction of the Court to be acquainted with the facts of the case and who is duly authorised by such party or parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) Where a pleading is amended, the amendments must be verified in the form and manner referred to in sub-rule (1) unless the Court orders otherwise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) Where a pleading is not verified in the manner provided under sub-rule (1), the party shall not be permitted to rely on such pleading as evidence or any of the matters set out therein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) The Court may strike out a pleading which is not verified by a Statement of Truth, namely, the affidavit set out in the Appendix to this Schedule.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. A reading of the said provision makes it clear that the intention of the legislature is that when a pleading is not verified by a statement of truth as specified, the party cannot be permitted to rely on such pleading. Hence, filing of statement of truth along with the pleadings is mandatory. However, the aspect that requires to be considered is, if the same is inadvertently left out, then in that event, can a party be permitted to file the same subsequently by taking the permission of the Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The Commercial Courts Act, 2015 is enacted for providing speedy disposal of high value commercial disputes. Early resolution of commercial disputes will create a positive image about India to the Investor abroad. Thus, while interpreting the provisions of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015, the Courts have to keep in mind, as to whether the decision is likely to prolong the litigation and does it have the effect of causing injustice to either of the parties. The prayer of the petitioner has to be tested in the light of the said observations.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. In the instant case, the petitioner has filed his written statement before the Commercial Court within the time stipulated. After the closure of the evidence of the plaintiff/respondent herein, he realized that he has not filed the statement of truth duly verified as mandated in Order VI Rule 15A of CPC. Immediately, he has made the necessary application to the trial court. Allowing the same would not have the effect of delaying the proceedings before the Commercial Court. However, not allowing the same, has the effect of striking off the pleadings of the defendant, meaning he is unable to defend his case, which in my opinion, under the given facts and circumstances of the case, would cause injustice to the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Under the given facts and circumstances of the case, I am of the opinion that the trial court (Commercial Court) should have considered non filing of statement of truth as a curable defect and should have allowed the same in the interest of justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petition is allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7f00f50349376bd8f3186b164bc2ee8a.JPG', '8336cd47e89f25005f3d057f04a6499e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-08', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 17:22:10', '2024-08-08 03:25:38'),
(282, 'w1LcowUCrzrbZeIgYlobADEDL', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Guard swimming pools in apartment complexes to save children”. Karnataka High Court orders prosecution against apartment office bearers u/s 304A IPC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Debashish Sinha and others Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 15958 of 2024 decided on 6 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Facts, in brief, germane are as follows:-&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The 2nd respondent is the complainant. The petitioners are the Members of Prestige Lake Side Habitat Home Owners Association (&lsquo;the Association&rsquo; for short), who are voted by the owners of the apartment complex, which manages an apartment complex at Gunjur, Varthur, Bengaluru. It is the case of the prosecution that on 28-12-2023 the daughter of the 2nd respondent slips into the swimming pool in the apartment complex and dies by drowning. On 8-02-2024, a complaint comes to be registered against the President and office bearers of the Association. The police conduct investigation and file a charge sheet against these petitioners and the builder of the apartment complex in C.C.No.3071 of 2024. The concerned Court takes cognizance of the offence and issues summons. It is then the petitioners are before this Court calling in question the entire proceedings in the criminal case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The issue now would be whether Sections 304 and 149 of the IPC would get attracted in the case at hand. Section 304 reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.- Whoever commits culpable homicide not amounting to murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or of causing such bodily injury as is likely to cause death;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, or with fine, or with both, if the act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death, but without any intention to cause death, or to cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause death.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 304 of the IPC punishes for culpable homicide which does not amount to murder. For an offence to become punishable under Section 304 of the IPC, it is necessary that it has ingredients of Section 299 of the IPC. Section 299 of the IPC directs whoever causes death by an act with the intention of causing death would commit an offence of culpable homicide. The officer-in-charge of the police station appears to have blissfully ignored looking into Section 299 of the IPC. There can be no intention to kill, attached to these petitioners, in the case at hand. Therefore, Section 304 of the IPC is loosely or erroneously laid against the petitioners. Though culpability, in the case at hand, is on the face of it existing, mens rea is absent, as there is no intention to murder. Such blameability would only hinge upon negligence. Therefore, it ought to have been a case of Section 304A of the IPC and not Section 304 of the IPC, as is laid against the petitioners. Section 304A reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;304A. Causing death by negligence.&mdash;Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 299 supra takes within its sweep culpability of mind as the soul of it is intention, whereas, Section 304A of the IPC omits within its sweep the culpability, as there need not be an intention to kill or murder. Knowledge of the consequences of committing an act which would directly result in death would become intention and lead to culpability. If the person does not even intend to cause harm, but an act has resulted in causing death, culpability is absent. Therefore, the section which deals with causing death by negligence ought to have been invoked and not section 304 of the IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The petitioners are all members of the Association. Not for nothing they are elected; they are elected on what they profess. They profess to take care of every grievance of the residents in the apartment complex and also for the purpose of its upkeep. Therefore, in exercise of my jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C., I deem it appropriate to obliterate the offence laid against these petitioners for offence under Section 304 of the IPC and charge them with Section 304A of the IPC, as admittedly, these petitioners were in-charge of the affairs of the apartment complex and are prima facie negligent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The submission of the learned senior counsel that, in no apartment complex guards are kept at the swimming pools if accepted, will have a disastrous effect on the safety of the residents particularly, the children of infant age. Therefore, the office bearers of the Association should bring in safety measures, subject to just exceptions of privacy of the residents. If any apartment complex has a swimming pool and the said swimming pool is left unguarded without any life guard or without any safety measures taken as the case would be, those apartment complexes would be doing so at their own peril. Therefore, it is for the members of every apartment Association to protect the lives of infants, in the apartment complex, by bringing in such measures that would avoid any such mishap, so that innocent lives are not casually lost in the manner that has happened in the case at hand. Since it is an admitted that no life guard is even appointed, to guard the pool at appropriate hours, nor the pool itself is guarded by placing safety measures around the pool, which the petitioners were obliged to provide and take care of, they will have to come out clean in a full blown trial, not for the offence under Section 304 of the IPC, but for offence punishable under Section 304A of the IPC, as prima facie, I find negligence on the part of the petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Writ Petition is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b8faf388cc88bc12c245bc0dbdabcfb8.jpeg', '621423591a0b86b252e333a474b5b9ef.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-07 18:48:54', '2024-08-09 06:34:27'),
(284, 'xKlQEijRF9sX61XnKCcJUXEBx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Corporation cannot insist on probate of Hindu Will to change khata when the Will is executed in places other than Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Rupa B.P. Vs Assistant Revenue Officer and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 34671 of 2018 decided on 2 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice H.T. Narendra Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The case of the petitioner is that the petition schedule property belongs to Late Smt.A.Rajamma, who is the mother-in-law of the petitioner. The said Smt.A.Rajamma had executed a Will dated 21.01.2004 in favour of the petitioner. Smt.A.Rajamma died on 23.03.2016. After the death of the testator, Smt.A.Rajamma, the petitioner got the Will registered on 14.03.2018. Thereafter, the petitioner filed an application on 03.04.2018 before respondent No.1 for a change of Katha on the basis of the Will dated 21.01.2004. Pursuant to the application filed by the petitioner, respondent No.1 has issued the impugned endorsement dated 26.05.2018 vide Annexure-A directing the petitioner to get a declaration of ownership from the civil court. Being aggrieved by the impugned endorsement issued by respondent No.1, the petitioner is before this court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. As per the provisions of Section 57 of the Indian Succession Act, the provisions of testamentary succession are applicable to the Will made by Hindu, subject to restriction and the modifications specified therein. The Will made by Hindu are differently classified qua the property situated within the territories, which were subject to the control of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal or within the local limits of the ordinary civil jurisdiction of the High Courts of Judicature at Madras and Bombay. Whereas, qua all other Wills made by Hindus, a separate clause is provided under Clause (c) of the Section 57 of the Indian Succession Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. As per Section 213 of the Indian Succession Act, the right as executor or legatee pursuant to the Will can be established in any Court of justice unless a Court or competent jurisdiction has granted probate of the said Will. However, subsection 2 of Section 213 provides that this Section shall not apply to the Will made by Hindu, Buddhist or Sikh where such Wills are of the clauses specified in clause (a) &amp; (b) of Section 57 of the Act. To say in other words, if the Will falls in the category of the clauses other than Clause (a) &amp; (b) of Section 57 of the Act, the restriction as provided in sub-section 1 of Section 213 of the Act shall not operate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Further, the Apex Court in the case of Clarence Pais and Ors. &ndash;v- Union of India reported in 2001 SC 1151 while considering the constitutional validity of the provisions of Section 213 vis-&agrave;-vis Section 57 of the Indian Succession Act, at para 6 has observed as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;A combined reading of Sections 213 and 57 of the Act would show that where the parties to the Will are Hindus or the properties in dispute are not in territories falling under Section 57(a) and (b), sub-section (2) of Section 213 of the Act applies and sub-section (1) has no application. As a consequence, a probate will not be required to be obtained by a Hindu in respect of a will made outside those territories or regarding the immovable properties situate outside those territories.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. From the above decisions, it is very clear that if parties to the Will are Hindus and immovable property in dispute is situated outside the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, the executor or legatee under the Will need not seek for probate or letter of administration for establishing their right as an executor or legatee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In respect of entry in the revenue records, it is well-settled law that entry in the revenue records does not confer title on the person, whose name appears in the record-of-rights. Further, it is settled law that entries in the revenue records or Katha registration by the Corporation have only fiscal purpose i.e., for payment of land revenue and taxes, and no ownership is conferred on the basis of the said entries. So far as the title of the parties is concerned, it can only be decided by a competent civil court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. As per Section 114 of Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act (for short &lsquo;KMC Act&rsquo;), corresponding Section 149 of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020, whenever the title of any person primarily liable for the payment of the tax on any premises to or over such premises is transferred, the person whose title is transferred and the person to whom the same is transferred shall, within three months after the execution of the instrument of transfer or after its registration, if it be registered or after the transfer is effected, if no instrument be executed, give notice of such transfer to the Chief Commissioner in such format as may be prescribed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. On plain reading of Section 114 of the KMC Act, it is clear that only the documents, which is required for registration under the Registration Act, parties will have to produce the registered documents. Otherwise, on producing the unregistered documents, they can seek for change of Katha. In respect of Will is considered, the registration of Will is purely optional and is exempted from compulsory registration under the Registration Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. In the case on hand, the Will has been executed on 21.01.2004 in favour of the petitioner. The said Will has not been objected to by any person. The parties to the Will are Hindus. The property in dispute is situated outside the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Courts of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Therefore, the petitioner is not required to seek probate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Therefore, in view of the discussions made above, this Court is of the opinion that the impugned endorsement issued by respondent No.1 is without application of mind and contrary to provisions of Section 114 of KMC Act. Hence, the impugned order is liable to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Accordingly, the writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8ffc2f1fa50233b2b11c28c20bd1c2a3.JPG', '133b2f2480f7f63d1790b5168128eb29.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-08 17:49:52', '2024-08-09 13:57:50'),
(283, 'Rcxvjn8LpzCDVqzmqvgBxo76X', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'State cannot deny employment benefits to its citizens by routinely using outsourcing agencies. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Baligar Chandbi Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 102060 of 2024 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice M.G.S. Kamal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;1. The State and its instrumentalities, who are excepted to act as &ldquo;model employers&rdquo; are finding one after the other reason not only to brazenly flout the constitutional mandate, which they are obligated to uphold and implement in the process of public employment, but also have systematically engaged, to say the least, in conscious exploitation and abuse of constitutional and statutory rights conferred on the citizens seeking public employment. Present case is a classic example of such brazen act. Stance adopted by the State and its instrumentalities, when questioned, is making bold in defending its action with its usual leitmotif of complete denial of existence of privity of contract and relationship of employer and employee, thereby leaving the employee at lurch without any statutory protection even after having made them to work for over a decade. This after series of cautions and deprecations by the Apex Court and various High Courts all of which has fallen as its deaf ear.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;7. THE POINTS THAT ARISE FOR CONSIDERATION ARE:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) Whether the respondent - authorities in the facts and circumstances of the case are justified in adopting the stand of petitioner not having any legally enforceable rights against them on the premise of there being no relationship of employer and employee between them?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) Whether the petitioner is entitled for the relief as sought for?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. Necessary also to refer to the provisions of the Karnataka Transparency in Public Procurement Act, 1999 (for short &ldquo;the Act, 1999&rdquo;) which mandates ensuring transparency in the public procurement of goods and services by streamlining the procedure in inviting, processing an acceptance of tenders and includes contract execution management by procurement entities and the matters related thereto. Nothing is brought on record with regard to applicability or non-applicability of the provisions of the said Act, 1999 to the purported contracts which respondent authorities are entering year after year with the purported Man Power Supply Agencies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;19. Offering no explanation to the aforesaid questions amongst others would only compel the Constitutional Courts to infer that the respondent &ndash; authorities have more to hide than to answer. For, a prudent mind would not be convinced with the so called inability of the State to adhere and implement its own Laws, Rules and Regulations governing the public employment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;20. Thus, from the reading of the aforesaid provisions of law, and the pronouncements of the Apex Court and from the statement of objection filed by respondent &ndash; State along with the documents produced therewith as noted above, it is clear that when the doctrine of &ldquo;lifting of the veil&rdquo; is applied to the facts of the instant case, the petitioner has indeed made out a case for outright rejection of the contentions of the respondent &ndash; State of there being no relationship of employer and employee between the petitioner and the respondent No.4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. It is settled principle of law that an adhoc employee cannot be replaced by another adhoc employee and he can be replaced only by another candidate who is regularly appointed by following regular procedure prescribed. The Apex Court in the case of Ratanlal and others Vs State of Haryana and others11 at pargraph No.1 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;1. In all these petitions the common question which arises for decision is whether it is open to the State Government to appoint teachers on an ad hoc basis at the commencement of an academic year and terminate their services before the commencement of the next summer vacation, or earlier, to appoint them again on an ad hoc basis at the commencement of next academic year and to terminate their services before the commencement of the succeeding summer vacation or earlier and to continue to do so year after year. A substantial number of such ad hoc appointments are made in the existing vacancies which have remained unfilled for three to four years. It is the duty of the State Government to take steps to appoint teachers in those vacancies in accordance with the rules as early as possible. The State Government of Haryana has failed to discharge that duty in these cases. It has been appointing teachers for quite some time on an ad hoc basis for short periods as stated above without any justifiable reason. In some cases the appointments are made for a period of six months only and they are renewed after a break of a few days. The number of teachers in the State of Haryana who are thus appointed on such ad hoc basis is very large indeed. If the teachers had been appointed regularly, they would have been entitled to the benefits of summer vacation along with the salary and allowance payable in respect of that period and to all other privileges such as casual leave, medical leave, maternity leave etc. available to all the Government servants. These benefits are denied to these ad hoc teachers unreasonably on account of this pernicious system of appointment adopted by the State Government. These ad hoc teachers are unnecessarily subjected to an arbitrary &ldquo;hiring and firing&rdquo; policy. These teachers who constitute the bulk of the educated unemployed are compelled to accept these jobs on an ad hoc basis with miserable conditions of service. The Government appears to be exploiting this situation. This is not a sound personnel policy. It is bound to have serious repercussions on the educational institutions and the children studying there. The policy of &#039;ad hocism&#039; followed by the State Government for a long period has led to the breach of Article 14 and Article 16 of the Constitution. Such a situation cannot be permitted to last any longer. It is needless to say that the State Government is expected to function as a model employer.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Similarly the Apex Court in the case of Hargurpratap Singh Vs State of Punjab and others at paragraph No.3 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;3. We have carefully looked into the judgment of High Court and other pleadings that have been put forth before this Court. It is clear that though the appellants may not be entitled to regular appointment as such it cannot be said that they will not be entitled to the minimum of the pay scale nor that they should not be continued till regular incumbents are appointed. The course adopted by the High Court is to displace one ad hoc arrangement by another ad hoc arrangement which is not at all appropriate for these persons who have gained experience which will be more beneficial and useful to the colleges concerned rather than to appoint persons afresh on ad hoc basis. Therefore, we set aside the orders made by the High Court to the extent the same deny the claim of the appellants of minimum pay scale and continuation in service till regular incumbents are appointed. We direct that they shall be continued in service till regular appointments are made on minimum of the pay scale. The appeals shall stand allowed in part accordingly.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;25. In the words of the Apex Court, &ldquo;the primordial constitutional value is that it is the responsibility of any organ of the State to function within the four corners of constitutional responsibility. That is the ultimate rule of law.&rdquo; (Nandini Sundar and others Vs. State of Chattisgarh13).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;26. It is equally settled law that a case of wrongful denial of employment for no fault of workman would not restrict an order of reinstatement and continuity of service with all benefits. The Apex Court in the case of Deepali Gundu Surwase Vs. Kranti Junior Adhyapak Mahavidyalaya (D.Ed.) and others14 at paragraph Nos.22 &amp; 23 held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Para No.22: When the termination is held to be bad in law, if the employer wants to deny the back wages and entitlement of employee to get consequential benefits then it is for employer to plead and prove that the employee was gainfully employed. In the absence of the same denial of back wages and consequential benefits would be rewarding the employer for the illegal act done by him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Para No.23: when the termination is held to be illegal, the employee would be entitled to full back wages except to the extent that he was gainfully employed during the enforced idleness. That is the normal rule.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;27. For the aforesaid reasons and analysis, this Court is of the considered view that the petitioner has been unjustifiably denied of her entitlement of maternity leave and has been shown exit doors illegally. This Court in exercise of its power under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, do not see any reason not to extend the benefit of reinstatement with consequential benefits including the benefit contemplated under the Act, 1961.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;28. The points raised above are answered accordingly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) The petition is partly allowed;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2ffd9f3a93d19d336719d9b73322b943.JPG', '3d580fc88927eb4b4e45d467a2061c35.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-08 17:40:58', '2024-08-09 10:41:27');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(288, 'cN4t5YMxEvX2chuhgAA6Zlluf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'State cannot take away right of a co-operative society to recruit, transfer or hold disciplinary enquiry against its employees. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Uppinangady Co-Operative Agricultural Society Limited and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 26102 of 2023 decided on Anant Ramanath Hedge.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Section 128-A of the Karnataka Co-operative Societies Act, 1959 (for short &lsquo;Act of 1959&rsquo;) has a weird history to tell. It successfully withstood the challenge to its constitutional validity in 1986. However, the said provision is omitted vide Ordinance No.8 of 2009. On 29.03.2010, provision (re-numbered as 128-A) makes a comeback. And on 01.07.2020, said provision is once again omitted. On 27.07.2023, Section 128-A again finds its place in the Act of 1959, vide Act No.27/2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. But for a hyphen between &lsquo;128&rsquo; and &lsquo;A&rsquo;, the provision is a replica of Section 128-A, which has been declared &lsquo;intra vires&rsquo;, in PCLD Bank Vs. State of Karnataka1 . However, in this batch of petitions, the provision once again faces the challenge to its constitutional validity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Some of the petitioners are the Primary Co-operative Societies registered under the Act of 1959, others are the members or office bearers of the Primary co-operative societies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Quite obviously, the State and the interveners (Federal Societies) have raised the following preliminary objections to the maintainability of the Writ Petitions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The identical provision (Section 128-A) as it stood in 1986, is held to be constitutional by the Division Bench in PCLD Bank, supra. Thus, the principle of res judicata applies, as such the Writ Petitions are not maintainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) The Writ Petitions are premature; there is no cause of action as the Registrar of co-operative societies (&lsquo;Registrar&rsquo; for short) has not implemented the Regulations under Section 128-A of the Act of 1959. The right to challenge will accrue only in case, the Regulations violate the fundamental rights of the members of the Society.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. On the challenge to the constitutional validity:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Now the question is whether Section 128-A of Act of 1959 violates the rights guaranteed under Article 19(1)(c) of Constitution of India?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. In the light of the contentions raised, the primary question that needs consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the right to form a co-operative society under Article 19(1)(c) which admittedly is a fundamental right extends only till its formation and registration?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the right to form a co-operative society under Article 19(1)(c) within its amplitude also includes the right to recruit and transfer the employees, and to initiate disciplinary action against its employees?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. If the &lsquo;fundamental right&rsquo; to form a co-operative society is only a right that ends or stands exercised or fulfilled once a co-operative society is formed, and does not extend beyond such formation or registration, then the right to recruit, transfer and initiate disciplinary action over the employees of the co-operative society cannot be a fundamental right associated with the fundamental right to form a co-operative society. And in that event, the challenge to Section 128-A is not tenable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. If the formation of a co-operative society which is admittedly a fundamental right, also encompasses within its fold the right to carry out certain fundamental aspects like recruitment, transfer, and disciplinary action over employees, then the restrictions imposed in Section 128-A will have to be shown as reasonable to save the provision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In Kasthurilal vs. State of Jammu and Kashmir6 , the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;12&hellip;&hellip; Any action taken by the Government to give effect to anyone or more of the directive principles would ordinarily, subject to any constitutional or legal inhibitions or other overriding considerations, qualify for being regarded as reasonable, while an action that is inconsistent with or runs counter to a directive principle would prima facie incur the reproach of being unreasonable.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In the light of the law laid down in the above referred cases, this Court has to necessarily read the fundamental right to form a co-operative society conferred under Article 19(1)(c) through the prism of Article 43-B. If not, the true flavor, fragrance, and dimension of fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(c) will be obscured.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. At this juncture, it is also necessary to refer to the relevant portion of objects and reasons behind the 97th amendment of the Constitution as well as the 2013 amendment to the Act of 1959. The relevant portion of the statement of objects and reasons for the 97th amendment to the Constitution of India is as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The &ldquo;co-operative societies&rdquo; is a subject enumerated in Entry 32 of the State List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution and the State Legislatures have accordingly enacted legislations on co-operative societies. Considering the need for reforms in the Cooperative Societies Acts of the States, consultations with the State Governments have been held at several occasions and in the conferences of State Co-operative Ministers. A strong need has been felt for amending the Constitution so as to keep the co-operatives free from unnecessary outside interferences and also to ensure, their autonomous organisational set up and their democratic functioning.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The Central Government is committed to ensure that the co-operative societies in the country function in a democratic, professional, autonomous and economically sound manner. With a view to bring the necessary reforms, it is proposed to incorporate a new Part in the Constitution so-as to provide for certain provisions covering the vital. aspects of working of cooperative societies like democratic, autonomous and professional functioning. A new article is also proposed to be inserted in Part IV of the Constitution (Directive Principles of State Policy) for the States to endeavor to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of cooperative societies. The proposed new Part in the Constitution, inter alia, seeks to empower the Parliament in respect of multi-State co-operative societies and the State Legislatures in case of other co-operative societies to make appropriate law, laying down the following matters, namely:&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) provisions for incorporation, regulation and winding up of co-operative societies based on the principles of democratic member-control, membereconomic participation and autonomous functioning;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In tune with such Directive Principle, the Act of 1959 is amended in 2013. Article 19(1)(c) is not the only provision amended in terms of the 97thAmendment. A whole new Article in the form of Article 43-B is inserted. Pursuant to that the Act of 1959 is also amended in sync with the 97th amendment to the Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Now the question is what actually these amendments mean and how it will impact co-operative societies. The expression &ldquo;autonomous functioning&rdquo; speaks about the autonomy of a co-operative society in its functioning.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The portion of the statement of the object specifically lays emphasis by saying &ldquo;A strong need has been felt for amending the Constitution so as to keep the Co-operatives free from unnecessary outside interferences and also to ensure their autonomous organisational set-up and their democratic functioning&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Indeed it is true, that dimensions and contours of a fundamental right to form a co-operative society are not elaborated in Article 19(1)(c). However, Article 43-B which is simultaneously introduced by way of the 97th Constitutional amendment is a pointer and the guide to the nature of fundamental right guaranteed in Article 19(1)(c). As already noticed, the statement of objects and reasons for 97 th amendment unequivocally speak about the need to strengthen the co-operative movement and the sector by providing autonomy in its functioning and ensuring democratic control and professional management. Had the parliament intended to make the formation of a co-operative society a fundamental right and confine the said fundamental right only to the extent of formation and registration of a co-operative society, there was no need to introduce Article 43-B of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Keeping in mind the Directive Principles contained in Article 43-B, this Court is of the view that the fundamental right to form a co-operative society does not stop and stands fulfilled on the mere formation and registration of a cooperative society. The fundamental right to form a co-operative society in its fold also includes a right to autonomous functioning. The view that there is no fundamental right over the matter pertaining to recruitment, transfer and disciplinary action of employees of the co-operative society would defeat the object of Article 43-B of Constitution of India. However, the right of autonomous functioning can certainly be subjected to certain regulations and reasonable restrictions. However, the regulations and restrictions cannot encroach upon certain basic aspects of the formation of a co-operative society and autonomous functioning envisaged under Article 43-B of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. The next question is; whether Section 128-A of the Act of 1959 which is under challenge imposes only a reasonable restrictions which are permissible under Article 19(4) of the Constitution of India?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;40. In the backdrop of Article 19(1)(c) read with Article 43-B, and for the reasons assigned above, the powers conferred on the Registrar under Section 128-A, will impose prohibition on the matters covered in the Regulations framed under the provision. It is evident in Section 128-A (1) which says &ldquo;Where such federal society is so authorized by the Registrar, the affiliated co-operative societies shall not have powers to deal with such categories of employees except to the extent the regulations may permit&ldquo;. Thus, the Regulations cease to be regulations and they amount to prohibition on the matters covered by the Regulations, and thus they become unreasonable, manifestly arbitrary and encroach upon the fundamental rights.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;44. After having considered the impugned provision in the backdrop of the aforementioned tests, this Court is of the view that there are no justifiable reasons to hold that the provision is less restrictive and without any alternative. And the impugned provision also does not seem to achieve the object of the amendment. On the other hand, the provision that authorises the Registrar to confer the power of recruitment, transfer, and disciplinary action on the Federal Society, taking away such power from the co-operative society runs directly contrary to Article 43-B of the Constitution. Section 128-A confers power on the Registrar over the matters specified therein. Once such power is exercised by the Registrar, then the co-operative society loses its power over the matter of recruitment, transfer, and disciplinary action concerning its employees. Thus, Section 128-A cannot be construed as a Regulation. On the other hand, it is a total restriction amounting to prohibition on three matters specified in it and these three matters are essential and fundamental to the functioning of the Society. This being the position, the impugned provision which takes away the essential and fundamental aspects of the management cannot be said to be proportional, reasonable, rationale. Here again at the cost of repetition this Court would quote what is held in Kasthurilal supra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lsquo;&rsquo; Any action taken by the Government to give effect to anyone or more of the directive principles would ordinarily, subject to any constitutional or legal inhibitions or other overriding considerations, qualify for being regarded as reasonable, while an action that is inconsistent with or runs counter to a directive principle would prima facie incur the reproach of being unreasonable.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thus, this Court is of the view that the action contemplated in Section 128-A of the Act of 1959 is inconsistent and runs contrary to the mandate of Article 43-B of the Constitution of India. Thus, it is unreasonable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;47. Section 128-A on its plain reading would also suggest that the Registrar is competent to frame Regulations transferring an employee of a co-operative society from one co-operative society to another co-operative society. In such an event, it amounts to changing the master of an employee who is transferred from one co-operative society to another. Such transfer would be absolutely illogical given the fact that different co-operative societies may have different types of business and work culture. Such a wide power violates the protection of autonomous functioning and democratic control which is enjoined in Article 43-B of the Constitution of India and sought to be achieved through Article 19(1)(c). Viewed from this angle, the impugned provision cannot be said to be a reasonable restriction on the fundamental right conferred under Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;55. Before concluding, it is necessary to refer to State of Madras vs. V.G. Row17 . The Apex Court has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;It is important in this context to bear in mind that the test of reasonableness, wherever prescribed, should be applied to each individual statute impugned, and no abstract standard, or general pattern, of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable to all cases. The nature of the right alleged to have been infringed, the underlying purpose of the evil sought to be remedied thereby, the disproportion of the imposition, the prevailing conditions at the time, should all enter into the judicial verdict. In evaluating such elusive factors and forming their own conception of what is reasonable, in all the circumstances of a given case, it is inevitable that the social philosophy and the scale of values of the judges participating in the decision should play an important part.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;56. This Court has also kept in mind the principle laid down by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of V.G. Row, supra and has considered the challenge in the context of 97th amendment to the Constitution of India and in the context of amendment by Act No.27/2023 to the Karnataka Co-operative Societies Act, 1959.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;58. For the aforementioned reasons, this Court concludes as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. The right to form a co-operative society which is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(c) of Constitution of India, within its fold includes right to recruit, transfer the employees of a co-operative society and to initiate disciplinary action against its employees.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. The State is competent to impose reasonable restrictions on the fundamental right to form a co-operative society and even on the matters relating recruitment, transfer, and disciplinary action against the employees of a co-operative society. However, the State cannot completely prohibit or take away the right of a co-operative society to recruit, transfer, and to initiate disciplinary action on its employees.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. Section 128-A of the Act of 1959 which empowers Registrar to completely take away the right of a co-operative society to recruit, transfer or hold disciplinary enquiry against its employees is ultra vires the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. Writ Petitions are allowed&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '61abc3c5f4c71e1ff32a35dda20b255e.JPG', '849742c350c551bed73a52337bef0c9f.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-09 16:41:45', '2024-08-10 03:34:09'),
(286, 'MKOFOF7kDQPLFa3FULulnyqWt', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Reconstitution of firm. Plant and machinery fixed to the earth cannot be considered as immovable properties to calculate stamp duty. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;M/S. Bharath Mines and Minerals Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 32239 of 2019 decided on 9 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. A deed of partnership under the name and style M/s. Bharat Mines &amp; Minerals was entered into between Mr. Dinesh Kumar Singhi and M/s. BMM Ispat Limited for the purpose of trading and other allied business activities. The petitioner partnership firm was duly registered before the Registrar of Firms/Companies, and a certificate of registration was issued. Subsequently, M/s. BMM Ispat Limited decided to retire from the firm, and Mrs. Snehalatha Singhi decided to join as a partner. Consequently, a partnership-cum-retirement and reconstitution deed was executed among the partners and presented before the District Registrar, Bellary, on June 8, 2018. The Registrar demanded a payment of Rs.34,08,173 towards deficit stamp duty, stating that the properties mentioned in the schedule to the reconstitution deed fall under the definition of immovable property as per Section 2(1ga) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;the Act&rsquo;). The petitioner deposited the stamp duty and subsequently filed an application under Section 44(2) of the Act before Respondent No. 3. Respondent No. 3 rejected the application, prompting the present petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Whether the properties mentioned in the schedule to the reconstitution deed fall under the definition of immovable property must be considered in light of the provisions contained in Section 2(1ga) of the Act. Section 2(1ga) of the Act states that &ldquo;immovable property&rdquo; includes land, buildings, rights to ways, air rights, development rights (whether transferable or not), benefits arising out of land, and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Article 40-B of the Act deals with the reconstitution of a firm. Clause (a) to Article 40-B states that where immovable property contributed as a share by a partner or partners remains with the firm at the time of the partner&rsquo;s or partners&rsquo; exit upon reconstitution of the partnership firm, stamp duty of three percent on the market value of the immovable property remaining with the firm shall be paid. The Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court, in Sirpur Paper Mills Ltd. (supra), examined whether things attached to the earth come under the definition of immovable property. It was ruled that machinery attached to the earth merely for operational efficiency is not immovable property. The Court further held hat plant and machinery, being fixed to the earth for better functioning, do not automatically become immovable property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. A similar issue was considered in Perumal Naicker (supra), where it was ruled that the attachment of an oil engine to the earth, although a fixture, is for the beneficial enjoyment of the engine itself. The attachment is necessary for the operation of the engine and lasts only as long as the engine is in use. When not in use, the engine can be detached and relocated. Such an attachment does not make the engine a part of the land or classify it as immovable property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. In the present case, the plant and machinery are attached to the earth solely for their beneficial enjoyment and not for the enjoyment of the immovable property. The 33 kV power line cannot be classified as immovable property since the transmission lines were installed for industrial activities, not for the beneficial use of the immovable property. Similarly, the railway siding weighbridge is used for weighing railway bogies, not for the beneficial use of immovable property. All properties listed in the schedule can be removed, shifted, and resold in the open market. If the State Government&rsquo;s contention that the properties mentioned in the schedule should be treated as immovable property is accepted, it would imply that the petitioner must register a sale deed before conveying these properties to a third party and pay stamp duty under Article 20, as per the provisions of Section 17(1)(b) of the Registration Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In view of the preceding analysis, the impugned endorsement issued by Respondent No. 3 is not legally sustainable, and the petitioners are entitled to a refund of the excess stamp duty collected at the time of registering the reconstitution deed at the time of registering the reconstitution deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Writ petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '0efee54642e3d16f51db62a3d46c9437.jpeg', '3c13b4336065769bb3b72479b5c118de.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-08 18:46:38', '2024-08-09 08:54:51');
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(292, 'SgYBUICmL7MtPi1xmucihWdg4', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'IT Act. Orders of the Settlement Commission can be tested with the legality of procedure followed and not with the validity of the order. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The Pr. Commissioner of Income Tax Vs Umah Agarwal and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 11153 of 2020 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice S. Sunil Dutt Yadav.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The present petition is filed by the Revenue seeking for setting aside of the order passed by the Settlement Commission dated 11.03.2020 at Annexure-&#039;D&#039; whereby application of the petitioner for settlement under Section 245C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 for the Assessment Years 2012-2013 to 2019-2020 was accepted and it was ordered that the additional income offered of Rs.2,20,00,000/- was reasonable and fair, immunity from penalty and prosecution was also ordered, however interest under Section 234A, 234B and 234C was to be levied by applying provision of Section 234B (2A) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The Revenue being aggrieved by the order of the Settlement Commission and in light of finality to the order of the Settlement Commission in terms of Section 245-I has approached this Court and invoked the writ jurisdiction to assail the order of the Settlement Commission.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The petitioner had filed an application under Section 235C of the Act on 18.11.2019 seeking settlement for the Assessment Years 2012-2013 to 2019-2020. In terms of the procedure under Section 245D(1) of the Act, the application was permitted to be proceeded with by order dated 25.11.2019.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;4. It is made out from the facts that the applicant is an individual assessee and source of income was from salaries. The Department is stated to have carried out search under Section 132 of the Act on 20.03.2018, during which records/documents and jewellery worth Rs.3,23,02,607/- is stated to have been seized. The statements under Section 132(4) of the Act were also stated to have been recorded and during such search, an undisclosed income of Rs.2,16,00,000/- was stated to have been offered for tax, which statement was retracted subsequently vide letter dated 16.12.2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. The Settlement Commission has taken note of the declaration made under Rule 8 of the Income Tax Settlement Commission (Procedure) Rules and has accepted the assertion of cash gifts. It was also observed that if indeed the applicant had disclosed the cash gifts as &#039;cash in hand&#039; in the wealth tax returns, the alleged unaccounted cash would have stood explained as noticed in the search and there would have been no occasion for disclosure as made before the Settlement Commission. Accordingly, the Commission deemed the additional income offered for tax of Rs.2,20,00,000/- as being fair and reasonable and proceeded to dispose of the application as indicated in para-(1).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;11. At the outset, the scope of interference in orders of the Settlement Commission require to be determined.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. Section 245-I of the Income Tax Act reads as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;245-I. Order of settlement to be conclusive. - Every order of settlement passed under sub-section (4) of section 245-D shall be conclusive as to the matters stated therein and no matter covered by such order shall, save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, be reopened in any proceeding under this Act or under any other law for the time being in force.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. Under the scheme of the Act, once an application is filed under Section 245-C, the Commission calls upon the applicant to explain the maintainability of such application and an order is passed either rejecting or allowing it to be proceeded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;15. Thus, it is clear that a procedure has been spelt out and the only limitation by way of statutory mandate is that the Settlement Commission must act &quot;in accordance with the provisions of the Act.&quot; The words &quot;in accordance with the provisions of the Act&quot; is to be construed as stipulating that the order passed ought not to be contrary to the provisions of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;16. It is also necessary to note that the Settlement Commission has been conferred with powers under Section 245-F which are:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) &quot;&hellip; all the powers which are vested in an income tax authority under this Act.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) &hellip;. exclusive jurisdiction to exercise the powers and perform the functions of an income tax authority under the Act in relation to the case.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. Though there is conferment of powers of the concerned tax authority, the nature of such power conferred are best described in the observations of the Delhi High Court in Agson Global Pvt. Ltd., v. ITSC - (2016) 65 Taxmann.com&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;11. &hellip; Thus, we reiterate that the powers which are vested in an income tax authority and could be exercised by the Settlement Commission are such which have a nexus with the settlement proceedings which does not include, in our view, the making of an assessment under the said Act.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. The above view is in line with the view of the Constitution Bench (Bench of 5 Judges) of the Apex Court in the case of Brij Lal and Others v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Jalandhar, reported in (2011) 1 SCC 1. The relevant extract from the said judgment reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;39&hellip;. The making of the order of assessment is an integral part of the process of assessment. No such steps are required to be followed in the case of proceedings under Chapter XIX-A. The said Chapter contemplates the taxability determined with respect to undisclosed income only by the process of settlement/ arbitration.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;19. The Division Bench of this Court in the case of N. Krishnan v. Settlement Commission reported in (1989) 180 ITR 585 (Karnataka) has dealt with the specific question of &quot;scope of interference under Article 226 of the Constitution against a decision of the Settlement Commission.&quot; It has been observed at para15 as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&quot;15 &hellip; We are of the view that a decision of the Settlement Commission could be interfered with only:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) If grave procedural defect such as violation of the mandatory procedural requirements of the provisions in Chapter XIX-A and/or in violation of Rules of natural justice is made out;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(ii) If it is found out that there is no nexus between the reasons given and the decision taken by the Settlement Commission;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(iii) This Court cannot interfere with an error or fact or error of law, alleged to have been committed by the Settlement Commission.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;In light of the above discussion, the validity of the order of the Settlement Commission requires to be tested.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;22. Insofar as the allied contention that the additional income disclosed is to be treated as income under the head referred to in Section 68 or 69 of the Act, the Settlement Commission has once again referred to the affidavit filed under Rule 8 and observed that the report under Rule 9 does not place any contra material. It is observed that the PCIT has not shown how the conditions prescribed under Section 115 BBE are met.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. Accordingly, in the present case, the conclusion arrived at by the Settlement Commission while accepting the contents of the affidavit filed under Rule 8 &lsquo;in the spirit of the settlement&rsquo; and refusing to accept the contention of having recourse to Section 115BBE cannot be permitted to be interfered with.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;26. The observations of the Apex Court in the case of Jyotendrasinhji v. S.I.Tripathi reported in (1993) 201 ITR 611 (SC) are very apt in defining the scope of interference in orders of the Settlement Commission and are extracted as below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;16. &hellip;Be that as it may, the fact remains that it is open to the Commission to accept an amount of tax by way of settlement and to prescribe the manner in which the said amount shall be paid. It may condone the defaults and lapses on the part of the assessee and may waive interest, penalties or prosecution, where it thinks appropriate. Indeed, it would be difficult to predicate the reasons and considerations which induce the Commission to make a particular order, unless of course the Commission itself chooses to give reasons for its order. Even if it gives reasons in a given case, the scope of enquiry in the appeal remains the same as indicated above viz., whether it is contrary to any of the provisions of the Act. In this context, it is relevant to note that the principle of natural justice (audi alteram partem) has been incorporated in Section 245-D itself. The sole overall limitation upon the Commission thus appears to be that it should act in accordance with the provisions of the Act. The scope of enquiry, whether by High Court under Article 226 or by this Court under Article 136 is also the same &mdash; whether the order of the Commission is contrary to any of the provisions of the Act and if so, has it prejudiced the petitioner/appellant apart from ground of bias, fraud and malice which, of course, constitute a separate and independent category. Reference in this behalf may be had to the decision of this Court in R.B. Shreeram Durga Prasad and Fatechand Nursing Das v. Settlement Commission (IT and WT) [(1989) 1 SCC 628 : 1989 SCC (Tax) 124 : (1989) 176 ITR 169] which too was an appeal against the orders of the Settlement Commission. Sabyasachi Mukharji, J., speaking for the Bench comprising himself and S.R. Pandian, J. observed that in such a case this Court is &ldquo;concerned with the legality of procedure followed and not with the validity of the order&rdquo;. The learned Judge added &ldquo;judicial review is concerned not with the decision but with the decision-making process&rdquo;. Reliance was placed upon the decision of the House of Lords in Chief Constable of the N.W. Police v. Evans [(1982) 1 WLR 1155 : (1982) 3 All ER 141] . Thus, the appellate power under Article 136 was equated to power of judicial review, where the appeal is directed against the orders of the Settlement Commission. For all the above reasons, we - 23 - NC:&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;are of the opinion that the only ground upon which this Court can interfere in these appeals is that the order of the Commission is contrary to the provisions of the Act and that such contravention has prejudiced the appellant.&rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;27. Accordingly, keeping in mind the narrow scope of interference in light of the discussion supra, the order of the Settlement Commission with elaborate reasoning which has a nexus with the objective of settlement as regards the statutory provisions in Chapter XIX-A of the Act, the order does not call for interference and the petition is rejected.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '6479ca7b4b087e5f634442647723bbe7.JPG', '97dee09c96a352c62558e06b4e152ff7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-11 13:34:22', '2024-08-12 12:47:36'),
(295, 'Rao4wgGrG1olrRkQQNw3Zmd4S', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Natural justice is another name for common sense justice”. Authoritative judgment on the principles of natural justice - Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pradeep Kumar and others Vs The Commissioner Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 5297 of 2020 decided on 16 June 2020.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice S.R. Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The present case is an unfortunate depiction of the extremely sorry state of affairs which is rampant among government authorities entrusted with the onerous responsibility of performing quasi-judicial functions which, when exercised by the authorities in utter, total and blatant disregard and violation/contravention of the cardinal principles of natural justice would not only prejudicially affect a person&rsquo;s valuable legal rights resulting in miscarriage and failure of justice, but would also lead to apathy and erode the already fast depleting faith and confidence of the masses in administrative and quasijudicial authorities dealing with the rights of parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Shorn of unnecessary details, brief facts leading to the present petitions are as follows: &nbsp;aforesaid revision petitions thereby confirming the impugned order dated 10.10.2017. Aggrieved by the said impugned orders dated 10.10.2017 and 07.02.2020, the petitioners have preferred the instant writ petitions. Aggrieved by an Order dated 12.06.2001 passed by the jurisdictional Tahsildar, the private respondents initiated proceedings in DVS/CR/72-2003-04 before the Deputy Commissioner-2nd Respondent herein. By the impugned Order 10.10.2017, the 2nd Respondent allowed the claim of the private respondents. Aggrieved by the same, petitioners herein preferred a Revision Petitions in ADM 7/RP 13/2017-18 and ADM 7/RP 22/2017-18 before the Commissioner-1st Respondent. By the impugned Order dated 07.02.2020, the Commissioner dismissed the aforesaid revision petitions thereby confirming the impugned order dated 10.10.2017. Aggrieved by the said impugned orders dated 10.10.2017 and 07.02.2020, the petitioners have preferred the instant writ petitions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Though the principles of natural justice encompasses several facets and rules, for the purpose of the instant case, it would suffice to refer to the following two rules:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) Nemo judex in causa sua &ndash; One should not be a judge in his own cause or the rule against bias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) Audi alteram partem &ndash; Rule of fair hearing, i.e., both sides must be heard by giving them sufficient opportunity before passing any order or the rule that no one should be condemned unheard&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. As stated supra, the revision petitions having been adjourned from 03.01.2020 to 28.02.2020, in the absence of any steps taken by either party or the revisional authority suo moto to advance/prepone the case from 28.02.2020, there was no warrant for the cases to be taken up on 06.02.2020, much less for the Petitioners or their counsel to be present before the Commissioner on 06.02.2020, when the revision petitions were taken up for hearing. On 06.02.2020, immediately after hearing the respondents and without affording any opportunity to the petitioners or their counsel by noting their absence, that too on a date the matters were never notified, the said officer proceeded to pass the impugned Order dated 07.02.2020 dismissing the revision petitions, thereby confirming the original/basic order dated 10.10.2017, which had also been passed by her very own self as the Deputy Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. As rightly contended by the learned counsel for the Petitioners, the impugned order dated 07.02.2020 is contrary to the provisions contained in Section 63 of the said Act under which the revision petitions were filed by the petitioners before the revisional authority. Section 63 of the Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments Act, 1997 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;63. Revisional Powers of Commissioner.- (1) The Commissioner may call for and examine the records and proceedings before the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner for the purpose of satisfying himself as to the correctness of the finding or order recorded or passed by the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner and may either annul, reverse, modify or confirm the said finding or order or may direct the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner to make further enquiry or take such additional evidence as he may think necessary or he may himself take the additional evidence&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that the Commissioner shall not record or pass any order without giving the party affected thereby an opportunity of being heard.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. A plain reading of the proviso to Section 63 of the said Act makes it clear in unequivocal terms that the rule of audi alteram partem has been statutorily recognized and incorporated into Section 63 of the said Act which deals with revision petitions before the Commissioner. In fact, the proviso which incorporates the mandatory requirement of adherence to the principle of natural justice is couched in the negative and clearly creates an embargo/restriction placed upon the Commissioner prohibiting him from dealing with and passing any order in a revision petition without hearing the affected party. The words &lsquo;shall not record&rsquo; or &lsquo;pass any order&rsquo; are of wide connotation indicating the mandatory requirement cast upon the revisional authority to hear a party before proceeding any further in the matter. It was therefore incumbent upon the Commissioner-revisional authority to grant sufficient and reasonable opportunity to the Petitioners and hear them since they were undisputedly the affected parties before taking up the revision petitions and passing the impugned order dated 07.02.2020.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. As stated supra, the impugned order dated 07.02.2020 has been passed without giving/affording any opportunity to the petitioners and their counsel as mandatorily required in the proviso to Section 63 of the said Act. Consequently, the impugned order which is vitiated not only on account of violation of the rule of audi alteram partem but also for contravention of the mandatory requirement contained in the said proviso to Section 63 clearly deserves to be quashed on this ground also.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Both the writ petitions in W.P.5297/2020 and W.P.5266/2020 are hereby allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3b9db70109e5c53885594ee1343bc4a8.JPG', '5ad9854f9cf579048615d064be28c5ca.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-11 15:26:02', '2024-08-12 12:36:14'),
(297, 'TYFrB6mXgBjx4tp0pmL3tNhNp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Mere non-use of property by the owner even for a long time won’t affect his title unless third party asserts adverse possession. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sumana V Nayak Vs T. Chandrashekar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Regular Second Appeal 281 of 2015 decided on 26 August 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The plaintiff instituted a suit in O.S.No.18/2010 seeking declaration that she is an absolute owner of the suit schedule property and consequently, relief of possession was sought thereby directing defendant to handover the &nbsp;encroached portion. The plaintiff claimed that she is the absolute owner of the property bearing Sy. No.152 situated at Koppa Village. It is specifically pleaded that towards southern side of the suit schedule property, the defendant owned property bearing Sy. No.41. It is specifically contended that in the year 2008, the plaintiff submitted an application to the Tahasildar to fix the boundaries between Sy. No.152 and property owned by the defendant. The plaintiff further pleaded that the Taluka Surveyor issued notice to plaintiff and defendant and having measured the property, fixed the boundary and demarked the sketch indicating that 21 guntas of land owned by the plaintiff is being encroached by the defendant. Hence, the present suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Feeling aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the Courts below, the plaintiff has preferred this captioned second appeal. This Court by order dated 15.06.2015 has formulated the substantial question of law, which reads as under;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the Courts below are right in law in rejecting the prayer of the appellantplaintiff for possession of the suit schedule property on the ground that respondent has perfected his possession over the said property by adverse possession, when there is no material to indicate that the respondent has the necessary animus to hold the property of the appellant by adverse possession?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Non-use of the property by the owner even for a long time won&rsquo;t affect his title. But the position will be altered when another person takes possession of the property and asserts a right over it. Adverse possession is a hostile possession by clearly asserting hostile title in denial of the title of true owner. It is a well-settled principle that a party claiming adverse possession must prove that his possession is &lsquo;nec vi, nec clam, nec precario&rsquo; that is, peaceful, open and continuous. The possession must be adequate in continuity in publicity and in extent to show that their possession is adverse to the true owner. It must start with a wrongful disposition of the rightful owner and be actual, visible, exclusive, hostile and continued over the statutory period.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The concept of averse possession has been well settled by the judicial committee of the Privy Council in 1907 in Perry v Clissold , wherein it was held that;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;It cannot be disputed that a person in possession of land in the assumed character of owner and exercising peacefully the ordinary rights of ownership has a perfectly good title against all the world but the rightful owner. And if the rightful owner does not come forward and assert his title by the process of law within the period of prescribed by the provisions of the statue of Limitation applicable to the case, his right is forever extinguished and the possessory owner acquires an absolute title.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The decision of the Privy Council though not binding on the Supreme Court but still the said decision was upheld by three Judges of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of NAIR SERVICE SOCIETY V K.C. ALEXANDER reported in AIR 1968 SC 1165. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of P.T.MUNICHIKKANNA REDDY AND OTHERS V. REVAMMA AND OTHERS2 further laid down certain guidelines regarding the enquiry to be held by the Courts while deciding the plea of adverse possession. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court has held that;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Therefore, to assess a claim of adverse possession, two-pronged enquiry is required;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Application of limitation provision thereby jurisprudentially &quot;willful neglect&quot; element on part of the owner established. Successful application in this regard distances the title of the land from the paper-owner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Specific Positive intention to dispossess on the part of the adverse possessor effectively shifts the title already distances from the paper owner, to the adverse possessor. Right thereby accrues in favour of adverse possessor as intent to dispossess is an express statement of urgency and intention in the upkeep of the property.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Both Courts have not at all dealt with the case on hand and have not properly examined the principles relating to the adverse possession. Mere existence of fence itself will not prove that property possessed by defendant would in itself create any right in favour of defendant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Both Courts have ignored settled proposition of law in regard to plea of adverse possession, as held in catena of judgments that plea of adverse possession is not a pure question of law but a blended one of fact and law. Whenever the plea of adverse possession is projected, inherent in the plea is that someone else was the owner of the property, therefore the pleas on title and adverse possession are mutually inconsistent and the latter does not begin to operate until the former is renounced. In DAGADABAI (DEAD) BY LRS V ABBAS @ GULAB RUSTUM PINJARI , the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court held that a person, who acquires title by adverse possession, has to first admit the ownership of the true owner over the property before claiming ownership on the strength of adverse possession. The defendant was under the impression that the property purchased by him extends up to the fence. Therefore, what emerges from the material on record is that defendant believed he is the owner of the suit property till the land was actually surveyed and it was found that defendant has encroached 21 guntas of land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Both Courts have wrongly applied the principles while declaring the defendant as a owner by way of adverse possession. The evidence is not properly appreciated. Both Courts have not even looked into defence set by the defendant more particularly at para Nos.6 and 7. Therefore, substantial question of law framed by this Court is liable to be answered in the affirmative. The judgment and decree of the Courts below in dismissing the suit is not at all sustainable in the light of the substantial question of law formulated by this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Regular Second Appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '84055a85020d2ff18e9155abcf5723b0.JPG', '5c7e18d32334cb61f2e9c1a6a4093b64.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-12 14:40:02', '2024-08-13 08:08:18');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(293, 'BptEd1QTPgk9sdmUkVlk8OyzX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hindu Law. Coparcener leaving his family and joining another family would not by itself amount to an ouster. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Narayanappa Thr LRS and others Vs Kempaiah and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Regular First Appeal 1466 of 2006 decided on 16 March 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice N S Sanjay Gowda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The sons of Kempegowda viz., Narayanappa, Ramaiah, Narasappa (plaintiffs 1 to 3) and the sons of their brother&mdash;Narasimhe Gowda viz., Gangappa, Lakshminarasappa and Nagaraju (plaintiffs 4 to 6) instituted the suit seeking for partition and separate possession of the suit schedule properties, which were seventeen agricultural properties and a house property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;31. The Apex Court in the case of Vidya Devi @ Vidya Vati (Dead) by LRs. vs. Prem Prakash and others, AIR 1995 SC 1905, has stated as follows in paragraph 27:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo; 27. &ldquo;Ouster&quot; does not mean actual driving out of the co- sharer from the property. It will, however, not be complete unless it is coupled with all other ingredients required to constitute adverse possession. Broadly speaking, three elements are necessary for establishing the plea of ouster in the case of co-owner. They are (i) declaration of hostile animus (ii) long and uninterrupted possession of the person pleading ouster and (iii) exercise of right of exclusive ownership openly and to the knowledge of other co-owner. Thus, a co-owner, can under law, claim title by adverse possession against another co-owner who can, of course, file appropriate suit including suit for joint possession within time prescribed by law. &rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;32. Thus, as could be seen from the above, there has to be a declaration of hostile animus and exclusive possession openly and adverse to the interest of the cosharer is essential to succeed on a plea of ouster. In this case, the plea was that Kempegowda went away and started living with another family when he was a three year old. Thus, there was no hostile animus at all exhibited by his brother. Merely because one of the sons had left the family and joined another family that would not by itself amount to an ouster. In order to succeed on the plea of ouster, it will have to be established without any doubt that one member of the family was kept away from the family properties and was denied his right to enjoy the properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;33. In this case, since the defendants themselves stated that Kempegowda had voluntarily relinquished his share, the question of ouster could never be pressed into service.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;34. As stated above, since Kempegowda and Narasanna were admittedly the only two sons of Chikka Hudugappa, Kempegowda would be entitled to half share in the suit properties and on his death in the year 1990, his four sons would succeed to the properties equally and simultaneously. Consequently, the suit is decreed and the plaintiffs 1 to 3 and plaintiffs 4 to 6 are collectively granted half share in the suit properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;35. The judgment and decree of the Trial Court is accordingly set aside and the appeal is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4138768cecd346f32252fc202d91764d.JPG', '19889ada8c1eede2d6c6cade129384ef.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-11 13:35:17', '2024-08-12 16:52:57'),
(291, 'eR9xzRUL5eRgnOLS8N5DMjDX4', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Though adverse possession is heritable, two distinct trespassers cannot tack their possession to constitute adverse possession. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The Commissioner Vs Parvathi Ben and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;RFA 246 of 2008 decided on 24 July 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice H.T. Narendra Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The case of the plaintiffs is that suit schedule property originally belongs to one Thimmaiah Reddy, they have jointly purchased the same under a registered sale deed dated 23.06.1990. The further case of the plaintiffs is that after the purchase of the property, their names have been mutated in the Panchayat records by recognizing them as khatedars. In order to start a timber business, as a joint family business, to constitute the firm under the name and style of M/s.Karnataka Saw Mills and Timbers, the plaintiffs got it registered from the competent authority. Thereafter, they have obtained the sanction plan from the Banaswadi Village Panchayat on 29.12.1990. They have also obtained the building licence on 05.01.1991. They have also obtained general licence from the competent authority on 14.01.1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;19. The points for consideration in this appeal are,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;(1) Whether the plaintiffs have proved that they have perfected their title in the suit schedule property by adverse possession?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(2) Whether the judgment and decree passed by the trial court is perverse, arbitrary and capricious and calls for interference by this Court?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;22. In so far as claim of continuous, uninterrupted and peaceful possession for a period more than 12 years is concerned, it was the submission of the learned counsel for the respondents-plaintiffs that possession of the plaintiffs shall not be considered from the date of sale deed, but the earlier period during which the vendor was in possession also needs to be considered. This issue is no longer res integra. The Apex Court in the case of N.JAYAMMA (supra), has held that 12 years period of adverse possession is only from the date they purchased the property and the period for which original vendor held the property or for that matter, the date of Mahazar could not be considered. The paragraph-18 of the said judgment is relevant and same is extracted hereinbelow:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;18. Following reasons can be culled out in taking the aforesaid view by this Court:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) The plaintiff therein had purchased the property from the original owners in terms of sale deed dated August 22, 1980, which was long after the issuance of the preliminary notification published in July 1984. Such a sale was clearly void and non est in the eyes of law, opined the Court. In arriving at this conclusion, it referred to earlier decisions of this Court in U.P. Jal Nigam v. Kalra Properties Pvt. Ltd.; Ajay Kishan Singhal v. Union of India; Mahavir &amp; Anr. v. Rural Institute, Amravati &amp; Anr.; Gian Chand v. Gopala &amp; Ors.; Meera Sahni v. Lieutenant Governor of Delhi &amp; Ors.; and Tika Ram v. State of Uttar Pradesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) As on the date of suit, the plaintiffs had not completed 12 years in possession of the suit property so as to entitle them to claim adverse possession against the BDA, the true owner. This finding was given on the basis that the plaintiffs could count the period of the so-called adverse possession only from the date they purchased the property and the period for which the original vendor held the property, or for that matter the date of Mahazar, could not be counted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(c) The Court also rejected the argument of the plaintiffs that possession of the land was never taken. In this behalf, the Court took the view that one of the settled mode of taking possession is by drawing a panchnama, which part had been done to perfection according to the evidence led by the BDA. For this, the Court referred to the judgments in Tamil Nadu Housing Board v. A. Viswam (D) by Lrs. and Larsen &amp; Toubro Ltd. v. State of Gujarat &amp; Ors.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(d) Most pertinently, the Court also held that the plaintiffs could not claim adverse possession as, on the facts of that case, it could not be said that possession of the plaintiffs was peaceful, open, continuous and non-hostile. On this aspect, the Court took note of essentials of adverse possession, which are required to be proved, from the judgment in the case of Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Government of India and some other judgments. Discussion in this behalf is contained in paras 15 to 18, which read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;15. Coming then to the question whether the plaintiffs- respondents could claim adverse possession, we need to hardly mention the well known and oft quoted maxim nec vi, nec clam, nec precario meaning thereby that adverse possession is proved only when possession is peaceful, open, continuous and hostile. The essentials of adverse possession were succinctly summed-up by this Court in Karnataka Board of Wakf v. Govt. of India (2004) 10 SCC 779 in the following words:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;11. In the eye of the law, an owner would be deemed to be in possession of a property so long as there is no intrusion. Non-use of the property by the owner even for a long time won&#039;t affect his title. But the position will be altered when another person takes possession of the property and asserts a right over it. Adverse possession is a hostile possession by clearly asserting hostile title in denial of the title of the true owner. It is a wellsettled principle that a party claiming adverse possession must prove that his possession is &quot;nec vi, nec clam, nec precario&quot;, that is, peaceful, open and continuous. The possession must be adequate in continuity, in publicity and in extent to show that their possession is adverse to the true owner. It must start with a wrongful disposition of the rightful owner and be actual, visible, exclusive, hostile and continued over the statutory period. (See S.M. Karim v. Bibi Sakina (AIR 1964 SC 1254), Parsinni v. Sukhi (1993) 4 SCC 375 and D.N. Venkatarayappa v. State of Karnataka (1997) 7 SCC 567). Physical fact of exclusive possession and the animus possidendi to hold as owner in exclusion to the actual owner are the most important factors that are to be accounted in cases of this nature. Plea of adverse possession is not a pure question of law but a blended one of fact and law. Therefore, a person who claims adverse possession should show: (a) on what date he came into possession, (b) what was the nature of his possession, (c) whether the factum of possession was known to the other party, (d) how long his possession has continued, and (e) his possession was open and undisturbed. A person pleading adverse possession has no equities in his favour. Since he is trying to defeat the rights of the true owner, it is for him to clearly plead and establish all facts necessary to establish his adverse possession. [Mahesh Chand Sharma (Dr.) v. Raj Kumari Sharma (1996) 8 SCC 128).&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;16. Reference may also be made to the decision of this Court in Saroop Singh v. Banto (2005) 8 SCC 330, where this Court emphasised the importance of animus possidendi and observed:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;29. In terms of Article 65 the starting point of limitation does not commence from the date when the right of ownership arises to the plaintiff but commences from the date the defendant&#039;s possession becomes adverse. (See Vasantiben Prahladji Nayak v. Somnath Muljibhai Nayak (2004) 3 SCC 376).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;30. &quot;Animus possidendi&quot; is one of the ingredients of adverse possession. Unless the person possessing the land has the requisite animus the period for prescription does not commence. As in the instant case, the appellant categorically states that his possession is not adverse as that of true owner, the logical corollary is that he did not have the requisite animus. (See Mohd. Mohd. Ali v. Jagadish Kalita (2004) 1 SCC 371, SCC para 21.)&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. Also noteworthy is the decision of this Court in Mohan Lal v. Mirza Abdul Gaffar (1996) 1 SCC 639, where this Court held that claim of title to the property and adverse possession are in terms contradictory. This Court observed:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;4. As regards the first plea, it is inconsistent with the second plea. Having come into possession under the agreement, he must disclaim his right thereunder and plead and prove assertion of his independent hostile adverse possession to the knowledge of the transferor or his successor in title or interest and that the latter had acquiesced to his illegal possession during the entire period of 12 years, i.e., up to completing the period of his title by prescription nec vi, nec clam, nec precario. Since the appellant&#039;s claim is founded on Section 53-A, it goes without saying that he admits by implication that he came into possession of the land lawfully under the agreement and continued to remain in possession till date of the suit. Thereby the plea of adverse possession is not available to the appellant.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Annasaheb Bapusaheb Patil v. Balwant (1995) 2 SCC 543, where this Court elaborated the significance of a claim to title viz.-a-viz. the claim to adverse possession over the same property. The Court said:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;15. Where possession can be referred to a lawful title, it will not be considered to be adverse. The reason being that a person whose possession can be referred to a lawful title will not be permitted to show that his possession was hostile to another&#039;s title. One who holds possession on behalf of another, does not by mere denial of that other&#039;s title make his possession adverse so as to give himself the benefit of the statute of limitation. Therefore, a person who enters into possession having a lawful title, cannot divest another of that title by pretending that he had no title at all.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. The Apex Court, in an identical matter, in the case of N.JAYAMMA (supra) has held that 12 years period of adverse possession is only from the date they purchased the property and the period for which original vendor held the property or for that matter the date of mahazar could not be considered.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;25. In the case of N.JAYAMMA (supra), the facts are identical to the case on hand. The preliminary notification was issued on 15.12.1984, final notification was issued on 29.10.1986 possession was handed over to BDA on 30.8.1988. The plaintiff purchased the property on 22.6.1994. Suit was filed on 6.8.2001.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;26. In the case on hand, the land has been acquired by preliminary notification dated 21.03.1977 and final notification dated 14.05.1980, the award has been passed on 21.04.1986, possession has been taken on 11.06.1986 under Section 16(1) of the Land Acquisition Act and handed over the same to BDA on the same day and notification has been issued under Section 16(2) of the Land Acquisition Act on 09.07.1991. The plaintiffs purchased the property on 26.03.1990 and also filed a writ petition in the year 2001 in W.P.Nos.22116-22117 of 2001 and the same was dismissed on 07.08.2001. Thereafter, the suit has been filed on 24.07.2001. As on the date of the suit, the respondents had not completed 12 years in possession of the suit property so as to entitle them to claim adverse possession against BDA, the true owner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;27. In view of the above, I am of the opinion that the appellant/defendant has a case for interference. Accordingly, I pass the following order:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) Appeal is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '23cc4b7376ffe8999a3e855dc3b1a893.JPG', 'a9def4d719aa0f5f9b17e6e400f1cfa0.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-11 13:33:27', '2024-08-12 06:46:45'),
(296, '4JJiHAhxHe4uLbUpu1mtG5D9X', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Human Rights Commission has no jurisdiction to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date of alleged violation. Karnataka HC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;D S Ashok Kumar Vs The Karnataka State Human Rights Commission and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 21806 of 2017 decided on 15 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner challenges the order dated 09.02.2017 passed by respondent No. 1 in the exercise of power under Section 18 of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (for short &lsquo;the Act&rsquo;), wherein a recommendation was made to the Government of Karnataka to initiate a departmental inquiry against the petitioner for the alleged violation of human rights.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Respondent No. 3 lodged a complaint with respondent No. 1, stating that the petitioner, who was the Investigating Officer in Cr. No. 81/2011 for offenses punishable under Sections 498-A of the IPC and Sections 3 and 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, had directed the Bank to freeze respondent No. 3&rsquo;s bank account. As a result, the salary account was frozen for 40 months, starting from 14.07.2011. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The petitioner was the Investigating Officer in Cr. No. 81/2011 for offenses punishable under Sections 498-A and Sections 3 and 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act. On the FIR lodged by the wife of respondent No. 3, during the course of investigation, the petitioner directed the bank to freeze respondent No. 3&rsquo;s bank account, resulting in the bank account being frozen and respondent No. 3 being unable to operate it. The petitioner submitted the charge sheet before the Trial Court in 2012. The complaint alleging a violation of human rights was filed in 2014.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Section 36 of the Act relates to matters not subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission. Sub-section (2) states that the Commission or the State Commission shall not inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting the violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. In the present case, the alleged violation of human rights occurred in 2011, and the complaint was filed in 2014. Therefore, respondent No. 1 lacks jurisdiction to interfere with a complaint filed beyond one year from the date of the cause of action. Furthermore, the petitioner was not provided an opportunity for a hearing before the passing of the impugned order, as required under Section 16 of the Act. Thus, the impugned order passed by respondent No. 1 is in violation of the principles of natural justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Writ petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '359f2cffe803daee95b89a178243eea8.jpeg', 'f787caeb0a0f6de688486dfab9d3b818.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-12 12:51:14', '2024-08-13 12:12:49'),
(294, 'PWtAmwzbU4V8BDyC0zLvnJgAx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Registration Act. An unregistered document can be marked in evidence for collateral purpose. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gandhi Rao P.R. and others Vs Shanthakumari P.R. and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 49278 of 2017 decided on 8 August 2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice S.G. Pandit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Petitioners are the defendants and respondent No.1 is the plaintiff in O.S.No.28/2013 filed for partition. During the course of defendants&rsquo; evidence, the defendants produced the agreement dated 31-05-1999 to mark the same as document. Marking of the said document was objected by the plaintiff. On hearing both the parties with regard to marking of the said document, the trial Court has come to the conclusion that it is a deed of relinquishment and as the value is more than Rs.100/-, it requires compulsory registration, since it is not registered, the plaintiff is denied, the marking the said document. The said order is impugned in the present writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Learned counsel for the petitioners submits that the trial Court erred in passing the order refusing marking of the document dated 31-05-1999. It is his further submission that having regard to the proviso to Section 49 of the Registration Act, 1908, an unregistered document could be marked in evidence for collateral purpose. Therefore, the trial Court ought to have permitted the plaintiffs to mark the said document for collateral purpose. He also relied upon paragraph 16 of the decision reported in (2016) 8 SCC 705 in the case of SUBRAYA M.N. v/s VITTALA M.N. AND OTHERS, in support of the above contention, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;12. To substantiate his plea that there was a panchayat in which Plaintiffs 3 and 4 have relinquished their rights in Items 1 and 2 of the suit properties, the defendant has examined C.D. Annaiah (DW 2) who deposed that Plaintiffs 3 and 4 have received money from the defendant in respect of Items 1 and 2. He further stated that as per the panchayat resolution Ext. D-22, defendant had also paid a sum of Rs 15,000 to each of the plaintiffs. DW 3, Belliyappa who is the brother-inlaw of the plaintiffs and the defendant i.e. husband of their sister by name Poovamma has stated about the panchayat and that money was paid by the defendant to Plaintiffs 3 and 4 and the third plaintiff signed the receipt (Ext.D-14) and Ext.D-23 is the receipt pertaining to Plaintiff 4 and he has not signed in the receipt.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;16. Even though recitals in Ext. D-22 are to the effect of relinquishment of right in Items 1 and 2, Ext. D-22 could be taken as family arrangements/settlements. There is no provision of law requiring family settlements to be reduced to writing and registered, though when reduced to writing the question of registration may arise. Binding family arrangements dealing with immovable property worth more than rupees hundred can be made orally and when so made, no question of registration arises. If, however, it is reduced to the form of writing with the purpose that the terms should be evidenced by it, it required registration and without registration it is inadmissible; but the said family arrangement can be used as corroborative piece of evidence for showing or explaining the conduct of the parties. In the present case, Ext. D-22 panchayat resolution reduced into writing, though not registered can be used as a piece of evidence explaining the settlement arrived at and the conduct of the parties in receiving the money from the defendant in lieu of relinquishing their interest in Items 1 and 2.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Taking note of the principles laid down in the above decision and also proviso to Section 49 of the Registration Act, and also in the facts and circumstances of the present case, I am of the view that the trial Court erred in not permitting the defendants/petitioners to mark the document dated 31-05-1999 for collateral purposes. The order dated 24-10-2017 is set aside insofar as it relates to refusing to mark the document dated 31-05-1999 for collateral purpose. Accordingly, the writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '15b916a6db1fc9c842f0d177a663e846.jpeg', '1ba8b30d150057aef6760cc5a85217e2.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-11 14:48:25', '2024-08-12 08:14:57'),
(298, '1U3heHdNm1608mBrObZHSWIBC', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Partition. Coparcener who is not party to alienation of ancestral property need not pay court fee on the market value of the said properties. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;R. Muniraju Vs S.A. Munegowda and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 49364 of 2017 decided on 1 April 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice E.S. Indiresh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. It is the case of the petitioner that the petitioner has filed O.S.No.26083/2014 before the Trial Court seeking relief of partition and possession in respect of the suit schedule property and consequently, seeking for registered sale deed dated 28.08.2010 executed by the defendants Nos.1 and 2 in favour of defendant No.28 and subsequent dates are not binding on the plaintiff. The defendants have filed their written statement before the Court below.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Heard the arguments of the parties on payment of Court Fee. By impugned order dated 07.07.2017, the Trial Court has directed the plaintiff to file fresh valuation slip and to pay the balance Court fee in terms of Section 24(d) of the Karnataka Court Fee and Suit Valuation Act, 1958 (hereinafter referred to as the &lsquo;Act&rsquo; for short). Being aggrieved by the same, the plaintiff has preferred this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Per contra Sri. P.N.Nanjareddy, learned counsel for the respondent No.28 sought to justify the impugned order passed by the trial Court. Having considered the finding recorded by the Trial Court at para-8 of the impugned order, I have carefully considered the averments made in the suit particularly with regard to paragraph Nos.22 and 23 of the plaint. It is stated by the plaintiff that defendant Nos.1 to 22 have executed two registered deed of confirmation and the sale deed in favour of the defendant No.28 and the plaintiff is not a signatory to those documents and as such, the relief sought by the plaintiff is with regard to the partition and separate possession. Undisputedly even according to defendant Nos.1 to 22 that a suit schedule property was the joint family property and therefore, it is relevant to apply to the law declared by the Division Bench of this Court in the case of Smt. Nanjamma Vs. Smt. Akkayamma (Since Dead) by her L.R&rsquo;s and others reported in 2015(3) KLJ 357 para 77 to 79 are extracted hereunder for easy reference:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;77. Therefore, even if the evidence adduced by the parties discloses that the plaintiff is not in physical possession of the property or any portion thereof it is of no consequence. Thus a mere averment in the plaint that the plaintiff is in joint possession with the defendant in the schedule property is sufficient to bring the valuation of the suit within the ambit of Section 35(2) of the Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;78. In para 6 of the plaint, the plaintiff has categorically stated that she is in joint possession of the suit schedule property. The defendants on the other hand claim to be in exclusive possession. After the death of Bachappa, the plaintiff become the coowner. The possession of one co-owner is the possession of all the co-owners. Therefore, the valuation of the suit under Section 35(2) of the Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958 is proper. The Trial Court was not justified in directing the plaintiff to value the same under Section 35(1) of the Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;79. In view of our findings that in the absence of any plea regarding ouster or adverse possession, the plaintiff continues to be in joint possession of the property as on the date of the suit. Even though the plaintiff is not in physical possession, in law, she is deemed to be in joint possession. Therefore, she cannot be denied share. In that view of the matter, the plaintiff is entitled to partition and separate possession of her legitimate share in the suit properties i.e., the properties belonging to Bachappa only.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;7. I am of the view that as the contesting respondents have denied the share of the plaintiff and also the plaintiff is not a signatory to the sale deeds referred to above, I am of the view that the plaintiff is entitled for partition and separate possession of her legitimate share in the suit schedule property and therefore, the impugned order passed by the Trial Court directing the plaintiff to pay the Court fee on the market value of the property is incorrect and accordingly, the writ petition is allowed and the impugned order passed in O.S.No.26083/2014 on the file of XXVIII Additional City Civil Judge, Mayohall (CCH-29) dated 07.07.2017 is set aside.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '0318b8cb5cf4ce932b4851c1272520ee.JPG', 'ba9d2e9ffee4b5a218c5e14e7ee90ea7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-12 14:55:38', '2024-08-13 10:09:31');
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(299, 'fzXar0HbdNDonJQJgD95gEYHf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'NDPS Act. Special Court/Magistrate has power to release the vehicle in question for interim custody under Sections 451 and 457 of Cr.P.C. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kawal Jeet Kaur Vs The State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 200895 of 2024 decided on 5 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice K Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The case of the prosecution is that the petitioner is the owner of the goods container vehicle bearing registration No.RJ-14/GG-4191 and he is engaged in the profession of transportation of goods from different parts of the country and the vehicle in question was hired by the Royal India Roadways for transportation of garments. Accordingly, garments were sent along with 12 invoices from Ludhiana, Panjab to Tripura and Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. When the vehicle was passing near the jurisdiction of Shiradon check post, the vehicle was intercepted and on verification, the Excise Inspector found 10 plastic bags kept below the seat of the driver, which contained opium and Ganja, which was seized and an FIR was registered against the driver of the vehicle. The vehicle along with the Narcotic Drugs was seized and the matter was under investigation. The driver/accused was remanded to judicial custody. Later on, the accused was enlarged on bail by the Trial Court. The petitioner being the RC holder of the vehicle filed an application under Section 457 of Cr.P.C. before the Special Court for interim custody of the vehicle, which came to be rejected. He filed another application before the Drugs Disposal Committee(DCC), they have also given endorsement seeking clarification from the Commissioner of Excise, Bangalore. Therefore, the petitioner is before this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Having heard both the counsel and perused the records, the following points would arise for consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Whether the Sessions Judge being the Special Court under the NDPS Act, is empowered to release the vehicle in view of the judgment of the Division Bench of this Court in Crl.RP.No.623/2020?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii) Whether there is any bar for releasing the vehicle by the Court or Magistrate under Sections 451 and 457 of Cr.P.C. (At present Sections 497 and 503 of BNSS,2023).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. I am of the considered opinion that the order of the Trial Court is not correct and it is misconception of the law and rules or notification dated 23.12.2022. A perusal of the notification dated 16.01.2015 would go to show that there is no rules framed for release of the vehicle for interim custody. The Division Bench of this Court in the aforesaid case has held as follows in para Nos.58 and 59(ii):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;58. In the judgments relied upon by the learned Counsel for the respondents in the case of Shajahan -vs- In Inspector of Excise and Others reported in 2019 SCC On Line Kerala 3685 (DB) (paragrapi-3) and Union of India - vs- Mohanlal and Another reported in. (2016)3 SCC 379, there was no occasion to consider the application for release of the interim custody of the vehicle (conveyance) and in that view of the matter, the said judgment relied upon by the learned Counsel for the respondents to the effect that Drug Disposal Committee has power and not the Magistrate or the Special Court under the NDPS Act, have no application to the facts and circumstances of the present petitions&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;59. For the reasons stated above, we answer the Reference as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i)The Magistrate or the Special Court is conferred with the power/jurisdiction to Consider the application for interim custody of the conveyance/vehicle under the provisions of Sections 451 and 457 of the Code of Criminal Procedure in cases arising out of the provisions of NDPS Act; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii) The Drug Disposal committee constituted under the Notification dated 16.1.2015 issued by the Central Government under the provisions of Section 52A of the NDPS Act has no authority to consider the application for release of interim custody of the conveyance/vehicle;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Based upon order of the Division Bench of this Court, the Courts started disposing the applications under Sections 451 and 457 of Cr.P.C. But, in view of the fresh notification issued by the Central Government dated 23.12.2022, though, the earlier notification dated 16.01.2015 has been repealed, there is no clarification for release of the vehicle for interim custody. These rules were framed by the Central Government by exercising the power under Section 76 r/w 52(a) of the NDPS Act. The Central Government has power under Section 76 of the NDPS Act for framing of rules and Section 52(a) provides guidelines for disposal of the seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The Central Government has issued new notification only for further clarification. But, there is no clarification in respect of the release of the vehicle for interim custody.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Section 60(3) and Section 63 of the NDPS Act read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Section 60(3): Any animal or conveyance used in carrying any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance 2 [or controlled substances], or any article liable to confiscation under sub-section (1) or subsection (2) shall be liable to confiscation, unless the owner of the animal or conveyance proves that it was so used without the knowledge or connivance of the owner himself, his agent, if any, and the person-in-charge of the animal or conveyance and that each of them had taken all reasonable precautions against such use.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Section 63: In the trial of offences under this Act, whether the accused is convicted or acquitted or discharged, the court shall decide whether any article or thing seized under this Act is liable to confiscation under section 60 or section 61 or section 62 and, if it decides that the article is so liable, it may order confiscation accordingly.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. A bare reading of Section 63 would go to show that the confiscation order shall be passed by the Trial Court. In this case, the trial is not yet begun. The DDC is meant for disposing the drugs and for release of conveyance, there is no rule framed by the Central Government for release of the vehicle for interim custody either in the earlier notification dated 16.01.2015 or the new notification dated 23.12.2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Such being the case, the judgment of the Division Bench of this Court in the aforesaid case continues to apply, even to the present notification dated 23.12.2022. Therefore, the Special Court/Magistrate has power to release the vehicle in question for interim custody under Sections 451 and 457 of Cr.P.C. and the owner of the shall take defence and he shall prove that the vehicle was used without his knowledge by the person transporting the drugs. Such being the case, until the conclusion of the case, whether with or without the knowledge of the owner, the driver transported the drugs, the conviction or acquittal or discharge will not come in the way of confiscation of drugs and in respect of the conveyance, it has to be decided by the trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Therefore, I am of the view that the Trial Court has committed an error in dismissing the application holding that it has no power. On the other hand, the judgment of the Division Bench of this Court is applicable for the release of the vehicle for interim custody. The Court always has the power for release of the vehicle for interim custody, till disposal of the main case. Therefore, I am of the view that the order passed by the Trial Court is liable to set aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Accordingly, the petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8480acb45e50f18d99188eee9d4503d1.jpeg', '08138ae5ca2bb9ff107b4e3bf19f3f87.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-12 15:15:40', '2024-08-13 03:23:04'),
(300, 'u5O18V9nc0mZ3gfbLwdM4p3rf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Cancellation of grant civic amenity site years after issuance of show-cause notice and submission of reply is abuse of process of law. Karnataka HC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Gopal Krishna Charitable Trust Vs Mysuru Urban Development Authority and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 18696 of 2021 decided on 5 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice H.T. Narendra Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The brief facts of the case are that the petitioner is a Public Trust established by virtue of the Trust Deed, dated 25.11.1993. The first respondent allotted a civic amenity site bearing No.4 at Vijayanagar 3rd Stage, &lsquo;A&rsquo; Block, Mysuru measuring 83.85x154 plus 113 mtrs. In favour of the petitioner Trust for the purposes of construction of Samudaya Bhavana, as per Annexure-A, on a lease, for a period of 30 years and the lease amount was fixed at Rs.8,96,000/- in a lump sum or in installments at Rs.1,14,320/- per annum. Pursuant to that, initially, the petitioner deposited Rs.1,14,320/-. Thereafter, on 10.08.2001, the first respondent executed a lease deed and khata was changed in favour of the petitioner on 15.04.2010, as per Annexure-D. The petitioner, as per the letter, dated 18.02.2011, requested the first respondent to accept the remaining lease amount. Later, the first respondent issued a show-cause notice to the petitioner, dated 31.05.2011 vide Annexure-G to show cause as to why the lease granted in favour of the petitioner should not be cancelled. As per the letter, dated 21.07.2011, vide Annexure-H, the petitioner replied to the show-cause notice and further sought an extension of time for the construction of the building. Further, as per the letter, dated 05.12.2014, the petitioner sent Pay Order for payment of the lease amount for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. The petitioner as per the letter, dated 03.01.2013 sought permission from the first respondent to change the nature of the grant to construct an Educational Institution instead of Samudaya Bhavana. Since there is no reply for permission to change the purpose of the allotment, the petitioner has not put up any construction. After a lapse of 10 years, suddenly the first respondent issued the impugned communication, dated 23.07.2021 vide Annexure-S canceling the grant of land in favour of the petitioner. Being aggrieved, petitioner filed this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. At this juncture, it is relevant to refer to Rule 10(7) of the 1991 Rules. The relevant portion is extracted hereinbelow:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;10. Conditions of allotment of Civic Amenity Sites:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(7) The lessee shall complete the construction of the building within a period of three years from the date of registration of the lease agreement or such extended period provided the total period does not exceed 10 years, as the authority may in any specified case by written order permit. If the building is not constructed within the said period, the allotment may, after giving reasonable notice to the institutions, be cancelled, the agreement revoked and the lessee evicted from the site by the Authority and after forfeiting twelfth and half percent (12&frac12;%) of the lease amount paid by the institution the authority shall refund the balance to the institution.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. As per 1991 Rules, the respondent is required to issue notice to the petitioner before cancellation of the allotment. Even though the first respondent issued a show-cause notice in the year 2011 and the petitioner submitted reply to the same, after ten years the first respondent has not taken any action. In the year 2021, the first respondent issued the impugned cancellation order. Therefore, the impugned cancellation order dated 11.06.2021 was passed without following the procedure prescribed under Rule 10(7) of the 1991 Rules and contrary to Rule 10(7) of the 1991 Rules and it is in violation of the principles of natural justice and the same requires to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Accordingly, I pass the following order:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1e52c065bcea18c535a215567eb9ac15.JPG', '200d878d7d2e58d8dca180e74f48bbfb.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-12 15:47:03', '2024-08-13 12:20:36'),
(301, 'drDhaAQRymCkOQhjlMi3SZT2x', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Criminal Law. Application under Section 311 of Cr.P.C cannot be permitted to be used to drag the proceedings. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Stanly Kirthiraj Vs The State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 6269 of 2024 decided on 22 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The petitioner - accused No.1 gets embroiled in a crime in Crime No.40/2009, registered for offences punishable under Sections 408, 468 and 420 of the IPC for it having been registered on 24.02.2009. The issue in the lis does not concern the merit or the proceeding before the concerned Court. The police after investigation filed a charge sheet for the afore-quoted offences. The concerned Court, frames charges on 03.03.2016 and evidence of CW.1 gets completed as PW.1 on 24.03.2016. PW2 is examined on 23.02.2017. Six years thereafter, petitioner on 18.12.2023, files an application under Section 311 of the Cr.P.C., seeking to recall PW.2 for further cross-examination. The Court rejects it, on the score that the matter is an advance stage and the application being filed after six years of the cross-examination getting over, is misuse of the law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. A perusal at the order or the order sheet maintained by the Court is indicative of the fact that the petitioner has gone on seeking adjournments in a case that began in the year 2009. The trial is yet to get concluded despite passage of 15 years. Six years ago, PW Nos.1 and 2 were examined and cross-examined. An application comes to be filed by the petitioner, when the trial was an advance stage. That comes to be rejected. The petitioner challenges the said rejection before the Court of Session. It comes to be affirmed. The finding of the Court cannot be found fault with but the action of the petitioner undoubtedly needs to be found fault with. It is trite that an application under Section 311 of Cr.P.C., would in the normal circumstance be permitted except in cases where such applications are filed only to drag the proceedings. The case forms a classic illustration of one such action being initiated only to drag the proceedings, as the petitioner has filed an application under Section 311 of Cr.P.C., after six years of the examination getting over.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Finding no merit in the petition and no warrant to interfere with the order passed by the concerned Courts, the petition stands rejected.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8c173b06899ca685f0edfcd3918426ae.jpeg', '622531a285998d524b9f0803d9d0e489.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-13 12:32:55', '2024-08-14 06:39:03'),
(302, '3DN2lpZYyGvtLV0dPf3uB6tUw', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Order 2 Rule 2 does not apply when the cause of action and the prayer in both the suits are different though arising from the same transaction. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ibrahim Kodi Mohammed Vs Shanaz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 7796 of 2023 decided on 5 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The suit in O.S.No.107/2023 was filed for specific performance of oral agreement of sale dated 09.04.2020 (agreement of sale dated 18.12.2020) whereby the defendant had allegedly agreed to convey the suit properties for a total sale consideration of Rs.23,02,92,000/-. The plaintiff contended that the defendant was his daughter-in-law and was the owner of the suit properties. The plaintiff claimed that he intended to develop his own properties which lay adjacent to the suit properties into house sites. The defendant also desired to develop the suit properties but could not do so due to financial constraints. The plaintiff claimed that the defendant on coming to know of the desire of the plaintiff to develop his property, approached him and agreed to sell the suit properties at the rate of Rs.1,500/- per sq. ft. The plaintiff contended that as per the discussions that followed on 09.04.2020, the plaintiff paid a sum of Rs.15,00,00,000/- by cash to the defendant on 09.04.2020, 15.06.2020 and 19.08.2020, which were all acknowledged by the defendant under separate receipts. The plaintiff claimed that he received a notice in O.S.No.25632/2020, which was filed by a person named Mohammed Iqbal in respect of the suit properties, where an interim order was granted. The plaintiff being interested in the suit properties filed MFA No.4851/2020 challenging the order granted in O.S.No.25632/2020 He further contended that the defendant convinced the plaintiff to enter into a written agreement. Consequently, an agreement was entered into between the plaintiff and the defendant on 18.12.2020. The plaintiff claimed that he paid a further sum of Rs.7,00,00,000/- in cash to the defendant, which was acknowledged by the defendant. The plaintiff claimed that in all, he had paid a sum of Rs.22,00,00,000/- as advance out of sale consideration of Rs.23,02,92,000/- and the balance sum of Rs.1,02,92,000/- was supposed to be paid on the date of registration of a sale deed conveying the properties to the plaintiff. He further contended that the sale of the suit properties was to happen only after a layout plan was duly approved by the competent Development Authority. He claimed that it was the duty of the defendant to obtain layout plan as well as the order of release and khatha in her name at her expenditure. He further claimed that after the sale agreement was executed on 18.12.2020, the defendant issued six cheques drawn by the defendant, her husband and son-in-law, which were to be retained as security by the plaintiff until the sale deed was executed in his favour.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The plaintiff claimed that he had paid a sum of Rs.30,52,660/- to the Shivamogga Urban Development Authority on the request of the defendant for obtaining necessary documents such as, development plan etc. The plaintiff claimed that despite his readiness and willingness to complete his part of contract, the defendant did not perform her part. On the contrary, he claimed that a person named Mr. Mohammed Iqbal had filed a suit in O.S.No.213/2023 for the relief of specific performance of contract and for declaration of certain documents as illegal. He alleged that the defendant was in active touch with the said Mr. Mohammed Iqbal and was acting adverse against the interest of plaintiff. He therefore, contended that the defendant was about to commit the breach of agreement by not concluding the transaction. With these and other contentions, he claimed that he was entitled to the relief of specific performance. Along with the suit, he filed an application under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 of CPC for an order of interim injunction to restrain the defendant from alienating or transferring or encumbering the suit properties pending disposal of the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The cause of action for the suit for specific performance purportedly arose after the plaintiff caused a notice dated 27/3/2023 demanding specific performance of the agreement of sale dated 18/12/2020. Thus, the cause of action for the suit for perpetual injunction was clearly distinct and different from the cause of action for the suit for specific performance. A perusal of the Order II Rule 2 of CPC leaves no doubt that a party approaching the Court on a specific cause of action, is bound to seek all the relief to which he is entitled to as on that date. Order 2 Rule 1 of CPC reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Frame of suit.&mdash; Every suit shall as far as practicable be framed so as to afford ground for final decision upon the subjects in dispute and to prevent further litigation concerning them.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Order 2 Rule 2 of CPC reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Suit to include the whole claim.&mdash; (1) Every suit shall include the whole of the claim which the plaintiff is entitled to make in respect of the cause of action; but a plaintiff may relinquish any portion of his claim in order to bring the suit within the jurisdiction of any Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Therefore, if the cause of action for the suit in O.S.No.213/2023 and the cause of action for the suit in O.S.No.107/2023 were the same, then the prohibition under Order 2 Rule 2 of CPC would kick in and the suit filed for specific performance would be barred. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in similar circumstances, had considered the application of Order 2 Rule 2 of CPC in the case of Gurbux Singh Vs. Bhoorala reported in AIR 1964 SC 1810 where it was held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;6. In order that a plea of a bar under O.2 R. 2(3), Civil Procedure Code should succeed the defendant who raises the plea must make out (1) that the second suit was in respect of the same cause of action as that on which the previous suit was based; (2) that in respect of that cause of action the plaintiff was entitled to more than one relief;(3) that being thus entitled to more than one relief the plaintiff, without leave obtained from the Court omitted to sue for the relief for which the second suit had been filed. From this analysis it would be seen that the defendant would have to establish primarily and to start with, the precise cause of action upon which the previous suit was filed, for unless there is identity between the cause of action on which the earlier suit was filed and that on which the claim in the later suit is based there would be no scope for the application of the bar. No doubt, a relief which is sought in a plaint could ordinarily be traceable to a particular cause of action but this might, by no means, be the universal rule. As the plea is a technical bar it has to be established satisfactorily and cannot be presumed merely on basis of inferential reasoning. It is for this reason that we consider that a plea of a bar under O.2 R.2, Civil Procedure Code can be established only if the defendant files in evidence the pleadings in the previous suit and thereby proves to the Court the identify of the cause of action in the two suits. It is common ground that the pleadings in C.S. 28 of 1950 were not filed by the appellant in the present suit as evidence in support of his plea under O.2 R.2, Civil Procedure Code. The learned trial Judge, however, without these pleadings being on the record inferred what the cause of action should have been from the reference to the previous suit contained in the plaint as a matter of deduction. At the sage of the appeal the learned District Judge noticed this lacuna in the appellant&rsquo;s case and pointed out, in our opinion, rightly that without the plaint in the previous suit being on the record, a plea of a bar under O.2 R.2 Civil Procedure Code was not maintainable. Learned Counsel for the appellant, however, drew our attention to a passage in the judgment of the learned Judge in the High Court which read:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; The Plaint, written statement or the judgment of the earlier court has not been filed by any of the parties to the suit. The only document filed was the judgment in appeal in the earlier suit. The two court have, however, freely cited for the record of the earlier suit. The counsel for the parties have likewise done so. That file is also before this Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It was his submission that from this passage we should infer that the parties had, by agreement, consented to make the pleading in the earlier suit part of the record in the present suit. We are unable to agree with this interpretation of these observations. The statement of the learned Judge &ldquo;The two court have, however, freely cited from the record of the earlier shit&rdquo; is obviously inaccurate as the learned District Judge specifically pointed out that the pleadings in the earlier suit were not part of the record and on that very ground had rejected the plea of the bar under O.2 R.2, Civil Procedure Code. Not can we find any basis for the suggestion that the learned Judge had admitted there documents at the second appeal stage under O.41 R. 27, Civil Procedure Code by consent of parties. There is nothing on the record to suggest such an agreement or such an order, assuming that additional evidence could legitimately be admitted in a second appeal under O.41 R. 27, Civil Procedure Code. We can therefore proceed only on the basis that the pleadings in the earlier suit were not part of the record in the present suit.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. This view of the Apex Court is reiterated in the latest judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Rathnavathi supra. The reliance placed by the learned Senior Counsel on Virgo Industries supra is distinguishable on facts as in that case, the cause of action for both the suits were similar. Therefore, the finding of the Trial Court that the suit filed by the plaintiff for specific performance appeared to be barred under Order II Rule 2 of CPC is liable to be set at naught. The plaintiff had claimed that the defendant had executed the agreement of sale dated 18.12.2020 and that he had paid a sum of Rs.22,00,00,000/- to the defendant which was acknowledged by her from time to time. He also stated that at the request of defendant, a sum of Rs.30,52,660/- was paid to Shivamogga Urban Development Authority from his account at State Bank of India, Sagar. The plaintiff is the father-in-law of the defendant and the defendant also admitted that the plaintiff was in the business of development of real estate and that the plaintiff and defendant had purchased the properties with an intent to develop them. Therefore, since the plaintiff had made out a triable cause, the Trial Court must have considered the case of the plaintiff based on the prima facie findings observed by it. If the plaintiff had paid a sum of Rs.22,00,00,000/- and a sum of Rs.30,52,660/-, the interest of the plaintiff cannot be put at stake and if third party interests are created there is every possibility of multiplicity of proceedings and gullible purchasers would fall prey. Now that the plaintiff has stated that he has placed on record the originals of the receipts executed by the defendant as well as the cheques that the defendant handed over to the plaintiff to be retained as security, the Trial Court has to look into the same and dispose off the application filed by the plaintiff for interim injunction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;17. In that view of the matter, this appeal is allowed&hellip;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3923fa3434576a8ea247d056bd091d61.JPG', '5f24557b26128947a1cbc90dc42b4094.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-13 13:02:03', '2024-08-14 08:56:44');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(303, 'z7umzZjcpvlCj5pk1BVL74tfb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Layouts which were formed in Bangalore prior to coming into force of the KTCP Act cannot be straightway labelled as ‘unauthorised’. Karnataka HC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ravishankar S. Vs The BBMP and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 20041 of 2023 decided on 6 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice R Devdas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;These two writ petitions raise a common issue and the petitioners are aggrieved by the endorsements issued at the hands of the respondent No.1 &ndash; BBMP, either declining to approve the plan for construction or issue building license or directing the petitioners to secure a &#039;No Objection Certificate&#039; from the Bangalore Development Authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The question therefore is whether a person who approaches the respondent - BBMP seeking approval of a plan for putting up construction is required to produce a sanctioned layout plan which was approved by the competent authority prior to 25.06.2007 or on failure of the applicant to produce such a document, whether the application can be rejected?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. This Court has discussed the issue in the case of Pavanjeet Singh Sandhu having noticed the fact that the National Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in the case of Forward Foundation and others v/s State of Karnataka and others had passed an order on 04.05.2016 regarding the requirement of the distance to be maintained from the Rajakaluves as buffer zone, having regard to the Zonal Regulations contained in RMV-2015. In the general conditions at paragraph No.3 it was directed that the distance in respect of buffer zone specified in the said judgment shall be made applicable to all the projects and all the authorities concerned were directed to incorporate such conditions in the project to whom Environmental Clearance and other permissions granted not only around Bellandur Lake, Rajakaluves, Agara Lake but also all other Lakes/wetlands in the city of Bengaluru. The State of Karnataka which was aggrieved by the orders passed by the NGT, approached the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court and the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court by order dated 05.03.2019 clarified the orders passed by the NGT. It was noticed that the learned Advocate General appearing for the State of Karnataka had submitted before the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court that the State of Karnataka is aggrieved by the order of NGT to the extent of setting aside the buffer zone in respect of water bodies and drains specified in the RMP-2015 and enlargement of the buffer zone in respect of lakes and Rajakaluves. The State was also aggrieved by the order of NGT directing the authorities to demolish all the offending constructions raised/built in the buffer zone, which would result in demolition of 95% of the buildings in Bengaluru. It was submitted at the hands of the State that the Revised Master Plan is statutory in nature and NGT has no power, competence or jurisdiction to consider the validity or vires of any statutory provision/regulation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court by order dated 05.03.2019 allowed the appeals filed by the State of Karnataka and the directions/condition No.1 in the order dated 04.05.2016 was set aside except the direction issued against respondents No.9 and 10 therein who were the project proponents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Having regard to all these aspects, this Court came to a conclusion that the requirement of implementing the buffer zone could be made applicable only in layouts that were formed subsequent to the rule being brought into the RMP-2015 and cannot be made applicable to layouts that were formed prior to the said date. More particularly regard should be had to the fact that the authorities are required to find out as to whether the nala was in existence prior to the rule being brought into force or was formed subsequently. However, having regard to the submissions made by the learned Counsels for the respondent-BBMP, this Court finds that the officers of the BBMP are not insisting that permissions can be accorded to such applicants only if the layout has been approved by the competent authority and such benefit will be denied in all cases where the layout is not approved by a competent authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The question is not whether the layout was approved or not? What was directed to be considered was whether the nala/storm water drain was formed prior to 2007, when the rule was brought into force. If the stand of the respondent-BBMP is accepted and permitted to be implemented, it will lead to an unprecedented chaotic situation in the city of Bengaluru. This Court can take judicial note of the fact that there existed thousands of nalas of various sizes, from time immemorial, and as a consequence of which there existed more than 1000 lakes in Bengaluru. Examples of the earliest settlements in Bengaluru, be it, Halasuru, Cantonment (the present Shivajinagar area), etc., can be taken since large storm water drains which existed earlier continue to exist in those areas even today. All along the storm water drains in such old areas we can find buildings, old and new. Halasuru, where a huge nala runs through, has an history of more than 200 years of existence. In fact, such area cannot be labeled as &lsquo;unauthorized&rsquo; because they were in existence much prior to the enactment of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961. If we permit the officers of the BBMP to implement the internal communication dated 29.05.2023, it would give rise to an undesirable situation, where residents of such old areas viz., Shivajinagar cantonment or Halasuru may not be accorded a sanction plan or building licence, on the ground that they are unable to furnish copy of authorized layout plan. At the same time, no action can be taken in respect of the buildings already in existence, since the rule brought into effect from 25.06.2007 cannot be operated retrospectively.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Truly this was not the intent of this Court when it rendered the judgment in the case of Pavanjeet Singh Sandhu and Sindhu K.M. (supra). It is noticeable that the learned Advocate General himself had made such submission before the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court as noticed herein above that if the rule is sought to be implemented in respect of the old layouts which were not approved, then 95% of the building will have to be demolished in Bengaluru City. No new construction will be permitted and people will be forced to reside in old, dilapidated buildings. This Court takes note of the fact that the word &lsquo;Layout&rsquo; has been defined in the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020, as - &ldquo;Lay-out - means a lay-out formed by an individual or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.&rdquo; Therefore, technically, permission cannot be restricted only to authorized layout, since the meaning is not restricted to authorized layouts alone.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. This Court is therefore of the opinion that the internal communication dated 29.05.2023 given by the Chief Town Planner needs to be clarified while stating that the approval cannot be restricted to approved layouts only. Permission will have to be accorded by the BBMP even in respect of unauthorized layouts, if necessary information is produced by the applicant to show that the layout was formed much prior to the year 2007 and the khathas have been registered in the office of BBMP or the erstwhile local body. This is because the jurisdiction of the BBMP has been expanded twice and now the jurisdiction of BBMP is about 625 sq. kms. By further expansion many of the areas which were earlier within the jurisdiction of 7 City Municipal Councils, 1 Town Municipal Council and 110 village panchayaths are now brought within the jurisdiction of BBMP. If earlier the khatas were registered in the erstwhile local bodies and thereafter, the khatas have been registered in the office of the BBMP on the jurisdiction being brought under the BBMP, it is a clear indication that the layouts were formed much prior to 2007 and formation of the residential sites were recognized by the local bodies and khata were accordingly registered and property taxes were also collected. In that view of the matter, the above clarification has been issued.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petitions are allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e1a1dafaf27c4f34f8bbc38bae058a34.jpg', 'c9d7454be44f52b86d2baee422350d58.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-13 13:37:16', '2024-08-14 13:43:34'),
(304, 'PAzR29zMluCwFOgoFX1uqkqu4', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '‘’Depicts a crime thriller’’. Karnataka High Court refuses to quash criminal case against police officer who tried to gobble seized money. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Shankar Naik G K Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 26231 of 2023 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner is before this Court calling in question crime in Crime No.454 of 2023 registered for offences punishable under Sections 409, 465, 201, 110 of the IPC and Section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo; for short) pending before the IV Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Bengaluru City.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Facts, in brief, adumbrated are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner is a Government servant in the cadre of Police Inspector in the Home Department. The story would commence when the petitioner was posted as Police Inspector at Byatarayanapura Police Station. On 11-10-2021 while serving as Police Inspector in the said Police Station, a crime comes to be registered in Crime No.247 of 2022 against one Santhosh Kumar for offences punishable under Sections 381 and 420 of the IPC. The petitioner was the Investigating Officer in the said case. During the course of investigation, in the said crime, a recovery of `72/- lakhs was made and was reported under PF Nos.133/2022, 136/2022 and 141/2022. On 20-10-2022, it is the averment that, Crime No.247 of 2022 was transferred to the Assistant Commissioner of Police, Kengeri gate Sub-Division. But again, the said crime was retransferred to the 2nd respondent/Assistant Commissioner of Police, Byatarayanapura Sub-Division.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. The seizure panchanama that was drawn on 3 days i.e., on 14-10-2022, 18-10-2022 and 20-10-2022 revealed bundled notes of `500/- denomination and were from Axis Bank. But, the amount that is kept back in the Police Station after four months by the petitioner was of different Bank and completely of different denominations. Therefore, two factors would emerge &ndash; one, the petitioner keeping the amount with him without depositing it to the Treasury and the other, tampering with PF by changing the denomination of notes. These factors prima facie would meet the ingredients of the crime that is alleged against the petitioner. Therefore, the matter would require investigation, in the least, as the factors are glaring and clear insofar as ingredients of offences are concerned. It would here become apposite to refer to the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of KAPTAN SINGH v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH wherein it is held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9.1. At the outset, it is required to be noted that in the present case the High Court in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC has quashed the criminal proceedings for the offences under Sections 147, 148, 149, 406, 329 and 386 IPC. It is required to be noted that when the High Court in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC quashed the criminal proceedings, by the time the investigating officer after recording the statement of the witnesses, statement of the complainant and collecting the evidence from the incident place and after taking statement of the independent witnesses and even statement of the accused persons, has filed the charge-sheet before the learned Magistrate for the offences under Sections 147, 148, 149, 406, 329 and 386 IPC and even the learned Magistrate also took the cognizance. If the petition under Section 482 CrPC was at the stage of FIR in that case the allegations in the FIR/complaint only are required to be considered and whether a cognizable offence is disclosed or not is required to be considered. However, thereafter when the statements are recorded, evidence is collected and the charge-sheet is filed after conclusion of the investigation/inquiry the matter stands on different footing and the Court is required to consider the material/evidence collected during the investigation. At such stage, the High Court cannot appreciate evidence nor can it draw its own inferences from contents of FIR and material relied on. It is further observed it is more so, when the material relied on is disputed. It is further observed that in such a situation, it becomes the job of the investigating authority at such stage to probe and then of the court to examine questions once the charge-sheet is filed along with such material as to how far and to what extent reliance can be placed on such material.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.2&hellip;. It is further observed that inherent jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC though wide is to be exercised sparingly, carefully and with caution, only when such exercise is justified by tests specifically laid down in the section itself. It is further observed that appreciation of evidence is not permissible at the stage of quashing of proceedings in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Therefore, the High Court has grossly erred in quashing the criminal proceedings by entering into the merits of the allegations as if the High Court was exercising the appellate jurisdiction and/or conducting the trial. The High Court has exceeded its jurisdiction in quashing the criminal proceedings in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. In the light of seriously disputed maze of facts which prima facie depict a crime thriller, it would amaze this Court for entertaining the subject petition, as it does require investigation in the least.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Writ Petition is rejected.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd292f8e9b07eb304653e0b0eaf8edee1.jpeg', 'd9574adf4722214ea48b3cb6325e8f73.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-13 14:28:03', '2024-08-14 12:54:05'),
(305, 'OyK3LSngs35XdLOuqKDkTWbp0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Suit for partition among \'joint tenants\' who own property jointly. Valuaiton need not be on the market value of the properties. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Osmansab and others Vs Kasimsab and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 201083 of 2018 decided on 24 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The suit in OS NO.194/2011 was filed for partition and separate possession of plaintiffs half share in the suit property and for a declaration that the sale deed executed by defendant No.1 dated 19.05.2011 in favour of defendant No.11 does not bind the right of the plaintiffs in the suit property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The plaintiffs No.1 and 2 contend that they are the sons of Kareemsab while plaintiff No.3 is the wife of Kareemsab, defendant No.1 was the brother of Kareemsab while defendant Nos.2, 3, 4 and 5 were the sisters of Kareemsab. The defendant No.7 was second wife of Kareemsab, who had two daughters, one of whom is arrayed as defendant No.6. The defendant Nos. 8 to 10 were the granddaughters of Kareemsab. Defendant No.11 was the company, which had purchased the suit land from defendant No.1. The plaintiffs contended that the suit property belonged to their grandfather Mashaksab Ladaf. After his death, it was mutated in the name of defendant No.1. Mashaksab Ladaf had two sons named Kareemsab and Kasimsab, who were enjoying the property as joint owners. They contended that Kareemsab died on 13.12.2004 and the plaintiffs succeeded to his share in the suit property. The plaintiffs contended that they and the defendants were the joint owners and in possession of the suit property and were tenants in common. They contended that as there no was dispute between them, they were cultivating the land jointly and after the death of Kareemsab, defendant No.1 taking advantage of his name entered in revenue records, sold the suit property to the defendant No.11 on 19.05.2011. The plaintiffs therefore sought for partition and separate possession of their half share in the suit property and also sought for a declaration that the sale deed executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant No.11 did not bind their interest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. After the suit was set down for trial, the defendant No.1 filed an application under Section 11(2) of the Karnataka Court Fees And Suit Valuation Act, 1958 (herein after referred to as the &lsquo;the Act, 1958&rsquo; for brevity) read with Order 7 Rule 11(b) of CPC to determine market value of the suit property and also pay the Court fee. It was stated in the affidavit accompanying the application that the suit property was valued as if it was an agricultural land. However, the sale deed executed by the defendant No.1 in favour of the defendant No.11 showed that the land in question was converted for industrial purposes and that the defendant No.11 had set up a cement factory. He contended that the market value of the suit property was therefore, more than what was declared by the plaintiffs in the suit. He therefore contended that it was necessary to determine the market value of the suit property for the purpose of payment of Court fee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. This application was contested by the plaintiffs, who claimed that they were interested in the land bearing Sy.No.84/1 and 84/2, in which they had undivided share. They contend that the sale deed executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant No.11 was not binding upon them and therefore, any order passed in favour of defendant No.11 or it getting the land converted for non agricultural purpose also did not bind their interest. The plaintiffs contended that they were in joint possession of the suit property and suit property was properly valued under Section 35(2) of the Act, 1958. He contended in order to verify whether the suit property was properly valued or not, it is the only averments made in the plaint that has to be looked into and not the averments made in the written statement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The Trial Court came to the aforesaid conclusion on the ground that the plaintiffs had sought for cancellation of the sale deed and therefore, they were bound to pay the Court fee on the advalorem value, namely the consideration mentioned in the sale deed. It held that if a person, who is not a party to the documents seeks for a declaration that it is null and void and not bind his share, then he merely has to pay Court fee of Rs.19.50 under Article 17(iii) of Second Schedule of the Act, 1958. The consideration mentioned in the sale deed dated 19.05.2011 executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant No.11 was Rs.24,30,000/-. It was mentioned in the sale deed that defendant No.11 had purchased for establishing a cement plant. Therefore, it held that the suit item No.1 namely land in Sy.No.84/1 was not an agricultural land as it was purchased by defendant No.11 after obtaining permission from the Deputy Commissioner. Therefore, it held that the valuation furnished by the plaintiffs under Section 35(2) of the Act was not in accordance with law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The plaintiffs had categorically stated in the plaint that the suit property was owned and possessed by their grandfather and after his death, it was transferred to the name of the defendant No.1, though, the father of the plaintiff Nos.1 and 2 was entitled to half share in the property. They contended that they were in joint possession and enjoyment of the same along with defendant No.1. The plaintiffs therefore sought for partition and separate possession of their share in the suit property and for a declaration that the sale deed executed by defendant No.1, in favour of defendant No.11 was not binding upon them. When a suit of this nature was filed, while determining the market value of such property, all that had to be looked into was the averments made in the plaint as to whether the suit had to be valued under Section 35(1) or Section 35 (2) of the Act, 1958. Section 7 of the Act, 1958 declares that where the Court fee is payable under the Act depending on the market value of any property, such valuation shall be determined as on the date of presentation of the plaint, meaning thereby, that it is the averments made in plaint alone that has to be looked into. As the plaintiffs had claimed that the suit property was in their joint possession and that they and defendant Nos.1 were joint tenants cultivating the property, the valuation of the suit under Section 35(2) of the Act, 1958 was correct. The defendants did not dispute the valuation of the suit in their written statement. Therefore, no issue regarding the market value declared by the plaintiffs and the Court fee paid thereon was framed by the Trial Court. The defendant No.1 after the commencement of trial filed the instant application to determine the market value under Section 11 of the Act, 1958 and under order 7 rule 11(b) of CPC. The Trial Court was clearly oblivious of the provisions contained in Section 11(2) of the Act, 1958. Section 11(2) of the Act mandates as follows :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;If the court decides that the subject-matter of the suit has not been properly valued or that the fee paid is not sufficient, the court shall fix a date before which the plaint shall be amended in accordance with the court&#039;s decision and the deficit fee shall be paid. If the plaint be not amended or if the deficit fee be not paid within the time allowed, the plaint shall be rejected and the court shall pass such order as it deems just regarding costs of the suit.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Therefore, there were two stages when the issue whether Court fee paid is correct or not can be determined. The first stage is when the suit is filed and second after the suit is filed, after examining the evidence on record. When the suit was filed, the Court has accepted the valuation based on the assertion in the plaint. Under Section 11(2) of the Act the Court has the power to revisit the issue after evidence is recorded, to determine whether the Court fee paid is proper or not. In the present case, since the evidence has not begun and there were no contentions raised by the defendants in their written statement about the correctness of the valuation made by the plaintiffs in the suit, the impugned order passed by the Trial Court requiring the plaintiffs to determine the market value, based on the consideration mentioned in the sale deed executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant No.11 is misconceived and deserves to be interfered with.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. In that view of the matter, the plaintiffs are bound to succeed in this petition, consequently this petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c880456f72d3493402ce0111ba5a5207.JPG', 'cb9a9c867af7796afc2b464cfeee16b1.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-13 14:46:35', '2024-08-14 10:12:16'),
(346, '0u6DGMHC1FRn5aROT3AhrOPwb', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Land Grant Rules. Tahsildar cannot refuse to issue grant certificate once resolution to grant land is adopted by the Committee. Kar HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Akkayamma Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 10528 of 2022 decided on 21 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice E.S. Indiresh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;In these petitions, petitioners are assailing endorsement dated 31st March, 2022 (Annexure-A) issued by the respondent No.3-Tahsildar, rejecting the claim made by the petitioners for issuance of grant certificate in respect of land in question.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. It is the case of petitioners that the petitioners are in possession of the land in question as unauthorised occupants and in this regard they have made an application to the respondent-Authorities, seeking regularisation of land as per Annexure-B. In this regard, the Revenue Authorities have conducted survey and identified the land in question and thereafter, the respondent No.2-Committee had accepted the application made by the petitioners for grant of land in question as per resolution produced at Annexure-F. It is the grievance of the petitioners that, though the petitioners have made an application to the respondent No.3-Tahsildar, who is a Secretary to the respondent No.2-Committee for issuance of grant certificate/saguvali chit in favour of petitioners, the respondent No.3-Tahsildar, without considering the fact that the respondent No.2-Committee had recommended the name of the petitioners for grant of land and the grant of land has been already made in favour of petitioners, had issued endorsement dated 31st March, 2022 (Annexure-A), rejecting the claim made by the petitioners for issuance of grant certificate/saguvali chit. Being aggrieved by the same, petitioners have filed these writ petitions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;7. In the light of submission made by learned counsel appearing for the parties and on careful examination of the language employed in Rule 108-D(3) of the KLR Rules, 1966 would indicate that the said Rule provides for procedure of the Committee constituted for granting the land for the applicants those who are unauthorisedly occupied. Rule 108-D of the KLR Rules, 1966 read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&quot;108-D. Procedure of the Committee:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(1) The Committee or the Additional Committee shall, after verifying the particulars furnished by the applicant and after holding such enquiry as it deems necessary determine the extent of land to which the applicant is entitled for grant and the amount required to be paid by him for the grant of land, publish a notice which shall be in Form No.52 in the Chavadi of the village in which the land is situated and also in the Office of the Mandal Panchayat, inviting objections from the interested persons for the proposed grant, within such time as may be specified in the notice, which shall not be less than Fifteen days from the date of the notice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(2) After the expiry of the period specified in the notice the Committee 2or the Additional Committee shall, after considering the objections received and after further enquiry, if necessary, recommend for grant of the land unauthorisedly occupied by the applicant or to dismiss it, subject to the provisions of Rule 108-1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(3) On such recommendations, the Tahsildar, who shall be the Secretary of the Committee or the Additional Committee, as the case may be, shall, issue an order of grant and issue certificate of grant or Saguvali Chit in Form VII specified under Karnataka Land Grant Rules, 169; or dismiss the application, as the case may be:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Provided that all such applications which were rejected on the reason that the lands were Sendhi Vana/Echalu Vana shall be placed before the Committee or Additional Committee, after the scrutiny as specified in Rule 108-C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(4) The first instalment shall be paid in accordance with clause (a) of sub-section (6) of Section 94-A and remaining two instalments of amount payable, if any, shall be paid by the applicant within Sixty days from the expiry of the last date fixed for the payment of first instalment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(5) Appeal against orders made by the Tahsildar on the recommendations of the Committee or Additional Committee shall lie to the Assistant Commissioner:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Provided that in case the Chairman of the Additional Committee was Assistant Commissioner, then appeal shall lie to the Deputy Commissioner.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;8. On careful examination of Rule 108-D(3) of the KLR Rules, 1966, the said rule clearly envisages that the Tahsildar is the Secretary of the Committee or Additional Committee and therefore, it is the duty of the Secretary, being a inferior officer of the Committee headed by the Assistant Commissioner to follow the recommendation / resolution of the Committee. In that view of the matter, taking into consideration the rules mentioned above, I am of the view that the reasons stated by the respondent No.3-Tahsildar, rejecting the application made by the petitioners for issuance of grant certificate/saguvali chit is without jurisdiction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;9. Further, Section 94A(6) of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&quot;(6) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding sub-section,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) The Tahsildar concerned shall issue the order of grant of land, on the recommendations of the committee or additional committee, as the case may be, if any, and issue the saguvali chit. The amount payable, if any, shall be paid in three equal instalments of which the first one shall be paid before the expiry of a period of thirty days from the date of communication of the order of grant and the remaining two within such period as may be prescribed; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(c) The trees, if any, standing on the land granted and the granite in such land shall continue to belong to the Government, which may at its discretion be disposed off by it, in such manner as it may deem fit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. On perusal of the Section 94A(6) of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, the language employed therein makes it clear that the Tahsildar concerned shall issue the order of grant of land on the recommendations of the committee or additional committee and issue saguvali chit. Therefore, I find force in the submission made by learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;11. In respect of judgment referred to by the learned Additional Advocate General, appearing for respondents in the case of M.R. RAMASWAMY (supra), perusal of paragraph 7 of the said judgment, where the land in question in the said case was the encroachment made by the persons thereunder and in the present case, the Committee itself had taken decision pursuant to conducting the spot inspection that the petitioners are in the possession of land in question and same was considered by the respondent No.2-Committee. In that view of the matter, factual aspects on record in the case of M.R. RAMASWAMY (supra) are distinct from the factual aspects of the present writ petitions. Accordingly, the submission made by learned Additional Advocate General appearing for respondents cannot be accepted. It is made clear that, as the respondentAuthorities have already issued grant certificate/saguvali chit in respect of similarly placed persons, who have been granted land in terms of the very same resolution, the respondent-Authorities have to be maintain equality, while exercising their powers in respect of the petitioners in these writ petitions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;1) Writ Petitions are allowed;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c1ce00843b1474dc6338b87633fd688a.JPG', '260484a034331774acb7478869b8146b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-22 17:31:45', '2024-08-23 20:52:28');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(337, '2ucw20ZE9TODs1gUiRS3xTdaK', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Date of the application before the assistant commissioner and not the date of the Gift deed is relevant for the applicability of Senior Citizens Act. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Shoba Vs Anil P. Kumar and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 202832 of 2019 decided on 29 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. Petitioner is the mother of respondent No.1. Petitioner claims to have gifted the property bearing Plot Nos.73 and 74, Municipal No.8-13-4/73 and 74 situated at Raichur, to respondent No.1-son in the belief that he will take care of the basic requirements of the petitioner. The petitioner claiming that respondent No.1 had completely shown disinterest in the welfare of the petitioner and her husband and not provided basic amenities and physical needs to her during her old age had filed an application in File No.3/2018-19 which came to be opposed by respondent No.1 and dismissed by respondent No.2. It is challenging the same, the petitioner is before this Court seeking for the aforesaid reliefs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;9. It is categorically averred in paragraph-6 of the petition that the son had promised that he will provide basic amenities and physical needs to his mother and thereby, with a fond hope that the son will take care of her interest, during old age, the Gift Deed was executed by the mother in favour of son.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. The judgment which has been relied upon by the learned counsel for respondent No.1 in Sudesh Chhikara&rsquo;s case (supra) would not be applicable to the present case for the reason that in paragraph-14 which has been extracted hereinabove, the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has taken into consideration that in the petition filed under Section 23 of the Act, in that case, it was not even pleaded that Release Deed was executed subject to the condition that the transferee will provide the basic amenities and basic physical needs to parents. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has not in as many words categorically stated that the condition for providing basic amenities and basic physical needs is to be incorporated in the Gift Deed and Release Deed, but what has been held in that case is that the pleadings did not indicate any such obligation having been undertaken by the donee or the releasee made in an application filed under Section 23 of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. As aforesaid, it is not in dispute that the property was owned by the mother and has been gifted to the son. A mother or father if during their lifetime were to transfer a property by way of gift, leaving them without the benefit of the property during their lifetime, a reasonable expectation that their offspring be it either a son or a daughter would take care of their requirements in their old age can be so imputed, when there is a specific pleading in the application filed under Section 23 of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. Now the contention of the son is that the father was a retired Range Forest Officer and that he has enough resources to take care of himself and his wife. Unfortunately, during the pendency of the above petition, the father has also expired leaving behind only the mother.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;14. In such circumstances, I am unable to countenance the stand of the son that there is no obligation on the part of the son to take care of his mother during her old age, merely because, there is no such obligation imposed in the Gift Deed. The mother out of frustration has filed said application against her son, since the son is not taking care of her and has categorically averred in the petition that there was fond hope that her son will take care of her during her old age after building a Nursing Home in the property which belonged to the mother. This statement made in the pleading would suffice the requirement of the decision of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Sudesh Chhikara&rsquo;s case (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. In that view of the matter, the Assistant Commissioner having dismissed the application filed by the petitioner only on the ground that there is no obligation under the Gift Deed for respondent No.1 to take care of the petitioner, does not stand the test as laid down by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Sudesh Chhikara&rsquo;s case (supra) and as such, it is required to be set aside.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;i. The Writ Petition is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'de29bc1a21a6146eed828925883c642c.JPG', 'f3de580c14aa650766c1f80b75bac279.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-21 13:47:53', '2024-08-21 08:23:17'),
(320, 'B383slNHOqpSEjy7uo29HdUz5', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '‘’khasara Pahani’’ can be considered as document of title when no other document is available and it prevails over the settlement register. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Annappa Vs Channappa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;RSA 662 of 2007 decided on 18 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;5. RSA No.662/2007 is preferred by the plaintiff in O.S No.347/2002, seeking for relief of declaration and injunction with respect to land Sy.No.38/3 measuring 12 acres 32 guntas. The Trial Court dismissed the suit of the plaintiff Annappa. Appeal preferred by the plaintiff in R.A No.20/2005 was dismissed confirming the judgment and decree in O.S No.347/2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;7. Sy.No.38 of Kadehali village measuring 25 acres 25 guntas in extent belonged to common owners viz., Sharanappa, Erappa and Basappa. Sharanappa had eastern half share in the land under the registered sale deed dated 8 Meher 1343 Fasli corresponding to August 1934 AD, extent of 12 acres 32 guntas sold in favour of the grandfather of the appellant-Annappa in RSA No.662/2002, grandfather of the appellant by name Shivalingappa Inganshetty and defendant No.2. Annappa contends that he is in possession and enjoyment to the said extent. The remaining extent of 12 acres 33 guntas in Sy.No.38 situated on the Western side belonged to Sharanappa&rsquo;s brothers namely, Erappa and Basappa, the Shikmidars and Hissedars. One of the Hissedars, Erappa was entitled to 1/3rd share and the other Hissedars Basappa was entitled to 2/3rd share, out of the remaining half. i.e., 8 acres 22 guntas. Erappa&#039;s grandson Gurappa sold 1/3rd extent measuring 4 acres 26 guntas, situated in the middle portion in favour of the appellant&#039;s mother namely Umadevi (RSA No.661/2007) under registered sale deed dated 18.05.1972. Basappa&#039;s son Sharanabasappa and Shivashankar sold their 2/3rd extent of 8 acres 23 guntas to Channappa-the plaintiff under registered sale deed dated 12.2.1986.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;8. As per the Khasra Pahani, the measurement of Sy.No.38/1 in which the plaintiff-Channappa is seeking for declaration is measured only 8 acres 22 guntas in extent. The plaintiff filed suit seeking decree of declaration and injunction claiming that he had purchased 9 acres 26 guntas in extent from his previous owner and further that the defendants had encroached upon an extent of 1 acre 12 guntas of the land belonging to him. The suit was resisted by the defendants - appellants herein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. This Court while admitting the appeal has framed the following substantial question of law on 09.03.2007.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo; Whether the Courts below were justified in decreeing the suit of the plaintiff on the basis of the averments in the sale deed as well as the entries in the survey settlement when the evidence on record showed that the vendor of the plaintiff in fact really did not acquire title to the property, the extent of which is mentioned in the sale deed as well as the survey settlement ?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;15. Consequent to the merger of Hyderabad State with India in 1948, the Jagirs were abolished by the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana area), Abolition of Jagirs Regulation, 1358 Fasli. The Hyderabad record of rights in land regulation, 1358, Fasli (&lsquo;Regulation&rsquo; for brevity) was established to expedite to amend the law relating to the preparation and maintenance of a record of rights in land in Hyderabad State.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;16. Section 4 sub clause 1 of the Regulation envisages the preparation and maintenance of the record of rights for every village included in the local area, a record of rights in all the lands belonging thereto, the said record of rights shall include the following particulars namely:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;I. The names of all persons who are holders, occupants, owners or mortgagers of land or assignees of the rent or revenue thereof;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;II. The nature and extent of the respective interests of such persons and conditions or liabilities (if any) attaching;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;III. The rent or revenue (if any) is payable by or to any of such person;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. Section 4 (1) of the Regulation reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Sec.4 (1) As soon as may be after the issue of a notification under sub-section (4) of section 1 directing the provisions of this Regulation to apply to a village or local area there shall be prepared and thereafter maintained for that village or, as the case may be, for every village included in that local area, a record of rights in all lands belonging thereto; the said record of rights shall include the following particulars, namely:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) the names of all persons who are holders, occupants, owners or mortgagees of land or assignees of the rent or revenue thereof;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) the nature and extent of the respective interests of such persons and the conditions or liabilities (if any) attaching;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(c) the rent or revenue (if any) payable by or to any of such persons;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(d) such other particulars as may be prescribed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in clause(a) the names of tenants shall not be included in the record of rights unless their tenancies are perpetual tenancies or tenancies of any such other description as Government may by notification specify in this behalf either generally or for the purposes of any specified village or of villages included in any specified area.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Section 13 of the Regulation reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Sec.13. Any entry in the record of rights and a certified entry in the register of mutations shall be presumed to be true until the contrary is proved or a new entry is lawfully substituted therefor.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. Section 13 of the Regulation envisage the presumption of correctness of entries in the record of rights and register of mutations to be true until the contrary or new entry is lawfully substituted there. The Khasra Pahani is a register recording the incidents of tenure and an historical record. Khasra would serve the purpose of deed of title, when there is no other title deed. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court, in the case of Jt. Collector, Ranga Reddy Dist v. D. Narsing Rao etc.1 has held at Para No. 9 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;9. Consequent to the merger of Hyderabad State with India in 1948 the Jagirs were abolished by the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Abolition of Jagirs Regulation, 1358 Fasli. &lsquo;Khasra Pahani&rsquo; is the basic record of rights prepared by the Board of Revenue Andhra Pradesh in the year 1954-55. It was gazetted under Regulation 4 of the A.P. (Telangana Area) Record of Rights in Land Regulation 1358F. As per Regulation No.13 any entry in the said record of rights shall be presumed to be true until the contrary is proved. The said Regulation of 1358-F was in vogue till it was repealed by the A.P. Rights in Land and Pattadar Pass Books Act, 1971, which came into force on 15.8.1978. In the 2nd edition (1997) of &ldquo;The Law Lexicon&rdquo; by P. Ramanatha Aiyar (at page 1053) &lsquo;Khasra&rsquo; is described as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Khasra is a register recording the incidents of a tenure and is a historical record. Khasra would serve the purpose of a deed of title, when there is no other title deed.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;21. The survey conducted by the Court Commissioner indicates that 38/1 is 8 acres 22 guntas and 38/2 and 38/3 together is 17 acres 3 guntas. The report of the Commissioners is in collaboration with the evidence and materials placed before the Court. The Khasra Pahani of the year 1954-55 is a document of the title and in the absence of the contrary being proved, i.e., settlement register was not prepared after the proper survey and the extent of the lands. The Khasra Pahani of the year 1954- 55 prevails and Sy.No.38/1 is to the extent of 8 acres 22 guntas, Sy.No.38/1 and 38/2 and 38/3 in consolidation are 17 acres 3 guntas, in all the Sy.No.38 is measuring 25 acres 25 guntas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(v) RSA No.662/2007 is allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'a7a5f6e431df6d7977824488ad4c132a.JPG', 'c728953a4d2aec4c00ba2627e7b3042d.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 11:54:22', '2024-08-19 08:16:20'),
(327, 'eCZOmiBPOs9plC5b9aaDwITbO', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Wakf Board must prove ownership to declare property as Wakf property against a private party\'s claim. Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Chennamma Vs The Regional Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 202162 of 2022 decided on 6 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioner claims to be the absolute owner of land in Survey No.179/5, measuring 39 guntas out of the total extent of 02 acres 18 guntas, situated at Karadakal village, taluk Lingasuguru, district Raichur, having acquired the same and a registered sale deed dated 05.10.2012. Originally, the land in Survey No.179 measuring 20 acres 29 guntas was cultivated by one Hassan Khan and Hakeem Khan as Inamdars, an application for tenancy having been filed by one Ahmed Hussaini, Kajabee, Nawab Aahmed, Murthuja Ahmed, Mansoor Aahmed and Chand Pasha. The land tribunal in proceedings in KLRM/INM/2249/78-79 dated 08.07.1981 directed their names to be mutated in the revenue records. The aforesaid Murtuja Aahmed sold the property to Amaresh under a sale deed dated 09.12.2010. The said Amaresh sold the property to Sri Shivanand under a sale deed dated 18.02.2012. The said Shivanand in turn sold the property to the petitioner under a sale deed dated 05.10.2012 and it is in that background that the petitioner claims to be the owner of 39 guntas in Survey No.179/5 out of total extent of 02 acres 18 guntas the name of the petitioner having been entered into in the revenue records.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The short question which would arise for consideration before this Court is as regards in what matters a person would have to approach the Wakf Tribunal under Section 83 of the Wakf Act, 1995.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In the present case, it is not in dispute that the land has been purchased by the petitioner under a registered sale deed and the revenue entries were made in the name of the petitioner in the revenue records. It is thereafter that the Regional Commissioner had issued a Notification issuing general directions to all officers to cause entry of name of the Wakf Board as regards the wakf properties, after inquiry. In furtherance of the said notification, the Deputy Commissioner had directed the officers subordinate to him to cause such entries.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Both the Deputy Commissioner and respondent No.4- Tahsildar completely misconstrued the notification issued by the Regional Commissioner. The Regional Commissioner had specifically stated that due enquiry has to be made and thereafter, entry of the name of the Wakf Board to be made, if the property was the Wakf property, that is to say, there was a determination required to be made on available documents as to whether the property is Wakf property or not. Without carrying out any such enquiry, the Deputy Commissioner in furtherance of the Notification directed his subordinate officers, including respondent No.4- Tahsildar to carry out the instructions of the Regional Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The Tahsildar has misconstrued the said Notification and the direction of the Deputy Commissioner and caused the entry of the name of the Wakf Board, merely because, the Wakf Board claimed an interest in the said property, without making any enquiries.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The Tahsildar has considered the direction of the Deputy Commissioner to be a direction to insert the name of the Wakf Board by deleting the name of private owners, which is not what is contemplated in the Notification and the direction issued by Deputy Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. It is in that background, when the Tahsildar has deleted the name of the petitioner and inserted the name of the Wakf Board, the property cannot be said to be the wakf property merely by such insertion. The enquiry being required to be made as aforesaid, the same not having been made, it cannot now be contended by the Wakf Board that there is a dispute of the title as regards the property belonging to the Wakf Board, requiring the petitioner to approach the Wakf Tribunal under Section 83 of the Act, that would have been the case, if the name of the Wakf Board was always found on the records and a new claim was made by a third party.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. In the present case, the claim is made by the Wakf Board as regards a property which stands in the name of a private party which would not make Section 83 of the Act applicable requiring the petitioner to approach the Wakf Tribunal. It is for the Wakf Board to establish its title over the property as against a private party which would not come within the purview of Section 83 of the Act. Thus, the finding of the Assistant Commissioner in this regard is completely unsustainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The Writ Petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5cd62b415f36c54a440de825df5a1f9e.JPG', '72709bfaabfd8cd47f71c6c158754594.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-20 12:39:04', '2024-08-21 03:17:46'),
(358, 'qFIwocYrRJklFmf8ECPQg2LBD', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Plaint cannot be rejected on the ground of limitation which is pure question of law and facts. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Archbishop of Bangalore and others Vs C.M. Meenakshi and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 683 of 2024 decided on 27 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K. Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This appeal is filed by the appellants/plaintiffs under Section 96 of CPC for setting aside the order passed by the Additional City Civil and Sessions Judge Bangalore in O.S. No.26246/2023 dated 15.03.2024 for having rejected the plaint under Order VII Rule 11 (a)(d) and Order VII Rule 11(b) of CPC read with Section 151 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The plaintiffs filed the suit for declaration and injunction, contending that they are the absolute owner of the schedule property and other lands attached to the schedule property. The 1st plaintiff acquired the land in Sy. No.152/Bilikeri village measuring 24 acres 33 guntas and the same was registered before the Sub-Registrar by sale deed dated 13.8.1878. The plaintiffs are also running a school in the name of St.Peters Primary and High School and also having a church in the land. The Karda in respect of the land passed in the name of the arch bishop and on 22.4.1958, the land in Sy.No.152 was poded and the land measuring 1 acre 4 guntas and 13 guntas is in possession of plaintiffs assigned with new No.152/5. The plaintiffs being engaged in devotional/church and charitable activities from time to time for the purpose of administration of activities at State, District, Taluk and church wise administrators called as &quot;Parish Priest&quot; are appointed. It is alleged that one Albert was acting as &quot;Parish Priest&quot; of Immaculate Conception Church also known as St.Mary&#039;s Immaculate Conception Church at Doresanipalya Church and he was in charge of church in the name of Albert when the plaintiff entered into podi records and Mysore revision settlement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. It is further contended that one J.Rayappa working as school teacher run by the plaintiffs church was attached to the schedule property and he was getting salary from the church. He represented that the portion of land in suit schedule property and with permission of the plaintiffs he was cultivating the same and he was not able to manage the family with salary given to him. The plaintiffs were given possession and the J.Rayappa expressed inability to cultivate and he has handed over the property to the plaintiff on 6.8.1957. Once again the said J.Rayappa requested to give portion of the schedule property for cultivation and hence as per Lease agreement dated 16.5.1960 and Rayappa was not interested in cultivation and hence cancelled the lease agreement on 19.3.1961. It is further alleged that by taking advantage of the RTC, which stands in the name of school master, the defendant Nos.2 6 and 7 claiming to be children of J.Rayappa and further they claimed the reverend priest Albert who was Paris Preist and orally gifted the property in the year 1929 in favour of Rayappa and the said Rayappa died on 18.10.1988. Hence, the defendant said to be succeeded the schedule property. The defendant Nos.2 to 5 have no right over the Schedule property. The defendant Nos.2, 6 and 7 filed suit in O.S.No.6674/2009 for declaration and permanent injunction, but the suit was decreed in part on 22.4.2013. The declaration was dismissed, but injunction was granted against the judgment. The defendant Nos.2 6 and 7 filed first appeal in RFA No.965/2013 before the High court, which came to be dismissed on 23.12.2020.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Having heard the arguments and perused the records, the point that arise for my consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Whether the order of the trial court rejecting the plaint on the ground of limitation and cause of action is liable to be interfered?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of Popat and Kotecha Property stated supra has held at paragraph No.23 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;23. Rule 11 of Order 7 lays down an independent remedy made available to the defendant to challenge the maintainability of the suit itself, irrespective of his right to contest the same on merits. The law ostensibly does not contemplate at any stage when the objections can be raised, and also does not say in express terms about the filing of a written statement. Instead, the word &quot;shall&quot; is used clearly implying thereby that it casts a duty on the court to perform its obligations in rejecting the plaint when the same is hit by any of the infirmities provided in the four clauses of Rule 11, even without intervention of the defendant. In any event, rejection of the plaint under Rule 11 does not preclude the plaintiffs from presenting a fresh plaint in terms of Rule 13&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. In another judgment in the case of C. Natrajan stated supra, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held that the allegation in the plaint alone to be looked into for the purpose of deciding as to whether the plaintiff is liable to be rejected at the stage, the Court is not entitled to consider the case of the defence. In another judgment in the case of Bhau Ram stated supra also held that only the averments in the plaint and not the defence to be taken into account while considering the application under Order VII Rule 11 of CPC. In another judgment in the case of Pawan Kumar stated supra where the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held that the plaint cannot be rejected on the basis of disputed facts requiring evidence. In the latest judgment in the case of Srihari Hanumandas stated supra, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held that Res judicata is not a ground for rejection of plaint. In another judgment in the case of Saranpal Kaur Anand stated supra, it is held that the limitation is mixed question of law and fact and hence, cannot be tried as a preliminary issue and a plaint cannot be rejected on the ground of limitation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. In Dahiben case, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held the provisions of Order VII Rule 11 the Court in order to ascertain the prima facie regarding cause of action to read the averments in conjunction of the documents and court not require to further enquire about the truthfulness about the allegation. The written statement of the defendant is not relevant. The Division Bench of this Court also had the remedy under Order VII Rule 11 is an independent and special remedy and the court can dismiss the suit if it is satisfied that any grounds contained in Order VII Rule 11 is made out. In all the cases, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held that the plaint can be rejected, if there is no cause of action and barred by law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. By keeping the judgments and principle laid down by the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court and on perusal of the records and the rival contentions of the both the counsel, which reveals that the respondent have filed a suit claiming the declaration and injunction by filing the suit in O.S.NO.6674/2009 as against one Francis Billomane, Parish Priest, Church of Mary Immaculate, Doresanipalya and the said suit for declaration and injunction contested by the defendants and finally suit was partly decreed holding that the declaration sought by the defendants was dismissed and injunction has been granted. However, the Parish priest not filed any appeal. On the other hand, the respondent i.e., the plaintiff in the said suit preferred an appeal before the High court in RFA No.965/2013 and the same was dismissed by the Division Bench of the High Court and no relief of declaration granted to the respondent herein who are the plaintiffs in the earlier suit. The injunction was confirmed as the revenue records stand in the name of the father of the defendants. However, the present plaintiff also filed various suits, but those suits were dismissed as withdrawn and not attained finality on merits and no rights were determined by the Courts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Of course, the declaration sought by the defendant wherein who are the plaintiff in earlier suit was dismissed and therefore, the defendant cannot become a owner of the property but while pendency of the appeal before the High Court there was sale deed effected in the year 2014 but the same came to light only while arguing the matter in the High court and though the suit for injunction filed by the plaintiff. One of the suit was still pending for consideration i.e., in O.S.No.25542/2014. The other three suits were dismissed as withdrawn and one is for non prosecution. While pendency of the appeal, once again there was one more sale deed effected on 13.11.2020. Therefore, the plaintiffs claims to be the owners of the property constrained to file comprehensive suit for declaration to declare the plaintiffs as owner and declare the sale deeds are not binding as null and void and consequential relief of injunction. Such being the case, the trial court required to go for the trial and plaint cannot be rejected threshold since the limitation is mixed question of law and facts and cause of action is bundle of facts, the court required to allow the appellant-plaintiff to adduce the evidence and also allow the respondent to cross examine the witnesses and take defence in their case and without going for the trial, the plaint cannot be rejected in limine and the valuable property right was involved in this case. Though the learned counsel for the respondent produced some documents to show the plaintiff No.2 is none other than the defendant in the earlier suit and it was contested the matter etc., but admittedly, the plaintiff No.1 is the owner of the property was not made as defendant in the said suit and only the care taker was made as defendant. Therefore, the court required to consider whether the plaintiff No.1 was having knowledge about earlier suit, he is the person contested or not were all disputed facts required for adjudication. Therefore, the court cannot reject the plaint on the ground of cause of action and also the sale deeds were made during the pendency of the appeal which is hit by principles of lis pendency applies. Therefore, the plaintiffs required to file suit for declaration and for cancellation of those sale deeds and the court not decided the ownership of the property in any of the earlier suits. Such being the case, it is necessary for the plaintiffs to file suit for declaration and injunction as comprehensive suit therefore, the plaint cannot be rejected. Therefore, rejecting the plaint by the trial court is liable to be set aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Accordingly, the appeal is hereby allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5f0936793721dfc1346bfa4b442a8da2.jpeg', '554983ed69f5041ea1d0ecda925f5e2d.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-27', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-26 15:17:46', '2024-08-27 03:15:26');
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(313, 'bHzkUzhdf8NNcplVwXcNQwrxs', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Court fee. In a suit for cancellation of sale deed, consideration mentioned in the deed is to be considered and not the market value of the property. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sangameshgouda Mudigoudra Vs Basavanneppa Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 104722 of 2022 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The factual matrix of the case is that respondent No.1/plaintiff filed a suit in O.S.No.136/2018 for the relief of cancellation of both the registered gift deeds dated 01.09.1993 executed by the plaintiff in favour of defendant No.4 in respect of the suit land and another dated 23.03.2005 executed by defendant No.4 in favour of defendant No.3 in respect of the very suit land. The suit land is described in the schedule as land bearing Sy.No.23A/11A/1 measuring 14 gunta situated at Hiremaganur village in Ranebennur taluk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. It is contended in the suit that the suit land belonged to the plaintiff but the name of Karabasappa was entered nominally as joint owner in the RTC of the suit land. Defendant No.4 was much acquainted with the plaintiff and he intended to construct marriage hall at Hiremaganur village in the name of father of defendant No.4. Accordingly, defendant No.4 had requested the plaintiff to gift the suit land. In this regard, deliberations took place between the plaintiff and defendant No.4 and they have arrived at a conclusion that the plaintiff has to gift his suit land in the memory of his wife Smt.Shanthamma through registered gift deed to defendant No.4 and defendant No.4 on his cost has to convert the suit land to non-agricultural purpose and to construct the marriage hall in the name of father of plaintiff Basappa Mudigoudar and in the memory of Shanthamma, the wife of plaintiff. It was also an understanding of the parties that the name of Shanthamma, wife of plaintiff has to be carved in the stone slab and that the stone slab was to be fixed in the conspicuous place of the front wall of marriage hall. Marriage hall should be kept for public use and there was an agreement between the plaintiff and defendant No.4 that defendant No.4 should not alienate the suit land to others in any manner and should not use it for any other purpose. Imposing such conditions, stipulations and terms, the plaintiff had gifted the suit land in favour of defendant No.4 on 01.09.1993. Defendant No.4 though accepted the said gift, has failed to comply the terms and conditions of the gift. He neither constructed a marriage hall nor kept or retained the suit land as it was. Instead defendant No.4 gifted the suit land to defendant No.3 by executing the registered gift deed on 22.03.2005 for the play ground of school and hence the said gift deed is illegal and defendants No.1 to 3 acquire no title over the suit land since there is violation of conditions of the gift deed dated 01.09.1993.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. Having heard the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel and the counsel for the respondent/plaintiff, the following point would arise for consideration of this Court:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Whether the First Appellate Court has committed an error in reversing the finding of the Trial Court and whether it requires issuance of writ of certiorari to quash the impugned order dated 28.07.2022?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;20. Having read Section 7 of the Act, the same is an exception of the determination of market value and proviso is very clear that fee payable under this Act depends on the market value of any property, such value has to be determined as on the date of the presentation of the suit and Sub-clause (2) also refers the instances (a) to (d) and also explanation to the word &lsquo;estate&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;21. Having considered Section 38 of the Act, when the relief is sought for cancellation of gift deeds in a suit for cancellation of a decree for money or other property having a money value, or other document which purports or operates to create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish, whether in present or in future, any right, title or interest in money, movable or immovable property, fee shall be computed on the value of the subject matter of the suit, and such value shall be deemed to be, if the whole decree or other document is sought to be cancelled, the amount or value of the property for which the decree was passed or other document was executed and Sub-clause (2) also relates only to a particular item of property belonging to the plaintiff or to the plaintiff&rsquo;s share in any such property, fee shall be computed on the value of such property or share or on the amount of the decree, whichever is less. Explanation 1 and 2 also very clear regarding cancellation of a decree and possession of any property, the fee shall be computed as in a suit for possession of such property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. No doubt, the gift is valued at Rs.30,000/- in respect of first gift deed and in respect of second gift deed it is valued for Rs.1 lakh. It is also important to note that no doubt the judgment which have been referred by the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel in the cases of Damegunta and V.Prabhakar, the Single Bench of this Court held that court fee has to be determined on the basis of the market value of the property as on the date of the suit and not the consideration shown in the document.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. It is also settled law that the plaintiff has to pay court fee on the market value of the property as on the date of presentation of the suit in terms of Section 7 of the Act. It is also important to note that the suit is filed seeking the relief of cancellation of document and hence the Court has to take note of Section 38 of the Act. In a suit for cancellation of document i.e. settlement deed, it is held that court fee has to be paid not on the value of the property specified in the document but on the actual value. The same is decided in a Division Bench judgment in the case of R.Rangaiah. No doubt, it is also held in the judgment reported in 1974 (2) KLJ 225 that if it is a case for cancellation of sale deed, the court fee has to be paid on the market value of the property and not considering the value mentioned in the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;25. The judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Satheedevi which has been referred by the First Appellate Court while considering Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1959 Section 40 where a suit is filed for the relief of cancellation of power of attorney and sale deed, the First Appellate Court has made discussion with regard to valuation of the property for expression value of the property for which the document was executed and held that in such suit court fee is required to be paid on the value of the property for which the document was executed and not the market value and also discussion was made with regard to Section 7(1) and held that it becomes clear that the rule enshrined therein is a clear departure from the one contained in Section 7 read with Sections 25, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45 and 48 which provide for payment of court fee on the market value of the property. Section 40(1) of Kerala court fees act, 1959 is para materia in respect of Section 38 of the Karnataka Stamp Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;26. The First Appellate Court also while considering the issue involved between the parties in detail discussed the same and the judgment of Division Bench of this Court in R.Rangaiah and the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Satheedevi were also taken note of. In Satheedevi&rsquo;s case at para 12, it is held that the first and primary rule of construction is that the intention of the legislature must be found in the words used by the legislature itself. If the words used are capable of one construction, only then it would not be open to the courts to adopt any other hypothetical construction on the ground that such hypothetical construction is more consistent with the alleged object and policy of the Act. In para 20 also, it is held that if the legislature intended that fee should be payable on the market value of the subject matter of the suit filed for cancellation of a document which purports or operates to create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish any present or future right, title and interest, then it would have, instead of incorporating the requirement of payment of fees on value of subject matter, specifically provided for payment of court fee on the market value of the subject matter of the suit as has been done in respect of other types of suits mentioned in Sections 25, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45 and 48. It is also held that the legislature may have also, instead of using the expression &quot;value of the property for which the document was executed&quot;, used the expression &quot;value of the property in respect of which the document was executed&quot;. However, the fact of the matter is that in Section 40(1) the legislature has designedly not used the expression &lsquo;market value of the property&rsquo;. Further, in para 21, it is held that if the interpretation placed by the Trial Court and the High Court on the expression &quot;value of the property for which the document was executed&quot; is accepted as correct, then the word &lsquo;value&rsquo; used in Section 40(1) of the Act will have to be read as &lsquo;market value&rsquo; and we do not see any compelling &ndash; 25 reason to add the word &lsquo;market&rsquo; before the word &lsquo;value&rsquo; in Section 40(1) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;27. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court also discussed the judgment of Division Bench of this Court in R.Rangaiah&rsquo;s case and particularly in para 33, an elaborate discussion was made and held that when the suit is filed for the relief of cancellation of a document which provides for payment of court fee, in suits brought for cancellation of other documents such as a deed of settlement, gift deed or trust deed, it would not be appropriate to regard those documents as executed for a consideration or a specified amount and those cases would not be cases in which there would be any value for which the document is executed. In a case of gift deed, it is clear that same is not for consideration and the same is conveying the property for love and affection.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;28. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex court in Satheedevi&rsquo;s case considering these different issues of different High Courts in para 30 held that in view of our analysis of the relevant statutory provisions, it must be held that the judgments of the Division Bench of Madras High Court and of the learned Single Judges in Venkata Narasimha Raju vs. Chandrayya, Navaraja vs. Kaliappa Gounder, Arunachalathammal vs. Sudalaimuthu Pillai and Andalammal v. B. Kanniah as also the judgment of the learned Single Judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court in Allam Venkateswara Reddy vs. Golla Venkatanarayana lay down correct law. In the first of these cases, the Division Bench of Madras High Court rightly observed that when there is a special rule in the Act for valuing the property for the purpose of court fee, that method of valuation must be adopted in preference to any other method and, as mentioned above, Section 40 of the Act certainly contains a special rule for valuing the property for the purpose of court fee and we do not see any reason why the expression &lsquo;value of the property&rsquo; used in Section 40(1) should be substituted with the expression &lsquo;market value of the property&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;29. I have already pointed out that Section 40(1) of Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act which is in para materia with Section 38(1) of the Karnataka Stamp Act refers the valuation mentioned in the document but not the actual or real market value. Having taken note of the principles laid down in the case of Satheedevi and R.Rangaiah, it has been discussed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court that if the suit is valued under Section 38 of the Act, the fee shall be computed on the value of the subject matter of the suit or instrument. In order to find out the value of the subject matter of the instrument, we have to find out what is the value mentioned in the instrument, in other words the consideration for which that instrument is executed. If that instrument is a sale deed or a mortgage deed or lease deed, the consideration would be mentioned therein but in the case of deed of settlement and deed of gift or deed of trust, the consideration would be love and affection and the relationship cannot be valued in terms of money. That is the reason why the First Appellate court in the aforementioned judgment has categorically held that the value of the subject matter of the instrument does not mean the market value of the subject matter of the instrument. The reason that the Legislature consciously has not used the word &lsquo;market value&rsquo; in Section 38 of the Act, whereas the said word is explicitly used in Section 24 of the Act. Then it amounts to rewriting the Section or recasting or reframing the provision of law which is not permissible. The same is also discussed by this Court in the case of R.Rangaiah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;30. Both the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court as well as Division Bench of this Court have held that as per Section 35(8) of the Act, when used a word &lsquo;value of the subject matter of the instrument&rsquo; i.e. consideration mentioned in the instrument is to be taken into consideration while valuing suit for the purpose of court fee under Section 38 of the Act and not the market value of the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;31. When such a detailed discussion was made interpreting Section 7 as well as Section 38 of the Act and also the First Appellate Court in para Nos.16, 17, 18, 22 has discussed the same and even considering the authoritative pronouncement of Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court with regard to invoking Section 38 of the Act, comes to the conclusion that the valuation of the property used in Section 38(1) of the Act refers the valuation mentioned in the document and not the actual and real market value. In para No.23 also, it has taken note of Section 7 as well as Section 38 and rightly comes to the conclusion that in view of judgment in Satheedevi and R.Rangaiah, the suit ought to have been valued under Section 38 and not under Section 7 as contended and hence, the First Appellate court has not committed any error in reversing the finding of the Trial Court. When such being the case, I do not find any force in the contention of the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel relying on the judgment of Single Bench of this Court in the case of V.Prabhakar in respect of the sale deed is concerned.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The writ petition is dismissed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c0af0c145e307b7ab29e81ce4e9961c6.jpg', 'b05f3dfeaca27546c4fef97a203e5203.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-16 14:01:43', '2024-08-17 03:26:13'),
(314, 'Gf9B29fFxRtg2lvUK0owIuj46', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Land acquisition. Unless the award u/s 16 is passed, the Govt cannot take possession of the property. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Shakeel Ahmed and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 109019 of 2017 decided on 18 April 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The petitioners in W.P. No.109019/2017 claim to be the owners in possession of land bearing R.S. No.1015 measuring 7 acres 4 guntas situated in Belagavi city. It is claimed that one Mohammed Hussain, s/o Sulemankhan Madivale had filed Form No.1 before the Land Tribunal, Belagavi, for registering him as an occupant of aforesaid land under Section 5 of the Karnataka Certain Inams Abolition Act, 1977 which is pending. It is alleged that respondent No.4-Belgaum city Corporation got its name entered in the concerned revenue records pursuant to M.E. No.3201 dated 31.05.1968, producing a copy of an alleged award passed on 18.08.1960 claiming that the land had been acquired, compensation had been paid and the land vests with the Corporation. Though such entry was made, the possession of the petitioner was not disturbed. Before the land Tribunal, where the corporation is also a party, a copy of the award dated 25.11.1947 was produced, as regards which the petitioners contended that the same is a concocted document created to suit the corporation. The petitioner is before this Court seeking the aforesaid relief in view of the stand taken by the corporation before the Land Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. The points that would arise for consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Whether without an award copy being produced, merely on the basis of a preliminary notification, final notification having been issued under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 can it be said that the acquisition is complete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii. Whether without issuance of a notification under Subsection (2) of Section 16 of the LA Act, can it be contended by the State or its Authority that possession has been taken and handed over?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iii. Whether the Land Tribunal could have passed the impugned order merely on the basis of the submission acquisition is complete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iv. Whether the order passed by the Land Tribunal is required to be set-aside in the event this Court would come to the conclusion that acquisition is incomplete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;v. In the event this Court coming to a conclusion that acquisition is not complete, would the matters required to be once again remanded to the Tribunal or orders required to be passed on the present writ petitions?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;vi. What order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. ANSWER TO POINT NO.1: Whether without an award copy being produced, merely on the basis of a preliminary notification, final notification having been issued under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 can it be said that the acquisition is complete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.2. The land would have to be marked and measured in terms of Section 8 notice which is required to be issued and served on the persons interested, in terms of Section 9 the statements of interested persons is required to be recorded and the award fixing compensation payable is required to be made under Section 11 of LA Act. The award would also require previous approval by the appropriate government or such officer as the government may authorise unless the appropriate government has directed the Collector to pass an award without such approval.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.3. The award is required to be passed within a period of two years from the date of publication of the final declaration and if no award is passed within that period, the acquisition would lapse in terms of Section 11-A, however the same is introduced in the year 1964, as such, the same is not applicable to the present case since acquisition being in the year 1945.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.4. Only after an award having been passed under Section 11, could the Collector can take possession of the land which shall vest with the government free from all encumbrances in terms of Section 16. Subsection (2) of Section 16 having been introduced as a Karnataka amendment in the year 1961, same would not have any bearing or impact in the present matter. 34.5. Apart therefrom the other provisions in Part-III with regard to Referrence Court, reference to be made in the event of land owner not being satisfied with the compensation paid, if there are any claimants other than the notified kathedars/anubhavdars, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.6. In the present case, the respondent-State seeks to contend that acquisition has been completed and award has been passed on 25.11.1947. The preliminary notification having been published on 1.09.1945, final notification published on 7.05.1946, the award passed on 25.11.1947 is within time. Though it has been contended that the award bears No.LAQ/SR/224, no such award has been produced despite several opportunities having been granted. This being a self attested copy there is no independent document which has been placed on record indicating that the same relates to the property in question or not. The District Treasury under the letter dated 29.07.2009 has categorically indicated that there are no records for LAQ/SR/224-1947/48, if the same is not available the question of the State now contending that the award has been passed in the above reference cannot be countenanced either in law or facts.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.9. If at all the possession was taken over in the year 1948, after the award having been passed, no explanation was provided by the State as to why, for 20 years, there is no entry of the State or Municipality in the revenue records. The petitioner claiming to be in possession of and his possession having been disturbed by the Authorities under the guise of the award having been passed, I am of the considered opinion that the same could not have been done so.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34.10. Hence, I answer Point No.1 holding that no award having been passed, the acquisition cannot be said to be complete merely on the basis of issuance of a preliminary and final notification.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. ANSWER TO POINT NO.2: Whether without issuance of a notification under Subsection (2) of Section 16 of the LA Act, can it be contended by the State or its Authority that possession has been taken and handed over?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35.1. Subsection (2) of Section 16 of LA Act is a Karnataka amendment to the Act which came into force on 20.04.1961. the final notification having issued in the year 1946, Subsection (2) of Section 16 would have no application to such a notification. Since the award would have to be passed within a period of two years in terms of Section 11, the award not having been passed the question of taking possession would not arise. Therefore, requirement of publication of a notification in the official Gazette under Subsection (2) of Section 16 would also not arise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. ANSWER TO POINT NO.3: Whether the Land Tribunal could have passed the impugned order merely on the basis of the submission acquisition is complete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36.2. When matters relating to acqusitiion of land are concerned which would have an adverse impact on a citizen with respect to his landed property putting an end to any right that such a person had in respect of such landed property, it is required of all Authorities to consider the matter in accordance with law, ascertain if all the requirements under law have been satisfied both procedural and substantive and in the case of acquisition if an award is passed and possession taken.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36.3. None of these having been done by the Land Tribunal, but only on the basis of submission made by the State that acquisition has been completed, has dismissed the claim of the petitioner is not sustainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36.4. As such, I answer Point No.3 by holding that the Land Tribunal could not have passed the impugned order merely on the basis of a submission that the acquisition is complete but ought to have been examined on its own merits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. ANSWER TO POINT NO.4: Whether the order passed by the Land Tribunal is required to be set-aside in the event this Court would come to the conclusion that acquisition is incomplete?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37.1. In view of my answer to Point No.1, the land acquisition not having been complete, the Land Tribunal not having considered this aspect, the finding of the Land Tribunal in dismissing the claim of the petitioners would have to be setaside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. ANSWER TO POINT NO.5: In the event this Court coming to a conclusion that acquisition is not complete, would the matters required to be once again remanded to the Tribunal or orders required to be passed on the present writ petitions?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38.2. In the absence of the claim of the State and in the absence of acquisition being complete, there being no particular challenge or objection to the claim of the petitioners, having come to the conclusion that acquisition is not complete and having also come to the conclusion that the order of the Tribunal was not proper, there would be no purpose which would be served by this Court once again remanding the matter to the Land Tribunal for fresh consideration, more so when many of the land Tribunals are not constituted which would delay the proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.4. Issues involved in the matter having been decided by this Court, this Court would however not being a competent authority to register the occupancy rights in favour of the petitioners and as such, for that limited purpose the matter is remanded to respondent No.4 for registering the petitioners as tenants under Section 4 of the Karnataka Certain Inams Abolition Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38.5. Hence I answer Point No.5 by holding that in the present matter taking into consideration the aforesaid facts, there would be no requirement to remand the matter for fresh consideration on merits to the Land Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. ANSWER TO POINT NO.6: What Order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39.1. In the above circumstances, both the writ petitions are required to be allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1820ff678c176af660aa73581b11be3d.JPG', 'ede068d03f17c4453d82702ed734a7cf.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-16 14:16:57', '2024-08-17 10:35:03'),
(332, 'iyK4Z7se2f7qVx9eabQUPT0Wn', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Criminal proceedings against police officers require government sanction, even in cases of excess of his authority or beyond his duty. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Veknkatesh B.S. Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 5450 of 2018 decided on 20 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice N S Sanjay Gowda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. This petition is filed challenging the initiation of proceedings against the petitioner herein for the offences punishable under Sections 119, 166, 211, 350, 352, 355, 389, 503 and 506 of the I.P.C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The second respondent herein presented a complaint under Section 200 of the Cr.P.C. contending that the accused, who was a Police Sub-Inspector had acted illegally and had threatened the second respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The learned Magistrate, after examining the complainant, has proceeded to come to the conclusion that the accused had acted beyond his lawful duty and therefore, sanction was not necessary, and has proceeded to hold that the complaint was maintainable, with a direction that the statements of the complainant and the witnesses be recorded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Learned counsel for the petitioner contends that even if an allegation is made against a Police Officer that he has acted in excess of his duty, sanction under Section 170 of the Karnataka Police Act, 1963 (for short, &lsquo;the Act&rsquo;) is nevertheless required.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Section 170 of the Act reads as follows &ndash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; 170. Suits or prosecutions in respect of acts done under colour of duty as aforesaid not to be entertained without sanction of Government.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) In any case of alleged offence by the Commissioner, a Magistrate, Police Officer or Reserve Police Officer or other person, or of a wrong alleged to have been done by such Commissioner, Magistrate, Police Officer or Reserve Police Officer or other person, by any act done under colour or in excess of any such duty or authority as aforesaid, or wherein it shall appear to the court that the offence or wrong if committed or done was of the character aforesaid, the prosecution or suit shall not be entertained except with the previous sanction of the Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) In the case of an intended suit on account of such a wrong as aforesaid, the person intending to sue shall be bound to give to the alleged wrongdoer one month&rsquo;s notice at least of the intended suit with sufficient description of the wrong complained of, failing which such suit shall be dismissed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) The plaint shall set forth that a notice as aforesaid has been served on the defendant and the date of such service, and shall state whether any, and if so, what tender of amends has been made by the defendant. A copy of the said notice shall be annexed to the plaint endorsed or accompanied with a declaration by the plaintiff of the time and manner of service thereof.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. As could be seen from Section 170 of the Act, even a Police Officer acts in excess of his duty or the authority conferred upon him, even then, sanction of the Government is a must.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. In the light of the clear wording of Section 170 of the Act that even in cases where it is alleged that a Police Officer has acted in excess of his authority or beyond his duty, sanction is required, the proceedings initiated by the complainant cannot be maintained. Consequently, the proceedings are quashed and the petition is, accordingly, allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '182e310036c9b31259742609a52fd41b.JPG', '36031386f7dcb58ce765a3d06f452c6c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-20 15:29:13', '2024-08-21 06:49:11');
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(331, 'jCSeHIX8vPdnCAcSnDW3eqbpc', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Negotiable Instruments Act. Accused can lead evidence by way of affidavit of evidence provided he subjects himself for cross examination. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sayed Moula Vs M/S M S Metals &amp; Steels Pvt Ltd.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 9172 of 2018 decided on 12 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice N S Sanjay Gowda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. This petition is filed challenging the order passed by the Trial Court rejecting the application filed by the accused under Section 315 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 seeking permission to file an affidavit in lieu of his defence evidence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The Trial Court has placed reliance on the judgment rendered by a Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Nagaraj and others versus Abdul Rahman @ A.M.Hospet, reported in 2018 Criminal Reporter 487 (Kar) while rejecting the application&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The Apex Court in the case of Indian Bank Association has categorically issued a direction in the following terms:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;21. Many of the directions given by the various High Courts, in our view, are worthy of emulation by the Criminal Courts all over the country dealing with cases under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, for which the following directions are being given:- DIRECTIONS:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5). The Court concerned must ensure the examination-in-chief, crossexamination and re-examination of the complainant must be conducted within three months of assigning the case. The Court has option of accepting affidavits of the witnesses, instead of examining them in Court. Witnesses to the complaint and accused must be available for crossexamination as and when there is direction to this effect by the Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. As could be seen from the above, the Supreme Court has stated that the Court has the option of accepting affidavit of the witnesses instead of examining them in the Court. The only condition imposed by the Apex Court is that the witnesses should be available for crossexamination as and when directed by the Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. In the light of the said decision, it is obvious that the order passed by the Trial Court cannot be sustained and the same is set aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The petition is accordingly allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '253979dca4c8d79fe8c8b90532e70d87.JPG', '6aaa2d5a7d9a0923d8f9c5dfbf56bcb8.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-20 14:24:32', '2024-08-21 10:11:18'),
(319, 'XAuoAReiF3Rc7ZCM0ZZMwdiGc', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Requirement of Buffer Zone as contemplated in the Zonal Regulation is not applicable for the layouts formed prior to Revised Master Plan. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ravishankar S. Vs The BBMP and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 20041 of 2023 decided on 6 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice R Devdas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;These two writ petitions raise a common issue and the petitioners are aggrieved by the endorsements issued at the hands of the respondent No.1 &ndash; BBMP, either declining to approve the plan for construction or issue building license or directing the petitioners to secure a &#039;No Objection Certificate&#039; from the Bangalore Development Authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;7. The question therefore is whether a person who approaches the respondent - BBMP seeking approval of a plan for putting up construction is required to produce a sanctioned layout plan which was approved by the competent authority prior to 25.06.2007 or on failure of the applicant to produce such a document, whether the application can be rejected?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;8. This Court has discussed the issue in the case of Pavanjeet Singh Sandhu having noticed the fact that the National Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi in the case of Forward Foundation and others v/s State of Karnataka and others had passed an order on 04.05.2016 regarding the requirement of the distance to be maintained from the Rajakaluves as buffer zone, having regard to the Zonal Regulations contained in RMV-2015. In the general conditions at paragraph No.3 it was directed that the distance in respect of buffer zone specified in the said judgment shall be made applicable to all the projects and all the authorities concerned were directed to incorporate such conditions in the project to whom Environmental Clearance and other permissions granted not only around Bellandur Lake, Rajakaluves, Agara Lake but also all other Lakes/wetlands in the city of Bengaluru. The State of Karnataka which was aggrieved by the orders passed by the NGT, approached the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court and the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court by order dated 05.03.2019 clarified the orders passed by the NGT. It was noticed that the learned Advocate General appearing for the State of Karnataka had submitted before the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court that the State of Karnataka is aggrieved by the order of NGT to the extent of setting aside the buffer zone in respect of water bodies and drains specified in the RMP-2015 and enlargement of the buffer zone in respect of lakes and Rajakaluves. The State was also aggrieved by the order of NGT directing the authorities to demolish all the offending constructions raised/built in the buffer zone, which would result in demolition of 95% of the buildings in Bengaluru. It was submitted at the hands of the State that the Revised Master Plan is statutory in nature and NGT has no power, competence or jurisdiction to consider the validity or vires of any statutory provision/regulation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;9. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court by order dated 05.03.2019 allowed the appeals filed by the State of Karnataka and the directions/condition No.1 in the order dated 04.05.2016 was set aside except the direction issued against respondents No.9 and 10 therein who were the project proponents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. Having regard to all these aspects, this Court came to a conclusion that the requirement of implementing the buffer zone could be made applicable only in layouts that were formed subsequent to the rule being brought into the RMP-2015 and cannot be made applicable to layouts that were formed prior to the said date. More particularly regard should be had to the fact that the authorities are required to find out as to whether the nala was in existence prior to the rule being brought into force or was formed subsequently. However, having regard to the submissions made by the learned Counsels for the respondent-BBMP, this Court finds that the officers of the BBMP are not insisting that permissions can be accorded to such applicants only if the layout has been approved by the competent authority and such benefit will be denied in all cases where the layout is not approved by a competent authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;11. The question is not whether the layout was approved or not? What was directed to be considered was whether the nala/storm water drain was formed prior to 2007, when the rule was brought into force. If the stand of the respondent-BBMP is accepted and permitted to be implemented, it will lead to an unprecedented chaotic situation in the city of Bengaluru. This Court can take judicial note of the fact that there existed thousands of nalas of various sizes, from time immemorial, and as a consequence of which there existed more than 1000 lakes in Bengaluru. Examples of the earliest settlements in Bengaluru, be it, Halasuru, Cantonment (the present Shivajinagar area), etc., can be taken since large storm water drains which existed earlier continue to exist in those areas even today. All along the storm water drains in such old areas we can find buildings, old and new. Halasuru, where a huge nala runs through, has an history of more than 200 years of existence. In fact, such area cannot be labeled as &lsquo;unauthorized&rsquo; because they were in existence much prior to the enactment of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961. If we permit the officers of the BBMP to implement the internal communication dated 29.05.2023, it would give rise to an undesirable situation, where residents of such old areas viz., Shivajinagar cantonment or Halasuru may not be accorded a sanction plan or building licence, on the ground that they are unable to furnish copy of authorized layout plan. At the same time, no action can be taken in respect of the buildings already in existence, since the rule brought into effect from 25.06.2007 cannot be operated retrospectively.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. Truly this was not the intent of this Court when it rendered the judgment in the case of Pavanjeet Singh Sandhu and Sindhu K.M. (supra). It is noticeable that the learned Advocate General himself had made such submission before the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court as noticed herein above that if the rule is sought to be implemented in respect of the old layouts which were not approved, then 95% of the building will have to be demolished in Bengaluru City. No new construction will be permitted and people will be forced to reside in old, dilapidated buildings. This Court takes note of the fact that the word &lsquo;Layout&rsquo; has been defined in the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020, as - &ldquo;Lay-out - means a lay-out formed by an individual or body of persons, whether incorporated or not.&rdquo; Therefore, technically, permission cannot be restricted only to authorized layout, since the meaning is not restricted to authorized layouts alone.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. This Court is therefore of the opinion that the internal communication dated 29.05.2023 given by the Chief Town Planner needs to be clarified while stating that the approval cannot be restricted to approved layouts only. Permission will have to be accorded by the BBMP even in respect of unauthorized layouts, if necessary information is produced by the applicant to show that the layout was formed much prior to the year 2007 and the khathas have been registered in the office of BBMP or the erstwhile local body. This is because the jurisdiction of the BBMP has been expanded twice and now the jurisdiction of BBMP is about 625 sq. kms. By further expansion many of the areas which were earlier within the jurisdiction of 7 City Municipal Councils, 1 Town Municipal Council and 110 village panchayaths are now brought within the jurisdiction of BBMP. If earlier the khatas were registered in the erstwhile local bodies and thereafter, the khatas have been registered in the office of the BBMP on the jurisdiction being brought under the BBMP, it is a clear indication that the layouts were formed much prior to 2007 and formation of the residential sites were recognized by the local bodies and khata were accordingly registered and property taxes were also collected. In that view of the matter, the above clarification has been issued.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) The writ petitions are allowed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '66f6e25b6f688adc0ccafacc6587c34c.jpg', '2c2342de2816ccef9197613bde6ea90a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 11:53:06', '2024-08-19 10:37:26'),
(318, 'f58SR9nYvdJDAS64I3q2l2M2R', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Allotment of compensatory site by acquisition body. Commercial site cannot be demanded by the land-loser as a matter of right. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Yallappa and others Vs The Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 107883 of 2016 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2. The factual matrix of the case of the petitioners in the petition that they are the owners of lands described in paragraph No.1 of the petition in different survey numbers and that there was a proposal for housing scheme by the Karnataka Housing Board (for short, &lsquo;KHB&rsquo;) and approval was also obtained from the KHB for purchase of 300 acres of land for the purpose of housing scheme. As the KHB had issued notification in Kannada daily newspaper calling for applications for general allotment, the said notification was challenged by the petitioners herein and 5 others in W.P.Nos.109723-727/2015 and in W.P.Nos.109839-842/2015 before this Court on the ground that respondents in the said petitions did not keep up their promise of 60:40 joint venture and as the request of the petitioners were turned down, they filed the writ petitions. The said writ petitions were disposed of on 31.08.2016 as the respondent No.1 herein vide proceedings dated 19.10.2015 bearing No.459 agreed to allot 40% of the sites to the respective owners. The copy of the order is also produced at Annexure-A.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. Having heard the petitioners&rsquo; counsel and also the counsel appearing for the respondents, the questions that would arise for consideration before this Court are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;1) Whether the petitioners are entitled for commercial or corner sites in the ratio of 60:40 as per the decision of the respondents as contended in the Writ Petition?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;2) What order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. It is important to note that Section 38 of the KHB Act is very clear that KHB may retain, lease, sell, exchange or other dispose of, any land, building or other property vesting in it and situate in the area comprised in any housing scheme sanctioned under the KHB Act, which is extracted below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;38. Power to dispose of land.&mdash;Subject to any rules made by the State Government under this Act, the Board may retain, lease, sell, exchange or otherwise dispose of, any land, building or other property vesting in it and situate in the area comprised in any housing scheme 1 [or land development scheme] sanctioned under this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;18. On reading the above Section, it is important to note that the words used &lsquo;vesting in it&rsquo; and &lsquo;situated in the area compared in any housing scheme sanctioned under the Act. No doubt, in the case on hand the question of any lease for any period does not arise but Regulation No.5 of the Karnataka Housing Board (Allotment) Regulations 1983 is regarding lapse to the lessee, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5. Allottees to be a Lessee:- Allottee of a site/houses notified under these regulations shall be deemed to be lessee of the site/house, until the lease is terminated or the site/house is conveyed to the allottee in accordance with these regulations. During the period of the leases the allottee shall pay the Board a rent of Rs.10 only per annum at the beginning of each year.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;19. There is a force in the contention of the respondents&rsquo; counsel that this Court in the judgment M/s Sri Balaji Amenity Center (supra) held that the communication on which the petitioner relies does not give any right to the petitioners to invoke doctrine of legitimate expectation. The board can decide the manner of disposal of land by lease, lease-cum-sale which would also include auction sale. Therefore, the auction of plot in question cannot be faulted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;20. It is also important to note that this Court while coming to such conclusion, taken note of the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of TATA Cellular (supra). Regarding judicial review is concerned, this Court would like to refer paragraph 21 of the judgment of this Court in M/s Sri Balaji Amenity Center (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;21. The scope of judicial review has been stated by the Apex Court in innumerable decisions. The judicial review under Article 226 of the Constitution of India is set at rest. This Court can interefere with an administrative action only when it is shown that the decision making process is wrong but not when the decision itself is wrong. The scope of interference in these matters, which would fall within the realm of contract are not open to judicial review. The Apex Court in the Case of TATA CELLULAR vs UNION OF INDIA has stated the following principles in respect of judicial review.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;The principle enumerated from the above are the modern traits in administrative action. Note: The Court does not sit as a Court of appeal as it reviews in the manner in which the decision was made. The Government must have freedom of contract. In other words, a fair claim is necessarily concomitant from administrative body functioning or quasi-administrative sphere. However, the decision is not only tested by the &#039;Wednesbury principle of unreasonableness (including its other facts) must be free from arbitrariness and not affected by bias actuated by malafides. Quashing of decisions may impose heavy administrative burden on the un-objected expenditure&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;If one were to keep these principles in mind, judicial intervention in the present proceedings is not at all called for.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;21. Having considered the same, keeping mind the principles laid down in the said judgment by the Hon&rsquo;ble pex Court, the judicial intervention in the present proceedings is not at all called for. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court also held in paragraph 94 of the judgment that the Court cannot make any judicial review. The same is extracted below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;94. Therefore, it is not for the court to determine whether a particular policy or particular decision taken in the fulfillment of that policy is fair. It is only concerned with the manner in which those decisions have been taken. The extent of the duty to act fairly will vary from case to case. Shortly put, the grounds upon which an administrative action is subject to control by judicial review can be classified as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(i) Illegality : This means the decision-maker must understand correctly the law that regulates his decisionmaking power and must give effect to it.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(ii) Irrationality, namely, Wednesbury unreasonableness.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(iii) Procedural impropriety.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;22. Having considered the principles laid down in the judgment referred supra and also the provisions of Section 16 of the Land Acquisition Act, it is very clear that the lands vest with the State and in view of Section 38 of the KHB Act and also it has to be noted that in terms of Annexure-A, a decision was taken to allot properties in the ratio of 60:40. The counsel for the respondents would vehemently contend that in the 60:40 policy, it is not included corner or commercial site. Hence, the petitioners are not entitled to claim corner site or commercial site. The counsel also pointed out the letter of the Government dated 06.12.1990 and the same was issued prior to the acquisition of the lands of the petitioners. The counsel would also point out that the said letter has not been questioned and only KHB has to act in terms of Government Order dated 06.12.1990 and the same cannot be the subject matter of judicial review as held by the Apex Court in TATA Cellular&rsquo;s case. It is important to note that in terms of Annexure-A, some of the land losers have also entered into an agreement and also respondents have given an opportunity to opt for the intermediate sites. It is the grievance of the petitioners that no opportunity was given before allotting the sites to the general public and in that regard earlier direction was petitioners to opt for sites in the layout plan particularly in the developed sites before allotment to the general public.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;23. Admittedly, in the present case also first petitioner withdrawn the writ petition accepting the proposal and opted for allotment of intermediate site. When such being the case, law does not permit and also the letter of the Government is very clear that corner site has to be auctioned. It is the contention of the petitioners that the only reason for the auctioning corner site is to get more fund in favour of the KHB and no doubt, there is a force in the contention of the petitioners&rsquo; counsel that the KHB is not meant for making profit and to allot the sites to the general public, but KHB has to develop the sites and incur expenses for development. Hence, the decision is taken to allot sites in the ratio of 60:40 and the same has not been objected by the petitioners and even they themselves have approached the Court to include themselves in 60:40 and after including in the scheme of 60:40, they are claiming commercial and corner sites, the same is not permissible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;24. This Court cannot make any judicial review as held by the Apex Court as well as by this Court in the judgment referred supra. When such being the case, I do not find any merit in the petition to quash Annexure-D insofar as condition No.2 is concerned and to issue writ in the nature of mandamus directing the respondents to allot 40% share in the commercial and corner sites to the petitioners. Hence, the point No.1 is answered in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition is dismissed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'bff0eb222f56c0de7985d295e61e3b14.jpg', '042c90eee0b4452b9c0bf779c2046b18.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 11:51:55', '2024-08-19 12:35:38');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(316, 'hrulzssnVKsY54JjoDCPHQS4m', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Court fee. When cancellation of sale deed itself is sought for, separate court fee need not be paid on the prayer for possession of the property. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sangameshgouda Mudigoudra Vs Basavanneppa Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 104722 of 2022 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The factual matrix of the case is that respondent No.1/plaintiff filed a suit in O.S.No.136/2018 for the relief of cancellation of both the registered gift deeds dated 01.09.1993 executed by the plaintiff in favour of defendant No.4 in respect of the suit land and another dated 23.03.2005 executed by defendant No.4 in favour of defendant No.3 in respect of the very suit land. The suit land is described in the schedule as land bearing Sy.No.23A/11A/1 measuring 14 gunta situated at Hiremaganur village in Ranebennur taluk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. It is contended in the suit that the suit land belonged to the plaintiff but the name of Karabasappa was entered nominally as joint owner in the RTC of the suit land. Defendant No.4 was much acquainted with the plaintiff and he intended to construct marriage hall at Hiremaganur village in the name of father of defendant No.4. Accordingly, defendant No.4 had requested the plaintiff to gift the suit land. In this regard, deliberations took place between the plaintiff and defendant No.4 and they have arrived at a conclusion that the plaintiff has to gift his suit land in the memory of his wife Smt.Shanthamma through registered gift deed to defendant No.4 and defendant No.4 on his cost has to convert the suit land to non-agricultural purpose and to construct the marriage hall in the name of father of plaintiff Basappa Mudigoudar and in the memory of Shanthamma, the wife of plaintiff. It was also an understanding of the parties that the name of Shanthamma, wife of plaintiff has to be carved in the stone slab and that the stone slab was to be fixed in the conspicuous place of the front wall of marriage hall. Marriage hall should be kept for public use and there was an agreement between the plaintiff and defendant No.4 that defendant No.4 should not alienate the suit land to others in any manner and should not use it for any other purpose. Imposing such conditions, stipulations and terms, the plaintiff had gifted the suit land in favour of defendant No.4 on 01.09.1993. Defendant No.4 though accepted the said gift, has failed to comply the terms and conditions of the gift. He neither constructed a marriage hall nor kept or retained the suit land as it was. Instead defendant No.4 gifted the suit land to defendant No.3 by executing the registered gift deed on 22.03.2005 for the play ground of school and hence the said gift deed is illegal and defendants No.1 to 3 acquire no title over the suit land since there is violation of conditions of the gift deed dated 01.09.1993.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Having heard the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel and the counsel for the respondent/plaintiff, the following point would arise for consideration of this Court:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the First Appellate Court has committed an error in reversing the finding of the Trial Court and whether it requires issuance of writ of certiorari to quash the impugned order dated 28.07.2022?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Having read Section 7 of the Act, the same is an exception of the determination of market value and proviso is very clear that fee payable under this Act depends on the market value of any property, such value has to be determined as on the date of the presentation of the suit and Sub-clause (2) also refers the instances (a) to (d) and also explanation to the word &lsquo;estate&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Having considered Section 38 of the Act, when the relief is sought for cancellation of gift deeds in a suit for cancellation of a decree for money or other property having a money value, or other document which purports or operates to create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish, whether in present or in future, any right, title or interest in money, movable or immovable property, fee shall be computed on the value of the subject matter of the suit, and such value shall be deemed to be, if the whole decree or other document is sought to be cancelled, the amount or value of the property for which the decree was passed or other document was executed and Sub-clause (2) also relates only to a particular item of property belonging to the plaintiff or to the plaintiff&rsquo;s share in any such property, fee shall be computed on the value of such property or share or on the amount of the decree, whichever is less. Explanation 1 and 2 also very clear regarding cancellation of a decree and possession of any property, the fee shall be computed as in a suit for possession of such property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. No doubt, the gift is valued at Rs.30,000/- in respect of first gift deed and in respect of second gift deed it is valued for Rs.1 lakh. It is also important to note that no doubt the judgment which have been referred by the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel in the cases of Damegunta and V.Prabhakar, the Single Bench of this Court held that court fee has to be determined on the basis of the market value of the property as on the date of the suit and not the consideration shown in the document.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. It is also settled law that the plaintiff has to pay court fee on the market value of the property as on the date of presentation of the suit in terms of Section 7 of the Act. It is also important to note that the suit is filed seeking the relief of cancellation of document and hence the Court has to take note of Section 38 of the Act. In a suit for cancellation of document i.e. settlement deed, it is held that court fee has to be paid not on the value of the property specified in the document but on the actual value. The same is decided in a Division Bench judgment in the case of R.Rangaiah. No doubt, it is also held in the judgment reported in 1974 (2) KLJ 225 that if it is a case for cancellation of sale deed, the court fee has to be paid on the market value of the property and not considering the value mentioned in the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Satheedevi which has been referred by the First Appellate Court while considering Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1959 Section 40 where a suit is filed for the relief of cancellation of power of attorney and sale deed, the First Appellate Court has made discussion with regard to valuation of the property for expression value of the property for which the document was executed and held that in such suit court fee is required to be paid on the value of the property for which the document was executed and not the market value and also discussion was made with regard to Section 7(1) and held that it becomes clear that the rule enshrined therein is a clear departure from the one contained in Section 7 read with Sections 25, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45 and 48 which provide for payment of court fee on the market value of the property. Section 40(1) of Kerala court fees act, 1959 is para materia in respect of Section 38 of the Karnataka Stamp Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. The First Appellate Court also while considering the issue involved between the parties in detail discussed the same and the judgment of Division Bench of this Court in R.Rangaiah and the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Satheedevi were also taken note of. In Satheedevi&rsquo;s case at para 12, it is held that the first and primary rule of construction is that the intention of the legislature must be found in the words used by the legislature itself. If the words used are capable of one construction, only then it would not be open to the courts to adopt any other hypothetical construction on the ground that such hypothetical construction is more consistent with the alleged object and policy of the Act. In para 20 also, it is held that if the legislature intended that fee should be payable on the market value of the subject matter of the suit filed for cancellation of a document which purports or operates to create, declare, assign, limit or extinguish any present or future right, title and interest, then it would have, instead of incorporating the requirement of payment of fees on value of subject matter, specifically provided for payment of court fee on the market value of the subject matter of the suit as has been done in respect of other types of suits mentioned in Sections 25, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 45 and 48. It is also held that the legislature may have also, instead of using the expression &quot;value of the property for which the document was executed&quot;, used the expression &quot;value of the property in respect of which the document was executed&quot;. However, the fact of the matter is that in Section 40(1) the legislature has designedly not used the expression &lsquo;market value of the property&rsquo;. Further, in para 21, it is held that if the interpretation placed by the Trial Court and the High Court on the expression &quot;value of the property for which the document was executed&quot; is accepted as correct, then the word &lsquo;value&rsquo; used in Section 40(1) of the Act will have to be read as &lsquo;market value&rsquo; and we do not see any compelling &ndash; 25 reason to add the word &lsquo;market&rsquo; before the word &lsquo;value&rsquo; in Section 40(1) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court also discussed the judgment of Division Bench of this Court in R.Rangaiah&rsquo;s case and particularly in para 33, an elaborate discussion was made and held that when the suit is filed for the relief of cancellation of a document which provides for payment of court fee, in suits brought for cancellation of other documents such as a deed of settlement, gift deed or trust deed, it would not be appropriate to regard those documents as executed for a consideration or a specified amount and those cases would not be cases in which there would be any value for which the document is executed. In a case of gift deed, it is clear that same is not for consideration and the same is conveying the property for love and affection.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex court in Satheedevi&rsquo;s case considering these different issues of different High Courts in para 30 held that in view of our analysis of the relevant statutory provisions, it must be held that the judgments of the Division Bench of Madras High Court and of the learned Single Judges in Venkata Narasimha Raju vs. Chandrayya, Navaraja vs. Kaliappa Gounder, Arunachalathammal vs. Sudalaimuthu Pillai and Andalammal v. B. Kanniah as also the judgment of the learned Single Judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court in Allam Venkateswara Reddy vs. Golla Venkatanarayana lay down correct law. In the first of these cases, the Division Bench of Madras High Court rightly observed that when there is a special rule in the Act for valuing the property for the purpose of court fee, that method of valuation must be adopted in preference to any other method and, as mentioned above, Section 40 of the Act certainly contains a special rule for valuing the property for the purpose of court fee and we do not see any reason why the expression &lsquo;value of the property&rsquo; used in Section 40(1) should be substituted with the expression &lsquo;market value of the property&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. I have already pointed out that Section 40(1) of Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act which is in para materia with Section 38(1) of the Karnataka Stamp Act refers the valuation mentioned in the document but not the actual or real market value. Having taken note of the principles laid down in the case of Satheedevi and R.Rangaiah, it has been discussed by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court that if the suit is valued under Section 38 of the Act, the fee shall be computed on the value of the subject matter of the suit or instrument. In order to find out the value of the subject matter of the instrument, we have to find out what is the value mentioned in the instrument, in other words the consideration for which that instrument is executed. If that instrument is a sale deed or a mortgage deed or lease deed, the consideration would be mentioned therein but in the case of deed of settlement and deed of gift or deed of trust, the consideration would be love and affection and the relationship cannot be valued in terms of money. That is the reason why the First Appellate court in the aforementioned judgment has categorically held that the value of the subject matter of the instrument does not mean the market value of the subject matter of the instrument. The reason that the Legislature consciously has not used the word &lsquo;market value&rsquo; in Section 38 of the Act, whereas the said word is explicitly used in Section 24 of the Act. Then it amounts to rewriting the Section or recasting or reframing the provision of law which is not permissible. The same is also discussed by this Court in the case of R.Rangaiah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Both the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court as well as Division Bench of this Court have held that as per Section 35(8) of the Act, when used a word &lsquo;value of the subject matter of the instrument&rsquo; i.e. consideration mentioned in the instrument is to be taken into consideration while valuing suit for the purpose of court fee under Section 38 of the Act and not the market value of the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. When such a detailed discussion was made interpreting Section 7 as well as Section 38 of the Act and also the First Appellate Court in para Nos.16, 17, 18, 22 has discussed the same and even considering the authoritative pronouncement of Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court with regard to invoking Section 38 of the Act, comes to the conclusion that the valuation of the property used in Section 38(1) of the Act refers the valuation mentioned in the document and not the actual and real market value. In para No.23 also, it has taken note of Section 7 as well as Section 38 and rightly comes to the conclusion that in view of judgment in Satheedevi and R.Rangaiah, the suit ought to have been valued under Section 38 and not under Section 7 as contended and hence, the First Appellate court has not committed any error in reversing the finding of the Trial Court. When such being the case, I do not find any force in the contention of the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel relying on the judgment of Single Bench of this Court in the case of V.Prabhakar in respect of the sale deed is concerned.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The writ petition is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4180e242416961f272f13d4e7a1e8af0.jpeg', '00c5d42ef7723f5f2ed397eebf9f8cf0.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 09:01:17', '2024-08-19 03:31:21'),
(317, 'i99p6rVE8tI2MVSNehwjf0nb7', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Stamp Act. Court which impounds un/under stamped document has no power to impose penalty on its own without referring it to the competent authority.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;M/S. Samrudhi Groups Vs Anand and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 102296 of 2022 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The factual matrix of the case of the petitioner is that;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3.1. The petitioner is a partnership Firm constituted to carry on business of construction, real estate, land development etc. Respondent No.1 is one of the partners. The petitioner firm entered into registered agreement of sale with one Sri.Siddappa S/o. Bharamappa Donkannavar to purchase immovable agricultural land on 17.02.2014 and the said agreement of sale is cancelled on 06.08.2014.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3.2. Respondent No.1 as a partner of the petitioner firm executed an acknowledgement/consent deed, affirming the fact that, since agriculture land cannot be purchased by the petitioner firm, the same is brought in the name of his grandfather by using the firms&rsquo; funds and the same shall be transferred in accordance with law on 09.04.2015.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3.3. The said agricultural land is purchased in the name of one Sri.Irappa Shivalingappa Angadi &ndash; the grandfather of the respondent No.1, on 22.06.2015. On 16.02.2016, respondent No.1 executes an agreement that he has accepted and used the funds raised in the name of petitioner firm for his personal gains and he shall indemnify the petitioner firm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3.6. On 28.08.2019, an interim application in I.A.No.V under the provisions of Sections 33, 34, 37 of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 read with Section 151 of CPC is filed on behalf of respondent No.2, to impound the consent deed dated 09.04.2015 and agreement dated 16.02.2016 and the said application is resisted on behalf of the petitioner by filing statement of objections.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;6. Having heard the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel and also the counsel appearing for the respondents, the point that would arise for the consideration of this Court is;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;Whether the Trial Court committed any error in allowing the application filed under Sections 33, 34 and 37 of the Karnataka Stamp Act R/w. Section 151 CPC and whether it requires to be quashed as contended in the petition?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;7. Before considering the question involved in the matter and determining the point for consideration, it is appropriate to extract Sections 33, 34 and 37 of the Karnataka Stamp Act, for consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;33. Examination and impounding of instruments.- (1) Every person having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence, and every person in charge of a public office, except an officer of police, before whom any instrument, chargeable in his opinion, with duty, is produced or comes in the performance of his functions, shall, if it appears to him that such instrument is not duly stamped, impound the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(2) For that purpose every such person shall examine every instrument so chargeable and so produced or coming before him, in order to ascertain whether it is stamped with a stamp of the value and description required by the law in force in the State of Karnataka when such instrument was executed or first executed: Provided that,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) nothing herein contained shall be deemed to require any Magistrate or Judge of a Criminal Court to examine or impound, if he does not think fit so to do, any instrument coming before him in the course of any proceeding other than a proceeding under Chapter XII or Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) in the case of a Judge of the High Court, the duty of examining and impounding any instrument under this section may be delegated to such officer as the Court appoints in this behalf.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(3) For the purposes of this section, in cases of doubt, the Government may determine,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) what offices shall be deemed to be public offices; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) who shall be deemed to be persons in charge of public offices&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;34. Instruments not duly stamped inadmissible in evidence, etc.- No instrument chargeable with duty shall be admitted in evidence for any purpose by any person having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence, or shall be acted upon, registered or authenticated by any such person or by any public officer, unless such instrument is duly stamped: Provided that,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(a) any such instrument not being an instrument chargeable with a duty not exceeding fifteen paise only, or a mortgage of crop Article 35 (a) of the Schedule chargeable under clauses (a) and (b) of section 3 with a duty of twenty-five paise shall, subject to all just exceptions, be admitted in evidence on payment of the duty with which the same is chargeable, or, in the case of an instrument insufficiently stamped, or the amount required to make up such duty, together with a penalty of five rupees, or, when ten times the amount of the proper duty or deficient portion thereof exceeds five rupees, of a sum equal to ten times such duty or portion;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(b) where a contract or agreement of any kind is effected by correspondence consisting of two or more letters and any one of the letters bears the proper stamp, the contract or agreement shall be deemed to be duly stamped;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(c) nothing herein contained shall prevent the admission of any instrument in evidence in any proceeding in a Criminal Court, other than a proceeding under Chapter XII or Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(d) nothing herein contained shall prevent the admission of any instrument in any Court when such instrument has been executed by or on behalf of the Government, or where it bears the certificate of the Deputy Commissioner as provided by section 32 or any other provision of this Act and such certificate has not been revised in exercise of the powers conferred by the provisions of Chapter VI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;37. Instruments impounded how dealt with.- (1) When the person impounding an instrument under section 33 has by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence and admits such instrument in evidence upon payment of a penalty as provided by section 34 or of duty as provided by section 36, he shall send to the Deputy Commissioner an authenticated copy of such instrument, together with a certificate in writing, stating the amount of duty and penalty levied in respect thereof, and shall send such amount to the Deputy Commissioner or to such person as he may appoint in this behalf.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;(2) In every other case, the person so impounding an instrument shall send it in original to the Deputy Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;10. As already pointed out, both the documents are not the registered documents. The deficit stamp duty for the nomenclature of the documents and admissibility of those documents is disputed, as the plaintiff is relying upon those two documents. It is also important to note that, there is bar under Section 34 of the Stamp Act for a document being received in evidence and the same is absolute unless deficit duty and penalty is paid. If the document is not duly stamped, it is inadmissible in evidence. The Trial Court also having taken note of the combined reading of Sections 33, 34, 37 and 41 of the Stamp Act, discussed the procedural aspect in page No.14 and 15. Section 33 of the Stamp Act is very clear that, every person having by law or consent of parties authority to receive evidence, and every person in-charge of a public office, except an officer of police, before whom any instrument, chargeable in his opinion, with duty, is produced or comes in the performance of his functions, shall, if it appears to him that such instrument is not duly stamped, impound the same. It is also important to note that, as per Section 34 of the Stamp Act, the instruments which are not duly stamped are inadmissible in evidence, unless such instruments are duly stamped.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;11. This Court also would like to rely upon Section 37 of the Stamp Act, if the document is impounded how to dealt with the same. Sub-clause(2) of Section 37 is very clear that, in every other case, other than Section 37(1), the persons, so impounding an instrument shall send it in original to the Deputy Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. This Court also would like to rely upon the judgment of this Court reported in the case of Dr.Vidhya Vs. R. S. Venkata Reddy reported in 2011 (4) Kar.LJ 92, wherein discussion was made in Sections 33(1) and 37(2) of the Stamp Act. The documents said to be insufficiently stamped not produced in evidence, but produced subsequent to settlement of issues, at the time of filing interlocutory application for temporary injunction, the jurisdiction of the Trial Court to calculate the deficit stamp duty and penalty and direct the party to pay the same, in respect of Temporary Injunction, in suit for specific performance of contract for sale, sought on the basis of document evidencing delivery of possession of suit property to party in part performance of contract; As said document was not produced in evidence in suit, the Trial Court held, erred in directing the party to pay deficit stamp duty and penalty, and order of Trial Court is, therefore, liable to be quashed. It is further observed that, it is however open to the Trial Court to send the document to the Deputy Commissioner for determination of the stamp duty and proceed with suit on receipt of the Deputy Commissioner&rsquo;s order regarding the document, and stamp duty payable thereon. But an observation is made that, however, the Trial Court is directed to impound the sale agreements as indicated in Section 33(1) of the Act. If the plaintiff seeks the determination of the deficit stamp duty and penalty, the same be determined and he may be permitted to remit the same. In case the plaintiff is not willing, the Trial Court to forward the sale agreements to the Deputy Commissioner concerned, as envisaged in Section 37(2) of the Act. The Trial Court shall await the receipt of the certificate or the order passed by the Deputy Commissioner for proceeding further in the suit. The suit be revived only on receipt of such certificate and the copy of the order of the Deputy Commissioner so passed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. Having taken note of the principles laid down in Dr.S. Vidya&rsquo;s case (supra), it is very clear that, if plaintiff makes an application to determine the stamp duty, then the Court has to determine. But in the case on hand, no such application is filed and plaintiff even resisted the very application filed by defendant No.2. When such being the case, it is very clear that under Section 37(2) of the Stamp Act, the sale agreement and consent deed to be forwarded to the concerned Deputy Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;14. This Court also would like to rely upon the judgment of this Court in the case of Suman Vs. Vinayak and Others reported in 2014(1) Kar.L.J.575, wherein while discussing Section 33 of the Stamp Act, it is held that, options of the Deputy Commissioner, when an document is to be impounded or received such instrument for impounding, he may either impound and collect the stamp duty and penalty or certify that it is duly stamped or declare that the said instrument is not so chargeable to any stamp duty and hence it is held that the Deputy Commissioner may exercise any of the three options, when an instrument was placed before him for impounding. It is held that, then the course open to the Court would be to refer such document to the Deputy Commissioner for being adjudicated for collection of chargeable duty and penalty thereof by invoking sub-section(2) of Section 37 of the Stamp Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;15. In the case on hand, it is to be noted that, when the Consent Deed and Agreement of Sale are the basis for claiming the relief of declaration and an application is filed to pay the duty and penalty when the document is insufficiently stamped, the Trial Court rightly invoked Section 33 of the Stamp Act, since the Court is empowered to impound the document. The very contention of the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel that the nature of the documents ought to have been determined by the Court and without determining the nature of the documents, the impugned order is not sustainable, cannot be accepted. The nomenclature of the documents is very clear that one is Consent Deed and another one is Agreement of Sale. Hence, without determining the nature of the documents, the Trial Court ought not to have impounded the documents, cannot be accepted. The very contention that, without there being any determination about the provisions of the Stamp Act, which is applicable to the said documents sought to be impounded also cannot be accepted. The Trial Court while passing the order elaborately discussed the same and even taken note of Sections 33, 34, 35, 37 and 47 of the Karnataka Stamp Act, which requires the procedure to be adopted by the Court, while considering the question of admissibility of the document with reference to the Stamp Act and it is the duty of the Court also to examine and determine whether it is properly stamped. Hence the very contention that, without deliberation about the provisions of the Stamp Act, which is applicable to the said documents sought to be impounded, the impugned order has been passed cannot be accepted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;16. This Court also would like to rely upon the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Shakeel Pasha and Ors. Vs. M/s. City Max Hotels India Pvt. Ltd., in Civil Appeal Nos.2139-2140 of 2024 dated 12.02.2024. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court also in this judgment discussed with regard to Section 33 and 34 of the Karnataka Stamp Act and directed penalty to be paid on account of non-payment of stamp duty on the Arbitral Award. It is held that, under the Karnataka Stamp Act, there is no power conferred on the Courts to direct payment of penalty and it is the power of the appropriate authorities under the Karnataka Stamp Act to impose penalty. In the case on hand also, it has to be noted that, when the document is placed before the Court and those documents are termed as Consent Deed as well as Agreement of Sale, when the Court found that the documents are not sufficiently stamped, in terms of Section 33 of the Stamp Act, the documents are impounded. After impounding the documents, as envisaged under Section 37(2) of the Stamp Act, the Court has to send the documents to the concerned authority and accordingly, the document is sent to the Registrar to collect the duty and penalty.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;17. When such being the case, I do not find any error committed by the Trial Court and the contention that the court itself has to determine the nature of documents and calculate the stamp duty cannot be accepted, unless the very plaintiff himself makes an application to determine the deficit stamp duty and no such circumstance is warranted since the plaintiff resisted the application. Hence I do not find any force in the contention of the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel to quash the order of the Trial Judge at Annexure-H, as contended in the petition. The petition is devoid of any merits. Hence I answer point in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;The petition is dismissed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3878990039f031bb9c808a2f44846d53.jpg', '69c80b72838e9635de9d3c8b44ae709d.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 11:50:39', '2024-08-19 06:45:36');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(322, '2P4vaxfOgrYM9VG9bPZDEruRX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A suit for declaration against a defendant cannot be considered representative simply because of the prayer against the general public. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;K.S. Savithri and others Vs Kamalaksha and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Miscellaneous Second Appeal 80 of 2018 decided on 30 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice V Srishananda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Facts in brief which are utmost necessary for disposal of the second appeal are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plaintiff filed a suit for declaration that defendant Nos.1 to 4 and other public have got right only as a permissive users in respect of the pathway situated three feet width, running from South to North which is in the plaint schedule property and has got the length of 324 links, touching the Western Boundary line of the plaint &lsquo;A&rsquo; schedule property which is situated in Sy.No.162/2B, adjoining the land bearing Sy.No.160 of Kollamogru village and defendants and others have no rights whatsoever to interfere or widen the said pathway without the consent of the plaintiff and consequential relief.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Having heard the parties in detail this Court perused the material on record meticulously. On such perusal of the material on record, it is crystal clear that the plaintiff suit prayer was one for declaration and the plaintiff based his claim on the title possessed by him in respect of the suit property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. What is to be looked into under Order I Rule 8 of Civil Procedure Code is the plaintiff claiming the relief not only for herself and for general public as a whole and not the claim against the rest of the people in a specifically drafted suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Therefore, the approach of the First Appellate Court in directing the plaintiff to convert the suit into a representative capacity cannot be countenanced in law. 18. In this regard learned counsel for the appellants has placed reliance on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Hari Ram v. Jyoti Prasad and another reported in 2011 (2) SCC 682 and relevant paragraphs 19 which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;19. The next plea which was raised and argued vehemently by the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the appellant was that the suit was bad for noncompliance with the provisions of Order 1 Rule 8 CPC. The said submission is also found to be without any merit as apart from being a representative suit, the suit was filed by an aggrieved person whose right to use public street of 10 feet width was prejudicially affected. Since the affected person himself has filed a suit, therefore, the suit cannot be dismissed on the ground of alleged non-compliance with the provisions of Order 1 Rule 8 CPC.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Following the principles of enunciated in the above judgment in the case on hand, the directions issued by the First Appellate Court to convert the suit into representative capacity cannot be countenanced in law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;20. This would take the matter to the next question on which the First Appellate Court wanted the matter to be remitted is for taking the additional evidence on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Since in the impugned judgment itself, learned Judge has ruled that the additional evidence placed on record by filing an application under Order XLI Rule 27 Civil Procedure Code is to be taken as marked as an exhibit, the First Appellate Court itself can afford an opportunity for the plaintiff to contest the evidentiary/probative value of additional evidence placed on record and dispose of the appeal by itself instead of remitting the matter to the Trial Court, as unjust remand is not justifiable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Appeal is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '60bb35e8aca17a55fcf7075a563dc1c5.JPG', '88763d624a7b65273710412b8f9acce7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 12:43:45', '2024-08-20 03:20:55'),
(324, 'MwhNteiyMBh8IikEIzmEvBfWW', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'SARFAESI prevails over FEMA. Dues payable to banks under SARFAESI prevail over the dues payable FEMA. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Canara Bank Vs The Commissioner of Customs and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Writ Petition 10895 of 2023 decided on 10 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice S.R. Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The material on record discloses that for the purpose of availing two housing loans in sums of Rs.1,70,00,000/- and Rs.1,24,00,000/-, from the petitioner &ndash; Bank, the 3rd respondent mortgaged the schedule property along with the other property on 20.02.2015 by way of registered Memorandum of Title Deeds and letter handing over title deeds of the properties. Since the 3rd respondent defaulted in repayment of loan, the loan accounts were classified as &lsquo;NPA&rsquo; by the petitioner &ndash; Bank. It is contended that when the petitioner &ndash; Bank was contemplated initiation of proceedings under the SARFAESI Act, 2002, it learnt that the 2nd respondent had seized the schedule property for alleged offences said to have been committed by the 3rd respondent under the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (for short &lsquo;the FEMA&rsquo;) and passed the impugned order dated 31.03.2022 directing seizure of the schedule property and other properties of the 3rd respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. It is contended that the petitioner submitted a representation dated 29.07.2022 to the 2nd respondent requesting release / cancellation of the attachment / seizure, to which, the 2nd respondent issued a reply dated 04.08.2022 intimating the petitioner that a petition under Section 37A(2) of FEMA had already been filed by the 2nd respondent before the competent authority and objections may be submitted by the petitioner before the authority. In pursuance of the same, petitioner submitted a representation / objections dated 23.08.2022 to the 1st respondent &ndash; Commissioner and since no decision has been taken by him and the order of seizure continues to subsist in respect of the schedule property, petitioner is before this Court by way of the present petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Section 26E of SARFAESI Act, reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; 26E. Priority to secured creditors.-- Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, after the registration of security interest, the debts due to any secured creditor shall be paid in priority over all other debts and all revenues, taxes, cesses and other rates payable to the Central Government or State Government or local authority. Explanation.&mdash;For the purposes of this section, it is hereby clarified that on or after the commencement of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, in cases where insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings are pending in respect of secured assets of the borrower, priority to secured creditors in payment of debt shall be subject to the provisions of that Code.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. As is clear from the aforesaid provision, debts due to any secured creditor shall be paid in priority over all other debts, dues and all revenues, taxes, cesses and other rates payable to the Central Government or State Government or other local authority; it follows therefrom that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act would prevail over the provisions of other earlier enactments, under which, amounts are allegedly due to the Central Government; it is well settled that if there are two special Acts / enactments, it is the later enactment that shall prevail; in the instant case, it cannot be gainsaid that the FEMA (a special law / Act) is an earlier enactment, while the SARFAESI Act (a special law / Act) is a later / subsequent enactment which would prevail over FEMA in the light of the principles laid down by the Apex Court in several judgments including Solidaire India&rsquo;s case supra, wherein it was held as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Coming to the second question, there is no doubt that the 1985 Act is a special Act. Section 32(1) of the said Act reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;32. Effect of the Act on other laws.&mdash;(1) The provisions of this Act and of any rules or schemes made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law except the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973) and the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (33 of 1976) for the time being in force or in the Memorandum or Articles of Association of an industrial company or in any other instrument having effect by virtue of any law other than this Act.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The effect of this provision is that the said Act will have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law except to the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 and the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976. A similar non obstante provision is contained in Section 13 of the Special Court Act which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;13. Act to have overriding effect.&mdash;The provisions of this Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith contained in any other law for the time being in force or in any instrument having effect by virtue of any law, other than this Act, or in any decree or order of any court, tribunal or other authority.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. It is clear that both these Acts are special Acts. This Court has laid down in no uncertain terms that in such an event it is the later Act which must prevail. The decisions cited in the above context are as follows: Maharashtra Tubes Ltd. v. State Industrial &amp; Investment Corpn. of Maharashtra Ltd. (1993) 2 SCC 144 ; Sarwan Singh v. Kasturi Lal (1977) 1 SCC 750 : (1977) 2 SCR 421 ; Allahabad Bank v. Canara Bank (2000) 4 SCC 406 and Ram Narain v. Simla Banking &amp; Industrial Co. Ltd. AIR 1956 SC 614 : 1956 SCR 603.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. So also, in SBICAP&rsquo;s case supra, the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court held that the provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (for short &lsquo;the PMLA&rsquo;) would be subservient to the rights of a secured creditor under the SARFAESI Act which would prevail and override the provisions of the PMLA.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. In the instant case, in the light of the undisputed fact that the SARFAESI Act, 2002 is a later Act / law, the same would prevail over the earlier Act / law, i.e., FEMA, 1999 and having regard to the language employed in Section 26E of the SARFAESI Act, the provisions contained therein would have a overriding effect over the provisions of the FEMA and the SARFAESI Act would prevail over FEMA; as a natural corollary, the dues payable in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank which is a secured creditor would prevail over the dues allegedly payable to the respondents 1 and 2 by the 3rd respondent under FEMA and consequently, the impugned order purporting to seize / attach the schedule property for alleged dues under FEMA are clearly without jurisdiction or authority of law, inasmuch as since the schedule property had already been mortgaged in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank by the 3 rd respondent, prior to the impugned order, the 2nd respondent was neither entitled to nor empowered to pass the impugned order of seizure / attachment of the property which had already stood mortgaged in favour of the petitioner prior to the impugned order; in other words, since the schedule property had already been mortgaged by the 3rd respondent in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank, by virtue of Section 26E of the SARFAESI Act which overrides and prevails over alleged dues of 3rd respondent under FEMA, the 2nd respondent was not entitled or empowered to invoke 37A of FEMA because of the overriding effect contained in 26E of the SARFAESI Act. Under these circumstances, I am of the view that the impugned order passed by the 2nd respondent is illegal and arbitrary in addition to being without jurisdiction or authority of law and the same deserves to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. A perusal of the material on record will indicate that the schedule property had been mortgaged in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank on 20.02.2015; it is an undisputed fact that Section 37A of the FEMA came into force w.e.f. 09.09.2015 by virtue of Act No.20 of 2015, under which, Section 37A was inserted into the FEMA; the said provisions of Section 37A being substantive in character clearly cannot be construed or treated as being retrospective or retroactive in operation and the same cannot be made applicable to the schedule property which had undisputedly been mortgaged in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank prior to Section 37A of the FEMA coming into force; to put it differently, Section 37A, under which the impugned order has been passed by the 2nd respondent being prospective in nature and operation, the said provision could not have been invoked by the 2nd respondent for the purpose of passing the impugned order of seizure / attachment in relation to the schedule property which had undisputedly stood mortgaged in favour of the petitioner &ndash; Bank prior to Section 37A coming into force and consequently, the said provision was not applicable to the schedule property and the 2nd respondent did not have jurisdiction or authority of law to invoke or apply Section 37A of the FEMA for the purpose of passing the impugned order which deserves to be quashed on this ground also.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Section 31B of the RDBI Act, reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; 31B. Priority to secured creditors. &ndash; Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, the rights of secure creditor to realise secure debts due and payable to them by sale of assets over which security interest is created, shall have priority and shall be paid in priority over all other debts and Government dues including revenues, taxes cesses and rates due to the Central Government, State Government or local authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash;For the purposes of this section, it is hereby clarified that on or after the commencement of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, in cases where insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings are pending in respect of secured assets of the borrower, priority to secured creditors in payment of debt shall be subject to the provisions of that Code.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. A perusal of Section 31B of the RDBI Act and the principles laid down by the Full Bench of the Madras High Court supra, is sufficient to come to the conclusion that in the proceedings sought to be initiated by the petitioner &ndash;Bank under SARFAESI Act, which would be governed by the procedure prescribed under the RDBI Act, the petitioner &ndash;Bank being a secured creditor would have priority and the claim of the petitioner would prevail over the alleged dues payable under the FEMA as directed in the impugned order in the light of the overriding effect of the RDBI Act over the FEMA and consequently, viewed from this angle also, I am of the view that the impugned order deserves to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Insofar as the contention urged by the respondents that the dues payable to them under FEMA are not specifically covered by either Section 26E of the SARFAESI Act or by Section 31B of the RDBI Act is concerned, in the light of the express language employed in both the provisions which contemplate debts, government dues, revenues, taxes, cesses and rates due to the Central Government etc., the alleged dues under FEMA being payable to the respondents 1 and 2 who represent the Central Government, the same are covered by the aforesaid provisions and as such, the said contention urged by the respondents 1 and 2 cannot be accepted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Insofar as the contention as regards availability of equally efficacious and alternative remedy by way of an appeal under Section 37A(5) of the FEMA is concerned, in the light of the findings recorded by me hereinbefore that the impugned order is without jurisdiction or authority of law and the same is not only illegal and arbitrary but also contrary to the provisions contained in the SARFAESI Act and RDBI Act and consequently, mere availability of a remedy by way of an appeal cannot be construed or treated as denuding this Court of its jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India and the said contention of the respondents 1 and 2 in this regard cannot be accepted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Petition is hereby allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '6231e327a53b79c22fc4a4fdba0f9cff.JPG', 'abd940923caf39469cea29075b8d73bc.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 14:44:04', '2024-08-20 06:45:54'),
(325, 'Rjri51hEvzg5Mq2PyyesUQSpe', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A registered title document cannot be avoided by merely leading evidence contrary to the document unless the declaration/cancellation is sought. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Puttaswamygowda Vs Kullegowda Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Regular Second Appeal 1186 of 2007 decided on 24 November 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice Ashok S. Kinagi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The brief facts leading rise to filing of this appeal are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plaintiff filed a suit for declaration of ownership in respect of the suit schedule property and permanent injunction restraining the defendants from interfering into the peaceful possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule property. It is contended that the suit schedule property is the ancestral property of the plaintiff. The plaintiff&#039;s father was the owner in possession of the suit schedule property. After his death, plaintiff became the owner in possession of the suit schedule property without any interference. Defendant No.1 has no right, title or interest over the suit schedule property and he was never in possession of the suit schedule property at any point of time. It is submitted that when the father of the plaintiff was alive, a person by name Thimmaiah, S/o Gowdaiah and his wife Ningamma, D/o Boregowda were looking after the agricultural work in the family of the father of plaintiff. In the year 1940, the aforesaid persons requested the father of the plaintiff to see that some lands were granted by the Government in their favour since they were not agriculturists and they had not acquired any agricultural lands. To show that they are agriculturists, nominally the father of the plaintiff executed registered gift deed dated 02.07.1940, in respect of the suit schedule property in the name of the aforesaid persons. The registered gift deed is nominal and it is not at all a gift deed and acted upon and possession was not delivered on the basis of the alleged gift deed. It is contended that the revenue records continued in the name of the plaintiff&#039;s father and after his demise, it was changed in the name of the plaintiff. The plaintiff was in possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule property. It is contended that defendant No.1 in collusion with defendants No.2 and 3 got changed the revenue records of suit property into the name of one Thimmegowda, as if he is the son of Thimmaiah and Ningamma. It is further contended that the alleged Thimmegowda not at all existed, and defendant No.1 got the sale deed dated 01.12.1990, in respect of suit property as if it was executed by said Thimmegowda in favour of defendant No.1. Defendant No.1 on the alleged sale deed, tried to interfere into the peaceful possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule property and the defendant No.1 denied the title of the plaintiff. Hence cause of action arose for the plaintiff to file the suit for declaration of title and permanent injunction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. This court admitted the appeal on the following substantial question of law :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Whether the gift deed dated 02.07.1940 could have been held as nominal and not acted upon, in the absence of any challenge to the same?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. From the perusal of the material available on record, it is clear that the father of the plaintiff has executed registered gift deed dated 02.07.1940, in favour of Thimmaiah and Ningamma. Though on the basis of the said registered gift deed, the names of Thimmaiah and Ningamma was not entered in the revenue records, but as per Section 128 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, if any person acquires any right by way of succession, survivorship, gift, etc., the officer shall at once give a written acknowledgment of the receipt of the report to the person making it and further proviso to Sub-section (1) of Section 128 provides that a person acquiring any right by virtue of registered document shall be exempted from the obligation to report to the prescribed officer. In the instant case, admittedly, the father of the plaintiff executed registered gift deed in favour of Thimmaiah and Ningamma. It was the duty of the registering authority to intimate the prescribed officer about the registration of the document and admittedly in the instant case, registering authority had not intimated the acquisition of right by Thimmaiah and Ningamma to the prescribed officer. Further, the plaintiff has also not challenged the registered gift deed executed by father of plaintiff in favour of Thimmaiah and Ningamma. Further, it is the case of the plaintiff that the said gift deed is a nominal one and parties have not acted upon. Until and unless the plaintiff challenges the registered gift deed, plaintiff has no right to claim ownership over the suit schedule property. Further, the plaintiff has not produced any records to show that the registered gift deed executed by the father of plaintiff in favour of Thimmaiah and Ningamma was a nominal one. There is no recital in the registered gift deed that it is a nominal one. After the death of donees, the donees&#039; son had succeeded to the property and he sold the said land in favour of defendant No.1 on 01.12.1990. On the strength of the registered sale deed, the property was transferred in the name of defendant No.1. The plaintiff aggrieved by the entries in the name of defendant No.1 filed the appeal before the Assistant Commissioner. The Assistant Commissioner dismissed the appeal and directed the parties to approach the Civil Court. The plaintiff aggrieved by the order passed by the Assistant Commissioner preferred revision before the Deputy Commissioner. The Deputy Commissioner had affirmed the order passed by the Assistant Commissioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Admittedly, the father of the plaintiff executed a registered gift deed on 02.07.1940. It is necessary to examine Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (for short &#039;the Act of 1872&#039;). Under Section 91 of the Act of 1872, when a term of contract, or of a grant, or of any other disposition of property, have been reduced to the form of a document, and in all cases in which any matter is required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, no evidence shall be given in proof of the terms of such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or of such matter, except the document itself, or the secondary evidence subject to certain conditions. Under Section 92 of the Act of 1872, when a document has been properly executed as required under Section 91 of the Act of 1872, no evidence of any oral agreement or statements shall be admitted as between the parties for the purpose of contradicting or varying or subtracting from the terms subject to certain provisions as contained in Section 92 of the Act of 1872. It is open for the party to prove that the invalidity on the ground of fraud, want of due execution, want of capacity in any contradicting party or failure of consideration etc. But, these exceptions are not present in the instant case. The execution of the document is admitted by the plaintiffs as per Ex.D2 and the same was registered. It is not the case of the defendants that it was vitiated by fraud or any other illegality. Therefore, even considering the matter under Sections 91 and 92 of the Act of 1872, no evidence contradicting the terms is admissible as it will not fall in any of the exceptions. From the perusal of Ex.D2, there is no recital in Ex.D2 that the registered gift deed is nominal and not acted upon. Further, in order to prove that Ex.D2 is a nominal one, the plaintiffs have not examined any attesting witnesses. The said aspect was not considered by the courts below.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Further, I would like to press the decision of the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of RAMTI DEVI VS UNION OF INDIA reported in (1995)1 SCC 198, wherein the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court held that there is prohibition under the Indian Evidence Act to adduce oral evidence to contradict terms of recital of the document and when the plaintiff is seeking to have the document avoided or cancelled, necessarily, a declaration has to be given by the Court. Until the document is avoided or cancelled by proper declaration, the duly registered document remains valid and binds the parties. At paragraph No.2, it is held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;2.The question is whether the suit is within limitation. In the evidence, it was admitted that she had knowledge of the execution and registration of the sale deed on 29-1-1947. Initially a suit was filed in 1959 but was dismissed as withdrawn with liberty to file fresh suit. Admittedly, the present suit was filed on 30-7-1966. The question, therefore, is whether the suit is within limitation. Article 59 of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963, relied on by the appellant herself, postulates that to cancel or set aside an instrument or decree or for the rescission of a contract, the limitation is three years and it begins to run when the plaintiff entitles to have the instrument or the decree cancelled or set aside or when the contract rescinded first became known to him. As seen, when the appellant had knowledge of it on 29-1-1949 itself the limitation began to run from that date and the three years&#039; limitation has hopelessly been barred on the date when the suit was filed. It is contended by Shri VM. Tarkunde, learned Senior Counsel for the appellant, that the counsel in the trial court was not right in relying upon Article 59. Article 113 is the relevant article. The limitation does not begin to run as the sale deed document is void as it was executed to stifle the prosecution. Since the appellant having been remained in possession, the only declaration that could be sought and obtained is that she is the owner and that the document does not bind the appellant. We are afraid that we cannot agree with the learned counsel. As seen, the recitals of the documents would show that the sale deed was executed for valuable consideration to discharge preexisting debts and it is a registered document. Apart from the prohibition under Section 92 of the Evidence Act to adduce oral evidence to contradict the terms of the recital therein, no issue in this behalf on the voidity of the sale deed or its binding nature was raised nor a finding recorded that the sale deed is void under Section 23 of the Contract Act. Pleading itself is not sufficient. Since the appellant is seeking to have the document avoided or cancelled, necessarily, a declaration has to be given by the court in that behalf. Until the document is avoided or cancelled by proper declaration, the duly registered document remains valid and binds the parties. So the suit necessarily has to be laid within three years from the date when the cause of action had occurred. Since the cause of action had arisen on 29-1-1947, the date on which the sale deed was executed and registered and the suit was filed on 30-7-1966, the suit is hopelessly barred by limitation. The courts below, therefore, were right in dismissing the suit. The appeal is accordingly dismissed with costs.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Admittedly, in the instant case, as recorded above, the plaintiff has not challenged the registered gift deed dated 02.07.1940, executed by his father in favour of Thimmaiah and Ningamma and further, the plaintiff has filed a suit for declaration in the year 1995. The said aspect was not considered by the courts below and have proceeded to pass the impugned judgments and decrees. The judgments and decrees passed by the courts below are arbitrary and erroneous and same are liable to be set aside. In view of the above discussion, I answer substantial question of law in negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b8c26acc0c798d66b4ac97f10bb4bd95.JPG', 'f383beff0779f1d5f50987bcfb0c06cb.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-19 15:40:02', '2024-08-20 08:18:56');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(348, 'Ya1UZgFKlJg7uNURxSa8teimK', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Civil Courts cannot entertain suits challenging demolition orders issued under the BBMP Act since the only remedy is writ jurisdiction. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kavitha Jain and others Vs The Commissioner, BBMP and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 9934 of 2023 decided on 17 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioner claims to be the owner of Municipal No.40 old BDA Site No.638, PID No.53-127-40, situated at 2nd Cross Road, Ashokanagar, Bangashankari Extension, Old Ward No.53, New Ward No.164. The vendor of the petitioner had obtained a plan sanction vide LP No.BBMP/Ad.Com/ SUT/0565/2019-2020 dated 20.9.2019 at AnnexureD which came to assigned in favour of the petitioner on sale of the property. When the petitioner had commenced the construction, the respondents allegedly sought to interfere with the construction as such the petitioner has filed a suit in OS No.26991/2022 before 74th City Civil &amp; Session Judge, Mayo Hall Unit, Bangalore seeking for injunction restraining the Corporation officials from interfering with such construction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. An ex-parte ad-interim order of injunction having been granted, the Corporation filed a written statement and objections. Thereafter the interim order came to be vacated on 16.12.2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. On such vacation of interim order, the provisional order came to be issued under Section 248(1) and (2) on 16.12.2022, since the petitioner did not reply to the same, the confirmatory order under Section 248(3) came be passed on 12.8.2023. It is aggrieved by the said order, that the petitioner is before this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Section 74 is reproduced hereunder for easy reference:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;74. Powers and Functions of the Zonal Commissioner:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Zonal Commissioner shall perform the following functions, namely:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) He shall be the nodal authority for carrying out the civic administration on those matters specified under this Act for the zone under his jurisdiction;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) He shall supervise, direct and coordinate the ward committees and the area sabhas on such matters as specified under this Act;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) He shall undertake functions as directed by the Chief Commissioner or Mayor from time to time; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) Subject to the rules made by the State Government, the Zonal Commissioner may delegate to any officer of the Corporation subordinate to him any of his ordinary powers, duties and functions as provided under the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. A perusal of the above provision indicates that it is only subject to the rules made by the State Government that the Zonal Commissioner may delegate to any officer of the corporation subordinate to him any of his ordinary powers, duties, functions provided in the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. That is to say, that as a precursor to the Zonal Commissioner delegating his power, there would have to be the rules made by the State Government to enable the Zonal Commissioner to act in terms of the said rules and delegate his powers, the rules being a check and balance for such delegation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Admittedly, there are no rules which have been made by the State Government in this regard and the office order has been issued by the Zonal Commissioner delegating his powers to respondent No.2 and certain other officers in absence of such Rules. Thus, without such rules being made by the State Government no delegation could be made by Zonal Commissioner and until such rules are made, it is only for the Zonal Commissioner to exercise his powers prescribed under the Act more particularly under Section 248 of the Act of 2020.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. At this stage, Sri.N.R.Jagadeeshwara., learned counsel for respondents submits that there is a process of formulation of rules is underway and it would be so done at the earliest. This matter is of considerable importance in as much as there are several circumstances where powers have to be exercised by Zonal Commissioner including that under section 248 of the BBMP Act when there is a violation of plan sanction or illegal construction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thus, in all those cases it is but required that the Zonal Commissioner exercise his powers and no other officer of the corporation exercise such powers until the rules are framed. In that view of the matter, a direction would also have to be issued to the Chief Commissioner and the Zonal Commissioner to instruct all concerned officers of the corporation not to exercise any powers under Section 248 (1) (2) and (3), since it is only the Zonal Commissioner who can exercise such powers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. One other aspect which has come to light in the above matter is as regards the suit which had been filed by the petitioner against the corporation, when proceedings were to be initiated by the corporation under the BBMP Act. This matter relating to a statutory performance of obligation by the Corporation, no court including the Civil Court would have jurisdiction to entertain or pass any orders in such proceedings. As such general instructions would also have to be issued in this regard.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'aa1583a423390c4e856ca2b268d8bfeb.JPG', '7d8d8b49cc0c16d373d31a2617c7c312.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-24', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-23 12:55:59', '2024-08-24 03:32:52'),
(354, 'dxDoxT4wYUJ5qH27rjjmujPWn', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sanction under Section 197 Cr.P.C. is necessary even after public servant\'s retirement if alleged offense was committed during his tenure in office.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;S Sudhakar Shetty Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 3245 of 2024 decided on 24 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner has been charge-sheeted for offenses punishable under Sections 477A, 409, and 420 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The summary of the charge-sheet states that while the petitioner was serving as a Panchayat Development Officer from July 20, 2016, to May 28, 2019, he misappropriated an amount of Rs.11,85,570/-. This amount, collected as building license fees, was not deposited with the Government and was instead used for his personal benefit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. It is undisputed that the petitioner retired from service on September 3, 2023, and the Police submitted the charge sheet on December 18, 2023. The cognizance of the alleged offense against the petitioner was taken on February 6, 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It is an admitted fact that the misappropriation of the amount was committed by the petitioner while discharging his official duties as a Panchayat Development Officer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The Apex Court in the case of State of Punjab vs. Labh Singh (2014) 16 SCC 807 ruled that for offenses punishable under the Penal Code, the High Court was correct in setting aside the order of the Special Judge. Unlike Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, the protection under Section 197 Cr.P.C. is available to the concerned public servant even after retirement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Additionally, the Apex Court in the case of Rakesh Kumar Mishra vs. State of Bihar and Others (2006) 1 SCC 557, with reference to the 41st report of the Law Commission, ruled that the sanction for prosecution under Section 197 of the Cr.P.C. is required even for retired public servants. Therefore, the contention of the learned HCGP that the sanction under Section 197 of the Cr.P.C. is not a prerequisite for cognizance of the offenses alleged against a public servant who retired before the cognizance was taken is not acceptable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The Criminal petition is allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f0c875b701bb0a48020aebf911de6b7f.jpeg', '293846b2a4982c773bc2fc9d6c1f08c2.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-25 18:28:42', '2024-08-26 03:31:17'),
(344, 'W7UciJE7bIBHckMQ1DTuIHxRA', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Desertion of husband during his lifetime does not automatically disqualify the widow from seeking partition of his properties after his demise. KHC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Poorna Singh and others Vs Rukkubai Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 2563 of 2005 decided on 2 January 2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This appeal is by the defendants No. 4 and 5 in O.S.200/1985 on the file of the I Additional Civil Judge (Junior Division), KGF. They have challenged the judgment of the Senior Civil Judge, KGF, in RA 47/2001, who reversed the judgment of dismissing the suit for partition and granted decree of partition holding that the plaintiff is entitled to 1/3rd share in the suit schedule properties.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The original plaintiff Rukkubai was the widow of one Balaji Singh. The first defendant Anantharam Singh, the second defendant Krishna Singh, the third defendant Rukkubai and Balaji Singh are all children of Hanuman Singh. The plaintiff sought partition of suit schedule properties which according to her belonged to the joint family being managed by the first defendant. At the inception of the suit, the plaintiff claimed partition only in respect of four items and after the amending the plaint, she included one more property at Sl. No. 2A in Sy. No. 6 measuring 4 acres. After the death of plaintiff, her daughter Saroja Bai came on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The defendants contended that none of the suit schedule properties belonged to the joint family. The first item of the schedule was the self acquired property of Hanuman Singh, the propositus, who during his lifetime gifted it to his grandson Poorna Singh, i.e., the fourth defendant. The first defendant succeeded to 3 acres 4 guntas of land in item No. 2 and a portion of house property described in item No. 3. The movable properties described in item No.4 do not exist. On 9.2.1971 the second defendant, on his behalf as also on behalf of his minor son sold away the house property with vacant space bearing khaneshumari No. 84 to Poorrna Singh for consideration. On 6.12.1982, the said Poorrna Singh sold the property in favour of Muniyamma @ Kamalamma and she in turn sold the very same property to Sakkubai, the fifth defendant and wife of the fourth defendant on 8.5.1986. The fifth defendant purchased this property from her stridana and, therefore, it is her absolute property. The defendants further pleaded that the original plaintiff Rukkubai deserted her husband Balaji Singh after giving birth to a female child. She left the husband&rsquo;s house willfully about 40 years ago and, therefore, she had been excluded and ousted from the joint family. For this reason, she was not entitled to claim partition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. On 4.1.2006 this appeal was admitted to consider the following substantial questions of law :-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;1. Whether the finding of the first alppellate court reversing the finding passed by the trial court and decreeing the suit of the plaintiff is perverse and arbitrary, being contrary to law and the material on record?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the finding of the first appellate court that item No.1 of the suit schedule properties is not the self acquired property of the father of Defendants 1 and 2 for non-production of the grant certificate, is perverse and arbitrary in view of the admission of PW1 in his evidence that the said property was granted by the government in favour of father of defendants 1 and 2?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether the first appellate court could have decreed the suit when the legal representatives of defendants 2 and 3, who died during the pendency of the appeal, were not brought on record?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Questions Nos. (i) &amp; (ii):-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13&hellip;&hellip; When it is not the case of the defendants that the relationship between the plaintiff and her husband was not cordial, whatever they say that the plaintiff left the house voluntarily cannot be accepted per se. Even according to the defendants there had not taken place partition of the joint family properties when the plaintiff&rsquo;s husband was alive. Therefore, the plaintiff had the right of maintenance after the death of her husband. Just because she lived separately it does not mean that she gave up her right for partition. In this context, it may be useful to refer to judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Karbalai Begum (supra) where it is held as below :-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;7. &hellip;.. It is well settled that mere nonparticipation in the rent and profits of the land of a co-sharer does not amount to an ouster so as to give title by adverse possession to the other co-sharer in possession. Indeed even if this fact be admitted, then the legal position would be that Mohd. Basir and Mohd. Rashid, being cosharers of plaintiff, would become constructive trustees on behalf of the plaintiff and the right of the plaintiff would be deemed to be protected by the trustees. The learned counsel appearing for the respondent was unable to contest this position of law. In the present case, it is therefore manifest that the possession of the defendants, apart from being in the nature of constructive trustees, would be in law the possession of the plaintiff.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Therefore, the first appellate court has rightly come to conclusion that there was no ouster.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. The Supreme Court in the case of Thamma Venkata Subbamma (supra) has held as below: -&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;15. The rigor of this rule against alienation by gift has been to some extent relaxed by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. Section 30 of the Act permits the disposition by way of will of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property. The most significant fact which may be noticed in this connection is that while the Legislature was aware of the strict rule against alienation by way of gift, it only relaxed the rule in favour of disposition by a will the interest of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property. The Legislature did not, therefore, deliberately provide for any gift by a coparcenary of his undivided interest in the coparcenary property either to a stranger or to another coparcener. Therefore, the personal law of the Hindus, governed by Mitakshara School 0f Hindu Law, is that a coparcener can dispose of his undivided interest in the coparcenary property by a will, but he cannot make a gift of such interest&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. This Court also in the case of Babu Mother Savavva (supra) by following the judgment of the Supreme Court came to the same conclusion. Now, what requires to be examined is, whether the grant was exclusively to Hanuman Singh so that the gift could be held to be valid or whether the said grant was to the benefit of the joint family. There is no dispute that the grant was made to Hanuman Singh. The first appellate court should not have come to conclusion that nonproduction of the original grant certificate by the defendants would show that the grant was to the benefit of the joint family. The examination should have been from other angle, in the sense that although the said grant was made by Hanuman Singh, was there evidence to come to conclusion that the joint family cultivated the land? The trial court has observed that PW1 has clearly admitted that the first item of the suit property was the self acquisition of Hanuman Singh. But, this finding does not appear to be correct. If the answer given by PW1 in the cross-examination is perused, it cannot be said that she has admitted it, rather she has denied a suggestion that item No.1 is the self acquired property of father of defendants 1 and 2 and not the joint family property. Probably, the trial court appears to have been carried away by another answer that item No.1 was granted in the name of the father of defendants 1 and 2 by the Government and that she has no document to show that the Government granted the land to the father of defendants 1 and 2. The net effect of these answers is that she does not admit this land to be self acquisition of Hanuman Singh and that she asserted that it was held by the joint family. The document produced by the plaintiff as per Ex. P6 shows that Hanuman Singh was the grantee of the land and from 1982-83 onwards, his son Anantram Singh was the cultivator. The answer given by DW1, i.e., the first defendant shows that he cultivated that land for about two years after the grant and then his father, i..e, Hanuman Singh gifted that land to Poorna Singh, i.e., fourth defendant. It is his further answer that when he was cultivating this land, he and his brother, Balaji Singh, i.e., the husband of the plaintiff were staying together in the joint family and that there had not taken place partition. DW2, Bhavani Singh, has also clearly answered in the cross-examination that 4 acres 10 guntas of land in Sy. No. 6, i.e., item No. 1 of the suit property and another piece of land to an extent of 4 acres in Sy. No. 6, i.e., item No.2A of the suit property were under the cultivation of joint family. DW5 is the donee of the first item of the suit property. In the crossexamination it is his answer that during lifetime of his grandfather Hanuman Singh, there had not taken place partition of the joint family properties and that the family did not have income from any source other than agriculture. He may have asserted that the gift was made to his name exclusively, but if the net effect of the answers given by DW1 and 2 is considered it is not impossible to draw an inference that even though the grant was to the name of Hanuman Singh, the first item of the suit property was held and cultivated by the joint family. The fourth defendant claims to be a donee under the gift deed dated 11.5.1957. The documentary evidence and the oral evidence show that even after the gift, the land was being cultivated by the first defendant, i.e., DW1 whose clear answer is that all the lands were held jointly even during the lifetime of Balaji Singh. Therefore, the conclusion drawn by the first appellate court that the first item of the suit property belonged to the joint family cannot be said to be incorrect although his another finding that non-production of the original grant shows that it was a joint family property cannot be accepted. As has been held by the Supreme Court and this Court in the above two decisions, Hanuman Singh could not have gifted the first item of the suit property to the fourth defendant. For this reason, the first and second questions need to be answered in the negative. No purpose would be served even if the application under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Question No. (iii):-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20&hellip;. The Supreme Court in the case of Rameshwar Prasad (supra) has reiterated the position that was taken by it earlier in the case of State of Punjab vs Nath Ram [AIR 1962 SC 89]. The said principle is as below : -&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;15. &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;The abatement of an appeal means not only that the decree between the appellant and the deceased respondent had become final, but also, as a necessary corollary, that the appellate Court cannot, in any way, modify that decree directly or indirectly. The reason is plain. It is that in the absence of the legal representatives of the deceased respondent, the appellate Court cannot determine anything between the appellant and the legal representatives which may affect the rights of the legal representatives under the decree. It is immaterial that the modification which the Court will do is one to which exception can or cannot be taken&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Therefore, it is to be held now that the entire judgment of the first appellate court was bad in the eye of law because of not impleading the legal representatives of defendants 2 and 3 who died during the pendency of the appeal. Therefore, first appellate court should have dismissed the appeal instead of allowing the appeal. This question is to be answered in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In view of discussion on questions (i) to (iii), the conclusion is that although questions (i) &amp; (ii) are answered in the negative, the finding on question No. (iii) takes me to conclude that the judgment of the first appellate court is not sustainable. This appeal, therefore, requires to be allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8e1281d3ca5aabe2f5e0add1f1f515ba.JPG', '0c55426977b3a0c02c6f50508e5717a2.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-22 17:28:38', '2024-08-23 06:41:15'),
(345, '8VBQyskAwFj9G0PsyYTkKNAK2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Planning authority cannot refuse residential plan sanction only on the ground that the land is included in the development scheme. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S. Casa Grande Garden City Vs BDA and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 4706 of 2023 decided on 20 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.I. Arun.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Petitioner claims to be the owner of 7 acres 20 guntas of land in Survey No.15 of Srinivasapura village, Yelahanka Hobli, Bengaluru. It has submitted a representation to respondent no.1 for sanction of development plan in respect of the property concerned. However, the same is not being considered by respondent no.1 on the ground that the State Government has granted approval under Section 15(3) of the Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976 (&#039;BDA Act&#039; for short) to respondent no.1 to prepare a scheme for developing the residential layout which includes the land of the petitioner. Hence, the present writ petition is filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The question that arises for consideration in the instant writ petition is whether respondent no.1/Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) can refuse sanctioning of a plan to develop a property only on the ground that approval by the Government is issued under Section 15(3) of the Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court of India in the case of T.Vijayalakshmi and Others vs. Town Planning Member and Another reported in (2006)8 SCC 502 at paragraphs 15 and 18 of the judgment has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;15. The law in this behalf is explicit. Right of a person to construct residential houses in the residential area is a valuable right. The said right can only be regulated in terms of a regulatory statute but unless there exists a clear provision the same cannot be taken away. It is also a trite law that the building plans are required to be dealt with in terms of the existing law. Determination of such a question cannot be postponed far less taken away. Doctrine of legitimate expectation in a case of this nature would have a role to play.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. It is, thus, now well-settled law that an application for grant of permission for construction of a building is required to be decided in accordance with law applicable on the day on which such permission is granted. However, a statutory authority must exercise its jurisdiction within a reasonable time. (See Kuldeep Singh v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi [(2006) 5 SCC 702:(2006) 6 Scale 588])&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Admittedly, in the instant case, approval under Section 15(3) of the BDA Act has been issued on 24.02.2021. In the said approval, the BDA has been permitted to go ahead with the formation of a residential layout in certain areas, which includes the land of the petitioner. However, the BDA, which is the planning authority for the purpose of Town and Country Planning Act for the City of Bangalore, has not acted thereafter and has not issued even a preliminary notification expressing its intent to acquire the land of the petitioner as per Section 17(1) of the BDA Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Right of a person to utilize the lands as he deems fit in accordance with law is a valuable right. Admittedly, the property of the petitioner falls within the residential zone and it has been converted for use of residential purposes. In the absence of valid acquisition proceedings by way of issuance of a notification under Sections 17(1) and 19(1) of the BDA Act, the BDA cannot refuse sanctioning the plan in favour of the petitioner only on the ground that approval has been granted as per Section 15(3) of the BDA Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. For the aforementioned reason, the writ petition is hereby allowed&hellip;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7eb29363514485b336bee6bd19ee99f2.JPG', '96e4bd3deecd9accee4a76ef57a94b88.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-22 17:30:34', '2024-08-23 10:40:15');
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(347, 'PYlzmydNPWubDdSpIaRbYCx3e', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Land Revenue Act. Phodi and durast cannot be reopened after enormous delay and after the expiry of three years . Karnataka High Court ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pushpa Umesh and others Vs Regional Joint Director of Land Records and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 10991 of 2022 decided on 24 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice E.S. Indiresh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. It is the case of the petitioners that, the petitioners are the owners in possession of the land bearing Sy No.275/2A3, measuring 01 acre, 04 guntas and land bearing Sy.No.275/2A2, situate in Shamanur village, Davanagere Taluk and District. It is stated by the petitioners that, father of the respondent Nos.4 and 5-Ramappa who was brother of S.G. Dyamappa, inherited certain properties including the land bearing Sy.No.275/2C of Shamanur Village to an extent of 01 acre 17 guntas. It is stated that after the demise of said Ramappa, the respondent Nos.4 and 5 have succeeded to the estate of their deceased father. It is stated in the writ petition that, respondent No.4 has converted the nature of the land for nonagricultural purpose as per order dated 09.05.1983 (Annexure-C). The respondent No.5 also converted the land in question as per order dated 13.06.1983 Annexure-D. It is further stated that, a portion of the land bearing Sy No.275/2A1, measuring 03 guntas has been acquired by the National Highway Authority (NH4) for widening of National Highway as per Annexure-H. The petitioners have made application seeking hudbast in respect of the suit schedule properties as per Annexure-J and with regard to the same, the respondent No.2 by Endorsement dated 27.01.2021 (Annexure-K) stated that, the land bearing Sy.No.275/2 of Shamanur Village, Davanagere Taluk and District has been phoded and also stated about the discrepancy in the lands that was phoded earlier (Annexure-K) and as such, hissas were struck down. It is the case of the petitioners that, the said Endorsement issued by respondent No.2 is bad in law as the land in question has been converted. It is also stated in the writ petition that the respondent No.1, without considering the factual aspects on record that, land has been converted and as such, passed an order dated 18.02.2022 (Annexure-A) rejecting the earlier hissa and phodi in respect of the land in question and ordered for resurvey of the land in question. Being aggrieved by the same, the petitioners have presented this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. In the light of the submission made by the learned counsel appearing for the parties, on careful examination of the impugned order at Annexure-A whereby, the respondent No.1 while exercising power under Section 56 of the Act, has interfered with the phodi and durast made on 13.06.1983. It is also to be noted that land in question has been converted by the Deputy Commissioner, Davanagere during the year 1983. In that view of the matter, relying upon the characteristics of the nature of agricultural land, the jurisdiction exercised by respondent-authorities under Section 56 of the Act during the year 1983, at the instance of contesting respondents herein, after a period of four decades, is incorrect. In view of the jurisdiction of the respondent No.1 is concerned, Section 56 (3) of the Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;56 (3) No application for revision under this section and no power of revision on such application shall be exercised against any order in respect of which an appeal under this Chapter has been preferred and no application for revision shall be entertained unless such application is presented within a period of four months from the date of such order: Provided that any Revenue Officer or Survey Officer referred to in sub-section (1) may exercise power under this section in respect of any order against which no appeal has been preferred under this Chapter, at any time within three years from the date of the order sought to be revised.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. On careful examination of above mentioned provisions makes it clear that, the aggrieved party has to challenge the phodi and durast within a period of three years from the date of the order sought to be revised. In this case, instant exercise of power Section 56 has been made after four decades which is unsustainable in law. This court, in the case of M. RAMAKRISHNAPPA Vs. DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF LAND RECORDS AND ANOTHER reported in (2007) 1 KCCR 718 has held that, the Joint Director of Land Records has committed the error after 19 years of the order of DDLR. The said aspect also been considered by this court in a catena of decisions. In that view of the matter, as the respondent No.1 has no jurisdiction to exercise power under Section 56 of the Act, beyond three years that too after inordinate delay of four decades. Such power is per-se arbitrary in nature and respondent No.1 has not exercised his power in a manner known to law by looking into the facts and circumstances of the case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The Writ Petition is allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1bbc5bf144fd74d0125f406ba2c84949.JPG', '8e484eff6437024ba54bc601e9dda6d6.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-22 17:34:14', '2024-08-23 08:27:00'),
(343, 'elAuEMeMEG4fszWBy0ZaVDGzj', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Daughter-in-law cannot claim maintenance from her father-in-law under Section 125 Cr.P.C. though she can claim under Hindu Law. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sadashiv Vs Vijayalaxmi and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RPFC 200143 of 2017 decided on 27 November 2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.T. Narendra Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The brief facts of the case are that, the petitioner herein is a father-in-law of respondent No.1 and grandfather of respondent No.2 herein. The respondent No.1 was married to one Manikaprabu s/o Sadashiv Biradar. Due to their wedlock respondent No.2-Kumari Swati was born. The said Manikaprabu was served in Indian Regiment and died. Before the death of her husband the family members were very cordial and after the death of her husband, they have neglected to maintain the respondents. So, the respondents are residing in parental house. Since, respondent No.1 was no source of income to maintain herself and her daughter. She has filed a petition under Section 125 of Cr.P.C. against father-in-law for maintenance. Pursuant to the notice, petitioner herein is represented through his counsel, but he has not filed any objections.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The Section 125 of Cr.P.C. is extracted asunder :-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;125. Order for maintenance of wives, children and parents-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) If any person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain &ndash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;(a) his wife, unable to maintain herself, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) his legitimate or illegitimate minor child, whether married or not, unable to maintain itself, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) his legitimate or illegitimate child not being a married daughter) who has attained majority, where such child is, by reason of any physical or mental abnormality or injury unable to maintain itself, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) his father or mother, unable to maintain himself or herself, a Magistrate of the first class may, upon proof of such neglect or refusal, order such person to make a monthly allowance for the maintenance of his wife or such child, father or mother, at such monthly rate [***], as such Magistrate thinks fit, and to pay the same to such person as the Magistrate may from time to time direct:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that the Magistrate may order the father of a minor female child referred to in clause (b) to make such allowance, until she attains her majority, if the Magistrate is satisfied that the husband of such minor female child, if married, is not possessed of sufficient means:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[Provided further that the Magistrate may, during the pendency of the proceeding regarding monthly allowance for the maintenance under this sub-section, order such person to make a monthly allowance for the interim maintenance of his wife or such child, father or mother, and the expenses of such proceeding which the Magistrate considers reasonable, and to pay the same to such person as the Magistrate may from time to time direct:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided also that an application for the monthly allowance for the interim maintenance and expenses of proceeding under the second proviso shall, as far as possible, be disposed of within sixty days from the date of the service of notice of the application to such person] Explanation &ndash; For the purposes of this Chapter &ndash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) &ldquo;minor&rdquo; means a person who, under the provisions of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 (9 of 1875) is deemed not to have attained his majority;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) &ldquo;wife&rdquo; includes a woman who has been divorced by, or has obtained a divorce from, her husband and has not remarried.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Any such allowance for the maintenance or interim maintenance and expenses of proceeding shall be payable from the date of the order, or, if so ordered, from the date of the application for maintenance or interim maintenance and expenses of proceeding, as the case may be]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) If any person so ordered fails without sufficient cause to comply with the order, any such Magistrate may, for every breach of the order, issue a warrant for levying the amount due in the manner provided for levying fines, and may sentence such person, for the whole, or any part of each month&rsquo;s [allowance for the maintenance or the interim maintenance and expenses of proceedings, as the case may be] remaining unpaid after the execution of the warrant, to imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month or until payment if sooner made:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that no warrant shall be issued for the recovery of any amount due under this section unless application be made to the Court to levy such amount within a period of one year from the date on which it became due:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided further that if such person offers to maintain his wife on condition of her living with him, and she refuses to live with him, such Magistrate may consider any grounds of refusal stated by her, and may make an order under this section notwithstanding such offer, if he is satisfied that there is just ground for so doing. Explanation &ndash; If a husband has contracted marriage with another woman or keeps a mistress, it shall be considered to be just ground for his wife&rsquo;s refusal to live with him&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) No wife shall be entitled to receive an [allowance for the maintenance or the interim maintenance and expenses of proceeding, as the case may be,] from her husband under this section if she is living in adultery, or if, without any sufficient reason, she refuses to live with her husband, or if they are living separately by mutual consent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) On proof that nay wife in whose favour an order has been made under this section is living in adultery, or that without sufficient reason she refuses to live with her husband, or that they are living separately by mutual consent, the Magistrate shall cancel the order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. A bare reading of the said provision makes it clear that, if any person having sufficient means neglects or refuses to maintain wife, legitimate or illegitimate child, father or mother, who is unable to maintain himself or herself, the Court can order for maintenance to be paid by such person to wife, child, father or mother. But petition against the father-in-law is not maintainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. This Court, in the case of Subhaschandra /vs/ Indubai and another, reported in 2004 (2) KLJ 397 clearly held in Paras No.8, 9 and 10 as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para .No.8 :- Of Course, in the case of Smt.S.K.Chandrika v. Smt.Byamma and others, MANU/KA-0405/1999, this Court had an occasion to interpret the word &ldquo;person&rdquo; and held that the word &ldquo;person&rdquo; includes male or female and so also, the word &ldquo;he&rdquo; can be read as &ldquo;she&rdquo; and the word &ldquo;his&rdquo; can be read as &ldquo;her&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;So, also in the case of Dr.Mrs.Vijaya Manohar Arbat /vs/ Kashirao Rajaram Sawal and Another MANU/SC/0218/1987: 1987 CriLJ977, the Supreme Court has held that the word &ldquo;his&rdquo; appearing in Clause (d) of said Section includes both male and female.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para No.9 :- So, even when the said interpretations made are kept in mind and considered the said provision of law, it cannot be said that a daughter-in-law or grandson is covered by the said provision so as to say that the present respondents could be awarded maintenance from the petitioner under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. To interpret that the word &ldquo;daughter&rdquo; includes &ldquo;daughterin-law&rdquo; or the word &ldquo;child&rdquo; includes &ldquo;grandchildren&rdquo; (son includes grandson) or the word &ldquo;father&rdquo; includes &ldquo;grandfather&rdquo; or &ldquo;father-in-law&rdquo; will be doing harm to the said words, more so, when persons for whom the said provision is provided is kept in mind. No authority or law has been brought to my notice so as to interpret and hold that Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. covers the case of daughter-in-law against father-in-law or the case of a grandson against grandfather. This can be said even on a plain reading of the said provision contained in Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. It need not be said that nothing can be added or deleted while interpreting a statute.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Para No.10 :- It is true that Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. is brought in the Statute book so as to provide relief to the persons, who are unable to maintain themselves and neglected or refused maintenance by person having sufficient means. But, it cannot be stretched to hold that persons other than the persons mentioned are also covered by the said provision of law to provide maintenance from persons, not liable to provide maintenance under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. In the above view, I have no hesitation to hold that the respondents herein could not have maintained any claim against the petitioner herein i.e., as daughter-in-law and grandson could not have maintained their claim of maintenance from father-in-law and grandfather respectively, under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. though, of course, they have right to claim maintenance from such person also under Hindu Law and not under Section 125 of the Cr.P.C. So, the point raised is answered in favour of the petitioner and against the respondents herein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. In view of the above the petition filed by the respondents herein under Section 125 of Cr.P.C. before Family Court is not maintainable. In the result, the petition filed by the petitioner herein is allowed and the impugned order dated 21.08.2017 passed by Prl. Judge Family Court, Vijayapur in Crl.Misc.No.32/2017 is setaside.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '501c44751497bb9b7e0c6662bd364c03.JPG', '6f6fd312459b58cb77e003a8d58cc502.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-23', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-22 17:27:33', '2024-08-23 03:22:15'),
(350, 'k7YylYeP3WQBl4tTwS2TmFR2f', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'When accident is caused by tractor, insurance company is liable to pay compensation even though the trailer is not separately insured. Karnataka HC', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chidanandayya and others Vs Shivalingappa Mallappa Biradar and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MFA 200721 of 2019 decided on 14 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The case of the petitioners before the Tribunal is that they have filed claim petition under section 166 of Motor Vehicles Act (for short, hereinafter referred to as &#039;the M.V.Act&rsquo;) for granting compensation for the death of two persons namely, Kirayya in MVC No.1058/2015 and Sharanabasayya @ Sharanayya in MVC No.1059/2015, who died in the road traffic accident occurred on 10.04.2015.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Having heard the arguments of both the learned counsel and on perusal of the records, the points arise for my consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) Whether the Tribunal was justified in fastening the liability on the insurance company in view of the trailer is not insured with the insurance company and driver was not holding the valid and effective driving licence?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) Whether the claimants are entitled for enhancement of compensation, if so, to what extent?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Another contention raised by the insurance company is that the tractor was insured with the respondent No.2 and policy was issued but not to the trailer. In this regard, the learned counsel for the insurance company relied upon the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Dhondubai vs. Hanmantappa Bandappa Gandigude since deceased through His LRs. &amp; Ors. [2023 Live Law (SC) 725] DD 28.08.2023, wherein it is held that when the claimant was travelled in the trailer, which was not insured the liability on the insurance company cannot be fastened when the tractor and trailer were involved in the accident both tractor as well as trailer are required to be insured. However, invoking Article 142 insurance company liable to pay the award amount and recover the same from the owner of the vehicle.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. On perusal of the above judgment where the accident was occurred when the injured persons were traveled in the trailer, which was connected with the tractor driven by the driver. Therefore, in that case the tractor was insured and trailer was not insured. Therefore, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court not fastened the liability on the owner. There is no second thought in respect of principle laid down in the case of Dhondubai (supra) where the facts of these cases are different. Since in this case though trailer was connected with tractor, but the accident was occurred due to rash and negligent driving of the driver which was driven by the driver of the tractor and the tractor was hit on the motorcycle and caused the death and trailer is nothing to do with the accident that the accident caused by the tractor and not by the trailer. Therefore, the said case is not applicable to this case, wherein this case tractor was insured with insurance company. Therefore, the Trial Court rightly fastened the liability on the insurance company as tractor was duly insured with respondent No.2. Therefore, I answered point No.1 in favour of claimants as against the Insurance Company.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Regarding liability this Court already held that the insurance company is liable to pay the compensation. The Tribunal by considering the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi vs. Association of Victims of Uphaar Tragedy and Others reported in AIR 2012 SC 100, awarded interest at the rate of 9% per annum long back. &nbsp;However, the learned counsel for the insurance company stated that the Tribunal awarded interest at the rate of 9% per annum is very exorbitant it should be reduced. In this regard he relied on judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Sri.Benson George vs. Reliance General Insurance Co. Ltd. &amp; Anr. in Civil Appeal No.1540 of 2022, wherein interest awarded at the rate of 6% per annum as peculiar facts and circumstances of the case exercise power under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Therefore, I am of the view that the judgment is not applicable to the case on hand. Therefore, interest awarded at the rate of 9% by the Tribunal is confirmed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. However, the claimants are entitled interest at the rate of 6% per annum on the enhanced amount of compensation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The appeals filed by the claimants in MFA No.200721/2019 and in MFA No.200722/2019 are allowed part.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f8bc6a7650ba7df471fb348c10af746a.jpeg', '9f1ef7c322fd257a158c34a0d1f6d405.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-24', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-23 16:58:02', '2024-08-24 08:33:35');
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(356, 'coKexLWzxCL85imPENtF1szbq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“It’s a counterblast to wreck vengeance”. Karnataka HC quashes criminal cases filed by former employee to wreck vengeance against her termination. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sabine Baechiler Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 4476 of 2023 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Shorn of unnecessary details, facts in brief germane, are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Before embarking upon noticing the facts, I deem it appropriate to notice respective petitions filed by the accused. Criminal Petition No.4476 of 2023 is preferred by accused No.4; Criminal Petition No.662 of 2023 by accused No.1; Criminal Petition No.743 of 2023 by accused No.3; Criminal Petition No.1317 of 2023 by accused Nos.5, 6, 8, 9 and 12; Criminal Petition No.1320 of 2023 by accused Nos. 10 and 11; Criminal Petition No.3289 of 2023 by accused No.7; Criminal Petition No.4646 of 2023 by accused No.2, The conglomeration of these cases are by all the accused in a particular crime viz., Crime No.278 of 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The backdrop of registration of crime, is that the petitioner in Criminal Petition No.4476 of 2023 is the Director and Head of Controlling and Reporting P &amp; C EMEA at Swiss Reinsurance Company Limited, Zurich (&lsquo;the Company&rsquo; for short) having its office at Zurich Switzerland. The petitioner has been associated with the said Company for over 18 years now. It is averred that it is one of the world&rsquo;s leading provider of insurance, re-insurance or insurance based risk transfer and has its presence across the world and headquartered at Zurich. The complainant is an employee in one of the units of the Company i.e., &lsquo;Transition Accounting Services team&rsquo;. She was its Vice-President having entered the team on 18-05-2017. In the course of normal functioning of the complainant, accused Nos.7 and 10 raised certain complaints against the style of functioning of the complainant, alleging violations of code of conduct and quoting instances of such violations which reached up to the powers that be in the Company. This results in a show cause notice being issued to the complainant for allegations of fraud, forging of documents and un-professional conduct in the discharge of her duties. On 01-04-2019 the complainant replies to the show cause notice. The reply not being acceptable, results in termination of the services of the complainant on 24-04-2019 on the afore-quoted allegations. Again a reply was submitted by the complainant on 26-04-2019 to the termination letter, though it was a letter of termination and not a notice of termination, alleging that the committee failed to provide specific details of allegations against the complainant, which was in violation of the principles of natural justice, it was also contended that she was not accepting the termination letter and sought copies of several documents. On 08-05-2019 a senior Vice-president replied to the allegation of the complainant rejecting the reply and indicating that they had followed all the Rules and procedures and the termination was not in violation of law. She was given the entire settlement package by certain e-mail communications.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. On 30-05-2019 the complainant files a civil suit in O.S.No. 3834 of 2019 seeking damages and compensation for the illegal termination. During the subsistence of O.S.No.3834 of 2019, about 4 months later, she seeks to file a complaint alleging that she was sexually harassed by accused No.7 and accused No.8. The Police issued notice to the Managing Director to respond to the allegations as to whether there was a sexual harassment committee in the Company and what was the status of the complaint given by the complainant against accused Nos. 7 and 8. The reply was submitted that in terms of the law laid down by the Apex Court in VISHAKA V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN &ndash; (1997)6 SCC 241, a committee is in place to investigate any complaint of sexual harassment. It was clarified that the complainant did not register any complaint of sexual harassment against accused Nos. 7 and 8 and her only grievance was with regard to termination. A non-cognizable report was drawn pursuant to the notice and the reply.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. After waiting for 15 months, the complainant registers the impugned private complaint on 19-04-2021 arraigning several persons of Indian entities in the Company on the allegation that she was sexually harassed by accused No.7 and all the accused conspired with accused No.7 to terminate her from the Company. There were 12 officers of the Company arrayed as accused. The learned Magistrate, refers the matter to the jurisdictional police for investigation, which becomes a crime in Crime No.278 of 2022 for the afore-noted offences.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The learned Magistrate, though does not require to give elaborate reasons at the time of reference under Section 156(3) CrPC, nonetheless, it should bear atleast a semblance of application of mind. He ought to have noticed the frivolousness shrouded to the facts of the complaint except qua accused No.7. If at all the complainant was sexually assaulted or harassed, at the outset she should have complained in the organization for it to be placed before the Committee constituted under the Act. Though for an offence under Section 354A of the IPC, this is not a pre-requisite, the facts obtaining in the case at hand would clearly indicate that in an action which points at accused No.7 only, all sundry are dragged into the web of crime in a very well drafted complaint. Reading the complaint between the lines would clearly indicate that the complaint itself is registered to wreck vengeance against all of them, who did not have any role to play for the ingredients in the complaint. It is in such circumstances, the Apex Court directs this Court to read between the lines and analyse the complaint to see whether it is a cloak to settling personal scores. The subject case forms a classic illustration as what the Apex Court has elucidated in the case of MAHMOOD ALI v. STATE OF U.P.1 , wherein the Apex Court has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13&hellip;.. We say so because once the complainant decides to proceed against the accused with an ulterior motive for wreaking personal vengeance, etc., then he would ensure that the FIR/complaint is very well drafted with all the necessary pleadings. The complainant would ensure that the averments made in the FIR/complaint are such that they disclose the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence. Therefore, it will not be just enough for the Court to look into the averments made in the FIR/complaint alone for the purpose of ascertaining whether the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence are disclosed or not. In frivolous or vexatious proceedings, the Court owes a duty to look into many other attending circumstances emerging from the record of the case over and above the averments and, if need be, with due care and circumspection try to read in between the lines. The Court while exercising its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the CrPC or Article 226 of the Constitution need not restrict itself only to the stage of a case but is empowered to take into account the overall circumstances leading to the initiation/registration of the case as well as the materials collected in the course of investigation. Take for instance the case on hand. Multiple FIRs have been registered over a period of time. It is in the background of such circumstances the registration of multiple FIRs assumes importance, thereby attracting the issue of wreaking vengeance out of private or personal grudge as alleged.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court holds that the High Court exercising jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. is required to read between the lines, look into the attendant circumstances and then arrive at a conclusion as to whether further investigation should be permitted or not. The Apex Court observes several instances where crimes are registered either to wreck vengeance as a counterblast or civil cases being projected as a crime inter alia. One such instance is in the case at hand which can be termed as a counterblast to wreck vengeance. Therefore, this Court has undertaken the exercise of reading between the lines and the attendant circumstances which have led to registration of private complaint and on reading between the lines, what is discernible is an unmistakable conclusion that blatant abuse of the process of law by the complainant in registering the private complaint itself, as none of the ingredients of Section 354A of the IPC are even met qua all the accused, except accused No.7. The complaint narrates that accused No.7 had indulged in sprinkling ingredients of Section 354A of IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The other offence alleged is Section 506 of the IPC. Section 506 has its ingredients in Section 503 of the IPC. It deals with criminal intimidation. What is criminal intimidation is selfexplanatory as is found in Section 503. None of the ingredients of Section 503 of the IPC are even present in the case at hand. The other offences are under Sections 120B and 107 of the IPC. There is not even a titter of ingredient necessary even proved of abetment or criminal conspiracy. As observed hereinabove, the specific allegations against accused No.7 are found at paragraphs 11, 12 and 15 of the complaint of the complainant. Whether they require investigation or not, as it is an offence punishable under Section 354A IPC which could touch upon outraging the modesty of a woman, needs to be investigated. It becomes apposite to notice the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of RUPAN DEOL BAJAJ v. KANWAR PAL SINGH GILL2 wherein the Apex Court has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Coming now to the moot point as to whether the above allegations constitute any or all of the offences for which the case was registered, we first turn to Sections 354 and 509 IPC, both of which relate to modesty of woman. These sections read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;354. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;509. Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Since the word &lsquo;modesty&rsquo; has not been defined in the Penal Code, 1860 we may profitably look into its dictionary meaning. According to Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (3rd Edn.) modesty is the quality of being modest and in relation to woman means &ldquo;womanly propriety of behaviour; scrupulous chastity of thought, speech and conduct&rdquo;. The word &lsquo;modest&rsquo; in relation to woman is defined in the above dictionary as &ldquo;decorous in manner and conduct; not forward or lewd; shamefast&rdquo;. Webster&#039;s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language defines modesty as &ldquo;freedom from coarseness, indelicacy or indecency; a regard for propriety in dress, speech or conduct&rdquo;. In the Oxford English Dictionary (1933 Edn.) the meaning of the word &lsquo;modesty&rsquo; is given as &ldquo;womanly propriety of behaviour; scrupulous chastity of thought, speech and conduct (in man or woman); reserve or sense of shame proceeding from instinctive aversion to impure or coarse suggestions&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. In State of Punjab v. Major Singh [AIR 1967 SC 63 : 1967 Cri LJ 1 : 1966 Supp SCR 286] a question arose whether a female child of seven and a half months could be said to be possessed of &lsquo;modesty&rsquo; which could be outraged. In answering the above question Mudholkar, J., who along with Bachawat, J. spoke for the majority, held that when any act done to or in the presence of a woman is clearly suggestive of sex according to the common notions of mankind that must fall within the mischief of Section 354 IPC. Needless to say, the &ldquo;common notions of mankind&rdquo; referred to by the learned Judge have to be gauged by contemporary societal standards. The other learned Judge (Bachawat, J.) observed that the essence of a woman&#039;s modesty is her sex and from her very birth she possesses the modesty which is the attribute of her sex. From the above dictionary meaning of &lsquo;modesty&rsquo; and the interpretation given to that word by this Court in Major Singh case [AIR 1967 SC 63 : 1967 Cri LJ 1 : 1966 Supp SCR 286] it appears to us that the ultimate test for ascertaining whether modesty has been outraged is the action of the offender such as could be perceived as one which is capable of shocking the sense of decency of a woman. When the above test is applied in the present case, keeping in view the total fact situation, it cannot but be held that the alleged act of Mr Gill in slapping Mrs Bajaj on her posterior amounted to &ldquo;outraging of her modesty&rdquo; for it was not only an affront to the normal sense of feminine decency but also an affront to the dignity of the lady &mdash; &ldquo;sexual overtones&rdquo; or not, notwithstanding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. It is undoubtedly correct that if intention or knowledge is one of the ingredients of any offence, it has got to be proved like other ingredients for convicting a person. But, it is also equally true that those ingredients being states of mind may not be proved by direct evidence and may have to be inferred from the attending circumstances of a given case. Since, however, in the instant case we are only at the incipient stage we have to ascertain, only prima facie, whether Mr Gill by slapping Mrs Bajaj on her posterior, in the background detailed by her in the FIR, intended to outrage or knew it to be likely that he would thereby outrage her modesty, which is one of the essential ingredients of Section 354 IPC. The sequence of events which we have detailed earlier indicates that the slapping was the finale to the earlier overtures of Mr Gill, which considered together, persuade us to hold that he had the requisite culpable intention. Even if we had presumed he had no such intention he must be attributed with such knowledge, as the alleged act was committed by him in the presence of a gathering comprising the elite of the society &mdash; as the names and designations of the people given in the FIR indicate. While on this point we may also mention that there is nothing in the FIR to indicate, even remotely, that the indecent act was committed by Mr Gill, accidentally or by mistake or it was a slip. For the reasons aforesaid, it must also be said that &mdash; apart from the offence under Section 354 IPC &mdash; an offence under Section 509 IPC has been made out on the allegations contained in the FIR as the words used and gestures made by Mr Gill were intended to insult the modesty of Mrs Bajaj.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Several submissions are made by the learned senior counsel for the petitioners contending that without filing a complaint before the Internal Complaints Committee, the impugned complaint cannot be maintained. This submission is sans substance, as it does not detain this Court for long or delve deep into the matter. The High Court of Madras in Dr. S.MURUGAN v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU3 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;76. Straight reading of the provisions of the Sexual Harassment Act, Section 19(g) is unambiguous in respect of the assistance to be provided by the employer. It stipulates that it is the duty of the employer to provide assistance to the woman, if she so chooses to file a complaint in relation to the offence under the Indian Penal Code or any other law for the time being in force. The very object of incorporating such a provision as a duty to the employer by the Legislators are that there may be some circumstances for a woman to realise that the offence of sexual harassment committed by a person is of such a nature warranting a criminal action. A woman, who is inside the official chamber of a higher level official alone may have the knowledge about the nature of the offence committed by the person against whom the complaint is made. That is the reason why the Courts have consistently held that the statement of a woman under those circumstances in a private place must be taken as it is as a first information and appropriate actions and investigations must be set in motion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;102. The learned counsel, appearing on behalf of Smt. H. Jayalakshmi, further solicited the attention of this Court with reference to Section 28 of the Women Harassment Act, which stipulates &ldquo;Act not in derogation of any other law&rdquo;. Accordingly, the provisions of the Act shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of any other law for the time being in force. Therefore, it is unambiguous that the action under the Sexual Harassment Act by the employer is independent and the complaint registered under the Indian Penal Code is also independent. In other words, two fold actions are permissible with reference to the sexual harassment complaint. The employer is empowered to constitute the Internal Complaints Committee under Section 4 of the Act and proceed with the enquiry and based on the report, initiate all further actions under the provisions of the Act as well as under the Service Rules in force, more specifically, under the Conduct and Discipline Rules.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I am in complete agreement with what the High Court of Madras has held that, to maintain a complaint under Section 354A of the IPC, it is not a pre-condition that a complaint should be registered before the appropriate Internal Complaints Committee, as nothing in the Act depicts that any complaint can be registered only after a proceeding under the Act. Setting the criminal law into motion is not controlled by the provisions of the Act. Therefore, the said ground is noted only to be rejected. In the light of the preceding analysis, permitting further investigation / proceedings qua accused Nos.1 to 6 and 8 to 12 would on the face of it become an abuse of the process of the law and result in patent injustice. While the same cannot be said about accused No.7, who appears to have indulged in certain ingredients which would become an offence under Section 354A of the IPC. Therefore, investigation should necessarily be permitted qua accused No.7. Criminal Petition preferred by accused No.7 at this juncture is sans entertainment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O R D E R&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Criminal petitions preferred by accused Nos. 1 to 6 and 8 to 12 in Criminal Petition Nos. 4476, 662, 743, 1317, 1320, and 4646 of 2023 are allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b6d0b1e23fc8d20519fc9d0aad11157e.jpeg', 'f056dc6403adfa7df07522b5d9eddde9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-26', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-25 19:06:56', '2024-08-26 11:32:11'),
(359, 'CoURNnTwEec150iExzjo43hy2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'BDA Act. Allottees who are unable to secure possession of the allotted sites shall be allotted stray sites that have become available to BDA. KHC.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M.S. Panchaksharappa Vs The Commissioner, BDA.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 25223 of 2023 decided on 28 June 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice N.S. Sanjay Gowda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. The petitioner (an ex-serviceman) was allotted a site bearing survey No.1664 measuring 12x18 guntas in the further extension of Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah layout, 8th Block under the ex-servicemen category.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Pursuant to the allotment letter issued in his favour, he also paid the entire sital value and a sale deed was then executed in his favour on 06.01.2006, after which a possession certificate was also issued on 07.01.2006. A khata certificate was issued in respect of said property on 07.01.2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Subsequently, it appears that there was some dispute in respect of site No.1664 which was allotted to the petitioner and which had been carved out of Sy. No.38 in Giddakonenahalli village, inasmuch as there was litigation pending before this Court in W.A.No.997/2008, W.A.No.1022/2008 and W.A.No.1023/2008. The petitioner contends that he was informed that the allotment would be cleared on the disposal of the appeal, but even though the appeals were disposed of and the petitioner had made a representation requesting for allotment of an alternative site, the same was not considered. The learned counsel for the petitioner contends that the matter was referred to the Alternative Site Committee who also made a recommendation to the Commissioner to pass an order to allot an alternative site.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The petitioner also submits that the site bearing survey No.2085 in Sri. M. Vishweshwaraiah layout, 8th Block was very much available and, despite his request to allot said site, the site had not been allotted and he was thus constrained to approach this Court by way of this Writ Petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In light of the assertions made above, the question which requires to be considered is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the BDA can refuse to allot stray sites even when they are available to persons who are seeking alternative sites, on the ground that Rule 5 of the Allotment of the Sites Rules prescribes a specific procedure to be followed for disposal of stray sites.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The Government in exercise of the powers conferred under Section 69 of the BDA Act has framed the BDA Allotment of Sites Rules. An overview of the Rules would indicate that the Authority is statutorily required to first offer all the sites that it has formed in layout for allotment to persons who were eligible for allotment under the Rules as per the mandate of Rule 3 . This would thus indicate that the BDA is required to offer all the sites that it has formed in a layout to eligible persons, and this offer of allotment should be given due publicity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Rule 4 of the Rules provide for reservation of 40% of the total number of sites to economically weaker sections of the Society at 50% of the value of the sites. These two rules thus contemplate that all the sites formed are to be offered for allotment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Rule 5 of the Rules provide for allotment of stray sites, and Rule 2(j) of the Rules defines a &ldquo;stray site&rdquo; as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;2(j) Stray Sites: means a site which was once allotted but subsequently the allotment was either cancelled by the Authority or surrendered by the allottee or a site which has been formed on account of readjustment in the plan subsequent to the issue of Notification inviting applications for allotment of sites.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Thus, a site which was allotted and whose allotment was, subsequently, either cancelled by the Authority or surrendered by the allottee, or a site which has been formed on account of readjustment in the plan are considered as &lsquo;stray sites&rsquo; under the Rules.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. This would indicate that Rule 5 would come into play only when the allotment contemplated under Rules 3 and 4 are complete. This is obviously because allotment of stray sites is in respect of &mdash; a preceding allotment being cancelled, OR the allottees surrendering the site, OR a site formed on the account of readjustment of the plan &mdash; can occur only after the offer of allotment of all the sites under Rule 3 is made. In other words, the opportunity to deal with a stray site would come about only after an offer of allotment is made and when the same culminates in an allotment, and, more importantly, if such allotment is either cancelled or surrendered thereafter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. To put it in proper perspective, the chance to allot a stray site will not be available until an allotment is made and the successful allottee then decides to surrender the allotment OR the authority decides to cancel the allotment that it has made. Thus, unless the allotment of a site is complete, the authority will not be able to deal with such stray site.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Rule 5 provides for allotment of stray sites and this rule originally read as follows: &ldquo;5. Allotment of stray sites.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Notwithstanding anything contained in Rules 3 and 11, but subject to the provisions of Rule 10, the Bangalore Development Authority shall dispose of the stray sites in accordance with the directions issued by the Government from time to time&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Rule 5 starts with a non-obstante clause and states that allotment of stray sites should be in accordance with the provisions contained in Rule 5. This Rule requires that the authority should, once a year, prepare a list of stray sites and offer them for allotment under the Rules, to persons eligible for allotment. The authority is required to give due publicity in respect of the sites offered for allotment and the Rule also prescribes the percentage of sites to be disposed of in different categories. It may be pertinent to state here that 5% of the stray sites are required to be allotted to ex-military personnel or military personnel who are defined in a separate category as &lsquo;Category-D&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. It is therefore clear that the entire extent of stray sites available as per the list to be prepared annually cannot be disposed of by auction, and only 30% of the sites are to be disposed of by auction. Rule 5(8) also requires that the sites to persons falling under Categories &lsquo;B&rsquo; to &lsquo;F&rsquo; would have to be allotted by the BDA on the recommendation of a committee, and the value of the sites to be allotted to the persons falling under Categories &lsquo;B&rsquo; to &lsquo;G&rsquo; is required to be fixed at 10% above the current value.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Rule 11-A of the Rules deals with allotment of alternate sites and the same reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;11-A. Allotment of alternative site. - Where the Authority is unable to hand over possession of a site allotted under these rules to any allottee, due to stay orders of the Courts or for any other reason, the Authority may allot an alternative site to such allottee, subject to the following conditions.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) An alternative site may be allotted only where the mistake was on the part of the Authority while making the allotment of sites or where possession of the sites allotted originally could not be given to the allottees due to stay orders of the Courts or due to other disputes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Subject to clause (i), and the availability of sites, alternative sites may be allotted by the Authority in the same layout in which sites were originally allotted or in the layouts formed by the Authority subsequent to the formation of the layout in which the sites were originally allotted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) Alternative sites shall not be allotted in layouts formed prior to the layout in which sites were originally allotted, even if sites are physically available in the layout/s formed prior to the layout in which original allotment was made.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) While allotting alternative sites, sites bigger in dimension than the sites originally allotted shall not be considered for allotment. However, an alternative site upto ten per cent over and above the area of the originally allotted site may be allotted and in such cases for the extra sital area involved, additional sital value applicable in that layout for that site shall be collected by the Authority in addition to the difference in sital value to be collected:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(v) Provided that extension of time of three months may be given to collect additional sital value in cases where it is applicable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(vi) While allotting alternative sites eligibility of the applicant shall be verified in accordance with these rules.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In other words, it is clear that if the BDA is unable to hand over possession of a site it has allotted to an allottee, the rule casts an obligation on the authority to ensure that an alternative site is allotted. If the rule creates a statutory obligation to ensure that an allottee, who had already been allotted a site but is unable to secure possession, is to be allotted an alternative site, it defies the logic that the BDA, notwithstanding the fact that it has sites which have either been surrendered or whose allotments have been cancelled, can refuse to allot these sites to those allottees whose allotments have not stood concluded on the ground that the sites which have become available are stray sites and can be disposed of only in the manner stated in Rule 5.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Rule 11-A takes within its ambit the allotments already made but which could not be completed. It is therefore clear that the requirement of Rule 11-A to allot an alternative site to such allottees who are unable to secure possession would arise before a site can be considered as a stray site. It is thus necessary that the BDA be directed to first allot alternative sites from amongst the stray sites that have become available, and only after the claim for allotment of alternative sites is complete can it thereafter proceed to prepare the annual list as contemplated under Rule 5 and dispose of the same as stray sites.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. A provision which contemplates an increase in revenue cannot be permitted to come into play and create a situation which runs counter to the fundamental objective of the Rules i.e., the allotment of sites to eligible persons. It is thus the statutory imperative that the sites that are offered for allotment under Rule 3 is completed in all respects, including allotment of an alternative site under Rule 11-A, and only thereafter can the authority resort to Rule 5 to prepare a list of stray sites and dispose of them in accordance with the rule mentioned therein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Since the rule-making authority has also cast a statutory obligation on the BDA to ensure that the allottees who are unable to secure possession are also allotted alternative sites, it stands to reason and logic that the BDA would have to first allot the stray sites that have become available to those allottees who are unable to secure possession. It is only after the allottees who are not able to enjoy the fruits of the allotment are taken care of and are provided with the benefit of allotment of an alternative site from the pool of stray sites that have become available can the authority really consider the disposal of the remaining stray sites as provided under Rule 5.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. However, there would have to be an exception to this procedure. It will have to be stated here that the site surrendered/cancelled in any previously formed layout cannot obviously fall within this ambit of allotting an alternative site from the pool of stray sites and that is because an allottee cannot be permitted to take the benefit of a site formed in an earlier layout, which would obviously have a far greater value than the site allotted to him in a subsequently formed layout. This, in fact, is the mandate reflected in Rule 11-A which states that an alternative site can be allotted only in the same layout or a subsequently formed layout.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. Thus, the exercise of creating an annual list of stray sites under Rule 5 would have to be undertaken only after the obligation of allotting an alternative site to a successful allottee in that layout is satisfied.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. In this particular case, it is to be noticed that 5% of the stray sites are to be offered for allotment to exservicemen. It is also noticed that site No.2085 allotted to an ex-serviceman in the subject layout had been surrendered and the petitioner was allotted a site in the very same layout, but the petitioner could not be given possession of the same due to litigation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. It is thus clear that there can be no impediment for the BDA to allot site No.2085 to the petitioner, who is also an ex-serviceman, since both sites are situated in the very same layout.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. This writ petition is allowed&hellip;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9f47d841595476b586a7d518e497c204.JPG', '6a82a939e2208cf33b3636578d189ddc.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-27', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-26 15:39:44', '2024-08-27 13:52:14');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(396, 'BG48UO5H9vHF0MUoVqeupr6gP', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Suit for declaration of title of agricultural lands. Actual market value is only for the purpose of pecuniary jurisdiction and the court fee is based on 25 times of the land revenue. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Parasappa Vs Bhimappa and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 107977 of 2018 decided on 19 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The captioned petition is filed by the plaintiff assailing the order dated 30.10.2018 passed by the learned Judge on I.A.No.IV filed under Section 151 of CPC in O.S.No.14/2017, wherein the plaintiff is called upon to pay Court fee in terms of Section 24(a) of the Karnataka Court Fees and Suit Valuation Act, 1958 (for short &ldquo;the Act&rdquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts leading to the case are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The plaintiff has instituted a suit seeking relief of declaration to declare that plaintiff and defendants are joint owners and in possession of suit schedule &ldquo;B&rdquo; properties by declaring the sale deed dated 11.06.1956 as null, void and illegal and consequently, the decree for possession is sought in respect of Schedule &lsquo;B&rsquo; properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. On an application filed by defendants on the ground that the Court fee paid by plaintiff is not in terms of Section 24(a) of the Act, the Court has allowed the application by recording a finding that the plaintiff is required to make valuation and pay the Court fee in terms of the provisions of Section 24(a) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Admittedly, the subject matter of the suit is agricultural lands. In a suit for declaration of title and for possession, the market value of the suit land for computation of Court fee payable is governed by the provisions of Section 7 of the Act. On the agricultural lands, under Section 7 of the Act, the Court fee has to be paid on the basis of 25 times of the value of the land revenue. The reference to actual market value of the property is only for the purpose of pecuniary jurisdiction. While the Court fee needs to be determined in terms of Section 7(2)(b) of the Act, the actual market value of the property will be the basis for determining the pecuniary jurisdiction. Therefore, the order of the trial Court directing the plaintiff to pay the Court fee on the basis of the actual market value of the suit land is incorrect, illegal and contrary to Section 7(2)(b) of the Act. This Court is catena of judgments has held that if land is assessable to revenue by paying advelorum fees to the Government, then the provisions of Section 7(2) of the Act are attracted and in case of non-agricultural lands, the provisions of Section 24(a) of the Act is attracted. The impugned order under challenge is clearly found to be in contravention of Section 7(2)(b) of the Act. In that view of the matter, the order under challenge is not sustainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f1ef7bca107232d4df03394f110c8455.JPG', '4797275e973a02433ede56a29de3dd15.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 12:28:48', '2024-09-03 08:14:16'),
(361, 'EEiupe488tIHxPaikWIse1tos', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Question of limitation based on fraud is a mixed question of law and fact and plaint cannot be rejected on this ground. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Archana Vs Anuradha and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 200011 of 2014 decided on 21 November 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K.S. Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The present first appeal is directed against the order on I.A.No.VII filed by respondent No.1-defendant No.1 under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, which was allowed by the trial Court in O.S.No.22/2011 dated 04.12.2013 rejecting the plaint for want of cause of action and on limitation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Facts in brief are that, the plaintiff filed suit for declaration that the plaintiff is the owner and possessor of the suit schedule property, to declare that the registered release deed dated 17.07.2003 is illegal and void and for a decree of perpetual injunction restraining the defendants or their agents from interfering with the peaceful possession of the plaintiff over the suit land, contending that the plaintiff and defendants are daughters of one deceased Rangarao Deshpande and the suit land was previously owned and possessed by the grand mother of the plaintiffs and respondents namely, one Venkubai and during her lifetime, she executed a registered Will deed in favour of the plaintiff. The plaintiff contended that the signature obtained on the release deed is the outcome of misrepresentation and by playing fraud upon the plaintiff.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties, the only point that arises for consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;whether the Trial Court was justified in rejecting the plaint by allowing I.A.No.VII filed under Order VII Rule 11 CPC in the present facts and circumstances of this case?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. To invoke Section 17 of the Limitation Act, 1963, two ingredients have to be pleaded and duly proved. One is the existence of a fraud and the other is discovery of such fraud. In the instant case, the plaintiff has averred the existence of fraud and also its discovery in the plaint and the cause of action has been mentioned as is evident from para No.10 of the plaint. The question of limitation, since the fraud has been pleaded by the plaintiff is a mixed question of law and fact and it can only be established after full fledged trial and not on the threshold of Order VII Rule 11 CPC. Order VII Rule 11 envisages as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;11. Rejection of plaint.- The plaint shall be rejected in the following cases:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) where it does not disclose a cause of action;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) where the relief claimed is undervalued, and the plaintiff, on being required by the Court to correct the valuation within a time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) where the relief claimed is properly valued, but the plaint is written upon paper insufficiently stamped, and the plaintiff, on being required by the Court to supply the requisite stamp-paper within a time to be fixed by the Court, fails to do so;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) where the suit appears from the statement in the plaint to be barred by any law: (e) where it is not filed in duplicate;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(f) Where the plaintiff fails to comply with the provisions of rule 9:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that the time fixed by the Court for the correction of the valuation or supplying of the requisite stamp-paper shall not be extended unless the Court, for reasons to be recorded, is satisfied that the plaintiff was prevented by any cause of an exceptional nature for correcting the valuation or supplying the requisite stamp-paper, as the case may be, within the time fixed by the Court and that refusal to extend such time would cause grave injustice to the plaintiff.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Plain reading of the above said provision makes it evident that the Court has to look into the averments in the plaint and the pleas taken by the defendant in the written statement is wholly irrelevant and the matter has to be decided only on the plaint averments. While dealing with the rejection of the plaint under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, it is relevant to consider the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of Saleem Bhai and others vs. State of Maharashtra and others1 and Church of Christ Charitable Trust and Educational Charitable Society Represented by its Chairman vs. Ponniamman Educational Trust Represented by its Chairperson/Managing Trustee2and at para No.11 it is held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;11. This position was explained by this Court in Saleem Bhai vs. State of Maharashtra, (2003) 1 SCC 557, in which, while considering Order VII Rule 11 of the Code, it was held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9. A perusal of Order VII Rule 11 CPC makes it clear that the relevant facts which need to be looked into for deciding an application thereunder are the averments in the plaint. The trial court can exercise the power under Order VII Rule 11 CPC at any stage of the suit &mdash; before registering the plaint or after issuing summons to the defendant at any time before the conclusion of the trial. For the purposes of deciding an application under clauses (a) and (d) of Rule 11 of Order VII CPC, the averments in the plaint are germane; the pleas taken by the defendant in the written statement would be wholly irrelevant at that stage, therefore, a direction to file the written statement without deciding the application under Order VII Rule 11 CPC cannot but be procedural irregularity touching the exercise of jurisdiction by the trial court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is clear that in order to consider Order VII Rule 11, the Court has to look into the averments in the plaint and the same can be exercised by the trial Court at any stage of the suit. It is also clear that the averments in the written statement are immaterial and it is the duty of the Court to scrutinize the averments/pleas in the plaint. In other words, what needs to be looked into in deciding such an application are the averments in the plaint. At that stage, the pleas taken by the defendant in the written statement are wholly irrelevant and the matter is to be decided only on the plaint averments. These principles have been reiterated in Raptakos Brett &amp; Co. Ltd. vs. Ganesh Property (1998) 7 SCC 184 and Mayar (H.K.) Ltd. vs. Vessel M.V. Fortune Express and Others (2006) 3 SCC 100.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The guiding principle for deciding the application under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, can be summarised as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) to reject a plaint on the ground that the suit is barred by limitation only the averments of the plaint have to be referred to.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) to determine whether the suit is barred by limitation, it is necessary to consider whether the plaintiff has stated the particulars about the cause of action and the discovery of fraud by the plaintiff and the said fact can be established only by a trial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. As a matter of fact and the reading of the plaint, it is evident that the plaint describes the circumstances as to how the fraud has been played by defendant No.1 and the cause of action has been specifically averred in the plaint. The application under Order VII Rule 11 CPC has to be decided within the four corners of the plaint as held by the Apex Court in the case of Shrihari Hanumandas Totala vs. Hemant Vithal Kamat3 . The judgment relied by the learned counsel for the respondents in the case of C.S.Ramaswamy vs. V.K. Senthil and others4 , the facts of the case totally differ from the facts of the present case and in the said decision, the plaintiff had not disclosed the cause of action and the Apex Court in the said circumstances, held that vague allegation with respect to the date of knowledge cannot be accepted. The said decision is not applicable to the facts and circumstances of the instant case. The trial Court has lost sight of para Nos.8 to 10 of the plaint, which discloses the cause of action to file the suit and the question of limitation based on fraud is a mixed question of law and fact and plaint cannot be rejected by invoking the provision under Order VII Rule 11 CPC and the judgment of the Trial Court needs interference by this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Regular first appeal is hereby allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '35259778168ad47b8a28a468a392a217.JPG', '9fece5c6f6eda664add84dd89e0a810a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-27', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-26 17:16:26', '2024-08-27 12:20:26'),
(365, 'mhNyfwmEJ1q481lVrwkzCUmR6', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Indian Succession Act. Even a legatee of the Will can apply for grant of probate of Will. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K M Somaiah Vs NIL.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 5120 of 2023 decided on 27 September 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.T. Narendra Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This appeal is filed by the appellant/petitioner under Section 299 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 challenging the order dated 14.07.2023 passed by the VII Additional District &amp; Sessions Judge, Tumakuru in P &amp; SC No.4/2023 rejecting the petition filed by the appellant/petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The case of the appellant is that his grandfather G.H.Chikkanna, S/o.Guluru Hanumanthaiah was the exclusive owner in physical possession and enjoyment of the petition schedule properties. The said Chikkanna had bequeathed the petition schedule properties in favour of his daughter, namely Rathnamma, W/o.Late Munivenkatappa under a registered Will dated 19.01.1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The further case of the appellant is that the said Rathnamma had six children and appellant is the second son and Rathnamma executed an unregistered Will dated 03.12.2011 bequeathing the petition schedule properties in favour of the appellant. Rathnamma died on 04.10.2012. After the death of Rathnamma, appellant filed an application before the Tahasildar, Kunigal Taluk seeking change of khata in respect of the petition schedule properties. The authority directed the petitioner to approach the court and get the probate in respect of the Will dated 03.12.2011. Hence, the appellant filed P &amp; SC Petition seeking probate. After issuance of notice in the newspaper, nobody contested the matter. Hence, respondent is taken as nil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. On the basis of the pleadings of the petitioner, the trial court framed the following issues:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Whether the petitioner is entitled for grant of Probate?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) What order?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In respect of P &amp; SC filed by the legatee, this Court considered similar issue in MFA No.3238/2019 disposed of on 07.11.2019. The relevant paragraphs are extracted below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8.5. Section 222 of the Act deals with grant of probate and reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;222. Probate only to appointed executor:- (1) Probate shall be granted only to any executor appointed by the Will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) The appointment may be expressed or by necessary implication&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.7. The trial Court is yet to determine the genuineness of the Will and the appellant is yet to prove the Will. It is only if the above are satisfied that a probate would be granted in favour of the appellant after having invited objections by way of a public notice and only in the event of no objections being received to such probate of the Will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.8. Though the first part of Section 222, at first blush, appears to disentitle the beneficiary from seeking for probate, the second part would come to the rescue of the legatee since the appointment of an executor could either be expressed or by necessary implication.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.9. The object of executing a Will by a testator is to distribute his properties after his death in the manner he wished to do during his lifetime. Thus, it is this wish of the testator which is required to be given paramount importance and be given effect to. It is for this reason that the legislature in its wisdom has incorporated Subsection (2) to Section 222 of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.10. If the reasoning of the trial Court is accepted, then in all cases where no executor is named in the Will, probate cannot be granted and such Wills/codicils would be rendered completely ineffective or useless. This mischief can only be prevented by referring to Section 222(2) whereunder, if the executor is not named in the Will, the inference that could be drawn is that the legatee would become the executor since without obtaining a probate, the beneficiary would not be able to implement the Will and thereby the last wishes of the testator. The legatee/beneficiary is therefore by implication is to be deemed to be appointed as an excutor of the will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8.11. As far as possible, the aim and objective of any Court should be to help, implement the last Will and testament of the testator since once the testator is deceased, there would be no way of implementation of his/her last wishes if the Will is not implemented on the basis of such technical grounds. &ldquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. In view of the above, the finding given by the P &amp; SC Court is contrary to the provisions of Section 222 of the Indian Succession Act. Hence, the order dated 14.07.2023 is unsustainable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Accordingly, I pass the following order:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The appeal is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1d9a6597dd4e93e90cfa996e42fe1ab5.JPG', '0a279de0d979f96cc861a11a4989d2bd.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-28', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-27 11:46:26', '2024-08-28 08:14:48'),
(376, '3800K8uIccxe1mKTYbmOxK049', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Amendment of pleadings that seek to alter the character of a suit and defeat accrued rights due to limitation should be refused. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ningawwa Vs Sharanabasappa and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petitio 106097 of 2023 decided on 12 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The present writ petition is filed by Defendant No. 1, challenging the order dated 30.09.2023, passed by the learned Judge on I.A. No. 27. The learned Judge allowed the application, thereby permitting the plaintiff to seek the relief of a declaration that he is the adopted son of Pampanna and Defendant No. 1. The petitioner contested this application on the grounds that it is hopelessly barred by time, and therefore, the plaintiff should not be allowed to seek the declaration of his status as an adopted son through an amendment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Plaintiff&#039;s Initial Suit and Contest: Respondent No. 1, the plaintiff, initially instituted a bare&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;suit for injunction in O.S. No. 42/2010. The present petitioner filed a written statement, vehemently denying the plaintiff&#039;s claim of being the adopted son of the late Pampanna. The petitioner asserted that Pampanna never adopted the plaintiff and that the necessary ceremonies, including the formal giving and taking, were never performed. The adoption claim was seriously disputed by Defendant No. 1 in the written statement filed on 13.02.2012. Despite this, the plaintiff filed an amendment application when the matter was set down for the defendants&#039; arguments. Although the learned Judge acknowledged that this amendment application was sought after 13 years, the application was allowed on the grounds that the amendment would not relate back to the filing of the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. This court needs to examine whether the learned Judge could have entertained the proposed amendment when the matter was set down for arguments. Initially, the suit was solely for a bare injunction. The plaintiff now seeks to amend the suit to include a declaration that he is the adopted son of Pampanna. This proposed amendment significantly alters the character of the suit. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court, in Sampath Kumar vs. Ayyakannu and Another reported in (2002) 7 SCC 559, held that proposed amendments should be encouraged to resolve all contentious issues in one suit rather than forcing the plaintiff to file an independent suit. However, considering the facts of this case, this court views that the order under challenge suffers from perversity and material irregularity. The plaintiff&rsquo;s status as an adopted son was disputed in 2012, and he had ample opportunity to either seek an amendment or file an independent suit for such a declaration. Filing the amendment application at this late stage, after leading evidence and cross-examining the defendants, appears to be an afterthought. Despite recognizing that the amendment is barred by limitation, the learned Judge allowed the application by noting that it would not relate back to the suit&#039;s original filing date.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The principles laid down by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in Radhika Devi vs. Bajrangi Singh and Others, reported in (1996) 7 SCC 486, are directly applicable to this case. Paragraph 6 of that judgment clarifies that amendments that seek to alter the character of a suit and defeat accrued rights due to limitation should be refused. The Court stated:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;In that case this Court considered the cross-objections to be treated as a cross suit since no alteration was being made in the written statement to treat it as a plaint originally instituted. The amendment which was sought to be made was treated to be clarificatory and, therefore, this Court had upheld the amendment of the written statement and treated it to be a cross suit. The ratio therein squarely applies to a fact situation where the party acquires right by bar of limitation and if the same is sought to be taken away by amendment of the pleading, amendment in such circumstances would be refused. In the present case, the gift deed was executed and registered as early as July 28, 1978 which is a notice to everyone. Even after filing of the written statement, for 3 years no steps were taken to file the application for amendment of the plaint. Thereby the occurred right in favour of the respondents would be defeated by permitting amendment of the plaint. The High Court, therefore, was right in refusing to grant permission to amend the plaint.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has clearly held that when a defendant has acquired a right due to the limitation period, this right cannot be taken away through an amendment. Such amendments must be refused. Applying these principles, this court finds that the proposed amendment lacks bona fides, especially since the plaintiff&rsquo;s status as an adopted son was disputed as early as 2012. The plaintiff should have taken appropriate steps once his status was challenged. Coming up with an amendment application at this stage, after leading evidence and cross-examining the defendants, suggests an afterthought. This court is convinced that granting such an amendment would cause serious prejudice to Defendant No. 1, and equity does not favor the plaintiff in this case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '0a4e6b89b32cbbfcc4e891b112b6d0d9.JPG', 'ff0872fa1daf56ce85efec37f6123a49.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-29 14:20:24', '2024-08-30 03:24:43');
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(378, 'gNqEJ0iXAzyfqyjB4bgIWj0od', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Bombay Public Trust Act. Suit against the Public Trust or Trustee or Beneficiaries without prior consent of Charity Commissioner is not maintainable. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Chairman Vs President.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Civil Revision Petition 1038 of 2005 decided on 18 July 2024.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.G.S. Kamal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Petitioner / defendant namely, Vishaparihareshwar Temple Committee, Balambeed, Hirekerur taluk, Haveri district is before this Court aggrieved by the order dated 07.10.2005 passed in Misc.Appeal No.9/1999 on the file of the Addl. Civil Judge (Sr.Dn.), Ranebennur (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;the first appellate Court&rsquo;), by which the first appellate Court while allowing the miscellaneous appeal filed by the respondentSociety herein, set aside the order dated 26.10.1999, that was passed in O.S.No.23/1979 on the file of the Civil Judge (Jr.Dn.), Hirekerur (hereinafter referred to as, &lsquo;the trial Court&rsquo;) holding that the trial Court did not have jurisdiction to proceed with the suit in view of the prohibition contained under the provisions of The Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950 and Rules, 1951 (for short, &lsquo;the BPT Act &amp; the BPT Rules&rsquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Brief facts of the case are that; the above suit in O.S.No.23/1979 filed by the respondent/plaintiff seeking relief of declaration declaring it to be the owner of immovable property bearing R.S.No.33/2 measuring 4 acres 35 guntas situated at Balambeed village, Hirekerur taluk (hereinafter referred to as, &lsquo;subject property&rsquo;) and for consequential relief of permanent injunction restraining the petitioner/defendant from interfering with the subject property of the respondent/plaintiff in forming plots and in the subject property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The case of the respondent/plaintiff was that, the subject property belonging to the petitioner/defendant-Trust having acquired the same in terms of a Gift Deed dated 20.03.1962. That the subject property was agreed to be sold by the then Chairman of the petitioner/defendant-Trust on 17.10.1972, pursuant to which, a deed of sale was executed and registered on 10.05.1973. That the respondent/plaintiff after purchasing the property had made application for mutation of its name in the revenue records. The said application was rejected by the Tahasildar on the ground that the property was a Trust property, constraining the respondent/plaintiff to file the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Sections 50, 51, 79 and 80 of The Bombay Pubic Trusts Act, 1950 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;50. In any case- (i) &hellip;&hellip;.,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) for any declaration or injunction in favour of or against a public trust or trustee or trustees or beneficiary thereof,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;the Charity Commissioner after making such enquiry as he thinks necessary or two or more persons having an interest in case the suit is under sub-clauses (i) to (iii), or one or more such persons in case the suit is under sub-clause (iv) having obtained the consent in writing of the Charity Commissioner as provided in section 51 may institute a suit whether contentious or not in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the whole or part of the subject-matter of the trust is situate, to obtain a decree for any of the following reliefs: &mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(p) declaring or denying any right in favour of or against, a public trust or trustee or trustees or beneficiary thereof an issuing injunctions in appropriate cases; or Provided that no suit claiming any of the reliefs specified in this section shall be instituted in respect of any public trust, except in conformity with the provisions thereof:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(q) granting any other relief as the nature of the case may require which would be a condition precedent to or consequential to any of the aforesaid relief or is necessary in the interest of the trust:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that no suit claiming any of the reliefs specified in this section shall be instituted in respect of any public trust, except in conformity with the provisions thereof:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided further that, the Charity Commissioner may instead of instituting a suit make an application to the Court for a variation or alteration in a scheme already settled:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided also that, the provisions of this section and other consequential provisions shall apply to all public trusts, whether registered or not or exempted from the provisions of this Act under subsection (4) of section 1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;51. (1) If the persons having an interest in any public trust intend to file a suit of the nature specified in section 50, they shall apply to the Charity Commissioner in writing for his consent. [If the Charity Commissioner after hearing the parties and making such enquiries (if any) as he thinks fit is satisfied that there is prima facie case, he ] may within a period of six months from the date on which the application is made, grant or refuse his consent to the institution of such suit. The order of the Charity Commissioner refusing his consent shall be in writing and shall state the reasons for the refusal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) If the Charity Commissioner refuses his consent to the institution of the suit under sub-section (1) the persons applying for such consent may file an appeal to the [Divisional Commissioner] in the manner provided by this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) In every suit filed by persons having interest in any trust under section 50, the Charity Commissioner shall be a necessary party.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) Subject to the decision of the [Divisional Commissioner] in appeal under section 71, the decision of the Charity Commissioner under subsection (1) shall be final and conclusive.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;79.(1) Any question, [whether or not a trust exists and such trust is a public trust] or particular property is the property of such trust, shall be decided by the Deputy or Assistant Charity Commissioner on the Charity Commissioner in appeal as provided by this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) The decision of the Deputy or Assistant Charity Commissioner or the Charity Commissioner in appeal, as the case may be, shall, unless set aside by the decision of the Court [on application] or of the High Court in [***] appeal be final and conclusive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;80. Save as expressly provided in this Act, no civil court shall have jurisdiction to decide or deal with any question which is by or under this Act to be decided or dealt with by any officer or authority under this Act, and in respect of which the decision or order of such officer or authority has been made final and conclusive.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The present suit is filed by the respondentSociety seeking relief of declaration of its title in respect of the subject property and for relief of permanent injunction, restraining the petitioner/defendant from interfering with the subject property, preventing the respondent-Society from forming plots in the said land. Perusal of the provisions extracted hereinabove would indicate the prior permission of the Charity Commissioner under the BPT Act is mandatory, prior to alienation of the property belonging to Trust as well as prior to anyone seeking to raise any dispute with regard to the property. The trial Court had taken note of this aspect of the matter and had come to the conclusion that, as per Section 79 of the BPT Act, it was the Assistant Charity Commissioner or the Charity Commissioner who is vested with the authority to determine the controversy as to existence of Trust and the nature of the property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Reversing the said finding and conclusion arrived at by the trial Court, the first appellate Court at paragraph 14 of its impugned judgment has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;14.xxxx a dispute between the parties involved in this suit is to find out whether there exists a dispute between the parties, whether or not a trust exist and such trust is a public trust or particular property is the property of such trust. If the above said dispute is existing in between the parties, then the said dispute is governed by the provisions of Sec.79 of the Bombay Public Trust Act and jurisdiction of the Civil Court is barred u/s.80 of the said Act.&rdquo;;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Further at paragraph 15, the first appellate Court has opined as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;15.On perusal of the pleadings of both the parties, I am of the opinion that the dispute existing in between the plaintiff and defendant is not whether or not the trust exist and such trust is a public trust or the suit property is the property of such trust. Plaintiff himself contended in his plaint that the suit property was belonging to the Vishaparihareshwara temple, Balambeed village. Thus, plaintiff has not taken up a contention that suit property was not the property of trust. Therefore, the dispute involved between the parties in this suit does not come within the ambit of the provisions of Sec.79 of the Bombay Public Trust Act. As such the jurisdiction of the Civil Court is not ousted u/s.80 of the said Act.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. As noted above, Section 50 of the BPT Act mandates that prior consent of Charity Commissioner, as provided in Section 51 is condition precedent to institute a suit for any relief of declaration or injunction in favour of or against the Public Trust or Trustee or Beneficiaries. Section 80 of the BPT Act expressly bars the jurisdiction of the Civil Court to decide or deal with any question to be decided or dealt with by any officer or authority under the Act. Requirement of compliance under Sections 50 and 51 are such questions to be dealt and decided by the officer specified thereunder. This aspect of the matter has not been addressed to by the first appellate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c1956151affb840136ff383b1146234c.JPG', 'e3a6ec6ce198353d28f4fb73c33dd9d9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-08-30', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-08-29 15:05:47', '2024-08-30 06:43:46'),
(397, '1Nf1rUlf0DKnEElnn6bAffAK9', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hindu Succession Act. Daughters cannot claim share in the properties of a person dying intestate before the commencement of the Hindu Succession Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Satteppa Nilappa Itnal Vs Basawwa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RSA 2620 of 2007 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is the case of the plaintiff that propositus Laxmappa had two sons viz., Nilappa and Sateppa. That Sateppa was unmarried and he died without any legal heirs. That the plaintiff is the daughter of Nilappa, defendant Nos.2 and 3 are his sons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. It is the further case of the plaintiff that defendant No.3 has gone in adoption to one Basavva who is a stranger to the family of plaintiff and defendants. That defendant Nos.2 and 3 are addicted to bad vices and in order to protect her legitimate share, the plaintiff sought for partition which was denied. That plaintiff and defendants were jointly cultivating the land and out of joint income nucleus, other properties are purchased. Hence, the plaintiff filed a suit for partition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The defendants entered appearance and contested the suit. It was contended that defendant No.3 had gone in adoption to Satteppa who is the younger brother of Nilappa and he has got &frac12; share in the suit properties and defendant Nos.1 and 2 have got their share in the suit properties. It is further contended that out of the properties involved in the suit, only block Nos.30 and 343a are the ancestral properties and they are most infertile lands and the income derived from these lands are not sufficient to purchase the other properties. That defendant Nos.2 and 3 along with their sons have purchased the properties out of their income. That the properties at Sl. Nos.1, 3, 5, to 7 are the exclusive and self acquired properties of defendant Nos.2 and 3 as also the schedule &lsquo;B&rsquo; properties are self acquired properties of Defendant Nos.2 and 3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It is further contended that the father of the plaintiff and defendant Nos.2 and 3, Nilappa died on 03.03.1950. Hence plaintiff was not entitled to a share since the provisions of Hindu Succession Act, 19564 are not applicable in the year 1950. That the plaintiff has not included all the properties in the suit. Hence, the defendants sought for dismissal of the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Being aggrieved, the present second appeal is filed. This Court vide order dated 02.08.2012 admitted the appeal and framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;i) Whether the first respondent/plaintiff would be entitled to a share in the suit properties, when her father Neelappa died prior to coming into force of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii) Whether the first respondent/plaintiff is entitled to her share by virtue of Section 8 of the Mysore Hindu Law Women&rsquo;s Rights Act, 1933?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12.1 This Court vide order dated 23.07.2024 admitted the Cross objection and framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Whether both the Courts erred in not granting equal share to the plaintiff in the suit properties having regard to Section 6 of the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The first appellate Court held that, the plaintiff was entitled to a share under Section 8(1)(b) of the Act, 1933 and hence held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Looking to the principles of the above decisions it is clear that in the present case the plaintiff was unmarried on the date of death of her father and provisions of Sec.8(1)(b) of Act 33 are applicable to her. Further As per Sec. 14 (1) of Hindu Succession Act she is entitled to a share in the suit properties. Therefore considering the evidence of both the parties, the suit schedule properties are the joint family properties and the plaintiff is deemed to be in joint possession of her share. Therefore as per the provisions of Act. 33 defendants 2 and 3 will get equal share, defendant No.1 will get one half share and plaintiff will get one fourth share what the defendants 2 and 3 will get. Therefore the plaintiff will get, 1/11th share, defendant No.1 will get 2/11th share and defendants 2 and 3 will get 4/11th share each in the suit schedule &#039;A&#039; landed Properties. The suit schedule &#039;B&#039; is the house property and plaintiff has already married and residing in her husbands house. Therefore she is not entitled for share in the house property. Hence I answer points 1 &amp;amp; 2 in the affirmative and point No.3 in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. It is forthcoming that the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Eramma Vs. Veerupana and Others relied upon by the learned counsel for the appellant held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. There is nothing the language of this section to suggest that it has retrospective operation. The words &ldquo;The property of a male Hindu dying intestate&rsquo;&rsquo; and the words &ldquo;shall devolve&rdquo; occurring in the section make it very clear that the property whose devolution is provided for by that section must be the property of a person who dies after the commencement of the Hindu Succession Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. It is clear from the express language of the section that it applies only to coparcenary property of the male Hindu holder who dies after the commencement of the Act. It is manifest that the language of S.8 must be construed in the context of S.6 of the Act. We accordingly hold that the provisions of S.8 of the Hindu Succession Act are not retrospective in operation and where a male Hindu died before the Act came into force i.e., where succession opened before the Act, Section.8. of the Act will have no application.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Further, a Co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Annamma V. Pattamma considering the devolution under the Act of 1933 has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. According to me, even if Sections 6(2) and 4 read with Section 3(j) of the Act are read together, by virtue of chinnappa Mudaliar&rsquo;s death (1) the succession will be, only in the order as mentioned in Section 6(2) of the Act viz., male or female and not male and female, Secondly, order of succession shall be, in case, a male dies intestate, succession is first by son who excludes widow. If son is dead, widow succeeds and if both are dead then daughter, Widow excludes daughter and if son and widow are absent then daughter succeeds.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The fact situation that in the present case is undisputed that propositus Nilappa died on 03.03.1950. Having regard to the settled position of law as aforemtntioned and in view of the admitted position that Nilappa was survived by his sons i.e., defendant Nos.2 and 3, even under the Act, 1933, the plaintiff will not be entitled to any share in the suit property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. Although it is the vehement contention of the leaned counsel for the respondent-plaintiff relying on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Vineeta Sharma Vs. Rakesh Sharma and others , as well as a co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Banappa S/o. Basappa Angol (died rep. by his legal representatives) and another Vs.Smt. Gangavva W/o. Mahaveer Mutagi , having regard to the settled proposition of law as held in the case of Eramma , the father of the plaintiff and defendant Nos.2 and 3 having been died in the year 1950 prior to coming into force the Act, 1956, the question of the plaintiff being entitled to a share in his property does not arise. The case of Vineeta Sharma has application to a case where succession opens after the Act of 1956 comes into force.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In the present case, upon the death of Nilappa, the joint family of the plaintiff and defendants came to end and succession having opened, prior to coming into force of the Act of 1956, the question of the plaintiff being entitled to a share under the Act of 1956 does not arise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Considering as to whether the plaintiff is entitled to a share under the Act of 1933 in view of the clear interpretation as to the manner of devolution of the share as contemplated under the Act of 1933, having regard to the fact that judgment of this Court in the case of Amramma defendant Nos.2 and 3 who are the sons of Nilappa are alive, it is clear that they succeed to the share of their fathers and the plaintiff is not entitled to a share.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Various others factual aspects have been also noticed i.e., with regard to the adoption of defendant No.3 are also putforth. However, the said aspect would not arise since defendant No.3 is stated to have died on 25.05.2018.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. Further, the contention as to whether all the suit properties are ancestral properties or self acquired properties also will not arise for adjudication in view of the clear position of law as noticed above.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Hence, the substantial questions of law Nos.1 and 2 framed in RSA No.2620/2007 are answered in the Negative. In view of the same, question of answering the substantial question of law framed in cross objection No.54/2012 does not arise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) RSA No.2620/2007 is allowed&hellip;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7da9e9f8c593e55c60bd4197ba074042.JPG', '2ae1830c302796ce51807b55d0cf28cd.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 12:30:07', '2024-09-03 10:16:08');
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(394, 'pRZcWMysaxXyCEJfgcBj14dMx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Co-Operative Societies Act. Civil suit by a co-operative society for injunction in respect of mortgaged property is not maintainable in view of Sections 70 and 71. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Muneerahmad and others Vs The Mudhol Co-Op Bank Limited.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Civil Revision Petition 100134 of 2023 decided on 22 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.G.S. Kamal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The above suit is filed by the respondent-CoOperative Bank for relief of permanent injunction restraining the petitioners herein from alienating or creating any third party interest over the suit property. It is contended by the respondent-Co-operative Bank that the petitioners have availed financial assistance from the respondent-Co-Operative Bank and have created charge over the suit property by executing deeds of mortgage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Petitioners herein who appeared in the said suit filed application under Order VII Rule 11(a) and (d) of CPC seeking rejection of the plaint on the ground that the suit is not maintainable in view of the provisions contained under Sections 118, 70 and 103 of the Karnataka CoOperative Societies Act, 1959, (for short &lsquo;the Act, 1959&rsquo;), and also in view of the provisions contained under Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (for short &lsquo;the Act, 1963&rsquo;). The Trial Court taking note of the contentions urged by the petitioners herein and also taking note of the relief sought in the plaint, declined to accept the contentions and consequently rejected the application. Aggrieved by the same, the petitioners are before this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Section 118 of the Karnataka Co-Operative Societies Act, 1959, which bars jurisdiction of Civil Court, reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;118. (1) Save as provided in this Act, no [civil, labour or revenue court or Industrial Tribunal] 1 shall have any jurisdiction in respect of, &mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) the registration of a co-operative society or bye - laws or of an amendment of a bye-law; [(b) the removal of a member or the removal and disqualification of a director or the removal of a board;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) any surcharge application required under section 69 or any dispute required under section 70 to be referred to the Registrar or the recovery of moneys under section 100 or the execution of any award or order referred to the Registrar for execution under section 101]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) any matter concerning the winding up and the dissolution of a co-operative society.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) While a co-operative society is being wound up, no suit or other legal proceedings relating to the business of such society shall be proceeded with, or instituted against, the Liquidator as such or against the society or any member thereof, except by leave of the Registrar and subject to such terms as he may impose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) Save as provided in this Act, no order, decision or award made under this Act shall be questioned in any court on any ground whatsoever.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Admittedly, dispute is raised between the parties and is referred for adjudication under Section 70 of the Act, 1959. Also be relevant to refer to Section 71 of the Act, 1959 which refers to disposal of dispute.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;8. Sections 70 and 71 of the Karnataka CoOperative Societies Act, 1959 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;70 Disputes which may be referred to Registrar for decision.- (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, if any dispute touching the constitution, management, or the business of a cooperative society [XXX] arises,&mdash;&lt;br&gt;(a) among members, past members and persons claiming through members, past members and deceased members, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) between a member, past member or person claiming through a member, past member or deceased member and the society, its [board] or any officer, agent or employee of the society, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) between the society or its [board] and any past [board], any officer, agent or employee, or any past officer, past agent or past employee or the nominee, heirs, or legal representatives of any deceased officer, deceased agent, or deceased employee of the society, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) between the society and any other cooperative society, [or a credit agency.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;such dispute shall be referred to the Registrar for decision and [no civil or Labour or Revenue Court or Industrial Tribunal] shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or other proceeding in respect of such dispute.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the following shall be deemed to be disputes touching the constitution, management or the business of a cooperative society, namely:&mdash; (a) a claim by the society for any debt or demand due to it from a member or the nominee, heirs or legal representatives of a deceased member, whether such debt or demand be admitted or not;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) a claim by a surety against the principal debtor where the society has recovered from the surety any amount in respect of any debt or demand due to it from the principal debtor, as a result of the default of the principal debtor whether such debt or demand is admitted or not;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) any dispute arising in connection with the election of a President, Vice-President or any office-bearer or Member of board of the society;]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(d) any dispute between a co-operative society and its employees or past employees or heirs or legal representatives of a deceased employee, including a dispute regarding the terms of employment, working conditions and disciplinary action taken by a co-operative society [notwithstanding anything contrary contained in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (Central Act 14 of 1947)] ;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(e) a claim by a co-operative society for any deficiency caused in the assets of the co-operative society by a member, past member, deceased member or deceased officer, past agent or deceased agent or by any servant, past servant or deceased servant or by its [board], past or present whether such loss be admitted or not.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) If any question arises whether a dispute referred to the Registrar under this section is a dispute touching the constitution, management or the business of a co-operative society, the decision thereon of the Registrar shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;71. Disposal of disputes.- (1) The Registrar may, on receipt of the reference of a dispute under section 70,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) decide the dispute himself, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) transfer it for disposal to any person who has been invested by the State Government with powers in that behalf, or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) refer it for disposal to one arbitrator appointed by the Registrar. (2) The Registrar may withdraw any reference transferred under clause (b) of sub-section (1) or referred under clause (c) of that sub-section and decide it himself.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) The Registrar or any other person to whom a dispute is referred for decision under this section may, pending the decision of the dispute, make such interlocutory orders as he may deem necessary in the interests of justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[(3A) When a dispute is referred to an arbitrator under clause (c) of sub-section (1), the award shall, subject to such rules as may be prescribed, include the fee payable to the arbitrator and the fees and expenses payable to the Registrar. Such an award shall not be invalid merely on the ground that it was made after the expiry of the period fixed for deciding the dispute by the Registrar, and shall, subject to appeal or revision, be binding on the parties to the dispute.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 70, when any dispute under clause (a) or (b) of sub-section (1) of the said section is referred for decision to the Registrar, and the Registrar is satisfied on an application by the society concerned that in the interest of the society it is necessary for an effective decision of the dispute to implead persons who cannot be made parties to the dispute in proceedings before him, he may permit the society to institute a regular suit in a Civil Court having jurisdiction and the Civil Court shall be competent to entertain such suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[(5) The dispute under sub-section (1) shall be decided within a period of twelve months excluding the period of stay granted by the Court if any. However, the Registrar may for reasons to be recorded in writing extend the said period not exceeding eighteen months.] [Provided that the State Government shall, on a report made by the Registrar, may extend the period beyond eighteen months if it is satisfied that, there are genuine/valid grounds for such extension]&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Perusal sub-Section (3) of Section 71 of the Act, 1959 further clarifies that the Registrar is vested with power to make such interlocutory orders, as he may deem necessary in the interest of justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;41(h) when equally efficacious relief can certainly be obtained by any other usual mode of proceeding except in case of breach of trust;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Thus, cumulative effect of reading of the aforesaid provisions of the Act, 1959 makes it clear that Section 118 of the Act, 1959 expressly bars jurisdiction of the Civil Court in the matters of reference made under Section 70 of the Act, 1959. Though the trial Court has taken note of these aspects of the matter has however observed that relief sought in the instant case is a permanent injunction and that only Civil Court could grant such relief. As pointed out by the learned counsel for the petitioners sub-Section (3) of Section 71 of the Act, 1959, which provides for the manner of disposal of dispute by the Registrar on receipt of reference of dispute under Section 70 of the Act, 1959, also authorizes Registrar to pass such interlocutory orders as may be necessary in the matter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In that view of the matter, the application filed under Order VII Rule 11 CPC, ought to have been considered by the trial Court as there is an express bar under Section 118 of the Act, 1959, which also covers the cases of this nature.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Accordingly, the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'a065c90dd9cb9c5c3d71a580ed3d1d59.JPG', '225de3a36a69408a33bbe7238915ec6e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 12:14:14', '2024-09-03 06:44:27'),
(395, 'RH6NfToRsfgdOfgGJ2sVQCPvq', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Transfer of Property Act. Unlike mortgage, charge over a property does not either transfer a property or any interest thereof, but it only creates a right of payment out of the specified property. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.R. Pradeep Kumar Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 11445 of 2016 decided on 9 August 2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Devdas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Learned Senior Counsel Sri Jayakumar S.Patil appearing for the petitioner submitted that the petitioner is admittedly not a borrower, nor guarantor or in any way connected to the fourth respondentJawahar House Building Co-operative Society Limited (for short &lsquo;Jawahar Society&rsquo;). Neither were the previous owners of the four properties in question, the borrowers or guarantors nor did they have any transaction with Jawahar Society. Nevertheless, on a default committed by Jawahar Society, which had borrowed loan from the third respondent - Cooperative Bank (for short &lsquo;BDCC Bank&rsquo;), the third respondent - BDCC Bank got the properties in question attached at the hands of the second respondent-Joint Registrar of Co-operative Societies (hereinafter referred to as the &lsquo;JRCS&rsquo; for short), in a dispute raised under Section 70 of the Karnataka Co-operative Societies Act, 1959, by order dated 02.05.1994. At that point of time, Sri Bettaswamaiah was the owner of 2 acres of land in Sy.No.79, New No.174 (Block 5); Smt.Jayamma was the owner of 1 acre and 25 guntas of land in Sy.No.79, New Sy.No.173 (Block 4) and Sri M.Govindarajappa was the owner of 2 acres of land in Sy.No.79, New No.184 (Block 17) and Sri.Siddaiah was the owner of 1 acre and 26 guntas of land in Sy.No.79, New Sy.No.185 (Block 14).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Jawahar Society had borrowed loan from BDCC Bank on 06.01.1993. It appears that the loan was sanctioned without obtaining proper security from the borrower. Jawahar Society intended to purchase the lands in question along with the other adjoining lands, for the purpose of formation of a residential layout, for distribution of sites to its members. In that regard, Jawahar Society claims to have entered into agreements of sale with the then owners of the lands. The task of formation of layout was entrusted to M/s.M.B.Enterprises, a Developer. It would be relevant to notice here that after orders of attachment were passed by the Joint Registrar of Co-operative Societies and after award was passed by the said authority against Jawahar Society, its President Sri N.S.Narase Gowda took over M/s.M.B.Enterprises along with all assets and liabilities.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The BDCC Bank commenced recovery proceedings against Jawahar Society by issuing a notice on 15.11.1993. But Jawahar Society requested for renewal of loan account in the year 1994, but the same was rejected. A dispute under Section 70 of the Act was raised before the JRCS. During the pendency of the dispute, an application was filed by BDCC Bank before the JRCS seeking attachment of the lands in question along with several other lands for which agreements of sale were entered into by Jawahar Society. An order of attachment was passed by the JRCS on 02.05.1994. Thereafter, an award was also passed on 01.03.1997. However, it is contended that BDCC Bank did not take any further action for recovery, for more than ten years. The petitioner purchased two of the lands in question on 28.03.2007 and two others on 10.11.2008, not being aware of the orders of attachment. When the petitioner came to know of the orders of attachment, the petitioner filed an appeal before the Karnataka Appellate Tribunal (KAT for short) in Appeal No.365/2007 on 10.05.2007, in respect of old Sy.No.79, New No.174 (Block 5) &ndash; 2 acres and old Sy.No.79, New No.173 (Block 4) &ndash; 1.25 acres. The petitioner later filed another Appeal in Appeal No.750/2008 in respect of the other two properties purchased on 10.11.2008.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The question that is required to be considered is whether respondent No.4-Jawahar Society could have offered the properties in question for attachment; whether the JRCS could have passed orders of attachment in respect of properties not owned by the borrower/judgment debtor and whether the KAT was right in dismissing the appeals filed by the petitioner on the ground of delay and laches.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. To answer the questions, this Court should look into the relevant provisions contained in the Act and the Rules governing the procedure for attachment of immovable properties. Rule 35 of the Karnataka Cooperative Societies Rules, 1960, reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. Procedure in execution.- Unless the decreeholder has expressed a desire that proceedings should be taken in a particular order as laid down in sub-rule (2) of Rule 34 execution shall ordinarily be taken in the following manner,-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) moveable property of the judgment-debtor shall be first proceeded against; but this shall not preclude the immoveable property being proceeded against simultaneously in case of necessity;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) if there is no moveable property, or if the sale proceeds of the moveable property or properties attached and sold are insufficient to meet in full the demand of the decree-holder the immoveable property mortgaged to the decreeholder, or other immoveable property belonging to the judgment-debtor may be proceeded against.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. It is clear from the said provision that the authority competent of passing an order of attachment and execution of award is required to firstly proceed against the moveable property of the judgment debtor. It is no doubt true that clause (i) of sub-Rule (1) of Rule 35 permits proceeding against moveable as well as immovable property simultaneously, in case of necessity. However, clause (ii) of sub-rule (1) of Rule 35 clearly provides for proceeding against immovable property &lsquo;mortgaged to the decree holder&rsquo;, or &lsquo;other immovable property belonging to the judgment debtor&rsquo;. The provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, more particularly, Sections 54 and 53A have been considered by the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Suraj Lamp (supra), cited by the learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner and it has been held that sale agreements, General Power of Attorney do not convey any title nor do they create any interest in an immovable property. It was held and reiterated that immovable property can be legally and lawfully transferred/conveyed only by a registered Deed of Conveyance. The Courts will not treat such transactions as completed or concluded transfers or as conveyances as they neither convey title nor create any interest in an immovable property. They cannot be recognized as deeds of title, except to the limited extent of Section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The learned Senior Counsel for the petitioner is also right in his contention that by an order of attachment, a charge is created over a property but that does not either transfer a property or any interest in the property is transferred, but it only creates a right of payment out of the specified property. Admittedly, the fourth respondent-Jawahar Society had not mortgaged the property in question to the third respondent-BDCC Bank. It would have been a different issue if the previous owners had consented for mortgage of the properties at the hands of Jawahar Society. But that is not so in the present case. In that view of the matter, merely because the order of attachment was published in a newspaper in the year 2005, it cannot be held against the petitioner that he had knowledge of the order of attachment. The other important aspect which has to be noticed is that admittedly no notice was issued to the true owners of the property before the order of attachment was passed by the JRCS. Therefore, when the predecessors-in-title had no notice of the application for attachment and since the said owners were not heard before the orders of attachment were passed nor did the sale officer serve or caused to be served a copy of the demand notice in terms of sub-rule (2) of Rule 38 of the Rules, the order of attachment cannot be sustained.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. It is also profitable to notice that subsequent to Suraj Lamps (supra), the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court, in the case of Mayadevi Vs. Lalta Prasad (2015) 5 SCC 588 has held that a duty is cast on Executing Court to comprehensively consider all questions raised by objector on merits in Execution proceedings, particularly when title of judgment debtor to attach property is being questioned and objector is claiming the same. It was also held that on a conjoint reading of Order XXI Rule 58 of CPC and the fasciculus of Order XXI compromising Rules 97 to 104, it becomes clear that all questions raised by the objector have to be comprehensively considered on their merits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. It is also essential to notice that Rule 58 of Order XXI mandates that if such objection is raised to the attachment of any property attached in execution of a decree on the ground that such property is not liable to be attached, the Court shall proceed to adjudicate upon the claim or objection in accordance with the provisions contained therein. The proviso to sub-rule (1) of Rule 58 of CPC, exempts the Executing Court from entertaining such objection only if the claim is preferred or objection is made after the property attached has already been sold or where the Court considers that the claim or objection was designedly or unnecessarily delayed. Having regard to such express provisions, this Court is of the considered opinion that the KAT could not have dismissed the appeals filed by the petitioner on the ground of delay and laches.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. However, one of the submissions of the learned Counsel for the third respondent-BDCC Bank merits consideration, viz., that the petitioner herein purchased two of the properties after filing an appeal before the KAT. Admittedly, there is only one order of attachment dated 02.05.1994 and that order is in respect of all the properties, including the four properties which are the subject matter of this dispute. The petitioner is therefore precluded from contending that he is a bona fide purchaser insofar as the two properties purchased under sale deeds dated 10.11.2008. The acquisition of the two properties at the hands of the petitioner is hit by Rule 39 of the Rules, 1960.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The writ petition is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9ed8580a23b4f8785a22e082fff35d57.jpg', '4b201de536bdcaa3b7284955ccad13f9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 12:27:40', '2024-09-03 12:32:55');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(399, 'AtGYx9K7l39OSWq1qstgmSqbf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Lands vested with the Government under the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act cannot be declared as Wakf properties without first challenging the Land Tribunal\'s order or the statutory vesting. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;S.M. Kotraiah Vs Karnataka State Board of AUQAF and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 103351 of 2022 decided on 26 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sachin Shankar Magadum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In these writ petitions, the primary issue revolves around the challenge to the orders passed by Respondent No. 1, which nullified alienations made in favor of the petitioners, alleging violations of Section 51 of the Waqf Act, 1995 (for short &quot;the Act&quot;). The petitioners argue against the jurisdiction exercised by the Waqf Board in invoking Section 52 of the Act, leading to the requisition sent to the Deputy Commissioner, Ballari. The central question is whether the properties in question are waqf properties or were rightfully vested with the petitioners following the abolition of inam lands under the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act, 1977 (&quot;the Act of 1977&quot;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The factual matrix reveals that the subject lands in Sy.No.78, situated in Gajapur village, Harapanahalli Taluk, were originally granted as inam lands to Khaji Dali Saheb, the ancestor of Buden Sab and Bahaddur Sab, for their services to the local Mosque. Upon the enactment of the Act of 1977, the original occupants filed Form No.1, seeking to register their occupancy rights. Simultaneously, the Waqf Board filed an application to declare the properties as waqf lands. The Land Tribunal&#039;s order dated 21.09.1982 granted occupancy rights to Buden Sab and Bahaddur Sab while rejecting the Waqf Board&#039;s claim. Subsequent certificates of registration were issued, and the properties were sold to the current petitioners via valid sale deeds.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In this case, the inam was granted to individuals and not to the institution, as evidenced by the Land Tribunal&#039;s order dated 21.09.1982, which granted occupancy rights to Buden Sab and Bahaddur Sab. The Division Bench, interpreting sub-section (4) of Section 14, held that all rights and titles of inam lands, including those associated with religious institutions, vested with the State Government upon the abolition of inams under the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act, 1977. This vesting supersedes any prior notifications or designations under the Waqf Act, including the Gazette notification of 17.10.1964, which erroneously identified the land as waqf property. The Waqf Board&#039;s failure to challenge the Land Tribunal&#039;s decision renders their subsequent actions under Sections 51 and 52 of the Waqf Act without jurisdiction. Furthermore, the petitioners acquired the lands through valid sale deeds and have enjoyed the property for an extended period, solidifying their rights. The Supreme Court&#039;s ruling in the case of Cheddilal Yadav supports this position, establishing that the rights acquired under registered sale deeds for valuable consideration are protected by the passage of time. Thus, the Waqf Board&#039;s actions, based on an outdated and invalid Gazette notification, cannot undermine the legal ownership established by the Act of 1977, which overrides any other conflicting laws, including the Waqf Act, 1954.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The Division Bench judgment rendered in W.A.No.5591/2011 c/w W.A.No.379/2012 revolves around the interpretation and application of the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act, 1977, particularly focusing on the vesting of inam lands with the State Government and the implications of such vesting on rights previously associated with these lands. Para 21 and 22 of the Division Bench judgment would be relevant and the same is extracted as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;21. The Inams Abolition Act was enacted by the state legislature in public interest to provide for the abolition of Religious Charitable inams in the Mysore area. It applies to religious inams including the Sringeri Jahgir and charitable inams. The explanation to subsection (3) of Section 1 provides/extends the meaning of &#039;Religious inam&#039; or &#039;charitable inam&#039;. It means a grant of a village, portion of a village or land entered in the register of imams, quit-rent register, alienation register, or any revenue account maintained by or under the authority of Government as Devadaya inam Dharmadaya inam, as the case may be. &#039;Inamdar&#039; means a religious or charitable institution owning an inam. Section 3 of the Act provides for consequences of vesting for an inam in the State. It provides when the notification under sub-section (4) of Section 14 in respect of any inam has been published in the Mysore Gazette, then, notwithstanding anything contained in any contract, grant or other instrument or in any other law for the time being in force, with effect on and from the date of vesting, and save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act. The consequences which follow are enumerated. Clause (b) provides all rights, title and interest vesting in the inamdar including those in all communal lands, cultivated lands, uncultivated lands, whether assessed or not, waste lands, pasture lands, forests, mines and minerals, quarries, rivers and streams, tanks and irrigation works, fisheries and ferries, shall cease and be vested absolutely in the State of Mysore, free from all encumbrances and persons who are entitled to be registered as occupants are given an opportunity to make an application and in the absence of any such claims from the occupants, the inamdar has been given a right to seek for regrant of the land for which there are no claims or claim compensation in respect of the lands which cannot be regranted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. From the material on record, it is clear both from the Sanad and also the entries in the quit-rent register it is clear the land in question is entered as an inam land. In para-7 of the petition, second petitioner claims to be an Inamdar of the land. The land in question is given as an inam to the second petitioner which is a Religious and Charitable Institution. Therefore, Section 3 of the Inams Abolition Act is attracted. When a notification was issued extending the provisions of the Act to the land in question, the said land vested with the State Government free from all encumbrances. Neither the validity of the Act nor the notification extending the application of the Act to the land was challenged by the petitioners for nearly 50 long years. Even now, what is challenged is the notification and not the validity of the Act. The notification is issued in pursuance of the Act. If the Act is applicable the notification only extends the application of the Act. When the Act is not challenged, the notification cannot be challenged. Even otherwise, as is clear from the statutory provision the land in question being an inam land and the second petitioner being the inamdar, the said land vested with the Government free from all encumbrances. Therefore, the Inam Abolition Act is applicable to the land in question, and the lands vested with the Government free from all encumbrances.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The primary issue before the Division Bench was whether the inam lands, which were granted for religious or charitable purposes, vested with the State Government upon the abolition of inams. The court interpreted sub-section (4) of Section 14 of the 1977 Act, which deals with the publication of notifications regarding inams. The judgment clarified that upon the abolition of inams, all rights and titles associated with these lands, irrespective of their previous religious or charitable nature, stood vested with the State Government. This vesting was absolute and extinguished all prior rights, including any claims based on the religious or institutional status of the inam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The Division Bench emphasized the overriding nature of the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act, 1977, particularly due to its &#039;Non Obstante Clause,&#039; which asserts its supremacy over any other laws in force, including the Wakf Act, 1954. This means that even if certain properties were previously designated as waqf (endowment) properties under the Waqf Act, they would still be subject to the provisions of the 1977 Act, leading to the vesting of these properties with the State Government.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The judgment specifically addressed the issue of prior Gazette notifications that might have identified certain lands as waqf properties. The court held that such notifications could not override the statutory provisions of the 1977 Act. As a result, any designation of properties as waqf properties made before the vesting provisions came into effect was rendered null and void. The Act&#039;s vesting provisions took precedence, effectively nullifying the previous status or designations of the lands.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. This Court has examined the rights of individuals who acquired these lands through sale deeds after the vesting provisions came into effect. The court observed that once the lands vested with the State Government, the subsequent sale of these lands and the rights of transferees were protected under the law. The court underscored that the rights acquired under registered sale deeds, provided they were made for valuable consideration, could not be easily disregarded. This protection extended to ensuring that such rights were not undermined by later actions or claims made by entities such as the Waqf Board.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Finally, this Court while addressing the jurisdictional aspect, is of the view that the Waqf Board lacked the authority to challenge the vested status of the lands or to assert control over them, given that these lands were no longer considered waqf properties after vesting with the State. The court found that any actions taken by the Waqf Board under Sections 51 and 52 of the Waqf Act, without first challenging the Land Tribunal&#039;s order or the statutory vesting, were without jurisdiction and thus invalid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. In summary, the Division Bench judgment reinforced the supremacy of the Karnataka Certain Inam Abolition Act, 1977, in governing the fate of inam lands, clarified the effect of statutory vesting with the State, and delineated the limitations on the powers of the Waqf Board concerning such lands. The judgment underscored the finality and binding nature of the Act&#039;s provisions, providing clarity and certainty to the status of the lands and the rights of individuals and institutions associated with them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Upon a detailed examination of the records, the court finds that the properties in question were indeed granted to individuals for their services and not to the Mosque as a waqf institution. The Land Tribunal&#039;s order of 21.09.1982, which granted occupancy rights to Buden Sab and Bahaddur Sab, was never contested by the Waqf Board, making the subsequent actions under Sections 51 and 52 of the Act without jurisdiction. This court emphasizes that Section 4 of the Act of 1977 explicitly states that all inam lands vest with the State Government, free from all encumbrances, overriding any conflicting laws, including the Waqf Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. This Court references the precedent set in W.A.No.5591/2011 c/w W.A.No.379/2012, which reinforced that upon the abolition of inams, the lands vest with the State Government, regardless of any previous religious or charitable designations. Consequently, the Court concludes that the impugned orders are unsustainable and must be quashed, as the properties were not waqf lands but rather vested in the petitioners following a valid legal process.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The writ petitions are allowed;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '0894633a7f51af3246d651e12237e155.JPG', '475790654137f1a84a45de8484d9119a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 13:18:05', '2024-09-04 06:33:57'),
(398, 'T0HaQmC40Uq5UaWWb8Ac7G6nm', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Suit under Section 92 of CPC. The plaintiffs must prove trust\'s public/charitable purpose, breach of trust or need for court intervention and establish specified relief. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.S. Sudharshan and others Vs Grama Seva Sangha Trust and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Miscellaneous First Appeal 8514 of 2023 decided on 2 September 2024&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Ravi V Hosmani.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Challenging order dated 03.11.2023 passed by Principal City Civil and Sessions Judge, Bengaluru, in Misc.no.346/2022 under Section 92 of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (&lsquo;CPC&rsquo; for short), this appeal is filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Sri M.R.Rajagopal, learned Senior Counsel appearing for Sri Raghu Prasad B.S., advocate for appellants submitted appeal was by petitioners in Misc.no.346/2022 filed under Section 92 of CPC praying for grant of leave to institute a suit for removal of trustees, appointment of new trustees, administrator and for setting a scheme in respect of respondent no.1, namely Grama Seva Sangha Trust (&ldquo;Trust&rdquo; for short), a public trust managing Dodda Mavalli Bilsilu Maramma Temple (&lsquo;temple&rsquo; for short) situated at no.12, Mavalli main road, Mavalli, Bengaluru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. It was submitted, petitioners were residents of Mavalli village and devotees of deity &lsquo;Maramma&rsquo; and had concern for temple and its properties. It was submitted most of respondents no.2 to 11 were leading luxurious life even without any avocation, job or business, which clearly signified that they were misusing funds of temple for their own benefits. Hence, with intention to protect temple and its properties, petitioners had sought leave under Section 92 of CPC to file a representative suit. It was submitted, though petitioners had alleged misuse of funds and properties of trust, Trial Court refused to grant leave merely on ground that petitioners had bald allegations without production of documents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. From above, it is seen petitioners are challenging refusal to grant leave to file representative suit against trust on ground that order passed was contrary to material on record. Therefore, point that arises for consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether order passed by Trial Court refusing to grant leave to file suit under Section 92 of CPC calls for interference?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Manner of consideration of application under Section 92 of CPC has been dealt with in several oft referred decisions. In Swami Paramatamanand Saraswati&rsquo;s case (supra) Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court was considering legality of order of High Court affirming grant of leave to file suit by persons who claimed to be interested in affairs of Math. It was held prayer sought for declaration that Krishnabodhashram was validly installed as Shankaracharya of Math, was for vindication of private interest. It held alternative prayer for appointing some other person as Shankaracharya was with intention to bring suit within scope of Section 92 of CPC, as it was neither backed by formal pleading about his incompetence nor by arraying him as party. It held Court should not only refer to reliefs sought but read entire plaint to ascertain real intention behind filing of suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. In Ashok Kumar Gupta&rsquo;s case (supra), Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court referred to various decisions interpreting scope and purpose of Section 92 of CPC. It held, for seeking leave three main conditions had to be satisfied namely (i) Trust in question is created for public purposes of a charitable or religious nature;(ii) there is breach of trust or a direction of court is necessary in administration of such Trust; and (iii) relief claimed is one or other of reliefs enumerated in Section 92 of CPC. It held, even if any one of conditions were not satisfied, suit would fall outside scope of Section 92 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In Sengunthar Charitable Trust&rsquo;s case (supra), High Court of Madras, held order granting leave under Section 92 of CPC was administrative in nature and not either judicial or quasi-judicial and issuance of notice to Defendants was not mandatory. In Mulla Gulam Ali&rsquo;s case (supra) Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court held, if trust is not administered properly and object of trust not carried out, public resort would lie under Section 92 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In Vidyodaya Trust&rsquo;s case (supra), Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court took note of changes brought about by insertion of sub-section (3) in Section 92 of CPC by amendment of year 1976. It held, intention of legislature was to shield Public Trusts from frivolous litigation and for said purpose, Court considering application for leave was required to find out main or dominant purpose of filing suit, by not only referring to reliefs sought but entire plaint.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Even in Harendra Nath Bhattacharya&rsquo;s case (supra), it was held, primarily plaint is to be looked at for deciding question of applicability of Section 92. A suit under Section 92 is of a special nature, which presupposes existence of a public religious or charitable trust, wherein suit can proceed only on allegation of breach of trust or directions from Court were necessary for administration of trust, and if prayer for one of reliefs specifically mentioned therein were sought.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. Sum and substance of ratio in above decisions is that Court considering application for leave to file suit under Section 92 of CPC has to ascertain whether plaintiffs have pleaded that (i) Trust in question was created for public purposes of a charitable or religious nature; (ii) there is a breach of trust or a direction of court is necessary in administration of such a Trust; and (iii) relief claimed was one or other of reliefs enumerated in said section. It would also require to determine real or dominant intention in filing suit, whether for protection of rights of public in Trust or vindication of personal rights, by referring not only to reliefs but entire plaint averments. Same was mandatory and could be carried out even before issuance of notice to defendants. Above exercise was akin to considering application under Order VII Rule 11 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. This Court has in C.R. Shivananda v. H.C. Gurusiddappa, reported in ILR 2011 Kar 4624 elucidated legal position as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;44&hellip;. A suit under Section 92 of CPC is thus a representative suit and as such binds not only the parties named in the suit-title but all those who are interested in the trust. But, if after evidence is taken, it is found that the breach of trust alleged has not been made out and that the prayer for direction of the Court is vague and is not based on any solid foundation in facts or reason but is made only with a view to bring the suit under the Section, then a suit purporting to be brought under Section 92 must be dismissed. As a decisive factor the Court has to go beyond the relief and have regard to the capacity in which the plaintiff has sued and the purpose for which the suit was brought. The Courts have to be careful to eliminate the possibility of a suit being laid against public trusts under Section 92 by persons whose activities were not for protection of the interests of the public trusts.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Said assertions would prima-facie appear sufficient to conclude that Trust was Religious and Charitable nature and about allegation of breach of trust. As noted above, reliefs sought for are due to breach of trust directions of Court were necessary for administration of Trust. Prayer for removal of trustees would fall within sub-clause (a) of Section 92 (1). Likewise, prayer for appointment of new trustees would fall under sub-clause (b); prayer for settling of scheme under sub-clause (g) and appointment of administrator under sub-clause (h) of Section 92 (1) of CPC. Therefore, reliefs sought for would be amongst those stipulated in Section 92 of CPC. Therefore, all three requirements held mandatory by Courts appear existing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Such being case, observation by trial Court that plaintiffs failed to produce prima facie material to probabilize contentions, reference to assertion of defendants in objections about accounts of Trust being audited would be contrary to law. Especially when examination of plaint for above purposes is at nascent stage of suit. And Court would be required to keep in mind that plaint need not be encyclopedia of all facts [Indra Raja (Dr.) v. John Yesurethinam, 2011 SCC OnLine Mad 2048] and stage for substantiating allegations in plaint would be in trial. Therefore, conclusion of trial Court on this count would be untenable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Further, when there is no requirement either prescribed or laid down in any decision that plaintiffs would be required to make allegations against each of trustees, assigning said reason by learned trial Judge, would also be contrary to law. Yet another factor that requires to be taken note of is that purpose of Section 92 is to &lsquo;regulate&rsquo; process of seeking vindication of rights of public in Public Trusts of Religious or Charitable nature and &lsquo;not to prohibit&rsquo; it. Nowadays public trusts are holding/managing resources of enormous value both in terms of monetary value or beliefs. While definitely requiring protection from unnecessary and frivolous interference by way of litigation, regulation in nature of prohibition would have an equally undesirable result, which cannot have been intention of legislature while enacting Section 92 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. Further, when there are several plaintiffs who have joined in filing suit, refusal to grant leave by pointing out disability which may apply to one or few of them would also not be proper. Likewise, merely on ground that one or some of plaintiffs had failed to take action against breach earlier cannot be ground to reject application, especially when suit under Section 92 would be in nature of representative suit and refusal to grant leave would likely bar fresh suit [M.K. Rappai v. John, reported in (1969) 2 SCC 590].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. As this would be a drastic consequence, it would be appropriate to hold that in case of doubt, benefit at stage of grant of leave should go to applicants. Therefore, unless trial Court finds any material to arrive at conclusion that suit is vexatious normally leave should not be denied on hyper- technical or oversensitive. Similar view is taken in Vellore Institute of Technology v. G.V. Sampath, reported in 2015 SCC OnLine Mad 3977:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;31-11. I am of the opinion that if prima facie this Court finds that there is allegation with regard to breach of trust and a direction of this Court is necessary, that would suffice to grant leave to sue at the initial stage.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. Consistent ratio that after recording evidence, if it is found that plaintiff failed to establish any of necessary factors, then suit must be dismissed, provides sufficient protection to Trust. Such a view would also be in tune with consistent view that appreciation of application for leave under Section 92 of CPC is to be considered in manner similar to an application under Order VII Rule 11 of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. In view of above discussion, point for consideration is answered in affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Appeal is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5047e8e50473871de8a23c9c5dc53751.JPG', '82007b194e06876c4ef5a60cb07caa4f.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 12:49:02', '2024-09-04 08:23:12');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(393, '1UJukbUTlukZqxF2GZ9K0uPcV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Pre-emption under Muslim Law. Party seeking to enforce a customary right must rigorously comply with all the requisite elements and stipulations, as failure to do so will disentitle their claim. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jamaluddin Shileman Mulla Thr LRS and others Vs Babasaheb Fakruddin Mulla Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 190 of 2007 decided on 22 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The present second appeal is filed under Section 100 of Code of Civil Procedure, 19081 by the defendants challenging the judgment and decree dated 13.10.2006 passed in RA No.460/2004 by the Fast Tract Court-I (District and Sessions Judge), Chikodi and the judgment and decree dated 3.8.2004 passed in OS No.38/1998 by the Civil Judge (Sr.Dn), Hukkeri , whereunder the suit for declaration of the preferential right and execution of the Sale Deed has been dismissed by the Trial Court and decreed by the first appellate Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. It is the case of the plaintiffs that they are the sons of Fakruddin Mulla and defendant Nos.1 and 2 are the sons of Shileman Mulla . That Fakruddin and Shileman are the brothers. That the suit properties belonged to the father of Fakruddin and Shileman namely, Modin Mulla. That after the death of Modin Mulla, the same was being enjoyed jointly by his sons, Fakruddin and Shileman and after their death, the plaintiffs and defendant Nos.1 and 2 were in actual possession and enjoyment of the suit properties jointly. That as the father of the plaintiffs namely, Fakruddin became old and was unable to manage the suit properties, the names of the plaintiffs were entered in the revenue records of the suit properties. As also, the names of defendant Nos.1 and 2 have been entered in the revenue records of the suit properties. That though their names have been entered in the records of rights separately, there was no partition of the suit properties between the plaintiffs and defendant Nos.1 and 2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is the case of the plaintiffs that the financial position of defendant Nos.1 and 2 was not sound and hence, they were intending to sell their share in the suit properties. That the plaintiffs and defendant Nos.1 and 2 belong to the Muslim community and hence, the plaintiffs have preferential right to purchase the share of defendant Nos.1 and 2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. It is the further case of the plaintiffs that when they came to know the intention of defendant Nos.1 and 2 to sell their share, they approached defendant Nos.1 and 2 and expressed their willingness to purchase their share. At that time, defendant Nos.1 and 2 informed the plaintiffs that they will intimate the plaintiffs when they sell their share in the suit properties. That the plaintiffs got issued a legal notice dated 27.12.1997 to defendant Nos.1 and 2 claiming their preferential rights and the same was served on defendant Nos.1 and 2 on 30.12.1997. That defendant Nos.1 and 2 have not replied to the same. However, behind the back of the plaintiffs, defendant Nos.1 and 2 in collusion with one another and without any intimation to the plaintiff executed Sale Deed dated 23.2.1998 in favour of defendant No.3 conveying their share in the suit properties for a total sale consideration of ?68,000/-. That defendant No.3 has no right to purchase the share of defendant Nos.1 and 2 and therefore, the Sale Deed executed in favour of defendant No.3 is void ab initio and not binding on the rights of the plaintiffs. That the plaintiffs are ready to purchase the share of defendant Nos.1 and 2 at the prevailing market rate of ?68,000/-. That defendant No.3 has filed an application before the revenue authorities to enter his name in the revenue records of the suit properties to the extent of the share of defendant Nos.1 and 2. Hence, the plaintiffs have filed the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Before considering the contentions of the parties, it is relevant to notice the relevant legal provisions. In principles of Mahomedan Law by Mulla, Chapter XIII deals with pre-emption. The relevant provisions are extracted hereinbelow for ready reference:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Clause/Note 226 reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;226. Pre-emption.-The right of shufaa or preemption is a right which the owner of an immovable property possesses to acquire by purchase another immovable property which had been sold to another person.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii. Clause/Note 231 reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;231. Who may claim pre-emption.- The following three classes of persons and no others, are entitled to claim pre-emption, namely:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) A co-sharer in the property (shafi-i-sharik). A Mukarraridar (lessee in perpetuity) holding under a co-sharer has no right to pre-empt as against another co-sharer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) A participator in immunities and appendages, such as a right of way or a right to discharge water (shafi-i-sharik);and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3) Owners of adjoining immovable property (shafi-isharik), but not their tenants(a), nor persons in possession of such property without any lawful title(b) (Baillie, 481). A wakif or mutawalli is not entitled to pre-empt, as the wakf property does not vest in him(c).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The first class excludes the second, and the second excludes the third. But when there are two or more pre-emptors belonging to the same class, they are entitled to equal share of the property in respect of which the right is claimed (Baillie, 500).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Exception- The right of pre-emption on the third ground, viz., that of vicinage does not extend to estates of large magnitude, such as villages and zamindaris, but is confined to houses, gardens, and small parcels of land(d). The right, however, may be claimed by a co-sharer(e).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iii. Clause/Note 232 reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;232. Sale alone gives rise to pre-emption- The right of pre-emption arises only out of a valid (a), complete(b), and bonafide(c) sale. It does not arise out of gift(hiba), sadaqah (s.171), wakf, inheritance, bequest(d), or a lease even though in perpetuity(e). Nor does it arise out of a mortgage even though it may be by way of conditional sale(f); but the right will accrue, if the mortgage is foreclosed(g). &hellip;..&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iv. Clause/Note 236 reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;236. Demands for pre-emption- No person is entitled to the right of pre-emption unless-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) He has declared his intention to assert the right immediately on receiving information of the sale. This formality is called talab-i-mowasibat (literally, demand of jumping, that is, immediate demand): and unless&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) he has with the least practicable delay affirmed the intention, referring expressly to the fact that the talab-i-mowasibat had already been made&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a), and has made a formal demanda) either in the presence of the buyer, or the seller, or on the premises which are the subject of sale(b), and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) in the presence at least of two witnesses. This formality is called talab-i-ishhad (demand with invocation of witness)(d).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation I The talab-i-mowasibat should be made after the sale is completed. It is of no effect if it is made before the completion of the sale (s.232).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation II- It is not necessary that the talab-imowasibat or talab-i-ishhad should be made by the preemptor in person. It is sufficient if it is made by a manager or a person previously authorized by the preemptor to make the demand(e). When the pre-emptor is a minor, his de facto guardian may make a demand on his behalf(f). A demand made by the father or brother of the pre-emptor is not sufficient, even if he has a right to pre-empt, unless he has been previously authorized to make the demand(g). When the preemptor is at a distance, the demand may be made by means of a letter(h).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation III- If the talab-i-ishhad is made in the presence of the buyer, it is not necessary that the buyer should then be actually in possession of the property in respect of which pre-emption is claimed(i).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation IV- When two or more persons claim to pre-empt, each one of them should make the demands, unless one of them has also been authorized by the other to do so, and he makes the demands on their behalf also. If a suit is brought by several persons claiming to pre-empt, and only one of them has made the demand on his own behalf the suit will proceed as regards him, but it must be dismissed as to the rest(j).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Where there are two or more buyers, and the talabi-ishhad is not made in the presence of the vendor or on the property sought to be pre-empted, the demand mush be made to all the buyers(k), It is made only to some of them, the shares of those buyers only can be pre-empted(l). (s.244)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation V.-No particular formula is necessary either for the performance of talab-i-mowasibat or talab-i-ishhad so long as the claim is unequivocally asserted.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. It is forthcoming from the relevant legal provisions that Clause/Note 232 of Mulla&rsquo;s Mahomedan Law specifically stipulates that the right of pre-emption arises only from a valid and complete sale. Clause/Note 236 of Mulla&rsquo;s Mahomedan Law requires a formal demand to be made either in the presence of the buyer or seller or on the premises which the subject sale and in the presence of two witnesses.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. A co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of Maheboob Buransab Maniyar and Others Vs. Mohadinsab Maheboosab Maniyar and Others held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24&hellip;. That apart, Section 236 as set out above, prescribes what are the conditions precedent which are to be satisfied before the claim for preemption would be up held by the Courts. The conditions are: firstly, the person claiming pre-emption right has to declare his intention to assert the right immediately on receiving the information of the same. That is formally called talab-i-mowasibat, Secondly, with the least practicable delay affirmed intention and making formal demand either in the presence of buyer or seller or on the premises which are the subject of sale, in the presence of atleast two witnesses. The second formality is called as talab-i-ishhad (demand for invocation of witness). It is only thereafter he can resort to third step of filing a suit for enforcement of pre-emptive right, if the earlier two demands are not complied with.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Therefore it is clear that when a Muslim wants to enforce the pre-emptive right that is conferred on him by the custom, the requirement prescribed under the custom is to be strictly followed. It is only if such a demand is not complied with, a cause of action arises for him to file a suit within a period of one year from the date of sale enforce the right of preemption. This is the requirement prescribed in the custom. Therefore when the customary right is sought to be enforced in a Court of law, all the prescriptions of the custom have to be meticulously followed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. It is clear from the aforementioned that while PW.1 has stated that plaintiff has enquired with defendant Nos.1 and 2 after the sale is made, he has not stated that PWs.2 and 3 have also accompanied the plaintiff. PW.2 has not stated that he has accompanied the plaintiffs to meet the defendants after the sale. In fact in the cross examination, he has specifically stated that he has not accompanied the plaintiffs to meet the defendants after the sale. PW.3 has specifically stated regarding accompanying the plaintiffs and along with PW.2 to meet defendant Nos.1 and 2 after the sale.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. It is clear from the aforementioned that although the demand has been made after the sale, in compliance of Clause/Note 232, the evidence adduced by the plaintiffs does not satisfy the criteria as stipulated under Clause/Note 236 of Mulla&rsquo;s Mahomedan Law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. In view of the aforementioned, the substantial question of law is required to be answered in the Negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) The above appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5fa6a10886e972acaa544f95da8060e0.png', 'a35a68b01a541de01324a0dc999e9011.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-03', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 08:56:19', '2024-09-03 03:26:39'),
(400, 'Rbp5JR53r450R5nUKGk1KFKQ8', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Prevention of Corruption Act. Cognizance for the offence under Section 13 can be taken even against private parties. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vinod Manoharan and others Vs CBI and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 4831 of 2024 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners/accused 4 and 5 are before this Court calling in question registration of a crime in No. RC 216 2022 A0004 [RC-4(A)/2022-AC 1] in Spl.C.No.229/2024 registered for offences punishable under Sections 109 and 120B of the IPC and Section 13(2) r/w 13 (1)(e) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo; for short).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts adumbrated are as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Accused No.4 is an individual. Accused No.5, the 2nd petitioner is Deccan Web Assets Private Limited (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;the Company&rsquo; for short). The facts as borne out from the pleadings are that, accused No.1 Rajkumar Ram enters the service of the Department of Railways on 10-11-2003. He is later appointed as Assistant Enforcement Officer of the Enforcement Directorate. He is promoted as Enforcement Officer with effect from 01-04-2016 and later promoted to the cadre of Assistant Director of Enforcement Directorate on 01-04-2018. The entire issue in the lis revolves round the functioning of accused No.1/Rajkumar Ram in the Enforcement Directorate in different capacities between 01-04-2016 to 31-03-2020.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. On the allegation of certain offences under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (the &lsquo;FEM Act&rsquo; for short) a complaint had been registered against one K-365 Web Assets Private Limited represented by its Managing Director. The 2nd petitioner/accused No.5, is said to be sister company of K-365 Web Assets Private Limited. The complaint was entrusted to be investigated by accused No.1 Rajkumar Ram. During the pendency of investigation, it is the contention that one Mr. Umesh Chandra/accused No.3, brother-inlaw of Rajkumar Ram is appointed as a legal adviser of accused No.5/Company, with a salary of `45,000/- per month who was at that time studying in the second year law degree, which obviously means that he had not yet graduated. Later, it appears that commercial space in the name accused No.1 and his wife, who is accused No.2, one Smt. Chandramma Kumari is leased out to accused No.5 at `80,800/- per month, which according to the respondents/CBI is 2.5 times higher than the market rate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The Apex Court in the case of P.NALLAMMAL v. STATE has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Shri Shanti Bhushan cited certain illustrations which, according to us, would amplify the cases of abetments fitting with each of the three clauses in Section 107 of the Penal Code vis-a-vis Section 13(1)(e) of the PC Act. The first illustration cited is this:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;If A, a close relative of the public servant tells him of how other public servants have become more wealthy by receiving bribes and A persuades the public servant to do the same in order to become rich and the public servant acts accordingly. If it is a proved position there cannot be any doubt that A has abetted the offence by instigation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Next illustration is this:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Four persons including the public servant decide to raise a bulk amount through bribery and the remaining persons prompt the public servant to keep such money in their names. If this is a proved position then all the said persons are guilty of abetment through conspiracy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The last illustration is this:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;If a public servant tells A, a close friend of his, that he has acquired considerable wealth through bribery but he cannot keep them as he has no known source of income to account, he requests A to keep the said wealth in A&#039;s name, and A obliges the public servant in doing so. If it is a proved position A is guilty of abetment falling under the &ldquo;Thirdly&rdquo; clause of Section 107 of the Penal Code.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Such illustrations are apt examples of how the offence under Section 13(1)(e) of the PC Act can be abetted by non-public servants. The only mode of prosecuting such offender is through the trial envisaged in the PC Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That was a case where cognizance was taken together including the offences under the Act against non-public servants. The Apex Court upholds the said order of taking cognizance. Later, the Apex Court in the case of PRADEEP S.WODEYAR v. STATE OF KARNATAKA formulates the issue of cognizance and answers that cognizance is taken for the offence and not against the offender. The Apex Court has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;58. In order to prove that the irregularity vitiates the proceeding, the accused must prove a &ldquo;failure of justice&rdquo; as prescribed under Section 465CrPC. In view of the discussion in the previous section on the applicability of Section 465CrPC (and the inability to prove failure of justice) to the cognizance order, the irregularity would not vitiate the proceedings. Moreover, bearing in mind the objective behind prescribing that cognizance has to be taken of the offence and not the offender, a mere change in the form of the cognizance order would not alter the effect of the order for any injustice to be meted out.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the light of the issue standing answered by the Apex Court, the submission by the learned senior counsel for the petitioners that the order of taking cognizance, which is an amalgam of the offences under the IPC including the one under the Act cannot be taken together, would tumble down like a pack of cards.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The submission of the learned senior counsel is that FEM Act case against accused No.5 was closed in the year 2018 itself and no further review of the case or revoking of the same has happened in a manner known to law, by this method the CBI wants to indirectly invoke or revoke what has already been buried. I am not inclined to accept this submission, as well, as the CBI is not flogging a dead horse, nor it is exhuming the buried. These are incidental issues that arise in the complaint made against all the accused. Therefore, it would not mean that this Court would stretch its protective umbrella to these petitioners in the peculiar facts of the case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Leaving open such remedy as is available to the petitioners, the petition lacking in merits deserves to be rejected and is accordingly rejected.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'bd6a6baeda528e5ad570339b39ab4f80.jpeg', '92bab37ed159c420e4e201ba5d184510.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 14:23:36', '2024-09-04 12:30:37'),
(401, 'l5L3oqjUUoVtBbYNWJwr5qd6r', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Mere failure to sell the property as per the agreement of sale or refusal to return advance money does not constitute criminal offence. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ullal Byari Arif Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 16077 of 2022 decided on 20 March 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K. Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This writ petition filed by the petitioner accused under Article 226 and 227 of Constitution of India read with section 482 of Cr.P.C. for quashing the criminal proceedings C.C. No.7806/2020, arising out of crime No.165/2020 registered by Kadugodi Police station and charge sheeted for the offences punishable under Sections 406, 419, 471, 465, 420 of IPC, now pending on the file of I Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bengaluru Rural.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The case of the complainant is that he has entered into an agreement of sale with the petitioner for purchasing the land in Sy. Nos.71 and 72 of Chikkagubbi village measuring 2 acres each. for sale consideration and received as advance Rs.2.60 crores as per agreement dated 20.02.2014. It is further alleged that the petitioner himself is an agreement hold vide agreement dated 19.02.2014 entered into agreement with original land owner Subbaraju and he being the agreement holder not got executed the sale deed in his name, but in meanwhile the respondent No.2 agreed to purchase the same land from the petitioner and entered into agreement of sale. Admittedly, till date, respondent No.2 not filed any suit for specific performance of contract either by making the petitioner and his vendor Subbaraju as defendant on the other hand, it appears that respondent No.2 set up some third party namely Balappa and by impersonating Subbaraju, got created a sale agreement in favour of his own brother Shashidhara as per the sale agreement dated 27.10.2014 in favour of Shashidhara who is very brother of respondent No.2, where the petitioner name is shown as one of the witnesses. The alleged agreement of sale said to be subsequently cancelled by V. Raghu and the said V. Raghu who is one of the owners of the property filed a complaint at Kothanur police in crime NO.168/2014 by showing one Nangananda, Prasanna and Santhosha as accused for creating the documents by impersonating Subbaraju as vendor and the said Subbaraju also filed a civil suit against respondent No.2 along with one Pradeep and Venkateshalu in O.S. No.823/2015 for injunction in respect of the same property. Respondent No.2 was defendant No.3 in civil suit O.S No.823/2015. Subsequently a proceeding before the Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru, filed by legal heirs of Subbaraju also produced before the Court. the charge sheet in respect of crime No.168/2014 is produced where the present respondent No.2 Shreedhar was shown as accused No.6 for impersonating Subbaraju by calling one Balappa and executing the agreement of sale in his favour. Balappa, one of the accused impersonated Subbaraju has given voluntary statement that on request of respondent No.2 Sreedhar, he along with another person went to the Sub-Registrar office for executing the agreement of sale in favour of brother of respondent No.2 as Subbayya the Kothanur police have already filed charge sheet against respondent No.2 after thorough investigation. These documents reveal that on the same property, there was an agreement of sale got executed by respondent No.2 in favour of his brother by impersonating the original owner and hence, a case in crime No.168/2014 was filed against him and charge sheet has also been filed by the police. After six years, respondent No.2 filed the complaint against the petitioner before Kadugodi police where he himself was an accused and stated that the petitioner has cheated him. If at all respondent No.2 is claiming right over the property on the agreement of sale dated 20.02.2014, he could have filed a suit for specific performance of contract and get executed sale deed in his favour. The petitioner himself is an agreement holder for agreement of sale dated 6.12.2014 and without filing a suit against the petitioner and his vendor, the question of filing criminal case by respondent No.2 against the petitioner does not arise. Merely, the amount was paid under the agreement of sale and the amount has been transferred by the petitioner to one Raghu, that itself will not constitute any offence when respondent No.2 himself is an accused for creation of documents by impersonation and cheating pertaining to same property. It is purely a civil dispute between the parties and trying to give criminal colour. The Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court, in a recent judgment in NARESH KUMAR AND ANOTHER VS. STATE OF KARNATAKA in Criminal Appeal arising out of SLP (Criminal) No.1570/2021 dated 12.03.2024, at para No.7, has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Essentially, the present dispute between the parties relates to a breach of contract. A mere breach of contract, by one of the parties, would not attract prosecution for criminal offence in every case, as held by this Court in Sarabjit Kaur v. State of Punjab and Anr. (2023) 5 SCC 360. Similarly, dealing with the distinction between the offence of cheating and a mere breach of contractual obligations, this Court, in Vesa Holdings (P) Ltd. v. State of Kerala, (2015) 8 SCC 293, has held that every breach of contract would not give rise to the offence of cheating, and it is required to be shown that the accused had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making the promise&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. In view of the judgment of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court, the proceeding against the petitioner is not sustainable, which amounts to abuse of process of law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Accordingly, the petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'd4bc7841ed98c2abf2469fec795a42a8.jpeg', '19da7b1d928d0d0322c8fb9787de6952.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 14:45:21', '2024-09-04 10:30:25');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(402, '6EN2KOP6QKIjcz03ZfGDYzQsy', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'When a court annuls a marriage, it must notify the Registrar to expunge the entry from the official records maintained by the Registrar of marriages. Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dhanu S Vs Gopi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 23673 of 2023 decided on 29 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Lalitha Kanneganti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioner herein who is the plaintiff had filed an application under Section 31(2) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 read with Section 151 of CPC, praying the Court to direct the office to issue necessary covering letter/direction to the SubRegistrar to implement the judgment and decree dated 10.03.2023 passed in the suit declaring that the registration of marriage in terms of marriage certificate dated 23.02.2021 as null and void which came to be dismissed by the Trial Court, aggrieved thereby the plaintiff is before this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The suit is filed seeking to declare the alleged registration of marriage between the plaintiff and defendant in terms of marriage certificate dated 23.03.2021 in the office of the Registrar of Marriage/Sub-Registrar, Varthur, Bangalore, is null and void and pass necessary directions to expunge the entries made in the Marriage Register.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is stated that after the decree is passed when they have approached the Registrar and the Registrar had refused to expunge the said entry in the Marriage Register. They have come before the Trial Court with an application under Section 31(2) of Specific Relief Act, 1963. The Trial Court had discussed the scope of Section 31 of Specific Relief Act, 1963 and observed that a reading of the provision makes it clear that Sub Section 2 of Section 31 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 provides that if a registered instrument is cancelled, the Court must send a copy of its decree to the officer in whose office the instrument has been registered. So it is clear that it is the duty and function of the Court to send a copy to the concerned SubRegistrar for necessary action as contemplated in the provision. The Trial Court had felt that the petitioner had only sought for relief of declaration that the registration of marriage between her and the defendant as null and void. So no relief of cancellation of the marriage or its registration has been sought for. Further, the Trial Court had discussed Section 2(1)(j) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 which defines the word &lsquo;instrument&rsquo; and the Court had felt that the compromise decree whereby the marriage is declared as null and void is not a written instrument. The marriage certificate cannot be construed as a written instrument, so as to attract the provisions of Section 31(2) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 and the question of sending a copy of decree to the Sub-Registrar arises only if a registered instrument is ordered to be cancelled by the Court. In the absence of such registered instrument being cancelled or adjudged to be void or voidable and ordered to be delivered up and cancelled, the plaintiff cannot be heard to contend that a copy of the compromise decree shall be sent to the SubRegistrar. Further, the Trial Court felt that the Sub-Registrar had issued the Marriage Certificate in the capacity of Marriage Officer because the marriage of the plaintiff and defendant has been registered in the office of Sub-Registrar who is the officer of Registrar of Marriages, there is no necessity to send a copy and as the decree is a declaratory decree, the question of implementing the same do not arise and the Sub-Registrar is also not a party to the suit. It is stated that the plaintiff has not at all justified in seeking to implement the judgment and decree before the concerned Marriage Officer and the issuance of any covering letter or direction and the declaration of marriage as null and void by a compromise decree cannot be equivated with cancellation of registered instrument. Aggrieved thereby the plaintiff is before this court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Having heard the learned counsel on either side, perused the entire material placed on record. The undisputed facts of this case are that suit is filed seeking the declaration that the registration of marriage between the plaintiff and defendant is not accordance with Section 5 and 7 of the Marriage Act and to declare the alleged registration of marriage in terms of the Marriage Certificate dated 23.03.2021 as null and void and they have also pleaded a relief to expunge the entries made in the Marriage Register. Then, a compromise decree was passed wherein the relief that is sought by the plaintiff to expunge the remarks was also granted along with declaring the marriage as null and void. When the remarks were not expunged by the Registrar in spite of bringing the notice of the same to the Registrar of Marriages as he has showed his helplessness, unless and until an order is there from the Court that the entries cannot be expunged, as there was no other alternative, they have come before the Court with this application. At this juncture, it is appropriate to look at Section 31 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 which reads as under,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;31. When cancellation may be ordered.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Any person against whom a written instrument is void or voidable, and who has reasonable apprehension that such instrument, if left outstanding may cause him serious injury, may sue to have it adjudged void or voidable; and the court may, in its discretion, so adjudge it and order it to be delivered up and cancelled.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) If the instrument has been registered under the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), the court shall also send a copy of its decree to the officer in whose office the instrument has been so registered; and such officer shall note on the copy of the instrument contained in his books the fact of its cancellation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Section 31(2) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 says that if a registered instrument is cancelled, the Court must send a copy of decree to the officer in whose office the instrument has been registered and such officer shall note on the copy of the instrument contained in the book the fact of it cancellation. The Trial Court had rejected the request of the plaintiff as the Court had considered what is an instrument as per Section 2(1)(j) of the Karnataka Stamps Act, 1957 and the Trial Court had felt that the marriage entries in the Register do not amounts to an instrument and held that the Court cannot pass any order. It is necessary to look at Section 2(1)(j) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957. A bare reading of the instrument shows that&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;instrument&quot; includes every document [and record created or maintained in or by an electronic storage and retrieval device or media] [Inserted by act 24 of 1999 w.e.f. 18.8.1999] by which any right or liability is, or purports to be, created, transferred, limited, extended, extinguished or recorded;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The marriage between the parties has been registered with the Registrar of Marriages and by such document, the rights of the parties are created making them a wife and husband. In the considered opinion of this Court, the Trial Court in a very hyper technical manner had considered the scope of Section 31(2) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 and the instrument or the written instrument as defined under the Act, while interpreting the provision of law, it has to be for the purpose of advancing the cause of justice. Any interpretation which frustrates the very object should not be followed. In this case, the Trial Court by way of a compromise decree had already declared that the marriage is null and void and the relief that is sought to expunge the said entries in the Marriage Register maintained by the Registrar of Marriages. By allowing the application and the Trial Court by sending a covering letter as enunciated under the Specific Relief Act, 1963, the purpose for which the suit is filed would be achieved and the parties will get substantial relief.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Accordingly, the Writ Petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'b8137e4a2638d1a93efbb4c98812aad9.jpg', 'c47af9c089740dbd7c8ef75b3797da08.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-04', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-03 15:45:05', '2024-09-04 03:25:07'),
(404, '2Fmhk6z6GBjDVpfOTdvrlAg4H', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Possession of counterfeit currency notes with knowledge and without explanation. Karnataka High Court upholds conviction under Section 489-B of the Indian Penal Code. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;T.N. Kumara Vs State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Appeal 55 of 2013 decided on 31 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Ramachandra D. Huddar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The appellant has called in question the judgment of his conviction and order of sentence dated 3rd January 2013 passed by the Prl. District and Sessions Judge, Mysore in SC No.12/2012 finding him guilty of committing the offences under Section 489B and C of Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short`IPC&rsquo;) by preferring this appeal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The facts leading upto this appeal in brief are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That the accused on 2.3.2010 at 12.30 p.m. near the Institute of Engineering Building, Mysore by using the counterfeit currency notes with an intention to trafficking the same and when the raid was conducted by the IO, he was found in possession of 30 counterfeit currency notes bearing single currency 2BE901745 of denominations of Rs.500/- each knowing fully well that the same were counterfeit notes with an intention to use the same as genuine notes. Thus, he has committed the offence under Sections 489-B and C of IPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Having heard the arguments of both the side and on perusal of the records placed an record, the following point arises for my consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the trial Court has committed any illegality or infirmity in convicting and sentencing the accused for the offences under Section 489-B and C of IPC?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. As rightly observed by the trial Court, there is no evidence that there is no reason to believe the said currency notes were forged one. None of the witnesses have noticed about the mens rea of accused which is conspicuously absent in this case. Therefore, in the absence of any evidence brought on record by prosecution, it has failed to demonstrate that the accused has committed the offence under Section 489-B of the IPC. Whereas, the accused was found in possession of these counterfeit currency notes which were not genuine Indian currency notes. Accused was having knowledge about the same and offered no explanation. After seizure of currency notes as per the prosecution papers they were seized. There is evidence that accused was in custody of the said counterfeit currency notes and on seeing the police, he tried to escape from the said place. But, he was caught hold. The conduct of the accused shows his guilty mind and conscious possession. The Hon&rsquo;ble Tripura High Court in Biplab Bhar vs. State of Tripura reported in 2017 Crl.L.J. 1621 has held that &ldquo;accused in possession of counterfeit notes on seeing police tried to escape. Conduct of the accused showed guilty mind and conscious possession of fake currency. Accused was convicted and sentenced under Section 489C of IPC.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Here in this case also accused was found in possession of counterfeit currency note and were recovered from his possessions which were fake to the naked eye. All the notes contained same number, they were the photocopies of genuine note and the colour is different. This itself is sufficient to prove mens rea.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. The co-ordinate Bench of this court in Mulchand vs. State through the Market PS Belgaum District, Belgaum reported in 2014 (1) Kar.L.J. 66 [Crl.A.No.2510 of 2009] has held that, &ldquo;accused aged 55 years, found in possession of 452 counterfeit currency notes worth of Rs.100/- denomination each. On testing found to be fake. The trial Court convicted the accused. High Court re-appreciated the evidence. Conviction recorded by the trial Court was confirmed and appeal was dismissed&rdquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. If the aforesaid analogy is applied to the present facts of the case, it goes without saying that, accused was found in possession of 30 such counterfeit currency notes which were not real Indian currency notes as per the report of Bharathiya Reserve Bank and were recovered and marked as MO NO.2 and thus has committed the offence under section 489-C of IPC. Therefore, I do not find any factual or legal error committed by the trial Court in coming to such conclusion. I do not find any illegality or infirmity in the impugned judgment. Therefore, appeal lacks merit and is liable to be rejected.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Appeal is rejected.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'a04d6190bcf8014daab1bd304c627332.jpg', '8c7db02a4dc02da1a636a2dd8682ec7e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-04 14:27:47', '2024-09-05 03:27:37');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(418, '3TOzVq5bRmlI3OrsAp0aTdWUa', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Framing of issues in civil suit. Parties and their counsel cannot be mute spectators during the proceedings. They are bound to assist the court in the process of framing of issues. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chandra Prabha and others Vs K. Sarojammal and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RFA 117 of 2015 decided on 7 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hanchate Sanjeevkumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Brief facts of the case are as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plaint:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It is stated by the plaintiff that defendant No.1 &ndash; K.Sarojammal and defendant No.7 - K.Kaveri @ Kannambal are the wives of late M.Krishnappa @ M.Krishnamurthy. The defendant Nos.2 and 3 are the sons and defendant Nos.4 to 6 are the daughters of M.Krishnappa through his first wife - K. Sarojammal. Defendant Nos.8 and 9 are the sons and defendant Nos.10 and 11 are the daughters of M.Krishnappa through his second wife - Kaveri @ Kannambal. It is further case of the plaintiff that said M.Krishnappa had executed a Will dated 06.03.1996 and that is revoked subsequently by second Will dated 16.02.2001. In the first Will dated 06.03.1996 only the sons were bequeathed properties and after advent of amendment of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, he has executed a second Will dated 16.02.2001 in favour of the sons and daughters of two wives. It is further contention of the plaintiff that he has cancelled the second Will dated 16.02.2001 and executed third Will dated 15.06.2001 bequeathing properties only to sons. Therefore, it is the case of the plaintiff that the third Will executed is contrary to the intention of the testator. Therefore, the third Will is a created one and prepared by defendant No.8, who is an Advocate and he has played a dominant role in preparing the same. It does not have proof of intention of the testator M.Krishnappa but he managed to get execution of the disputed Will dated 15.06.2001 by duping the legitimate rights of daughters. Hence, the plaintiff has filed the suit for declaration to declare that Will dated 15.06.2001 is not binding on the plaintiff and claimed for 1/7th share in the suit schedule properties and to declare that the plaintiff is entitled to mesne profits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Upon hearing the rival arguments by both the sides, the points that arise for consideration are as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;(1) Whether, under the facts and circumstances of the present case, defendant Nos.1, 2, 3(a) to 3(d), 8, 9, 10 and 11 have proved the Will dated 15.06.2001 as per the legal requirement of Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Whether, under the facts and circumstances of the case, the plaintiff proves that the suit property is joint family property of the plaintiff and defendants, if so, whether the plaintiff is entitled to share in the property and to what extent?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. I place reliance on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of H.Venkatachala Iyengar (stated supra) at paragraph Nos.18, 19, 20 and 21 were pleased to lay down the law as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;18. The party propounding a will or otherwise making a claim under a will is no doubt seeking to prove a document and, in deciding how it is to be proved, reference must inevitably be made to the statutory provisions which govern the proof of documents. Sections 67 and 68 of the Evidence Act are relevant for this purpose. Under Section 67, if a document is alleged to be signed by any person, the signature of the said person must be proved to be in his handwriting, and for proving such a handwriting under Sections 45 and 47 of the Act the opinions of experts and of persons acquainted with the handwriting of the person concerned are made relevant. Section 68 deals with the proof of the execution of the document required by law to be attested; and it provides that such a document shall not be used as evidence until one attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its execution. These provisions prescribe the requirements and the nature of proof which must be satisfied by the party who relies on a document in a court of law. Similarly, Sections 59 and 63 of the Indian Succession Act are also relevant. Thus the question as to whether the will set up by the propounder is proved to be the last will of the testator has to be decided in the light of these provision. It would prima facie be true to say that the will has to be proved like any other document except as to the special requirements of attestation prescribed by Section 63 of the Indian Succession Act, As in the case of proof of wills it would be idle to expect proof with mathematical certainty. The test to be applied would be the usual test of the satisfaction of the prudent mind in such matters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. However, there is one important feature which distinguishes wills from other documents. Unlike other documents the will speaks from the death of the testator, and so, when it is propounded or produced before a court, the testator who has already departed the world cannot say whether it is his will or not; and this aspect naturally introduces an element of solemnity in the decision of the question as to whether the document propounded is proved to be the last will and testament of the departed testator. Even so, in dealing with the proof of wills the court will start on the same enquiry as in the case of the proof of documents. The propounder would be called upon to show by satisfactory evidence that the will was signed by the testator, that the testator at the relevant time was in a sound and disposing state of mind, that he understood the nature and effect of the dispositions and put his signature to the document of his own free will. Ordinarily when the evidence adduced in support of the will is disinterested, satisfactory and sufficient to prove the sound and disposing state of the testator&#039;s mind and his signature as required by law, courts would be justified in making a finding in favour of the propounder. In other words, the onus on the propounder can be taken to be discharged on proof of the essential facts just indicated.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. There may, however, be cases in which the execution of the will may be surrounded by suspicious circumstances. The alleged signature of the testator may be very shaky and doubtful and evidence in support of the propounder&#039;s case that the signature, in question is the signature of the testator may not remove the doubt created by the appearance of the signature; the condition of the testator&#039;s mind may appear to be very feeble and debilitated; and evidence adduced may not succeed in removing the legitimate doubt as to the mental capacity of the testator; the dispositions made in the will may appear to be unnatural, improbable or unfair in the light of relevant circumstances; or, the will may otherwise indicate that the said dispositions may not be the result of the testator&#039;s free will and mind. In such cases the court would naturally expect that all legitimate suspicions should be completely removed before the document is accepted as the last will of the testator. The presence of such suspicious circumstances naturally tends to make the initial onus very heavy; and, unless it is satisfactorily discharged, courts would be reluctant to treat the document as the last will of the testator. It is true that, if a caveat is filed alleging the exercise of undue influence, fraud or coercion in respect of the execution of the will propounded, such pleas may have to be proved by the caveators; but, even without such pleas circumstances may raise a doubt as to whether the testator was acting of his own free will in executing the will, and in such circumstances, it would be a part of the initial onus to remove any such legitimate doubts in the matter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Apart from the suspicious circumstances above referre to in some cases the wills propounded disclose another infirmity. Propounders themselves take a prominent part in the execution of the wills which confer on them substantial benefits. If it is shown that the propounder has taken a prominent part in the execution of the will and has received substantial benefit under it, that itself is generally treated as a suspicious circumstance attending the execution of the will and the propounder is required to remove the said suspicion by clear and satisfactory evidence. It is in connection with wills that present such suspicious circumstances that decisions of English courts often mention the test of the satisfaction of judicial conscience. The test merely emphasizes that, in determining the question as to whether an instrument produced before the court is the last will of the testator, the court is deciding a solemn question and it must be fully satisfied that it had been validly executed by the testator who is no longer alive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Further if the Will is registered or unregistered one, it does not take away proof of Will by examining atleast one attesting witness. Therefore, it is always burden on the defendants who propounded the Will to prove the execution, but the trial Court has wrongly placed burden on the plaintiff. In this regard, I also place reliance on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Jagdish Chand Sharma (stated supra) wherein at paragraph Nos.21 and 22 observed as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;21. As would be evident from the contents of Section 63 of the Act that to execute the will as contemplated therein, the testator would have to sign or affix his mark to it or the same has to be signed by some other person in his presence and on his direction. Further, the signature or mark of the testator or the signature of the person signing for him has to be so placed that it would appear that it was intended thereby to give effect to the writing as will. The section further mandates that the will shall have to be attested by two or more witnesses each of whom has seen the testator sign or affix his mark to it or has seen some other persons sign it, in the presence and on the direction of the testator, or has received from the testator, personal acknowledgment of a signature or mark, or the signature of such other persons and that each of the witnesses has signed the will in the presence of the testator. It is, however, clarified that it would not be necessary that more than one witness be present at the same time and that no particular form of attestation would be necessary. 22. It cannot be gainsaid that the above legislatively prescribed essentials of a valid execution and attestation of a will under the Act are mandatory in nature, so much so that any failure or deficiency in adherence thereto would be at the pain of invalidation of such document/instrument of disposition of property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.1. In the evidentiary context Section 68 of the 1872 Act enjoins that if a document is required by law to be attested, it would not be used as evidence unless one attesting witness, at least, if alive, and is subject to the process of the court and capable of giving evidence proves its execution. The proviso attached to this section relaxes this requirement in case of a document, not being a will, but has been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Registration Act, 1908 unless its execution by the person by whom it purports to have been executed, is specifically denied.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.2. These statutory provisions, thus, make it incumbent for a document required by law to be attested to have its execution proved by at least one of the attesting witnesses, if alive, and is subject to the process of the court conducting the proceedings involved and is capable of giving evidence. This rigour is, however, eased in case of a document also required to be attested but not a will, if the same has been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Registration Act, 1908 unless the execution of this document by the person said to have executed it denies the same. In any view of the matter, however, the relaxation extended by the proviso is of no avail qua a will. The proof of a will to be admissible in evidence with probative potential, being a document required by law to be attested by two witnesses, would necessarily need proof of its execution through at least one of the attesting witnesses, if alive, and subject to the process of the court concerned and is capable of giving evidence.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Where it is the mandatory of law that, things to be done in a particular way and that must be done in that way only otherwise not. For proving the Will, the legal requirement as per Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act is, atleast one of the attesting witness shall have to be examined otherwise the Will cannot said to be proved one. But in the present case, the defendants have not at all examined any of the attesting witnesses. D.W.1 is defendant No.9, D.W.2 is defendant No.3 and D.W.3 is defendant No.2 are all the beneficiaries of the Will. But these defendants have not examined any of the single witness who has witnessed execution of the Will. Furthermore, the defendants have not produced the original Will stated to have been executed by late M.Krishnappa and the defendants have produced the documentary evidence i.e., wedding card, photographs, tax paid receipts, katha extract only. When these defendants are the beneficiaries and have propounded the Will by making defence that late M.Krishnappa executed the Will, then it is their burden to prove the Will, but not the plaintiff. In this regard, the trial Court has wrongly framed issues putting burden on the plaintiff.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Each material proposition affirmed by one party and denied by other shall form the subject of a distinct issue. Clause 5 of Rule 1 of Order XIV of CPC stipulates as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;(5) At the first hearing of the suit the Court shall, after reading the plaint and the written statements, if any, and after examination under rule 2 of Order X and after hearing the parties are at variance, and shall thereupon proceed to frame and record the issues on which the right decision of the case appears to depend.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. Rule 4 of Order XIV of CPC states that Court may examine witnesses or documents before framing issues and Rule 5 of Order XIV of CPC states that Power to amend and strike out issues. Upon combined reading of these two rules, the Court shall have to hear the advocates/parties and after reading the written statement the Court shall ascertain upon what material propositions of fact or of law the parties are at variance and so then shall proceed to frame and record the issue on which the right position of the case appears to depend. Therefore, if necessity arises, the Court may hear the parties/advocates before framing issues. It is not only prerogative duty cast on the Court to frame issues, but also advocates/parties shall assist the Court to frame proper issues. The advocates/parties shall not be mute spectators, just leaving the Court to frame issues without taking any responsibility for framing issues. If the Court does not frame proper issues or any omission is occurred ignoring the material proposition while framing issues, then the advocates/parties shall at every liberty to request the Court to recast issues. The object of framing issues is to enable the parties to fix the burden of proof on them to prove their facts in issue by placing evidence to discharge their burden of proof of facts in issue. Therefore, based on these issues, the parties know what would be their burden/onus in proving their facts in issue. The advocates/parties know very well about their case and the burden that is likely to be put on them to prove the facts in issue. If either plaintiff or defendant makes material propositions and denial by other parties, then it is burden on the parties to prove their case by discharging their burden. Therefore, if either party asserts and denies, then the parties/advocates know very well about what they are going to prove or in such an event, if any omission is made while framing issue that can be brought to the notice of the Court for amending or striking out the issues. The advocates/parties know very well about their case and what they are going to prove. Under these circumstances, if proper issues are not framed then the parties/advocates knowing their case shall have to show their accountability in framing issues, shall request the Court to frame proper issues with putting burden on whom it lies. Therefore, the advocates/parties have very important role at the initial stage itself in assisting the Court for framing the proper issues putting burden on whose party the facts in issue are to be proved.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Upon appreciating the evidence on record, admittedly, the defendants have not examined any of the attesting witnesses to prove the Will. Mere production of Will dated 15.06.2001 cannot prove execution of the said Will. Where the defendants being propounder has contended that M.Krishnappa has revoked the second Will and executed the third Will dated 15.06.2001 it is the burden cast on the defendants to prove the Will as contemplated under Section 68 of the Indian Evidence Act and under Section 63 of Indian Succession Act otherwise, it cannot be said that the execution of Will is proved.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Further it is the allegation of plaintiff that defendant No.8 played dominant role in getting execution of third Will. The plaintiff has not pleaded how fraud is played by defendant No.8. Therefore, there is no proof of fraud by defendant No.8. In this regard, if the plaintiff had contended the play of fraud by defendant No.8, then it is the burden on the plaintiff to prove the same as per the dictum of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the cases of Daulat Ram and Others (stated supra) and Savithri and Others (stated supra), relied on by the counsel for the respondents/defendants. Therefore, the trial Court without considering the legal provisions in this regard has erroneously delivered the judgment and decree by dismissing the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. Therefore, upon considering and appreciating the evidence on record, in this regard, a suspicious circumstances are raised regarding execution of third Will dated 15.06.2001. Further the trial Court had observed that the plaintiff has knowledge about the execution of Will and accordingly, has produced the said Will which is marked as Ex.P.3. Just because, the plaintiff had knowledge regarding the Will and has produced the Will that cannot absolve the burden of proof on the defendants to prove the due execution of Will when the said will is questioned. In this regard, the trial Court has committed error in holding that the legal requirement need not be followed in execution of Will. Therefore, the judgment and decree passed by the trial Court is liable to be set aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. Furthermore, though, the plaintiff has taken the contention that M.Krishnappa did not have good health to execute the Will, but for this, from either side there is no evidence, but as discussed above, the Will is not proved as per the legal requirements. Therefore, whether the testator had good health or not, cannot be gone into aspect. Upon considering the cross-examination of the plaintiff-P.W.1, the major contribution is done regarding knowledge of plaintiff towards the Will. As discussed above, just because, the plaintiff has knowledge regarding the Will that cannot absolve the burden of proof on the defendants, when the Will itself is questioned.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. Therefore, while appreciating the evidence on record as discussed above and applying the principle of law laid down by the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court and mandatory requirements to prove the execution of Will is considered, the defendants have failed to prove the due execution of Will dated 15.06.2001 as per law. In this regard, the trial Court has committed serious error in considering the case in true and correct perspective manner as per the pleadings adduced by the parties. Therefore, the judgment and decree passed by the trial Court is liable to be set aside. Thus, the appeal is liable to be allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. Thus, in view of which, the plaintiff is entitled to share in the property as there is no dispute regarding the suit schedule property is joint family and ancestral property and also the relationship between the parties are not disputed. The plaintiff is the daughter of M.Krishnappa and K. Sarojammal and defendant Nos.2, 3, 4 and 5 are the sons and daughters through his first wife and defendant No.8, 9, 10 and 11 are the sons and daughters through his second wife. Therefore, the plaintiff is entitled to 1/10th share in the suit schedule property. The prayer for decreeing mesne profit is rejected. Hence, I answer point Nos.1 in negative and point No.2 in affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The appeal is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '849c56f86d6c2d0b2fc831c01857bbef.JPG', '4983655270c128a4070f796b7e659fd3.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-09 14:08:07', '2024-09-10 06:37:26'),
(413, 'OFaVAxlAQikez0oID7MW8RTkx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act. Commissioner can delegate quasi-judicial powers to other officers in exercise of his powers. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Commissioner BBMP and others Vs Chitrakala and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Appeal 567 of 2022 decided on 29 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anu Sivaraman and Justice G Basavaraja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The learned Counsel appearing for the appellant submits that the appellant is aggrieved only by the observation found at paragraph 8 of the judgment of the learned Single Judge and that the appeal is not directed against the operative portion of the order, since the same has already been complied with. It is submitted that the finding of the learned Single Judge that Section 66 of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 permits only delegation of his ordinary powers, duties and functions and cannot include the delegation of quasijudicial powers, is incorrect and that the said observation is contrary to the finding in the judgment of a Division Bench of this Court in the case of BRUHAT BENGALURU MAHANAGARA PALIKE AND HEALTH OFFICER v. MAHTANI VENTURES reported in MANU/KA/0526/2013. It is submitted that after considering the provisions of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act and the specific wording therein, as also, the binding decisions of the Apex Court and several decisions of co-equal Benches of this Court, as well as other High Courts, the Division Bench had specifically considered the question whether the Commissioner is authorised to delegate his quasi-judicial powers under Section 66 of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act and held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;19. If the language employed in the amended section is seen carefully in the backdrop of the discussion made in the foregoing paragraphs, it would show that the legislature while amending Section 66 in 1994, could have used the conjunctive &quot;and&quot; or the phrase &quot;means and includes&quot;. The use of the conjunctive &quot;and&quot; certainly would have restricted delegation of the powers specified in schedule III. If that was the intent of the legislature, it could have used the conjunctive &quot;and&quot; and not the word &quot;including&quot; while amending Section 66 in 1994. Similarly, the use of the word &quot;means&quot; indicates that the definition is a hard and fast definition, whereas the word &quot;include&quot; enlarges the meaning of the expression so as to bring under one nomenclature all transactions possessing certain similar features, going under different names. Thus the word &quot;includes&quot; has different meaning than the word &quot;means&quot;. 20. In the present case, apart from the construction of the word &quot;include&quot; we cannot overlook the background against which the amendment in 1994 was made. At that point of time, there were Judgments of this Court in the field, wherein while interpreting Section 66, as it was then standing, this Court had taken a view that the powers specified under Schedule III cannot be delegated for the reasons recorded in those Judgments. The legislature therefore, amended the section and simply clarified that this power also includes the power specified in schedule III which is quasi - judicial in nature. The legislature in our opinion therefore, has clearly indicated or made its intent clear that &quot;ordinary powers&quot; also include the powers which are in the nature of quasi - judicial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20.1. We find no reason as to why the Commissioner cannot delegate his power under subsection (2) of Section 343 of the KMC Act, which is quasi judicial in nature, to any other officer of the Corporation in exercise of his powers of delegation vested in him under Section 66 of the KMC Act. We have no hesitation in holding that Section 66 of the KMC Act expressly permit the Commissioner to delegate even quasi-judicial powers, including the power to cancel the trade licence. The question framed by us, accordingly stands answered in the affirmative.&quot; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Though the learned Additional Government Advocate submits that there were other errors noticed by the learned Single Judge in the order passed by the Commissioner, including that delegate who had heard the matter has not passed the order, we are not inclined to go into that question, since the issue which is raised and argued before us is confined to the findings of the learned Single Judge in paragraph 8 of the order, under appeal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Having considered the contentions advanced and in the light of the judgment of the Division Bench in the case of MAHTANI VENTURES (supra), we are of the opinion that the finding recorded by the learned Single Judge that the quasijudicial powers of the Commissioner cannot be delegated under Section 66 of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act is not the correct legal position. The said finding is vacated. It is clarified that the Commissioner is empowered to delegate his power, including his quasi-judicial powers under the said Act to other Officers in exercise of his powers and delegation under Section 66 of the Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The Writ Appeal stands disposed of accordingly.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'bd7343dc0aeba9f6af563ae53c681b41.jpg', '5f4a9e9e37736bf3e6d434bd101db06e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-08 18:39:21', '2024-09-09 03:21:32'),
(414, 'BKeRMqqepSadHjNRjZDDb1b8Z', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act. Section 49. Magistrate cannot take cognizance on the basis of a premature complaint. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;M/S. Siddhasiri Souharda Sahakari Niyamit and others Vs KSPCB.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Criminal Petition 2350 of 2024 decided on 3 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The facts, in brief, germane are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The 1st petitioner is an industry and petitioners 2 and 3 are its Director and General Manager respectively. The industry is engaged in manufacturing white crystal sugar and co-generating ethanol power plant which is said to have been established with the consent and all other statutory provisions of the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (&lsquo;the Board&rsquo; for short). The issue in the lis would commence from a complaint being registered by the Deputy Environmental Officer of the Board allegedly finding the petitioner/industry discharging untreated trade effluent to Mullamari River and had started the operation of ethanol production without proper disposal of spent water and disposing the waste in unscientific manner. It is based upon the aforesaid allegations a complaint comes to be registered before the jurisdictional Magistrate under Section 200 of the Cr.P.C., for offences punishable under Sections 43, 44 and 47 of the Act. The concerned Court takes cognizance for the aforesaid offences, directs registration of criminal case against accused Nos. 1 to 3 and issues summons to them. Registering criminal case and issuance of summons is what has driven the petitioners to this Court in the subject petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Prior to it, an order was passed on 18-01-2024 invoking Section 32(1)(C) of the Act prohibiting the industry from discharging the effluents. This closure order becomes a subject matter of writ petition before this Court in Writ Petition No.2769 of 2024. The Division Bench grants an interim order of stay of the orders dated 18-01-2024 and 25-01-2024 in terms of its order dated 29-01-2024. When the matter came up on the next date, the Division Bench disposed of the petition on 08-02-2024 recording the undertaking of the petitioner/industry that no crane crushing activity will be undertaken in the industry.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The order passed under Section 32(1)(C) of the Act prohibiting the petitioner/industry from discharging effluents and the closure order, were directed to be treated as show cause notices and the petitioner/industry was permitted to reply, which would mean that the orders impugned therein were read down as show cause notices.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Section 49 of the Act deals with cognizance of offence. It reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;49. Cognizance of offences.&mdash;(1) No court shall take cognizance of any offence under this Act except on a complaint made by&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) a Board or any officer authorised in this behalf by it; or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(aa) the adjudicating officer or any officer authorised by him in this behalf; or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) any person who has given notice of not less than sixty days, in the manner prescribed, of the alleged offence and of his intention to make a complaint, to the Board or officer authorised as aforesaid, and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;no court inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence punishable under this Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 49 mandates that no Court shall take cognizance of any offence under the Act except on a complaint made by a Board or any Officer authorized in this behalf. This would not be applicable as there is authorization in the case at hand. Clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 49 mandates that unless any person who has given notice of not less than 60 days in the manner prescribed of the alleged offence and of his intention to make a complaint to the Board or Officer authorized, no court can take cognizance of the offence.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The issue is jugglery of dates in the case at hand. It is not in dispute that the complaint is registered on 02-02-2024 and cognizance is taken on 03-02-2024. Cognizance is undoubtedly taken under Section 49 of the Act. Notice issued to the petitioners for the first time alleging offences punishable under Sections 43, 44 and 47 of the Act was on the inspection conducted on 03-01-2024 and drawing up of the sample. Show cause notice was issued to the petitioners on 11-01-2024. Even if it is construed to be a notice, the complaint is filed on 02-02-2024 within 23 days of issuance of notice. The learned Magistrate takes cognizance on 24th day of issuance of notice, which is admittedly less than 60 days. Therefore, the learned Magistrate ought to have noticed the fact whether a show cause notice was issued to the accused and 60 days have lapsed after issuance of show cause notice and only on noticing the said fact, the concerned Court would be empowered to take cognizance of the offence, as Section 49 of the Act begins with a non-obstante clause that no court shall take cognizance of any offence under the Act except when a person against whom cognizance is sought to be taken has been given 60 days notice in a manner prescribed and the notice should bear observation that the intention of the one who issues notice is to register a complaint.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The aforesaid dates are not in dispute. A perusal at the averments in the statement of objections would indicate no answer to the averments in the petition. Therefore, jugglery of dates would be in favour of the petitioners. The aforesaid prime factors &ndash; one that the substratum of the crime for offence punishable under the Act being watered down, as the Division Bench of this Court reads down the order of closure as show cause notice and permits the petitioners to reply and that, cognizance could not have been taken of the offence unless 60 days notice was given to the accused, the petition deserves to succeed, albeit with a rider and liberty to the respondent to initiate proceedings, bearing in mind the observations made herein, only if the situation warrants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Criminal petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4841bbec3620689e2cac4328113abae9.jpeg', 'd4d2a965ffec6fa73bfe663364980f0a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-08 18:49:08', '2024-09-09 12:48:40');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(410, 'BUsVKoULCHg6MwRKHsYZ1vVTW', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Though joint owners cannot constitute a coparcenary under Muslim Law, they hold the property as tenants-in-common. Sale agreement executed by one owner without the involvement or consent of the other owners cannot be enforced. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ameenabi Thr LRS and others Vs C Motilal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;RFA 1944 of 2016 decided on 7 March 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S.R. Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The brief facts giving rise to the present appeals are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The respondent-plaintiff instituted the aforesaid suit in O.S.No.2320/2000 interalia contending that the 2nd defendant, Ansar was the owner of the suit schedule premises as described in the schedule to the plaint. It was contended that the 1st defendantAmeenabi and 3rd defendant, Jameel were the mother and brother of the 2nd defendant and all of them entered into a registered Lease Agreement dated 28.09.1993, thereby leasing the suit schedule premises to the respondent-plaintiff, who paid deposit of Rs.4 Lakhs to the 2nd defendant by way of eleven cheques for himself and also on behalf of defendants 1 and 3. It was contended that subsequently, the defendants entered into a Sale Agreement dated 08.06.1997 with the respondent-plaintiff agreeing to sell the suit schedule premises in his favour for a total sale consideration of Rs.8 Lakhs. It was further contended that the aforesaid deposit of Rs.4 Lakhs already paid by the respondent-plaintiff would be treated as part and parcel of the sale consideration and the balance sale consideration of Rs.4 Lakhs was paid by the respondent-plaintiff to the 2nd defendant vide eight cheques for Rs.50,000/- each during the period from 26.10.1996 and 08.11.1996. The respondent-plaintiff also contended that a period of two years was fixed under the Sale Agreement for completion of the sale transaction and execution of a registered Sale Deed in favour of the plaintiff.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1 The respondent-plaintiff contended that the 2nd defendant was the owner of the suit schedule premises and the remaining defendants have been impleaded in the suit. It was contended that the respondent-plaintiff was ready and willing to perform his part of the contract and since the appellants-defendants did not come forward and execute a sale deed despite issuance of legal notice dated 19.07.1999 by the plaintiff, he instituted the instant suit for specific performance and other reliefs against the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.2 During the pendency of the suit, the 1st defendant, Ameenabi expired and her daughters were brought on record as her heirs and legal representatives. In addition thereto, her two sons, Ansar and Jameel were already on record as defendants 2 and 3 and they filed their separate written statements. Both of them took up identical defences by disputing and denying the allegations and claims made by the plaintiff. They admitted that they had leased the suit schedule premises in favour of the plaintiff under registered Lease Deed dated 28.09.1993 after receiving Rs.4 Lakhs by way of eleven cheques towards deposit for the lease. However, the alleged Sale Agreement dated 08.06.1997 was disputed and denied by the defendants, who contended that the said document was a forged and concocted document. It was contended that the respondent-plaintiff was a tenant under the defendants in respect of the suit schedule premises and his tenancy stood expire by efflux of time on 30.09.2003 and since the request and demands made by the defendants to vacate the suit schedule premises had not been complied with by the plaintiff, the defendants issued a notice dated 13.09.2003 and took necessary steps including filing O.S.No.6047/2004 for ejectment / eviction and other reliefs against the respondent-plaintiff. Accordingly, the defendants 2 and 3 sought for dismissal of the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The following points arise for consideration in the present appeals:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Whether the appellant No.5, Ansar was the sole and absolute owner of the suit schedule property and was entitled to execute Sale Agreement dated 08.06.1997 in favour of the respondent?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Whether the respondent was entitled to a decree for specific performance of the Sale Agreement dated 08.06.1997 in relation to the suit schedule property?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) Whether the impugned judgment and decree passed by the trial court warrants interference in the present appeal?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Re. Point No.(i):-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.3 The aforesaid facts and circumstances clearly establish that the trial court committed an error in coming to the conclusion that Ansar alone was the sole and absolute owner of the suit schedule premises; interestingly, the trial court holds that Ansar alone was the owner on the ground that the appellants were Muslims to whom the concept of joint family and partition were not applicable; the undisputed fact that the appellants are Muslims and had succeeded to the suit schedule premises upon the demise of Syed Hussain as tenants-in-common / co-owners / joint owners under principles of Mohammedan law leads to the sole inference that the suit schedule premises was owned by all the appellants and that Ansar was not the sole or exclusive owner of the suit schedule premises. Under these circumstances, I am of the considered opinion that the trial court committed an error in upholding the claim of the respondent and rejecting the claim of the appellants and consequently, the findings recorded by the trial court in this regard deserve to be set-aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point No.(i) is accordingly answered in favour of the appellants and against the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Re: Point No.(ii):-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.1 Under identical circumstances relating to execution of a Sale Agreement by only a co-owner in respect of property without concurrence by the other co-owners resulting in lack of complete and total title in favour of only the co-owner, who had executed the Sale Agreement, in the case of Pemmada Prabhakar and others Vs. Youngmen&rsquo;s Vysya Association and others &ndash; (2015) 5 SCC 355, the Apex Court held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The High Court dismissed the second appeal without adverting to the substantial questions of law that were framed in the second appeal at the admission stage itself stating that there is no substantial question of law for its adjudication. The first appellate court and the second appellate court committed a serious error in law in not noticing the relevant important findings of fact recorded by the trial court on the contentious issues on proper appreciation of pleadings and evidence on record with reference to the legal submission made on behalf of the parties:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.1. The trial court after proper appreciation of evidence on record, particularly, Ext. A-1, the agreement of sale, has held that it is not a valid agreement and no rights can flow from it in favour of the plaintiffs in the light of the fact that the signatures of Defendants 1 and 2 were obtained on different dates on blank papers as they were in financial crisis and that fact is proved by producing Exts. B-1 to B-8 to show that the entire family (Defendants 1 to 6) were in financial crisis and they were forced to pay the debts to their creditors. Therefore, they were in urgent need of money and they approached PW 1 for financial help, who obtained the signatures of Defendants 1 and 2 on blank paper and the same was fabricated as a receipt. The said receipt was not signed by Defendants 3 to 6.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.2. The mother of Defendants 1 and 2 is one of the cosharers of the suit schedule property as a Class I legal heir to succeed to the intestate property of her deceased husband, which was his self-acquired property left by him, as he had purchased the same vide sale deed Document No. 5174/1970 dated 24-11-1970 from his vendors. In fact, there is a reference made in this regard in the agreement of sale executed by Defendants 1 and 2 to the effect that after the demise of Pemmada Venkateswara Rao, the father of Defendants 1 to 6, the property devolved upon them jointly and they are enjoying with absolute rights.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.3. As per Section 8 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 the general rules of succession would be applicable in the case of a male Hindu dying intestate, the relevant portion of which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8.General rules of succession in the case of males.&mdash;The property of a male Hindu dying intestate shall devolve according to the provisions of this Chapter&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) firstly, upon the heirs, being the relatives specified in Class I of the Schedule;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the Schedule of the said Act, Class I heirs are son, daughter, widow, mother and others. In view of the enumeration of Class I heirs in the Schedule, the mother and sisters of Defendants 1 and 2 are also co-sharers of the property left intestate by the deceased Pemmada Venkateswara Rao.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22.4. As could be seen from the agreement of sale Ext. A-1 undisputedly, the third brother and 3 sisters (Defendants 3 to 6) and their mother have not executed the agreement of sale in favour of the plaintiffs. Therefore, the same is not enforceable under Section 17 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963. The mother lived up to September 2005 and the aforesaid legal heirs of the deceased Pemmada Venkateswara Rao got equal shares in the suit schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. It is further contended on behalf of the defendants that the first appellate court and the High Court have failed in not applying the legal principle laid down by this Court in Lourdu Mari David [Lourdu Mari David v. Louis Chinnaya Arogiaswamy, (1996) 5 SCC 589] , wherein this Court held that the party who seeks to avail of the equitable jurisdiction of a court and specific performance decree being equitable relief must come to the court with clean hands. In other words, the party who makes false allegations against the defendants does not come with clean hands and therefore, it is not entitled to the equitable relief of specific performance decree from the court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. With reference to the abovesaid rival contentions, the following points would arise for our consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27.1. (i) Whether the plaintiffs are entitled for the decree for specific performance of the agreement of sale (Ext. A-1) when agreement of sale entered between the plaintiffs and Defendants 1 and 2 who do not have absolute title to the property?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27.2. (ii) Whether in the absence of execution of the agreement of sale, Ext. A-1 by the other defendants/cosharers is it valid, even assuming that agreement of sale is valid, there is breach of terms and conditions of the contract on the part of the plaintiffs in not paying the sale consideration amount of Rs 1,70,000 within 10 days from the day of vacating the tenants, Rs 50,000 on 30-11-1993 and an amount of Rs 1,50,000 on or before 30-3-1994 to the defendants and the plaintiffs are entitled for the decree of specific performance of the agreement of sale?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27.3. (iii) Whether the plaintiffs are entitled for discretionary relief of specific performance under Section 20(2) of the Specific Relief Act when it has not approached the court with clean hands?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27.4. (iv) What relief?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answer to Point (i)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. It is an undisputed fact that the suit schedule property is self-acquired property by late Pemmada Venkateswara Rao as he had purchased the said property vide sale deed Document No. 5174 of 1970 dated 24-11-1970 from his vendors. It is also an undisputed fact that the said property is intestate property. He is survived by his wife, three sons and three daughters. The said property devolved upon them in view of Section 8 of Chapter II of the Hindu Succession Act as the defendants are Class I legal heirs in the suit schedule property. Undisputedly, the agreement of sale, Ext. A-1 is executed only by Defendants 1 and 2. The third son, mother and three sisters who have got equal shares in the property have not executed the agreement of sale. In view of the matter, the agreement of sale executed by Defendants 1 and 2 who have no absolute right to property in question cannot confer any right whatsoever upon the plaintiffs for grant of decree of specific performance of agreement of sale in their favour. The said agreement is not enforceable in law in view of Section 17 of the Specific Relief Act in view of the right accrued in favour of Defendants 3 to 6 under Section 8 of the Hindu Succession Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. The provisions of Section 17 of the Specific Relief Act in categorical terms expressly state that a contract to sell or let any immovable property cannot be specifically enforced in favour of a vendor or lessor who does not have an absolute title and right upon the property. It is worthwhile to extract Section 17 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 here:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;17.Contract to sell or let property by one who has no title, not specifically enforceable.&mdash;(1) A contract to sell or let any immovable property cannot be specifically enforced in favour of a vendor or lessor&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) who, knowing not to have any title to the property, has contracted to sell or let the property;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) who, though he entered into the contract believing that he had a good title to the property, cannot at the time fixed by the parties or by the court for the completion of the sale or letting, give the purchaser or lessee a title free from reasonable doubt.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In view of the aforesaid provisions of the Specific Relief Act, the agreement of sale entered into between the plaintiffs and some of the co-sharers who do not have the absolute title to the suit schedule property is not enforceable in law. This aspect of the matter has not been properly appreciated and considered by both the first appellate court and the second appellate court. Therefore, the impugned judgment is vitiated in law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Even assuming for the sake of argument that the agreement is valid, the names of three sons are mentioned in the agreement of sale, out of whom the agreement is executed by Defendants 1 and 2 and they assured that they would get the signatures of the third brother, namely, Srinivasa Rao and also of the remaining three sisters. At the time of execution of this agreement signatures were not obtained. Therefore, the agreement is not executed by all the co-sharers of the property which fact is evident from the recitals of the document itself. Hence, the plaintiffs are not entitled for specific performance decree. This vital factual and legal aspect has been ignored by both the first appellate court and the second appellate court. Therefore, the impugned judgment is vitiated both on facts and law. Accordingly, Point (i) is answered in favour of the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.2 As held by the Apex Court in the aforesaid judgment, an Agreement of Sale entered into between the plaintiffs and only some of the co-sharers, who do not have absolute / total title to the suit schedule property was not enforceable in law. In the instant case, as stated supra, Ansar alone did not have absolute title over the suit schedule property of which he was only a co-sharer along with his mother and brothers and consequently, the Sale Agreement was not enforceable in respect of the suit schedule premises and failure to appreciate this by the trial court has resulted in erroneous conclusion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.3 The trial court has come to the conclusion that Ansar was the owner of the suit schedule premises and that he had received the entire sale consideration on behalf of the other defendants also; as stated earlier, in the light of the undisputed fact that the Sale Agreement at Ex.P1 was executed by Ansar alone, who was merely a co-sharer / co-owner of the suit schedule premises along with his mother and brothers, who were also cosharers / co-owners along with him, the respondent-plaintiff was not entitled to specifically enforce the Sale Agreement against the appellants in respect of the suit schedule premises.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10.4 In this context, it is relevant to state that though Syed Hussain and Ameenabi had three sons, Ansar, Jameel and Syed Mohamood, the respondent-plaintiff in O.S.No.2320/2000 did not implead Syed Mohamood as a defendant in the said suit which was one for specific performance and bad for non-joinder of necessary parties and the same was liable to be dismissed on this ground also. Under these circumstances, I am of the considered opinion that the trial court clearly misdirected itself in coming to the erroneous conclusion that the respondent was entitled to a decree for specific performance against the appellants in respect of the suit schedule premises.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point No.(ii) is also accordingly answered in favour of the appellants and against the respondent.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Re: Point No.(iii):-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. While discussing Point Nos.(i) and (ii), I have already come to the conclusion that the trial court has not correctly and properly considered and appreciated the entire material on record and upheld the claim of the respondent for specific performance of Sale Agreement and dismissed the claim of the appellants for eviction / ejectment of the respondent from the suit schedule property by rejecting their claim in this regard. Upon reappreciation, re-evaluation and re-consideration of the entire material on record, I am of the view that the impugned judgment and decree passed by the trial court warrants interference by this Court in the present appeal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point No.(iii) is also accordingly answered in favour of the appellants and against the respondent&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) RFA Nos.1944/2016 and 1945/2016 are allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '89b8d04466418496ede78d29509db854.png', '268f1332617b986e83e6342b3573c2ce.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-05 16:29:25', '2024-09-05 12:24:59'),
(411, 'F2Uwz6p4PhYgnNyLWwkEzZUNv', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Judicial review. Award of Industrial Tribunals can be interfered only in case of patent illegality or manifest unreasonableness. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Central Silk Board Vs The Central Silk Board Employees Union and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 18693 of 2014 decided on 4 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anu Sivaraman and Justice G Basavaraja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The Central Government exercising powers conferred under Section 2(a)(1)(d) read with Section 10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, referred the following question for adjudication of the CGIT:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Whether the demand of the Central Silk Board Employees Union for enhancement of retirement age from 55 years to 60 years for the time scale farm workers is legal and justified? If yes, to what relief the workmen are entitled to?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Section 11 of the Central Silk Board Act, 1948, only provides as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;11. Control by the Central Government:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) All acts of the Board shall be subject to the control of the Central Government which may cancel, suspend or modify as it thinks fit any action taken, or order passed, by the Board.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) The records of the Board shall be open to inspection at all reasonable times by any officer authorized in this behalf by the Central Government.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Neither Section 11 nor the power in the Central Government to frame Rules under Section 13(2)(xiv) of the Central Silk Board Act, 1948, to regulate the working conditions of the staff which may be employed by the Board and the pay and allowances, leave and other conditions of service of officers and other employees of the Board would, in our opinion restrain either the reference of a dispute with regard to the retirement age of Time Scale Farm Workers under the Board nor the jurisdiction of the Industrial Tribunal to consider the dispute and pass an award thereon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The decisions relied on by the petitioner also are not authority on the point that only a Central Government registered trade union can maintain a dispute before the CGIT. The decision relied on by the learned counsel for the petitioner specifically was with regard to the right of an unregistered association to approach either the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution of India or the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides for adjudication of industrial disputes and for maintenance of industrial peace by way of settlement of disputes. Once a reference is made by the Central Government finding that there is an industrial dispute in existence, we find nothing in the provisions of the Act or the Rules which provides that it is only a Trade Union registered under the Central Government that can maintain a dispute before the CGIT.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. The judgment in W.A.No.407/2007 dated 13.08.2007, which is also relied on by the petitioner specifically considered the question whether the writ petition by an unregistered Union is maintainable before the High Court and whether the Government was justified in refusing to refer a dispute and issuing endorsement under Section 12(5) of the Act. The Court held that an unregistered Union cannot maintain a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. We find nothing in any of the authorities placed on record, which supports the contention of the petitioner that a Union registered only under the State Government could not have represented the workmen before the CGIT in a dispute admittedly referred to the CGIT for adjudication.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In the case of General Manager, Electrical Rengali Hydro Electric Project, Orissa and others v. Giridhari Sahu and others reported in (2019) 10 SCC 695, the Apex Court has clearly held that it is only in case of patent illegality or manifest unreasonableness that this Court would be justified in interfering in an award of a Tribunal under the Industrial Tribunal&#039;s Act. The Act being a beneficial piece of legislation and the Tribunal being a specialised body, specifically empowered to consider specific disputes between management and workmen, we are of the opinion that the award of the Tribunal cannot be lightly interfered with.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Having given our anxious consideration to the pleadings of the parties and the materials on record as well as the materials placed on record before the Tribunal, we are not convinced that there is any patent illegality in the award, which requires interference by this Court in exercise of its extraordinary jurisdiction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. In the above view of the matter, we are of the opinion that the petitioner cannot succeed in the writ petition. The writ petition therefore fails, the same is accordingly dismissed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '904818683c3b959e0944165dabffd123.jpg', '83d642ad55e3e3a206b137402a18ff72.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-07 14:11:14', '2024-09-09 10:47:02');
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(409, '5VAtO2nsh6tDZvR6NRQiDSH45', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Decree for specific performance of contract in respect of undivided share of coparcner/joint owner can be granted only if a prayer is made for partition under Section 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nagappa and others Vs Varada Prakash and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 6081 of 2010 decided on 12 October 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. This claim is based on an agreement for sale dated 27.03.2006. The plaintiff claims that this agreement was executed by a) Sanna Basamma W/o Hulugappa, b) Siddappa S/o Kadappa, c) Sanna Hulugappa S/o Kadappa, Nagappa S/o Marimlingappa. The plaintiff further claims that he has paid Rs.10,000/- as on the date of the agreement as advance consideration and agreed to purchase the properties by paying Rs.19,350/- per acre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The agreement also reveals that Nagappa has signed the agreement on behalf of his two brothers and also reveals that the properties are standing in the name of Nagappa&rsquo;s father along with other vendors who agreed to sell the properties. The time is not stipulated in the agreement to purchase the property. However, the responsibility is cast on Nagappa, one of the vendors to get the property records updated by deleting his father&rsquo;s name who was no more by the time agreement was entered.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The suit was filed on 01.03.2008. The plaintiff further claims that he was always ready and willing to perform his part of contract and ready to purchase the properties by paying balance consideration amount. The suit is filed against Sanna Basamma, Siddappa, Nagappa and defendants No.4 to 8 who are said to be the legal representatives of deceased Sanna Hulugappa. The plaintiff further claims that Sanna Hulugappa died after the execution of the agreement. However, the date of death is not disclosed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. This appeal was admitted vide order dated 20.03.2014 to answer the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Whether the first appellate Court has committed a serious error in coming to the conclusion that agreement of sale marked as Ex.P1 has been proved in accordance with law and that it is out and out agreement of sale?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ii) Whether the first appellate Court has committed a serious error in ignoring the material evidence placed on record, more particularly, in regard to the readiness and willingness and the discretion vested in it under Section 20(2) of CPC?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;iii) Whether the judgment of the first appellate Court is perverse and illegal on the ground of ignoring the material evidence on record and improperly exercising the discretion vested in it?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. After having considered the above substantial questions of law and after having considered the contentions raised in the appeal and on perusal of the materials on record, this Court is of the view that one more substantial question of law is required to be framed as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the decree for specific performance of contract in respect of undivided share can be granted in the absence of a relief for partition in view of the bar contained under Section 22(2) of the specific relief act 1963?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. If Sanna Hulugappa died on the date of agreement, definitely there would have been an averment in the plaint stating that Sanna Hulugappa died on 27th March 2006. Such an averment is not forthcoming. Even if the Court has to disbelieve the contention of the appellants that Sanna Hulugappa died one year prior to the date of the execution of the alleged agreement for sale, the suit is not maintainable in view of the bar contained under Section 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Section 22 of the Specific Relief Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Power to grant relief for possession, partition, refund of earnest money, etc.&mdash;(1) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Code of Civil Procedure,1908 (5 of 1908), any person suing for the specific performance of a contract for the transfer of immovable property may, in an appropriate case, ask for&mdash; (a) possession, or partition and separate possession, of the property, in addition to such performance; or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Subs. by Act 18 of 2018, s. 11, for &ldquo;, either in addition to, or in substitution of,&rdquo; (w.e.f. 1-10-2018). 11&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) any other relief to which he may be entitled, including the refund of any earnest money or deposit paid or 1 [made by] him, in case his claim for specific performance is refused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) No relief under clause (a) or clause (b) of sub-section (1) shall be granted by the court unless it has been specifically claimed: Provident that where the plaintiff has not claimed any such relief in the plaint, the court shall, at any stage of the proceeding, allow him to amend the plaint on such terms as may be just for including a claim for such relief.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) The power of the court to grant relief under clause (b) of sub-section (1) shall be without prejudice to its powers to award compensation under section 21.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. On reading of Section 22 of the Specific Relief Act, it is apparent that in case the suit is to be filed to enforce an agreement for sale of undivided share in the property, the plaintiff must seek an appropriate relief of partition. Such a relief is not found in the plaint filed before the trial Court. Till today, applications are not filed to amend the plaint. In that view of the matter, the suit of the plaintiff is not maintainable and the First Appellate Court unfortunately has not noticed Section 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act. Hence, this Court is of the view that the judgment and decree passed by the First Appellate Court are unsustainable and are to be set aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Since this Court has taken a view that the suit is not maintainable in view of the bar contained under Section 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act, the remaining substantial questions of law do not survive for consideration.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) It is also required to be noticed that the agreement for sale which is marked at Ex.P.1 reveals that the executants have received Rs.10,000/- as advance consideration amount. Since there is no written statement filed by the defendants, this Court has to take a view that the defendants have received Rs.10,000/- from the plaintiff and the amount is not repaid. The amount is paid in the year 2006. Hence, the decree for refund of the amount has to be passed in favour of the plaintiff and the defendants shall pay interest at the rate of 18% p.a. from the date of the agreement till the date of repayment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The appeal is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1105f7c513f72a321de67bf366be5815.jpeg', '1d8e003d9376dbe0bb7199727d402a5a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-05 13:54:03', '2024-09-05 08:24:29'),
(408, 'xS4KTOo48PuYxzEfcQ8XDyWHg', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Specific Relief Act. Application under Section 28, either for recission of contract or for extension of time, can be entertained and decided by the execution court provided it is the Court which passed the decree in terms of Section 37 of the CPC. Supreme Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ishwar Thr LRS and others Vs Bhim Singh and another.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Civil Appeal 10193 of 2024 decided on 3 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice J.B. Pardiwala and Justice Manoj Misra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. A suit for specific performance was instituted by the respondents against the appellant(s) (which would include their predecessor in interest) for enforcement of an agreement to sell dated 18.05.2005. In the plaint, inter alia, it was alleged that the appellant(s) had agreed to sell the property in dispute at a total consideration of Rs.18 lacs, out of which Rs.9.77 lacs was paid in advance, yet, despite service of notice requesting execution of sale deed, the appellants failed to execute the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The trial court (i.e., the Court of Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division), Kaithal), vide judgment and decree dated 28.02.2011, decreed the suit in part whereunder the appellant(s) were directed to refund the earnest money with interest, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Aggrieved by rejection of the prayer for specific performance of the agreement, the respondents went in appeal. The appellate court (i.e., the Court of Additional District Judge, Kaithal (for short ADJ)) allowed the appeal vide judgment and decree dated 12.01.2012 and accepted the prayer for specific performance of the agreement. While doing so, it directed the appellants herein to execute the sale deed in favour of the respondents herein on payment of balance sale consideration within a period of two months from the date of the decree, failing which, liberty was given to the decree holder(s) to get the sale deed executed through Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Having noticed the rival contentions, in our view, the following issues arise for our consideration:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Whether the Execution Court had jurisdiction to deal with the application(s) for (a) recission of contract and (b) extension of time to deposit the balance sale consideration?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) If Execution Court had the jurisdiction, whether those applications ought to have been decided as one in the suit (i.e., original side)? If yes, then, whether, in the facts of the case, on that ground alone, the impugned order warrants interference in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. In Ramankutty Guptan Vs. Avara4 , this Court answered two questions. One, whether an application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act is maintainable in the Court of first instance when the decree has been passed by the appellate court. Second, whether the Execution Court in which the original suit was filed can entertain an application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act. After taking note of the provisions of Section 375 of the CPC, this Court held:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;8. &hellip;&hellip;&hellip;&hellip;..Therefore, it is clear that the decree of the appellate court would be construed to be the decree passed by the court of first instance. It is settled law that an appeal is a continuation of the suit. Therefore, when a decree for specific performance has been dismissed by the trial court, but decreed by the appellate court, it should be construed to be in the same suit. When the decree specifies the time for performance of the conditions of the decree, on its failure to deposit the money, Section 28(1) itself gives power to the court to extend the time on such terms as the Court may allow to pay the purchase money or other sum which the court has ordered him to pay. An application for extension of time for payment of balance consideration may be filed even in the court of first instance or in the appellate court in the same suit as the decree of the trial court stands merged with that of the appellate court which decree is under execution. It is to be seen that the procedure is the handmaid for justice and unless the procedure touches upon jurisdictional issue, it should be moulded to subserve substantial justice. Therefore, technicalities would not stand in the way to subserve substantive justice. Take a case where the decree is transferred for execution to a transferee executing court, then certainly the transferee court is not the original court and execution court is not the &ldquo;same court&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 28 of the Act. But when an application has been made in the court in which the original suit was filed and the execution is being proceeded with, then certainly an application under Section 28 is maintainable in the same Court.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Following the view taken in Ramankutty Guptan (Supra), in V.S. Palanichamy Chettiar Firm Vs. C. Alagappan and Anr.7 this Court held:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;16. In view of the decision of this Court in Ramankutty Guptan case when the trial court and the executing court are the same, the executing court can entertain the application for extension of time though the application is to be treated as one filed in the same suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Having regard to the aforesaid decisions, in our view, the expression &ldquo;may apply in the same suit in which the decree is made&rdquo; as used in Section 28 of the 1963 Act must be accorded an expansive meaning so as to include the court of first instance even though the decree under execution is passed by the appellate court. This is so, because the decree is in the same suit and, according to Section 37 of the CPC, the expression &ldquo;the court which passed a decree&rdquo;, or words to that effect, in relation to the execution of decrees, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, would include:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) the court of first instance even though the decree to be executed has been passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) where the court of first instance has ceased to exist, or to have jurisdiction to execute it, the Court which, if the suit wherein the decree was passed was instituted at the time of making the application for the execution of the decree, would have jurisdiction to try such suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thus, an application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act, either for recission of contract or for extension of time, can be entertained and decided by the Execution Court provided it is the Court which passed the decree in terms of Section 37 of the CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In the instant case, the Court of first instance (i.e., where the civil suit was instituted) was the Court of Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division), Kaithal, as would appear from the decree&shy;sheet placed on record as Annexure P&shy;1. The execution application was also filed before the Court of Additional Civil Judge (Senior Division), Kaithal, as would appear from Annexure P&shy;2. Paragraph No.1 of the impugned order indicates that the order dated 03.11.2016 by which the application under Section 28 was disposed of was passed by the Court of Civil Judge (Senior Division), Kaithal. Thus, by virtue of Section 37 of the CPC, the Execution Court being the Court of first instance with reference to the suit in which the decree was passed had jurisdiction to deal with the application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act. We, therefore, reject the objection as regards jurisdiction of the Execution Court to deal with the application for extension of time / rescission of the contract under Section 28 (1) of the 1963 Act. Issue (i) is decided in the aforesaid terms.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B. Execution Court ought to have decided the Application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act as an application in the Suit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. The next question which falls for our consideration is whether the application under Section 28 of the 1963 Act ought to have been dealt with as an application on the original side (i.e., as an application in the suit) or on the execution side (i.e., as an application in the execution proceedings). This issue is no longer res integra as it has been answered by this Court in Ramankutty Guptan (Supra) in the following terms:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9&hellip;.. It would obviously mean in the suit itself and not in the execution proceedings. It is equally settled law that after passing the decree for specific performance, the Court does not cease to have any jurisdiction. The Court retains control over the decree even after the decree has been passed. Since the execution application has been filed in the same court in which the original suit was filed, namely, the court of first instance, instead of treating the application on the execution side, it should have as well been numbered as an interlocutory application on the original side and disposed of according to law. . The High Court, therefore, is not right in dismissing the application treating it to be on execution side, instead of transferring it on the original side for dealing with it according to law.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The law is, therefore, settled that an application seeking rescission of contract, or extension of time, under Section 28 (1) of the 1963 Act, must be decided as an application in the original suit wherein the decree was passed even though the suit has been disposed of. As a sequitur, even if the Execution Court is the Court of first instance with reference to the suit wherein the decree under execution was passed, it must transfer the application filed under Section 28 to the file of the suit before dealing with it. Issue (ii) is partly decided in the aforesaid terms.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;C. Not a Fit Case for Interference Under Article136 of the Constitution&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. In light of the discussion above and on an overall assessment of the facts, we are of the considered view that the respondents had all throughout shown their intention to pay the balance consideration for execution of the sale deed whereas the appellants appeared interested only in challenging the decree before higher Courts. In these circumstances, taking note of all the events, the Execution Court justifiably exercised its discretion in favour of the decree&shy;holder(s) by allowing them to deposit the balance consideration. In our view, therefore, substantial justice has been done to the parties and if we interfere with the impugned order only on the technical ground that the application was not dealt with as one on the original side, grave injustice would be caused to the decree holder(s). More so, when the judgment&shy;debtor(s) themselves applied to the Execution Court for rescinding the contract under Section 28(1) of the 1963 Act, and raised no such jurisdictional issue either before the Execution Court or the High Court. Therefore, in our view, no interference with the impugned order is called for in exercise of our discretionary jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. For the reasons above, the appeal is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9cdc179ee471973e408bb5f4290bd9fe.jpeg', '141aff0a148e296efda5225108c6d0f7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-05', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-05 11:51:22', '2024-09-05 06:21:56'),
(417, 'NLvJJ0Vf9vuSEI2fLIkeHaKD2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Obtaining judicial order by playing fraud. Karnataka High Court initiates contempt proceedings. Imposes cost of Rs. 10 lakhs on the litigant. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;O.L. Prabhu Vs Parvathamma and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R.P. 465 of 2023 decided on 30 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice N S Sanjay Gowda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The brief facts leading to filing of these petitions are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;On 07.06.1965, Mrs. Shah Zamani Begum sold the land bearing Survey No.34 consisting of 18 guntas of garden land and 05 acres 26 guntas of dry land &mdash; totally measuring 06 acres 04 guntas in Survey No.34 situated at Begehalli, Jigni Hubli, Anekal Taluk &mdash; under a registered sale deed to O.L.Prabhu and O.L.Kalpana, who were minors on that date, and, as a consequence, were represented by their father&mdash;O.M.Lingappa in the sale deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. On 06.10.2001, an unregistered partition-cumsettlement deed (panchayat palupatti) is said to have been entered into between the children of the first wife of late Sarkalachari and the children through the second wife of late Sarkalachari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. There is, however, a serious dispute regarding this partition deed. A Memo dated 22.11.2023 is filed by the review petitioner enclosing two unregistered partition deeds dated 06.10.2001. It is stated that an attempt is made to create a right in Sy.No.34 by manipulating the partition deed dated 06.10.2001, which is clearly apparent from the record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. In this petition, it was stated that there had been a family settlement on 06.10.2001, in which Survey No.34 measuring 06 acres 04 guntas had been allotted to the share of Choodachari and he was enjoying the same without effecting any specific entry in his name until he passed away on 25.01.2008. It was stated that Parvathamma&mdash;his widow on his death sought to change the khata in her favour and the Tahsildar after holding an enquiry passed an order in her favour on 22.09.2017 (per Annexure-B to the petition).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. In my view, the conduct of Parvathamma in suppressing this vital information of a compromise in relation to Sy No 34 which was the subject matter of the writ petition to the Court is nothing but a clear abuse of the process of the Court, which requires condemnation in strongest possible terms.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;78. In my view, this suppression of this material information was deliberate, with clear intent to interfere with the administration of justice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;79. If a party to a lis seeks a particular relief and during the pendency of this litigation becomes an abiding party in a parallel proceeding, securing an order by consent, and chooses to not inform the same to this Court, the said act would not only amount to misleading this Court, but would also be a contemptuous act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;80. I am therefore of the view that this would be an appropriate case to initiate proceedings of criminal contempt against Parvathamma (the writ petitioner), and also against Ramesh (the alleged GPA holder), who entered appearance even before notices were dispatched by the Registry and proceeded to file objections supporting the claim of Parvathamma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;81. Having arrived at the conclusion that the conduct of Parvathamma and Ramesh is unacceptable, this is a clear case of interfering with the administration of justice and that their actions would amount to criminal contempt. I am thus of the view that criminal contempt proceedings are to be initiated against Parvathamma and Ramesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;82. Accordingly, I refer this matter to the Division Bench of this Court for initiating appropriate action for the criminal contempt committed by them as provided under the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;86. As a consequence of this above direction, the present review petition would not survive for consideration, and the same is also, accordingly, dismissed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9b50a8d570f01d667cceab3c6ae46ffd.JPG', 'adc5b39d7cd56a6790a4e017bd1cdcbc.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-09 12:35:34', '2024-09-10 10:15:39');
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(416, '1sndEnAKT4MK779BjomITaj23', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Stamp Act. Reconsideration of market value under 45-A (3) cannot be on the basis of pleadings in a suit. Deputy Commissioner must undertake independent assessment. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rajendra Kumar Patil Vs The Regional Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 201383 of 2019 decided on 4 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The petitioner in W.P.No.201335/2024 (henceforth referred as &lsquo;A&rsquo;) had filed a suit against the petitioner in W.P.No.201383/2019 (henceforth referred as &lsquo;B&rsquo;) in O.S.No.21/2007 for perpetual injunction in respect of four plots formed in Sy. Nos.1130, 1131, 1136 and 1137 lying adjacent to Raichur-Mantralayam Road. In the said suit, &lsquo;B&rsquo; filed his written statement interalia contending that &lsquo;A&rsquo; was not entitled to the reliefs. He also contended that suit property was valued at more than Rs.1,00,00,000/- (Rupes One Crore only). During the pendency of the suit, &lsquo;B&rsquo; purchased 4 acres of land in Sy.Nos.1130, 1131, 1136 and 1137 in terms of a sale deed dated 17.05.2007. &lsquo;A&rsquo; immediately filed a complaint before respondent No.2 that the market value mentioned in the sale deed was incorrect and inadequate and therefore, requested the respondent No.2 to conduct an enquiry and determine the market value. The respondent No.2 then directed the Sub-Registrar to conduct a spot inspection and submit a report.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Once a document is submitted for registration and it is registered, respondent No.2 is entitled to reconsider the market value in accordance with Section 45-A (3) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;45-A (3) The Deputy Commissioner may, suo motu within two years from the date of registration of any instrument specified in sub-section (1) not already referred to him under sub-section (1), call for and examine the instrument for the purpose of satisfying himself as to the correctness of the market value of the property which is the subjectmatter of any instrument specified in sub-section (1) and the duty payable thereon in accordance with the procedure provided for in sub-section (2). The difference, if any, in the amount of duty, shall be payable by the person liable to pay the duty with interest at twelve per cent per annum if he does not pay within ninety days from the date of order of the Deputy Commissioner:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall apply to any instrument registered before the commencement of the Karnataka Stamp (Amendment) Act, 1975:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided further that the payment of interest is not applicable to instruments executed prior to 31st day of March, 2006.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The market value of a property is defined under Section 2(1) (mm) of the said Act, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;2(1)(mm) &quot;Market Value&quot; in relation to any property, which is the subject-matter of an instrument, means the price which such property would have fetched, in the opinion of the Deputy Commissioner or the Appellate Authority or the Chief Controlling Revenue Authority, if sold in open market on the date of execution of such instrument or the consideration stated in the instrument, whichever is higher:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in the Articles, in respect of an instrument executed by or on behalf of or in favour of the State Government or the Central Government or a local authority or other authority constituted by or under any law for the time being in force or a Body incorporate wholly owned or controlled by the Central Government or the State Government the market value of the property shall be the value of consideration for such conveyance as set forth in the instrument.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Insofar as the guidance value prescribed under Section 45-B of the Act, the market value of the property in question was fixed at a sum of Rs.20/- per sq. feet which mean that the guidance value of the property that was conveyed under the sale deed was Rs.8,71,200/- per acre. The &lsquo;B&rsquo; purchased 4 acres of land in Sy.Nos.1130, 1131, 1136 and 1137 and therefore, the total guidance value would be Rs.34,84,800/-. However, the market value declared by &lsquo;B&rsquo; in the sale deed was a sum of Rs.38,00,000/-, which was much above the guidance value prescribed. &lsquo;A&rsquo; who had filed a suit against &lsquo;B&rsquo; in respect of four plots formed in Sy.Nos.1130, 1131, 1136 and 1137 lost the suit filed for perpetual injunction in terms of the judgment and decree dated 23.06.2015. In the said suit, a contention was raised by &lsquo;B&rsquo; that the market value of the plots was Rs.1,00,00,000/- and above. The Court did not frame an issue regarding the correct valuation of the property and no finding is recorded regarding the valuation of the property. Be that as it may, while the respondent No.2 acting in exercise of the powers under Section 45-A (3) of the Act is bound to enquire into, to determine what should be the market value of the property conveyed. In order to arrive at such a conclusion, a report was requisitioned by respondent No.2 which is extracted above shows that there was no special characteristics attached to the property. The only basis on which respondent No.2 has determined the market value of the property at a sum of Rs.50,00,000/- was that, &lsquo;B&rsquo; had declared in the suit filed in O.S.No.21/2007 that the market value of the four plots was more than Rs.1,00,00,000/-. This cannot be the basis on which the respondent No.2 could hold &lsquo;B&rsquo; to be liable to pay the deficit market value or to hold that the market value of the property purchased by &lsquo;B&rsquo; was Rs.50,00,000/-. The respondent No.2 is bound to rely upon material to establish that the market value declared by &lsquo;B&rsquo; in the sale deed was far less than the market value that commanded in the area. The respondent No.2 does not seem to have collected any material to identify whether the property could be valued above a sum of Rs.38,00,000/- as declared by &lsquo;B&rsquo; in the sale deed. In the absence of any such material, respondent No.2 committed an error in determining and enhancing the market value of the property from Rs.38,00,000/- to a sum of Rs.50,00,000/-. Hence, the impugned order passed by respondent No.2 and confirmed by respondent No.1 warrant interference.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Accordingly, W.P.No.201383/2019 filed by &lsquo;B&rsquo; is allowed&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3ff2d29d32cba325ca593e09d67f019c.JPG', 'a791e06f3c8f270c89ead5abdbf26a41.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-09 12:20:18', '2024-09-09 08:16:44'),
(415, 'ZUiqswBVM52Bdbhk3ZHash20z', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Stamp Act. Purchaser of stamps is entitled for refund of the prescribed percentage when the sale certificate is cancelled by the Court. Karnataka High Court.  ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pradeep Managoli Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petitio 57895 of 2017 decided on 19 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner successfully bid in an auction conducted on 25.05.2007 by the Deputy Commissioner, Bengaluru Urban District, and acquired the subject property/land under a sale certificate dated 26.11.2008. The notification inviting applications indicated that the land was designated for non-agricultural purposes in the interim master plan pending government approval. In the auction notification, the land use was specified as &lsquo;interim master plan under approval,&rsquo; without a specific land use mentioned. Subsequently, after obtaining the land through the sale certificate, the petitioner applied for land conversion for commercial purposes under Section 95(2) of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), through a communication dated 30.06.2012, informed the petitioner that a small portion of the land fell within the &lsquo;green belt&rsquo; as per the revised master plan, and a majority fell within the &lsquo;secondary valley buffer zone,&rsquo; where no development was permitted. Displeased with this communication, the petitioner approached the Court in W.P.No.23744/2013 seeking cancellation or alteration of the sale deed and refund of the auction sale consideration amounting to Rs.62,00,000, along with the stamp duty and registration charges.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. By order dated 21.07.2014, this Court directed the respondent to refund the sale consideration to the petitioner along with 6% interest per annum from 21.05.2012 until the date of realization. To render the sale certificate ineffective in law, the petitioner was required to execute a deed of relinquishment in favor of respondent No.2. Subsequently, on 08.05.2015, the petitioner executed the relinquishment deed/re-conveyance deed, which was registered in the Office of the Sub-Registrar, Basavanagudi, Jigani on 07.05.2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Respondent No.3, exercising powers under Section 51 of the Karnataka Stamps Act, 1957, ordered the refund of Rs.2,37,150/- as stamp duty upon re-conveyance of the land, at the rate of 55 paise for each rupee. Dissatisfied with this deduction, the petitioner has filed this petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Section 51 of the Act, 1957 deals with the allowance for spoiled or misused stamps and specifies that in such cases, the Deputy Commissioner may deduct twenty paise for each rupee or fraction thereof. The section also allows for alternative forms of compensation if deemed appropriate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Clause C and Sub-Clause 2 of Section 47 of the Act, 1957 state that stamps used for an instrument that later becomes unfit due to errors or mistakes may be refunded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The land conveyed to the petitioner under a sale certificate was later deemed unfit for development due to changes in the master plan de-notified by the BDA. Therefore, the petitioner was entitled to a refund of the stamp duty as provided under Section 51 of the Act. According to the provisions of Section 51, the competent authority could only deduct up to 20 paise for each rupee. However, respondent No.3 deducted 55 paise per rupee, which exceeds the authorized limit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In conclusion, the deduction made by respondent No.3 under Section 51 of the Act, 1957 exceeds the permissible amount stipulated by law. Therefore, the impugned order requires revision to comply with the statutory provisions regarding stamp duty refund.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'dd5718e2352735306b0b2ba1f779be70.jpeg', '91ae413632c1b25728dd0ed7dbfb8df7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-09', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-09 12:10:56', '2024-09-09 06:41:09'),
(420, 'RUxkWbaM255vsH9fNoZ4N2srw', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Evidence Act. Presumption under Section 90 is only with regard to proper execution of the document which is 30 years old and not the proof of execution thereof. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;H Mahadev Vs K N Rajamma Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MSA 24 of 2019 decided on 27 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice V Srishananda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Facts in brief which are utmost necessary for disposal of the appeal are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plaintiff filed a suit in O.S.No.96/2000 for the relief of declaration declaring that she is the owner of the immovable property which is a site situated in Kumbara Street, Koratagere Town, bearing Koratagere Pattana Panchayath Khatha o.1623/1465, measuring 30 ft. x 40 ft. bounded on the East by Road, West by Site of G.S.Lingappa, North by House of Chandrahasa and South by road.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Plaintiff further claimed that Appaiahanna is the grandfather of the plaintiff and he had only daughter by name Gangamma who is the mother of the plaintiff. According to plaintiff, suit property belonged to Appaiahanna and after his death, same was succeeded by Gangamma being his only daughter and said Gangamma was in enjoyment of the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. It is further case of the plaintiff that after the death of Gangamma, plaintiff being the only daughter of Gangamma, succeeded to the suit property and also other properties of Gangamma and she is in possession and enjoyment of the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. It is further case of the plaintiff that when the matter stood thus, in the month of July 2003, suit house collapsed on account of heavy rain. Thereafter, property has become a vacant site. It is also contended by plaintiff that she is the owner of 04 feet space towards eastern side of the suit property, in addition to the suit schedule dimension.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. However, what is disputed in the written statement is that Gangamma during her lifetime, gifted the suit property in favour of second defendant by registered gift deed in the year 1964 and thereby second defendant enjoyed the property as his absolute property till he alienated the same by virtue of registered sale deed dated 14.02.1996 in favour of first defendant. Therefore, the contention urged on behalf of the plaintiff that defendants are strangers, is incorrect.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In the considered opinion of this Court, taking note of the fact that the title in favour of Appaiahanna was not disputed by the parties to the suit and so also relationship of the plaintiff with Gangamma having not been disputed, the only point that should have been taken note of by both the Courts was whether natural succession has been interfered by alleged gift deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. Admittedly, defendant did not choose to examine any of the attestors to the gift deed nor its scribe. Plaintiff had no chance of questioning the veracity of the gift deed in the absence of original gift deed being produced and marked before the Trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. While considering Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act, the Trial Court failed to note that presumption is with regard to proper execution of the document which is 30 years old and not the proof of execution thereof.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. More so, the requirement to invoke Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act is that, the document is in the hand writing of the executant. In the case on hand, since the original gift deed is not produced before the Court, plaintiff lost his chance to question the genuineness and veracity of the gift deed as the Trial Court and the parties did not know whether the gift deed was in the hand writing of Gangamma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Further, on close reading of the gift deed which is the certified copy, it is crystal clear that Gangamma has subscribed her left hand thumb impression on the gift deed. Therefore, presumption as is available under Section 90 of the Indian Evidence Act could not have been per se made applicable so as to deny the demand for the proof of Ex.D.2/ gift deed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Said aspect of the matter is not noticed by the learned Trial Judge and therefore, remitting the suit for demanding the proof of Ex.D.2-registered gift deed is just and proper and does not call for interference from this Court that too while exercising power under Order XLIII of the Code of Civil Procedure.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Appeal stands dismissed&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'c60d21f15954e17bc1a61757cc910a87.JPG', '96cce8687d08907d80d295b821ecd78f.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-09 18:10:12', '2024-09-10 03:32:36'),
(423, 'mHMGFh0DRV6SIYgtVRLiisoJS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The Rule that attesting witnesses are exempt from criminal liability does not extend to cases where they knowingly attest a forged or fabricated document, making them complicit in the crime. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;B. Manjunath Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CRL.P. 8939 of 2018 decided on 3 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M G Uma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner - accused No.1 in Criminal Petition Nos.7789 of 2015, the petitioner - accused No.2 in Criminal Petition No.8938 of 2018 and the petitioners - accused Nos.5 and 6 in Criminal Petition No.6007 of 2015 are seeking to set aside the order dated 07.08.2015 taking cognizance for the offences punishable under Sections 403, 420, 467, 468, 474 and 120-B of Indian Penal Code (for short &#039;the IPC&#039;) and to quash the entire criminal proceedings in CC No.761 of 2015 on the file of the learned Principal Civil Judge and JMFC, Anekal (for short &#039;the Trial Court&#039;). They have also filed Criminal Petition Nos.7790 of 2015, 8939 of 2018 and 2440 of 2020 respectively seeking similar relief in CC No.762 of 2015 before the Trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Crime No.143 of 2015 of Anekal Police Station was registered on the basis of the first information lodged by the informant - Dr.Madhukar G Angur, whereas Crime No.144 of 2015 of Anekal Police Station was registered on the basis of the first information lodged by his wife B S Priyanka. In both the complaints, the informants have made similar allegations with respect to very same documents for having conspired together, forged the signatures of the complainants, concocted the documents in relation to shares, committed cheating by using the forged documents as genuine and committed misappropriation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. In view of the rival contentions urged by learned counsel for both the parties, the point that would arise for my consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Whether the petitioners have made out any grounds to set aside the order dated 07.08.2015 taking cognizance of the offences alleged and to quash the criminal proceedings initiated against them?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;My answer to the above point is in the &#039;Negative&#039; for the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REASONS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. Section 3 of Transfer of Property Act refers to the definition of the word &#039;attested&#039; in relation to an instrument to mean two or more witnesses each of whom has seen the executant sign or affix his mark to the instrument, or has seen some other person sign the instrument in the presence and by the direction of the executant, or has received from the executant a personal acknowledgement of his signature or mark, or of the signature of such other person, and each of whom have signed the instrument in the presence of the executant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. The other contention raised by the learned counsel for the petitioners is that since the Trial Court has ceased off the matter, where comprehensive suit for declaration regarding the disputed document is pending, the criminal proceedings initiated is liable to be quashed. In this regard, learned High Court Government Pleader has placed reliance the decision of the Hon&#039;bel Apex Court in K G Premshanker (supra), wherein, a similar contention was taken that when a civil suit is pending, the decision rendered by the Civil Court will prevail and therefore, criminal case pending against the accused are required to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;43. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court considered the facts and circumstances of the case and after referring to its earlier decision in Kharkan Vs State of UP , categorically held that if the criminal case and the civil proceedings are for the same cause, the judgment of the Civil Court would be relevant if conditions of any of Sections 40 to 43 of the Evidence Act are satisfied. But it cannot be said that the same would be conclusive, except as provided in Section 41, which provides that the judgment would be the conclusive proof of what is stated therein. Therefore, the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court held that in each and every case, the first question which would require consideration is - whether the judgment, order or decree is relevant, if relevant - its effect. It also held that it may be relevant for a limited purpose, such as motive, or as a fact in issue, which would depend upon facts of each case. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court also made it clear that there is no hard and fast rule that can be laid down that possibility of conflicting decisions in the Civil and Criminal Court is a relevant consideration for quashing the criminal proceedings. Accordingly, it is held that both civil and criminal proceedings are required to be decided on merits on the basis of the evidence that are placed on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;44. Learned High Court Government Pleader also places reliance on the decision in Smt Vanitha (supra), where the coordinate Bench of this Court referring to various decisions of the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court on the subject formed an opinion that when prima facie materials are placed before the Court to constitute the offence of forgery of the documents, simply because a civil suit is also pending consideration in respect of the same document, it will not be a ground to quash the criminal proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;45. Learned High Court Government Pleader also places reliance on the decision of the co-ordinate Bench of this Court in Balaji Trading Company (supra), where the Court has discussed at length about the effect of initiating both civil and criminal proceedings in respect of the documents which are alleged to be forged or concocted and held in paragraph 13 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;13. The second ground urged before this Court by the Learned Counsel for the petitioners is that, when the Appellate (Civil) Court is ceased of the matter and the Trial (Civil) Court has given its opinion that Exs.D1 to D10 are forged documents, but it failed to refer the complaint to the competent Court and further an appeal is already pending before the First Appellate Court, until the disposal of the civil matter, criminal case cannot be launched or proceeded with. This argument is also in my opinion, not tenable as the proceedings before the Civil Court and Criminal Court are altogether different. It is evident from the legal principles that the documents which are produced before the Civil Court can be proved to be forged by means of preponderance of probabilities, wherein such offences have to be proved with reference to the documents before the Criminal Court beyond reasonable doubt. Therefore, more responsibility is casted upon the complainant to prove that those documents are forged, in a Criminal case and in such an eventuality, the accused will get sufficient opportunity to question the said disputed documents. Further, added to that, this particular point raised by the Learned Counsel is also considered by the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the above said decision at Paras-32 of the judgment of the Hon&#039;ble Apex Court referred to supra after considering its previous judgment in M.S. Sheriff Vs. State Of Madras, wherein it has laid down the principles, which reads as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;32.Coming to the last contention that an effort should be made to avoid conflict of findings between the civil and criminal Courts, it is necessary to point out that the standard of proof required in the two proceedings are entirely different. Civil cases are decided on the basis of preponderance of evidence while in a criminal case the entire burden lies on the prosecution and proof beyond reasonable doubt has to be given. There is neither any statutory provision nor any legal principle that the findings recorded in one proceeding may be treated as final or binding in the other, as both the cases have to be decided on the basis of the evidence adduced therein. While examining a similar contention in an appeal against an order directing filing of a complaint under Section 476 of old Code, the following observations made by a Constitution Bench in M.S. Sheriff vs. State of Madras AIR 1954 SC 397 give a complete answer to the problem posed :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;(15) As between the civil and the criminal proceedings we are of the opinion that the criminal matters should be given precedence. There is some difference of opinion in the High Courts of India on this point. No hard and fast rule can be laid down but we do not consider that the possibility of conflicting decisions in the civil and criminal Courts is a relevant consideration. The law envisages such an eventuality when it expressly refrains from making the decision of one Court binding on the other, or even relevant, except for certain limited purposes, such as sentence or damages. The only relevant consideration here is the likelihood of embarrassment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(16) Another factor which weighs with us is that a civil suit often drags on for years and it is undesirable that a criminal prosecution should wait till everybody concerned has forgotten all about the crime. The public interests demand that criminal justice should be swift and sure; that the guilty should be punished while the events are still fresh in the public mind and that the innocent should be absolved as early as is consistent with a fair and impartial trial. Another reason is that it is undesirable to let things slide till memories have grown too dim to trust.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This, however, is not a hard and fast rule. Special considerations obtaining in any particular case might make some other course more expedient and just. For example, the civil case or the other criminal proceeding may be so near its end as to make it inexpedient to stay it in order to give precedence to a prosecution ordered under S. 476. But in this case we are of the view that the civil suits should be stayed till the criminal proceedings have finished.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;From the above, it is very clear that the criminal proceedings cannot be stalled merely because the civil suit is also pending with reference to those documents. However, it is made clear that there is no hard-and-fast rule that both the cases can continue together, but for special consideration and on any special circumstances, if the civil case and the criminal proceedings which are so near for disposal, and a ground is made out to stay, either of the proceedings in such an eventuality, the concerned civil court can stay its proceedings, till the criminal proceedings are finished or vice versa as the case may be under the special and peculiar circumstances of the case.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In view of the above, it is held that the bar under Section 195(1)(b)(ii) of Cr.P.C. is not at all attracted to the facts of the said case and accordingly, the petition seeking quashing of the criminal proceedings came to be dismissed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;47. Thus, it is the case of the prosecution that, prima facie, the disputed documents does not bear the signatures of the informants. But on the other hand, the disputed signatures found on the documents were made by accused No.1. When such clinching prima facie materials are placed before the Court, I do not find any justification for seeking quashing of the criminal proceedings by the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;49. In the present case, no such contentions were raised till date. Even if the accused takes a stand regarding authenticity of the FSL report issued by the private laboratory, they are free to take the same before the Trial Court for any justifiable cause. But it cannot be held that the report submitted by any private laboratory is to be binned without considering the same. There must be strong reasons either to reject or to disbelieve such FSL report. We are all aware of the number of Forensic Laboratory set up by the Government and its conditions in the State in particular, and in the Country in general. Under such circumstances, the contention taken by the learned counsel for the petitioners that the FSL report submitted by the private laboratory is to be ignored do not sound reasons to this Court. I do not find any justification to reject the FSL report at this stage.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;50. In view of the discussions held above, I do not find any merits in the contention raised by the petitioners and hence the petitions are liable to be dismissed. Accordingly, I answer the above point in the Negative and proceed to pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Criminal petitions are dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '08a83783c43e6dc93fbe48694b5da6a3.JPG', 'ced9f9b82554ca5e834ec1eb66e10d6b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-11', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 12:46:58', '2024-09-11 12:12:49');
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(422, 'hVLkIAFnA25ZThQXDVclq0uA0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Stamp Act. Advertisement by property developer is only in the nature of offer and cannot represent the actual value of the property. It cannot be the basis for determination of the guideline value. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Palladium Constructions Pvt Ltd Vs The Central Valuation Committee Department of Registration and Stamps and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 9071 of 2020 decided on 5 December 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner has sought for a writ in the nature of certiorari to quash a Memorandum and the consequent notification bearing No.R&amp;amp;S/CVC/485/2017-18 dated 05.05.2020 at Annexure - M. The petitioner has sought for declaration that respondent No.1 is bound to constitute a Sub-Committee for every District or Sub-District and that it cannot act upon the recommendation of any authority to re-fix the guideline value for the purpose of registering documents unless such recommendation is in the manner provided under Rule 5 of the Karnataka Stamp (Constitution of Central Valuation Committee for Estimation, Publication and Revision of Market Value Guidelines of Properties) Rules, 2003 (henceforth referred to as &#039;Rules of 2003&#039;). The petitioner has also sought for a declaration that the power conferred by Section 45-B of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 (henceforth referred to as &#039;Act of 1957&#039;) is limited to fixing &quot;average rates&quot; of agricultural lands, residential, commercial industrial sites and properties on discernable, objective and relevant material in any village, municipal or any other local body as specified in the Rules of 2003 and that it does not extend to fixing the guideline value for standalone properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioner claims to have developed an integrated multi-storied residential complex consisting of 12 blocks, which is named as &quot;One Bangalore West&quot;. Of 12 blocks, one of them is named &quot;Kessaku&quot; with large apartment units. The petitioner claims that due to the sheer size of the apartments in &quot;Kessaku&quot; block, it was finding it difficult to secure buyers and therefore, applied for modification of the sanctioned plan. The petitioner contends that respondent No.1 issued a notification dated 30.03.2017 under Section 45-B of the Act of 1957 fixing the guideline value of the property promoted by the petitioner at a sum of Rs.76,000/- per sq. mtr. of super built-up area.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Later, another notification was issued on 29.08.2018 under Section 45-B of the Act of 1957 re-fixing the guideline value of the apartment developed by the petitioner at a sum of Rs.1,61,500/- per sq. mtr of super built-up area. The petitioner objected to the re-fixation of exorbitant guideline value of its project, which was far in excess of the prevailing market value and the actual transaction value. The respondent No.3 addressed a communication dated 09.10.2018 to respondent No.2 contending that the guideline value of the project developed by the petitioner should be fixed at a sum of Rs.1,50,000/- per sq. mtr. of super built-up area and a sum of Rs.1,85,000/- per sq. mtr. of super built-up area in respect of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block. In doing so, respondent No.3 claimed that the value of the apartments sold in the project of the petitioner ranged between Rs.1,00,262/- and Rs.1,59,475/- per sq. mtr. Further, he claimed that the apartment had premium facilities such as club house, covered car parks, swimming pool, jogging track, play area and helipad and therefore, the value of the project excluding &quot;Kessaku&quot; should be fixed at Rs.1,50,000/- per sq. mtr of super built-up area. The respondent No.2 based on some internet sources claimed that the value of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block should be fixed at Rs.1,85,000/- per sq. mtr.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The petitioner contends that the transaction value of the sales in the project that were finalized ranged between Rs.90,213/- to Rs.1,30,244/- per sq. mtr. of super built-up area. The petitioner contends that though a specific request was made by it for hearing, respondent No.1 without affording an opportunity of being heard, adopted the value on the basis of the report of respondent No.3 and issued a final notification dated 05.12.2018 fixing the guideline value for the project at a sum of Rs.1,50,700/- per sq. mtr. of super built-up area, which was in respect of the entire project &quot;One Bangalore West&quot;, which included &quot;Kessaku&quot;. The petitioner contends that there are other premium integrated multi residential premium projects in the vicinity developed by Brigade Developers, which comprised of World Trade Centre, a Five Star Hotel, a Luxury Mall, Columbia Asia Hospital and a High-end International School. It contended that in the year 2017, the guideline value of apartments in Brigade Gateway was Rs.84,300/- per sq. mtr. while the guideline value of the petitioner&#039;s project was Rs.76,000/- per sq. mtr. However, by virtue of the notification dated 05.12.2018, the guideline value of Brigade Gateway Apartment was re-fixed at Rs.1,20,000/-per sq. mtr. while the guideline value for the petitioner&#039;s project was fixed at Rs.1,50,700/- per sq. mtr. Likewise, the petitioner claimed that in respect of three other projects in the vicinity developed by Renaissance Developers, the guideline value in the year 2017 was Rs.60,700/-, which was revised to Rs.62,000/- in the year 2019.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. The learned Senior counsel representing the petitioner contended that the re-fixation of guideline value has to be done in accordance with the Rules of 2003. He invited the attention of the Court to Rule 5 of the Rules of 2003, which reads as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;5. Estimation of market value guidelines.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) The Central Valuation Committee shall, as far as possible in the first week of October of every calendar year, send instructions along with general policy guidelines to all the Sub-Committees in the State of estimation of market value guidelines of properties for the next calendar year. Such instruction may be sent to any SubCommittee, at any time of the calendar year for the revision of the rates, if required.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) The Sub-Committee shall on receipt of the instructions publish the intention of such estimation or revision, as the case may be, in the local newspapers and also on the notice board of important offices. A period of 15 days may be allowed for receipt of objections and suggestions from the public and all such suggestions and objections so received, shall be processed by the Secretary and placed before the Sub-Committee for discussion. The Sub-Committee shall meet as often as required to discuss and decide on the estimation of market value rates for the guidelines and prepare a statement showing the average rates of agricultural lands, residential, commercial and industrial sites in village and municipal or any other local body area in its jurisdiction as specified in these rules. The data shall be arranged village and local body wise and the statement shall be prepared and signed by the Secretary and Chairman of the Sub-Committee in such form as may be specified by the Committee from time to time. The data so prepared shall be both in paper copy and a soft copy (floppy) in Microsoft Access shall be sent to the Registrar of the concerned district, in the last week of December of every calendar year. The hard copy of the data shall be in a booklet form and the Committee may also record its views on the suggestions and objections received from the public in the appropriate column.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) The Registrar shall on receipt of the statement received under sub-rule (2), shall verify and if he finds any discrepancy or omission may remit it back to the SubCommittee immediately for rectification or supply of the omission. Such references shall be attended by the Sub-Committee and the statement be resubmitted to the Registrar within 15 days from the date of reference. The Registrar shall finally examine the data and record his views in the appropriate column for any improvement or change and send the booklets and soft copies of the same, separately for each sub-district to the Secretary of the Central Valuation Committee in the first week of January of the next calendar year.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Under Section 45-B of the Act of 1957, the State Government is entitled to constitute a Central Valuation Committee for estimation, publication and revision of market value guidelines of properties in any area in the State at such intervals and in such manner, as may be prescribed for the purpose of Section 45-A. The Central Valuation Committee may for the said purpose constitute Market Valuation Committees in each subdistrict and district comprising of such members as may be prescribed for estimation and revision of the market value guidelines in the State of Karnataka. The Sub-Committee so constituted shall follow such procedures as may be prescribed. In exercise of power under Section 68 of the Act of 1957, the Rules of 2003 are framed. The Central Valuation Committee is constituted under Rule 3. The SubCommittees are constituted under Rule 4. The members of the Sub-Committee are to be drawn from the departments of Revenue, Survey and Settlement, Public Works, Municipal Councils or Town Panchayaths and shall be headed by the Tahsildar of the concerned Taluk, while the Sub-Registrar of said sub-district shall be Member Secretary. The Committee shall function under the control of the Registrar of the District. While estimating the market value, the Central Valuation Committee shall send instructions and general policy guidelines to all the SubCommittees in the State for estimation of the all the properties for the next calendar year. On receipt of the instructions, publish intention of such estimation or revision in the local newspapers and allow objections/suggestions to be filed, which shall be processed by the Secretary and placed before the SubCommittee for discussion. The Sub-Committee shall decide on the estimation of the market value guidelines of specific properties village-wise, local body wise and then sent to the Registrar of the concerned District. The Registrar shall on receipt, may accept or remit it back to the SubCommittee for rectification or supply any omission and after it is attended to by the Sub-Committee, he shall examine and record his views and place it before the Secretary of the Central Valuation Committee. The SubCommittees are bound to prepare their reports based on the guidelines prescribed under Rule 6 of the Rules, 2003. The Secretary shall then place it before the Committee, which shall take final decision on the estimation of the market value after considering the suggestions made by the committees and the Registrar of the Districts. The approved statements of the estimated market value shall be sent to the Registrar of the Districts in such form as prescribed and the same shall be made available to all concerned. While fixing the market value, the Central Valuation Committee is bound to achieve uniformity by following uniform guidelines for the calculation of the rates for the buildings of different kind, lands either converted for non-agricultural use or industrial use. While fixing the guideline value of construction, the rates approved by the Public Works Department has to be adopted uniformly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Therefore, the determination and re-fixation of the guideline value of properties in the State of Karnataka has to be done in accordance with the Rules of 2003 which is a complete code in itself and has to be strictly complied since the Central Valuation Committee is the final authority on all matters relating to fixation and re-fixation of guideline value.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. The petitioner objected against the revision contending that the revision was not in accordance with Rules of 2003 and that the reports from internet cannot be the basis to fix the guideline value. It also contended that the revision of the guideline value at a sum of Rs.1,85,000/- per sq.mtr. in respect of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block was excessive and arbitrary and affected its prospects of disposal of the flats constructed in the &quot;Kessaku&quot; block. It contended that there was no golf stadium as reported by respondent No.3 in &quot;Kessaku&quot; block and therefore, contended that report of respondent No.3 was incorrect and could not be relied upon. It referred to various other projects in the vicinity and claimed that the guideline value in respect of those projects was fixed at a sum of Rs.1,20,000/- per sq. mtr. at the highest and Rs.54,600/- at the lowest. It also claimed that the revision of the guideline value for the year 2017-18 from Rs.76,000/- per sq. mtr. to Rs.1,85,000/- per sq. mtr. would be an unrealistic 143% upward revision. It also claimed that the cost of the apartment did not include various components such as club house charges, maintenance charges, car parks, floor raise charges etc.,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The respondent No.2 forwarded the objections of the petitioner to respondent No.3 for proper consideration of the objections. Nonetheless, respondent No.3 in terms of its letter dated 23.10.2019 recommended the fixation of guideline value of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block and &quot;One Bangalore West&quot; at a sum of Rs.1,85,000/- per sq. mtr. super built-up area. In order to arrive at such a conclusion, respondent No.3 relied upon the advertisements by prospective sellers on common floor, Protiger and MagicBrick websites. The petitioner again represented to respondent Nos.1 to 3 about the unreasonableness of the re-fixation of the guideline value at Rs.1,85,000/- per sq. mtr. and also informed the respondents that the flats in &quot;Kessaku&quot; block could not be sold as the super built-up area was huge and therefore, an application was filed before the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike for modification of the plan. Nonetheless, respondent No.1 issued the impugned notification dated 05.05.2020 re-fixing the guideline value of the &quot;Kessaku&quot; block at a sum of Rs.1,81,000/- per sq. mtr.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. It is therefore, evident that while revising the guideline value of properties, the respondents did not follow the Rules of 2003 in re-fixing or revising the guideline value. However, the entire process of re-fixation has emanated from the office of respondent No.3 and not by the Market Valuation Sub-Committee as defined under Rules 5 and 6 of the Rules of 2003. Since it is held that the Rules of 2003 is a complete code for fixation/revision of the guideline value of properties for the purposes of Section 45-A of the Act of 1957, the methodology adopted in fixing the guideline value of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block promoted by the petitioner is arbitrary and warrants interference. It is also necessary to note that the advertisements made on the internet are only in the nature of offers made by owners and cannot represent the actual value of the flat and therefore, cannot be the basis for determination of the guideline value. It is also pertinent to note that while determining the guideline value, the charges collected by the developer such as clubhouse subscription, maintenance etc., which does not form part of actual value, cannot be tucked into the guideline value. Therefore, the revision of the guideline value in respect of &quot;Kessaku&quot; block promoted by the petitioner at a sum of Rs.1,81,000/-per sq. mtr. is unrealistic, unscientific and arbitrary and therefore, deserves to be set at naught. The respondent No.1 is directed to re-fix the guideline value in accordance with the Rules of 2003 and not based on any consideration outside the Rules of 2003.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27. In that view of the matter, this petition is allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '16328e23558c12fd3aff1a6387d1b80d.JPG', '94368290cad0c04e51469bc2313035fb.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-10', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 12:44:29', '2024-09-10 08:17:47'),
(427, 'zLfB1dX1JajETWfEYlkq97ZkC', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Negotiable Instruments Act. Mere acceptance of signature on the cheque by its drawer does not lead to presumption if the transaction engendering the liability is not stated. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;S.K. Honnappa Vs S.A. Murthy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Revision Petition 768 of 2018 decided on 12 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This revision challenges the judgment dated 13.04.2018 passed by the 5th Additional District and Sessions Judge, Hassan, in Criminal Appeal No.125/2017, which was preferred by the accused questioning the correctness of the judgment of the Judicial Magistrate, Sakaleshpura in C.C.No.311/2015 convicting him for the offence punishable under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (&lsquo;N.I. Act&rsquo; for short). Since the Sessions Court reversed the judgment of conviction and acquitted the accused, the complainant should have preferred an appeal under section 378 (4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Now this revision is treated as an appeal and disposed of.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The cheque dated 10.02.2015 for ` 8,00,000/- said to have been issued by the accused for discharging the loan lent by the complainant to him was dishonoured for insufficiency of funds in his bank account and consequently the complainant initiated action under section 200 Cr.P.C. for the offence under section 138 of N.I. Act after issuing demand notice. The Magistrate convicted and sentenced him to fine of ` 8,80,000/-. In the appeal preferred by the accused, the Sessions Court reversed the judgment of conviction and acquitted him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Now if the complaint and the notice, Ex.P3 are juxtaposed, it becomes very clear that the complainant stated about loan transaction for the first time in his complaint. And in the complaint he has not given the approximate time of transaction, only in the crossexamination he states that on 02.01.2015 he gave money to the accused in his house without obtaining any document from the accused. The amount lent by him was ` 8,00,000/-, not a small amount. What is to be noted here is that if the complainant was aware that the accused wanted money for his family necessities and to discharge loan and for that reason only the accused borrowed money from him, he could have stated about that transaction and the date of lending of money in the notice itself. Ex.P3, the legal notice is silent about the transaction. In the complaint also, the date of lending of money is not mentioned, and only in the cross-examination he discloses the date. In a situation like this, can the court resort to drawing presumption under section 139 of N.I. Act, is the question. Section 139 reads as below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;139. Presumption in favour of holder.&mdash; It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred to in section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The expression, &ldquo;for the discharge, in whole or part, of any debt or other liability&rdquo; is very important. That means the complainant, i.e., the holder of a cheque must disclose in the first instance in his demand notice the transaction that gives rise to debt or other liability to be discharged and then the same must be stated in the complaint also. Once such a disclosure is made and primary foundation is led in evidence, presumption can be drawn. To put it in other words, presumption can be drawn only in respect of disclosed or stated transaction, not undisclosed transaction. Mere acceptance of signature on the cheque by its drawer does not lead to presumption if the transaction engendering the liability is not stated. Since presumption to be drawn under section 139 leads to fastening criminal liability on the drawer of the cheque, the complainant cannot rest expecting the court to draw presumption in his favour without disclosing the transaction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. As a corollary to this, in order to hold the defence version probable, the drawer of the cheque must come out with his defence in his reply notice, and any defence introduced for the first time either at the time when complainant or his witnesses are cross examined or when he leads evidence does not carry as much weight as it carries if there was disclosure at the earliest point of time i.e., before the criminal action is initiated.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Harking back, the accused issued reply to demand notice as per Ex.P.5 and therein he stated about the chit transaction between him and the son of the accused, and possibility of the cheque issued by him by way of security being misused. Though his another stand that his signature might have been forged is difficult to be accepted, the other specific defence relating to chit transaction appears to be probable, and assumes higher degree of probability if the evasive answers given by PW1 in the cross-examination are considered. The complainant and the accused are not strangers, they had a long acquaintance with each other. Another complaint filed by one Harish against the wife of accused and a suit for specific performance filed by the son of the complainant against the accused, which are otherwise irrelevant, assume contextual relevancy. Therefore, the conclusion is that the Sessions Court is justified in acquitting the accused. There is no merit in the appeal. Appeal is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '7b5dc10c6383f488536539af51b5e2c8.jpg', 'fa7a427b6632ae8b4ed1fa4184a1c701.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-11', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 15:03:58', '2024-09-11 12:42:27'),
(428, 'Sggj5ozwxh2ZEVXvSsWS1tTA2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Forest Act. Civil Court cannot entertain suit for declaration of ownership and injunction once the land is declared as forest land. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The State of Karnataka and others Vs Mohd. Fayazoddin and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 200390 of 2014 decided on 27 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This Court while admitting the appeal on 21.01.2022 framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. &ldquo;Whether both the Courts below have justified in decreeing the suit of the plaintiff in view of Section 6 (3) of the Forest Act as there is a bar on the Civil Court to entertain the suit to establish any right or over any land in respect of which a Notification under Section 4 of the Karnataka Forest Act, 1963 is issued and Section 7 authorises enquiry by the Forest Settlement Officer after declaration of the land as a Forest Land under Section 4 of the Karnataka Forest Act, 1963, so also Section 17 deals with the Notification declaring as a Reserve Forest in view of Ex.D.13 and 14?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;II. Whether both the Courts below justified in law that the settled preposition of law that once the land is acquired and mandatory requirements are complied including possession over the property which vests with the Government. When the appellants placed documentary evidence Ex.D1 to D.4 (a) wherein the compensation is paid and the possession was delivered and the said taking over of possession was acted upon as per the Ex.P.5 to 10, 5(a) to 10 (a) its translations wherein the respondents themselves have relied on wherein the appellants possession over the property right from 1963 to till filing of the suit?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;III. Whether both the Courts below have justified in entertaining the suit for declaration and injunction when the title and possession of the plaintiff is disputed right from 1963 itself. Both the Courts below ought to have held that the suit of the plaintiff is hopelessly barred by limitation?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IV. Whether both the Courts below are justified in holding that the plaintiff is in possession of the suit property as on the date of filing the suit in view of the documents as per Ex.P.5 to P.10 which are relied by the plaintiff wherein right from 1963 to till filing of the suit, the possession of the appellants over the property is shown, therefore, entertaining a suit without the relief of possession?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;V. Whether both the Courts below are justified in granting a relief of perpetual injunction when the plaintiff is not in possession over the suit property on the date of filing of the suit?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. State is in regular second appeal against the concurrent findings of facts recorded by the Courts below, whereby, the suit seeking declaration and injunction was decreed holding that the plaintiff is the owner and possessor of the land bearing Sy.66 measuring 36 acres 8 guntas (herein after referred to as &ldquo;suit land&rdquo; for short).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Section 4 of the Forest Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;4. Notification by Government.- (1) Whenever it has been decided to constitute any land a reserved forest the State Government shall issue a notification:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. declaring that it has been decided to constitute such land a reserved forest;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. specifying, as nearly as possible, the situation and limits of such land; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. appointing an officer (hereinafter called the &ldquo;Forest Settlement Officer&rdquo;) to inquire into and determine the existence, nature and extent of any rights claimed by or alleged to exist in favour of any person in or over any land comprised within such limits or in or over any forest produce, and to deal with the same as provided in this chapter.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Plain reading of Section 4 envisages that whenever it has been decided to constitute any land a reserved forest, the State Government shall issue a notification declaring that it has been decided to constitute such land as a reserved forest.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Section 6 (3) of the Forest Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;6. Bar of accrual of forest rights:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) No Civil Court shall, between the dates of publication of the notification under Section 4 and of the final notification to be issued under Section 17 entertain any suit to establish any right in or over any land or to the forest produce of any land included in the notification under Section 4.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Section 6 (3) of the Forest Act envisages the bar of the Civil Court to entertain any suit to establish any right in or over any land in respect of which notification under Section 4(1) of the Forest Act is issued.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Section 7 of the Forest Act authorizes a forest settlement officer after declaration of the land as forest land under Section 4 of the Forest Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Section 17 of the Forest Act deals with notification declaring the forest as a reserve forest who has authority to deal with forest land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. After the acquisition, the compensation was determined and paid to the father of the plaintiff in the year 1963 itself and the possession was lost by plaintiff under Ex.D3(a) dated 15.06.1963.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In the instant case, the Courts below have fell in error in holding and declaring that the plaintiff is the owner in possession of the suit land, when once after the declaration of the land as forest land under Section 4 and Section 17 of the Forest Act, there is total bar on the Civil Court to entertain the suit to establish any right as envisaged under Section 6(3) of the Forest Act and the suit land after declaring as a Reserve forest as per Ex.D14, suit is not maintainable. Once the land is acquired and mandatory requirements are complied including the possession over the suit land, which vest with the Government, when documents at Ex.D1 to Ex.D4(a) evidence compensation is paid, the plaintiff having failed in his attempt in LAC No.74/1980 to seek enhanced compensation, the suit of the plaintiff is not maintainable as envisaged under Section 6(3) of the Forest Act. The Courts below have committed serious error in decreeing the suit, there is perversity and illegality in the judgment and decree of the Courts below warranting interference by this Court and the substantial question of law is answered in favour of the appellant and for the foregoing reasons, this Court pass the following:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. The Regular Second Appeal is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '46a9dd3d0a592b7d4aaa6136e4062c5e.JPG', '023b95bfaba8699fe6a98160ddd283cc.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-11', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 15:43:01', '2024-09-11 10:40:49');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(429, '9hpHNfGhNAxmRH6oBoLIEN97P', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Decade Old Saga of Deceit”. Karnataka High Court directs Police not to register criminal complaints of woman who foisted series of false criminal cases, without conducting preliminary enquiry. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Viveka P.K and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 1364 of 2023 decided on 3 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners are before this Court calling in question registration of a crime in Crime No.48 of 2022 registered for offences punishable under Sections 323, 498A, 504, 506 and 149 of the IPC pending before the Civil Judge and JMFC, Kushalnagar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. It is therefore, I consider the act of the second respondent - complainant to be &ldquo;a decade old saga of deceit&rdquo; not against one, but against many.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Swinging back to the facts of the case, the incidents happen between 28.08.2022 and 22-09-2022 for 25 days are projected to be a crime for offences punishable under Section 498A of the IPC, inter alia against all the members of the family including an age old lady of 75 years who has not even seen the complainant. Even other members of the family are vaguely brought into the web of crime. Therefore, if this proceeding cannot become mala fide, I fail to understand which proceeding can be termed to be a mala fide action on the part of the 2nd respondent/complainant. Permitting further proceedings to continue in the case at hand, or any further investigation or to file a final report will be putting a premium on the continued illegal activities of the complainant all of which are narrated hereinabove. What is narrated herein above are all borne out of the records. They are facts, facts are stubborn and therefore, un-effaceable. Therefore, I deem it appropriate to efface or obliterate the crime against the petitioners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. It becomes apposite to notice the judgment of the Apex Court, in the case of ACHIN GUPTA v. STATE OF HARYANA , wherein it is held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;498-A. Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.-Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.- For the purposes of this section, &lsquo;cruelty&rsquo; means:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) any wilful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. It is a matter of common experience that most of these complaints under section 498-A IPC are filed in the heat of the moment over trivial issues without proper deliberations. We come across a large number of such complaints which are not even bona fide and are filed with oblique motive. At the same time, rapid increase in the number of genuine cases of dowry harassment are also a matter of serious concern.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Unfortunately, at the time of filing of the complaint the implications and consequences are not properly visualized by the complainant that such complaint can lead to insurmountable harassment, agony and pain to the complainant, accused and his close relations.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. The ultimate object of justice is to find out the truth and punish the guilty and protect the innocent To find out the truth is a herculean task in majority of these complaints. The tendency of implicating husband and all his immediate relations is also not uncommon. At times, even after the conclusion of criminal trial, it is difficult to ascertain the real truth. The courts have to be extremely careful and cautious in dealing with these complaints and must take pragmatic realities into consideration while dealing with matrimonial cases. The allegations of harassment of husband&#039;s close relations who had been living in different cities and never visited or rarely visited the place where the complainant resided would have an entirely different complexion. The allegations of the complaint are required to be scrutinized with great care and circumspection. Experience reveals that long and protracted criminal trials lead to rancour, acrimony and bitterness in the relationship amongst the parties. It is also a matter of common knowledge that in cases filed by the complainant if the husband or the husband&#039;s relations had to remain in jail even for a few days, it would ruin the chances of amicable settlement altogether. The process of suffering is extremely long and painful.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Before parting with this case, we would like to observe that a serious relook of the entire provision is warranted by the legislation. It is also a matter of common knowledge that exaggerated versions of the incident are reflected in a large number of complaints. The tendency of over implication is also reflected in a very large number of cases.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The criminal trials lead to immense sufferings for all concerned. Even ultimate acquittal in the trial may also not be able to wipe out the deep scars of suffering of ignominy. Unfortunately a large number of these complaints have not only flooded the courts but also have led to enormous social unrest affecting peace, harmony and happiness of the society. It is high time that the legislature must take into consideration the pragmatic realities and make suitable changes in the existing law. It is imperative for the legislature to take into consideration the informed public opinion and the pragmatic realities in consideration and make necessary changes in the relevant provisions of law. We direct the Registry to send a copy of this judgment to the Law Commission and to the Union Law Secretary, Government of India who may place it before the Hon&#039;ble Minister for Law and Justice to take appropriate steps in the larger interest of the society.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. In the case of Geeta Mehrotra v. State of U.P., (2012) 10 SCC 741, this Court observed as under:&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;19. Coming to the facts of this case, when the contents of the FIR is perused, it is apparent that there are no allegations against Kumari Geeta Mehrotra and Ramji Mehrotra except casual reference of their names who have been included in the FIR but mere casual reference of the names of the family members in a matrimonial dispute without allegation of active involvement in the matter would not justify taking cognizance against them overlooking the fact borne out of experience that there is a tendency to involve the entire family members of the household in the domestic quarrel taking place in a matrimonial dispute specially if it happens soon after the wedding.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;37. Before we close the matter, we would like to invite the attention of the Legislature to the observations made by this Court almost 14 years ago in Preeti Gupta (supra) as referred to in para 26 of this judgment. We once again reproduce paras 34 and 35 respectively as under: &ldquo;34. Before parting with this case, we would like to observe that a serious relook of the entire provision is warranted by the legislation. It is also a matter of common knowledge that exaggerated versions of the incident are reflected in a large number of complaints. The tendency of over implication is also reflected in a very large number of cases.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. The criminal trials lead to immense sufferings for all concerned. Even ultimate acquittal in the trial may also not be able to wipe out the deep scars of suffering of ignominy. Unfortunately a large number of these complaints have not only flooded the courts but also have led to enormous social unrest affecting peace, harmony and happiness of the society. It is high time that the legislature must take into consideration the pragmatic realities and make suitable changes in the existing law. It is imperative for the legislature to take into consideration the informed public opinion and the pragmatic realities in consideration and make necessary changes in the relevant provisions of law. We direct the Registry to send a copy of this judgment to the Law Commission and to the Union Law Secretary, Government of India who may place it before the Hon&#039;ble Minister for Law and Justice to take appropriate steps in the larger interest of the society.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. In the aforesaid context, we looked into Sections 85 and 86 respectively of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, which is to come into force with effect from 1st July, 2024 so as to ascertain whether the Legislature has seriously looked into the suggestions of this Court as made in Preeti Gupta (supra). Sections 85 and 86 respectively are reproduced herein below: &ldquo;Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;85. Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court holds that complaints are being filed without any rhyme or reason by drawing every member of the family including other members of the family. Though those crimes have been obliterated, the Apex Court has thought it fit to suggest to the Legislature to seriously look into Sections 85 and 86 of BNS and to suitably bring in certain amendments. It concluded only to demonstrate that cases of this kind have mushroomed to such large extent that the Apex Court thought it fit to tender such suggestion to the Legislature. It becomes apposite to refer to the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of STATE OF HARYANA V. BHAJAN LAL , wherein it is held as follows-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) Where the allegations made in the first information report or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value and accepted in their entirety do not prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case against the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with mala fide and/or where the proceeding is maliciously instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and personal grudge.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clauses 1, 5 and 7 (supra) become applicable to the case at hand as even if the complaint is construed to be correct, it does not make out an offence under Section 498A of the IPC; the complaint on the face of it is instituted with mala fide intention. The complaint which is purely a marital discord is blown out of proportion and permitting further investigation in such cases would become an abuse of the process of law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In identical circumstance, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in the case of SEJAL SHARMA v. STATE OF HARYANA &ndash; CRM-M-5147-2021 (O &amp; M) decided on 23- 09-2021 recording identical set of facts has issued certain directions to the Director General and Inspector General of Police of the State of Haryana. I deem it appropriate to notice the said directions. It reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;However, a direction is issued to the Director General of Police, Haryana to communicate to all the Superintendents of Police in the State of Haryana that in case, in future, any FIR is registered at the instance of petitioner Sejal Sharma, co-accused Meenu Handa, Surender @ Pathan and Rajesh @ Kala, levelling allegations of rap or molestation against any person, no FIR will be registered, unless the matter is thoroughly inquired into by the Police. It is also directed that aat all District Headquarters, a record be maintained by SP Office concerned regarding such or similar complainants, who have registered more than one complaint of allegation of rape or where complaints are made by victims of Honey Trap, so as to keep a check and to protect innocent citizens. A compliance report be submitted before 10.01.2022&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A similar view is taken by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in the case of JITENDRA KUMAR MISHRA VS. STATE IN MISC. CRL. CASE NO.38157 OF 2023, DISPOSED ON 30.11.2023, wherein it is held as follows:.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;14. Copy of this order be sent to concerned Police Station and information regarding the complainant/prosecutrix &#039;X&#039; be uploaded in inter operable Criminal Justice System so that Police Stations shall have information in advance regarding the modus operandi of the prosecutrix in laying honey trap and falsely implicating innocent persons in false cases.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This is again reiterated by the High Court of Delhi in the case of MR. VIKAS PAHWA VS. STATE IN BAIL APPLICATION No.2813/2020 disposed on 23.09.2020, wherein it is held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;18. In view of above, I hereby direct Commissioner of Police, Delhi to personally look into the matter and see whether the complainant herein and the above mentioned Jasmin are indulged in any other such type of cases, if so, appropriate action may be taken against the culprits. In addition to above, the Commissioner shall call reports from all the police stations of such cases as present one and file a report to this effect within four weeks from today.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. I further direct that if the Commissioner feels similar type of incident had happened in Delhi in the year 2020, he shall issue standing orders to all the concerned Police Stations that action may be taken as per law, however, without harassing such person/alleged accused therein.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The afore-quoted orders are passed by three different High Courts in identical set of facts. In that light, as also the glaring facts narrated thereinabove and the repetitive persistence of the complainant in registering frivolous cases at every point in time, I deem it appropriate to direct the Director General of Police and Inspector General of Police to communicate to all the police stations all the details of the complainant to be available on the data base, so that they could be cautious when the complainant would want to register a crime against any other man; the police station before whom this complainant would seek to register a crime shall not register the same without conducting any appropriate preliminary enquiry. This is to curb, if not stop wanton registration of crimes against several men. Ten have been seen, it is only to stop the eleventh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Criminal petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1d471f0fd28affe042a2d2cdf8d06c93.jpeg', '371dd2327368f501c5b1869556127319.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-11', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 20:03:12', '2024-09-11 03:28:58'),
(430, 'ji9rhqB5Cpwr6DE6iIPOSJk75', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Negotiable Instruments Act. Drawer\'s defence is more credible if presented in their initial reply notice. Defence introduced later, during evidence or cross-examination carries less weight. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;S.K. Honnappa Vs S.A. Murthy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Criminal Revision Petition 768 of 2018 decided on 12 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;This revision challenges the judgment dated 13.04.2018 passed by the 5th Additional District and Sessions Judge, Hassan, in Criminal Appeal No.125/2017, which was preferred by the accused questioning the correctness of the judgment of the Judicial Magistrate, Sakaleshpura in C.C.No.311/2015 convicting him for the offence punishable under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (&lsquo;N.I. Act&rsquo; for short). Since the Sessions Court reversed the judgment of conviction and acquitted the accused, the complainant should have preferred an appeal under section 378 (4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Now this revision is treated as an appeal and disposed of.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;3. The cheque dated 10.02.2015 for ` 8,00,000/- said to have been issued by the accused for discharging the loan lent by the complainant to him was dishonoured for insufficiency of funds in his bank account and consequently the complainant initiated action under section 200 Cr.P.C. for the offence under section 138 of N.I. Act after issuing demand notice. The Magistrate convicted and sentenced him to fine of ` 8,80,000/-. In the appeal preferred by the accused, the Sessions Court reversed the judgment of conviction and acquitted him.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;11. Now if the complaint and the notice, Ex.P3 are juxtaposed, it becomes very clear that the complainant stated about loan transaction for the first time in his complaint. And in the complaint he has not given the approximate time of transaction, only in the crossexamination he states that on 02.01.2015 he gave money to the accused in his house without obtaining any document from the accused. The amount lent by him was ` 8,00,000/-, not a small amount. What is to be noted here is that if the complainant was aware that the accused wanted money for his family necessities and to discharge loan and for that reason only the accused borrowed money from him, he could have stated about that transaction and the date of lending of money in the notice itself. Ex.P3, the legal notice is silent about the transaction. In the complaint also, the date of lending of money is not mentioned, and only in the cross-examination he discloses the date. In a situation like this, can the court resort to drawing presumption under section 139 of N.I. Act, is the question. Section 139 reads as below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&ldquo;139. Presumption in favour of holder.&mdash; It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred to in section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;12. The expression, &ldquo;for the discharge, in whole or part, of any debt or other liability&rdquo; is very important. That means the complainant, i.e., the holder of a cheque must disclose in the first instance in his demand notice the transaction that gives rise to debt or other liability to be discharged and then the same must be stated in the complaint also. Once such a disclosure is made and primary foundation is led in evidence, presumption can be drawn. To put it in other words, presumption can be drawn only in respect of disclosed or stated transaction, not undisclosed transaction. Mere acceptance of signature on the cheque by its drawer does not lead to presumption if the transaction engendering the liability is not stated. Since presumption to be drawn under section 139 leads to fastening criminal liability on the drawer of the cheque, the complainant cannot rest expecting the court to draw presumption in his favour without disclosing the transaction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;13. As a corollary to this, in order to hold the defence version probable, the drawer of the cheque must come out with his defence in his reply notice, and any defence introduced for the first time either at the time when complainant or his witnesses are cross examined or when he leads evidence does not carry as much weight as it carries if there was disclosure at the earliest point of time i.e., before the criminal action is initiated.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bolder;&quot;&gt;14. Harking back, the accused issued reply to demand notice as per Ex.P.5 and therein he stated about the chit transaction between him and the son of the accused, and possibility of the cheque issued by him by way of security being misused. Though his another stand that his signature might have been forged is difficult to be accepted, the other specific defence relating to chit transaction appears to be probable, and assumes higher degree of probability if the evasive answers given by PW1 in the cross-examination are considered. The complainant and the accused are not strangers, they had a long acquaintance with each other. Another complaint filed by one Harish against the wife of accused and a suit for specific performance filed by the son of the complainant against the accused, which are otherwise irrelevant, assume contextual relevancy. Therefore, the conclusion is that the Sessions Court is justified in acquitting the accused. There is no merit in the appeal. Appeal is dismissed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '80a195b5375292c43f18f80ed02e0f5c.jpg', '5956c06dd488c320a061f83ea2b4ee7e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-11', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-10 21:22:16', '2024-09-11 08:15:44'),
(434, 'MblW8GKV2It5s1sGMi0N8zjXT', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Land Revenue Act. Land cannot be forfeited solely for unauthorized non-agricultural use without prior conversion. Levy of penalty under Section 96 is the appropriate course of action. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pashamiyan Vs The Deputy Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 200937 of 2024 decided on 5 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner claims to be the owner of 1 acre 35 guntas of land in Sy.No.329/3 of Yarandi village, Rajeshwar Hobli, Basavakalayan Taluk and Bidar District. The petitioner contends that respondent No.1 without issuing any notice and without following the due process of law, directed the authorities to cancel the khata that stood in the name of the petitioner and to enter the name of the State Government in terms of the order bearing No.KAM/LND/CR-06/2019-20 dated nil-2-2020. The petitioner contends that in similar circumstances, this Court had intervened in W.P.No.201500/2022 and directed respondent Nos.1 and 2 to restore the entries in the revenue records. He therefore, prays that the impugned order passed by respondent No.1 be set aside on the same lines as done by this Court in W.P. No.201500/2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. If the petitioner has used agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes without obtaining requisite conversion under Section 95 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 (for short &lsquo;the Act&rsquo;), the course open to the State authorities is to invoke power conferred under Section 96 of the Act. A perusal of Section 96 of the Act does not disclose that the State Government has got the power to forfeit the land used for non-agricultural purposes. However, the State authorities are entitled to initiate suitable action as is provided under Section 96 of the Act. In that view of the matter, the impugned order passed by respondent No.1 deleting the name of the petitioner from the revenue records and directing the name of the State Government to be entered into revenue records is without any basis and cannot be traced to any statutory power as contended by the learned counsel for the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. This Court, in similar circumstances had allowed W.P.No.201500/2022 and had directed the restoration of the revenue entries.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In view of the above, this petition is allowed..&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '55430664d07f864327586f8cfdf721f4.JPG', '86c1e0584e48c908264ac5967a3d9823.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 12:32:21', '2024-09-12 12:45:40');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(437, 'fBEPzq1UOpD41AMGnOdGnNJQs', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Land Reforms Act. Once the land is identified as Religious Inam land, the Land Tribunal loses its jurisdiction. The Tribunal shall transfer the application to the Deputy Commissioner. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P. Nagappa Thr LRS and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 204523 of 2016 decided on 24 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners have challenged an order dated 29.01.2003 passed by respondent No.2 in No.LRM/Inam/21/91-92 in terms of which, it granted occupancy rights of the land bearing Sy.No.148/3 of Undraldoddi village, Raichur Taluk and District in favour of respondent No.4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioners contend that the land in Sy.No.148/3 of Undraldoddi village was a religious Inam attached to Bende Rangaswamy Temple at Undraldoddi village. They claim that they and respondent No.4 were cultivating the land bearing Sy.No.148/3 jointly. They contend that respondent No.4 filed an application in Form No.1 before respondent No.1 claming occupancy rights in respect of the entire extent of land bearing Sy.No.148/3 measuring 14 acres 27 guntas. The petitioners contend that on 13.01.1993, they appeared before the Tribunal and filed an application to implead themselves in the case. However, their Advocate filed a memo of retirement on 23.09.1996. They alleged that the Tribunal after allowing the Advocate to retire did not issue notice to them and without considering the application filed by them, proceeded to hear the case. They contend that the respondent No.4 did not appear before the Tribunal and did not lead evidence of whatsoever nature. Nonetheless, the Tribunal passed an order dated 29.01.2003, conferring occupancy rights on respondent No.4. They contend that after the impugned order, respondent No.4 died and the names of her daughter and son-in-law were mutated in the revenue records. The daughter and son-in-law of respondent No.4 then sold the land to respondent Nos.5 and 6 in terms of the sale deed dated 10.06.2015. The petitioners alleged that respondent Nos.5 and 6 started interfering with the possession of the petitioners on the ground that the daughter and son-in-law of respondent No.4 had sold the land to them. The petitioners claim that they came to know of the impugned order only thereafter and they thus, filed this petition challenging the order passed by respondent No.2.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. At the time of addressing arguments, learned counsel for the petitioners contends that respondent No.2 did not have the jurisdiction to consider the applications filed in respect of lands that were endowed to a religious Inam in view of the Karnataka (Belgaum and Gulbarga Areas) Religious and Charitable Inams Abolition Act, 1973. He invited the attention of the Court to Section 10 of the Act, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;10. Determination of claims for registration of occupancy and continuance of tenancy. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1) A person entitled to be registered as an occupant under section 4 or section 5 or section 7 or section 8 or section 9, as the case may be, or to be contained as a tenant under section 6 may, in such form and manner as may be prescribed, make an application to the Deputy Commissioner within twelve months from the appointed date:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that the Deputy Commissioner may on sufficient cause being shown accept such application after the expiry of twelve months but in no case he shall accept any application after the expiry of three years.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided further that the right of any person to be registered as an occupant shall after the expiry of the said period of three years stand extinguished and the land shall vest in the State absolutely.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) On receipt of the application under subsection (1) or suo motu, the Deputy Commissioner shall examine the nature and history of all lands in respect of which a permanent tenant, protected tenant, the person referred to in section 7, the holder of a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;minor inam or an inamdar claims to be registered as an occupant under section 4 or section 5 or section 7 or section 8 or section 9 as the case may be, or in respect of which any person claims to be continued as tenant under section 6 and call for such other information as he may consider necessary and decide the land in respect of which the claim shall be allowed. (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 4 or section 5, the Deputy Commissioner shall not allow the claim of any person for any land in excess of the ceiling area fixed under the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 for the time being in force.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;He therefore contended that it is the Deputy Commissioner, who is entitled to consider the applications filed under Sections 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the Act. Even otherwise, he contends that the petitioners were also cultivating the land in question and had filed an application to come on record in the proceedings before respondent No.2 and that respondent No.2 without considering the application had passed the impugned order, without any evidence adduced by respondent No.4 and conferred occupancy rights on her. He therefore contended that the order passed by respondent No.2 is without jurisdiction and is therefore non est and unenforceable in the eye of law. He further submits that once the land is vested under the Act, 1973, the only way known for divesting such land is through the process mentioned in Section 10 of the Act of 1973 and by no other means.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. The State Government had abolished all Inams whether, religious or charitable or personal or miscellaneous or other inams by the promulgation of the Mysore (Religious and Charitable Inams) Abolition Act, 1955, the Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954 and the Karnataka Certain Inams Abolition Act, 1977 respectively. Upon abolition of Inams, the relationship of landlord and tenant shall as between the inamdar and tenant, whether permanent, protected or otherwise, stood extinguished. The holders/authorized holders of such offices were entitled to certain rights to seek regrant of endowed land and the tenant/s under such holders/authorized holders were entitled to such rights and privileges that were provided under the respective legislation. In so far as the applications filed under the Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954 and the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955 for re-grant or for occupancy rights, the forum that had to consider those applications was the Office of the Deputy Commissioner. However, the State Government enacted the Karnataka Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1979 and amended provisions of both the Act of 1954 and Act of 1955. As a result, the forum to consider the applications filed under the Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954 and the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955 for re-grant or for occupancy rights, was the Land Tribunal. The validity of Karnataka Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1979 was tested before this Court in Kudligi Sringeri Maha Sansthanam vs State of Karnataka, ILR 1992 Kar 1827. This Court by judgment and order dated 24.04.1992, declared the entire Karnataka Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1979 as ultra vires. Consequently, the forum to decide the applications for re-grant and for occupancy rights was the Deputy Commissioner of the District concerned. The Judgment in Kudligi Sringeri Maha Sansthanam came up for consideration before the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in M. B. Ramachandran vs Gowramma and others, AIR 2005 SC 2671, where it was held that, this Court in Kudligi Sringeri Maha Sansthanam was only concerned with religious and charitable inams and not personal inams and therefore, the entire Karnataka Inams Abolition (Amendment) Act, 1979 could not be held to be ultra vires, but at best could be only insofar as it related to Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955. Resultantly, all applications for re-grant or for occupancy rights under the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955 has to be dealt with by the Deputy Commissioner of the concerned District, while applications filed under the Mysore (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1954 had to be dealt with by the concerned Land Tribunal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. In the case on hand, the land in question is endowed to a temple and therefore was a religious inam governed by the provisions of the Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955. Consequently, the Land Tribunal had no jurisdiction to consider the application filed by the deceased respondent No.4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. It is relevant to note Section 141 of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;141. Tenure Abolition Acts.- Nothing in this Act shall affect the provisions of any of the Land Tenures Abolition Acts, specified in Schedule II to this Act, in so far as such provisions relate to the conferment of the right of an occupant or grant of a ryotwari patta in favour of any inferior holder or tenant in respect of any land held by him.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The Mysore (Religious and Charitable) Inams Abolition Act, 1955 is one of the Acts specified in Schedule-II to the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961. Therefore, the respondent No.2 had no jurisdiction to deal with an application for grant of occupancy rights in respect of a religious Inam. Once the Tribunal was of the opinion that it was an Inam land, it ought to have summoned the necessary registers from the concerned department to verify whether the land in question was endowed to a religious Inam and if yes, then the application must have been transferred to the Deputy Commissioner of the concerned District.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '9b65faeefbaf88cdb6d1d58caf2c7836.JPG', '9a4ca07fa041d2511425ae1aa02a9ba4.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 12:59:26', '2024-09-13 10:32:43'),
(435, 'jRFzM85qiNB8szPaVXjJoetcw', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'The sale of a co-owner\'s share by another co-owner without consent does not require the affected co-owner to take legal action to challenge the sale. Supreme Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sk. Golam Lalchand Vs Nandu Lal Shaw and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Civil Appeal 4177 of 2024 decided on 10 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sudhanshu Dhulia and Justice Pankaj Mithal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The dispute in this Civil Appeal is about the property measuring more or less 6 Cottahs 1 Chittack and 30 sq. ft. along with 17 rooms (about 4395 sq. ft. which comprises of tile sheds/huts) situate at 100/3 Carry Road, Howrah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The plaintiff-respondent Nandu Lal claims that he had acquired rights in the aforesaid property through his father late Salik Ram along with his other brothers and that Brij Mohan, his cousin, the son of his uncle late Sita Ram, had no exclusive right to sell the property in favour of anyone much less to one of the tenants S.K. Golam Lalchand, the defendant-appellant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The Title Suit No.212/2006 filed by the plaintiffrespondent Nandu Lal was dismissed by the court of first instance as he failed to prove his possession but in appeal the decree was reversed and the suit was decreed disbelieving the family settlement and holding that there was no partition of the property. The judgment and order of the First Appellate Court was affirmed by the High Court in Second Appeal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. On the pleadings and submissions of the parties, the moot question which has arisen before us in the appeal is whether Brij Mohan, son of late Sita Ram, alone was competent to transfer the entire suit property by way of sale deed dated 19.05.2006 in favour of defendantappellant S.K. Golam Lalchand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Even the Trial Court which had dismissed the suit of the plaintiff-respondent Nandu Lal has categorically recorded that the suit property was never partitioned as the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand had not produced any cogent material on record to prove the&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;partition meaning thereby the property continued to be a joint property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. The First Appellate Court also recorded a finding that it is beyond pale of controversy that the suit property was equally owned by late Salik Ram and late Sita Ram and that the property had always remained undivided and joint between the co-owners. The family settlement on the basis of which partition or settlement is being claimed was never produced in evidence and proved. The First Appellate Court further recorded that the sisters of Brij Mohan have not gifted their share in the property or have relinquished their rights in it as no such documentary evidence was brought on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The above findings of the Trial Court and that of the First Appellate Court have not been disturbed by the High Court rather the Second Appellate Court has accepted the same which clearly demonstrates that the story of family settlement, as set up by the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand and Brij Mohan was totally disbelieved by all the three courts. Moreover, it had come to the forefront that the property had remained the joint property of late Salik Ram and late Sita Ram as the gifting of share by late Salik Ram in favour of late Sita Ram was not proved. The gifting and the relinquishment of shares by the three daughters/sisters in favour of Brij Mohan also could not be established.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In this view of the matter, the entire property purchased by the two brothers late Salik Ram and late Sita Ram in the year 1959 vide Exh.1 continued to be the joint property in which both of them had equal rights. On their death, the same devolved upon their respective heirs and legal representatives including Brij Mohan, his three sisters on one side and plaintiff-respondent Nandu Lal, his three brothers and five sisters on the other side. Thus, Brij Mohan alone was not competent to execute a sale of the entire property in favour of the defendantappellant S.K. Golam Lalchand, that too without its partition by metes and bounds.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Since the suit property has many co-owners including the plaintiff-respondent Nandu Lal and Brij Mohan, the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand could not have acquired right, title and interest in the whole of the suit property solely on the basis of the sale deed dated 19.05.2006 executed by Brij Mohan. The said sale deed, if at all, in accordance with Section 44 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 may be a valid document to the extent of the share of Brij Mohan in the property and defendantappellant S.K. Golam Lalchand is free to take remedies to claim appropriate relief either by suit of partition or by suit of compensation and damages against Brij Mohan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The authorities cited on behalf of the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand are only to the effect that there is no illegality on his part in purchasing the share of Brij Mohan in the suit property and to that effect the sale in his favour is valid. There are no two opinions on the above aspect as mentioned earlier but those authorities do not help him in any way to enable us to reverse the decree passed by the First Appellate Court as affirmed by the High Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. A faint effort was made in the end to contend that the plaintiff-respondent Nandu Lal had not asked for any relief of cancellation of the sale deed by which the property was purchased by the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand and, therefore, is not entitle to any relief in this suit. The argument has been noted only to be rejected for the simple reason that Section 31 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 uses the word &lsquo;may&rsquo; for getting declared the instrument as void which is not imperative in every case, more particularly when the person is not a party to such an instrument.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. The suit property which is undivided is left with the co-owners to proceed in accordance with law to get their shares determined and demarcated before making a transfer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The point for determination formulated in paragraph 12 above is accordingly answered and it is held that Brij Mohan alone was not competent to transfer the entire property without getting his share determined and demarcated so as to bind the other co-owners. Accordingly, the defendant-appellant S.K. Golam Lalchand has rightly been restrained by the decree of injunction in acting in derogation of the propriety rights of the co-owners until and unless the partition takes place.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In the above facts and circumstances, we do not find any merit in this appeal and the same is dismissed upholding the judgments and orders of the High Court dated 06.07.2021 and of the First Appellate Court dated 07.04.2018&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '21e597607827365eb35031681cf2f1cc.jpg', '79734be6312f90b20798bbed01c7c78c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 12:33:22', '2024-09-12 16:03:41'),
(432, 'IM78Ia9KQtuPPRfXnLYXvPiIE', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Overseas Citizen of India cardholders registered under Section 7A of the Citizenship Act cannot claim reservation under Article 371J of the Constitution of India. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Meghana Kuruvalli Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 15400 of 2024 decided on 4 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Chief Justice N.V. Anjaria and Justice K.V. Aravind&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner, who is the Overseas Citizen of India cardholder and registered as such under Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, by filing this petition under Article 226 of the Constitution, has amongst other prayers, advanced the prayer to consider her case for admission to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery as well as to the Bachelor of Dental Surgery courses for the academic year 2024-25 in the State of Karnataka, under Article 371J of the Constitution, and under the Karnataka Educational Institutions (Regulation of Admission in Hyderabad Karnataka Region) Order, 2013 for the seats earmarked for the students of Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In addition to the aforementioned principal prayer to be grouped together with the category of students under Article 371J of the Constitution for admission in the Hyderabad-Karnataka or Kalyana Karnataka quota, the other attendant prayers are made to set aside Clause 6 of Notification dated 09.01.2024 issued by respondent No.2-Karnataka Examination Authority which clause inter alia contemplates that &lsquo;no candidate shall be eligible for admission to the Government seats unless he is citizen of India&rsquo; and that &lsquo;eligibility for Overseas Citizen of India/Person of Indian Origin candidates shall be as per the directions of the Government&rsquo;. It is further prayed to set aside clause 6.1 of the Information Bulletin issued by respondent No.1-State of Karnataka and respondent No.2-Karnataka Examination Authority (KEA) dated 10.01.2024 to the extent it provides similarly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.1 The petitioner has the grievance that the KEA has clubbed together on its website the Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) candidates with the Non-Resident India (NRI)/Foreign National candidates. It is the prayer to set aside the said Clause of clubbing. Further prayed is to consider the case of the petitioner under Article 371J of the Constitution in the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region general category seats. The petitioner wants that she should be permitted to participate in the seat allotment process and to chose the seat in the course accordingly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.2 The next prayer put forth is to declare that in light of the decision of the Supreme Court in Anushka Rengunthwar and others v. Union of India and others [(2023) 11 SCC 209 : AIR 2023 SC 903], the petitioner is eligible and entitled to appear and participate in the seat selection and allotment process for the academic year 2024-2025. The last prayer made by the petitioner is that the authorities are guilty of contempt of court for violating the decision of Anushka Rengunthwar (supra), in not treating the petitioner-the OCI cardholder at par with Indian citizen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1.1 In paragraph 3 of the petition, following is pleaded which becomes crux of the case and the grievance of the petitioner,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;When the petitioner registered online with KEA to participate in the online counselling for admission to MBBS/ BDS seats in Karnataka, the KEA website permitted her to register as a Foreign National and not as Indian Citizen, contrary to the law laid down by the Apex Court &hellip; and the only option available to the Petitioner was to register herself as Foreign National-OCIOverseas Citizen of India &hellip;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.9.3 Having regard to the object for which Article 371J is inserted in the Constitution, the category of the candidates for admission to professional courses thereunder not only possesses the differentia and separate characteristics to become a distinct class to be valid in eye of law, this differentia has a rational and reasonable nexus to the object to be carried out for the category of beneficiaries under Article 371J, for, the provision intends to uplift the deprived class of Hyderabad-Karnataka Region giving them reservation and additional opportunity in the field of education.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5.9.4 In Anushka Rengunthwar (supra), the Supreme Court observed in paragraph 41 that &ldquo;mere differentiation does not per se amount to discrimination within the inhibition of the equal protection clause.&rdquo; The OCI cardholders who are the foreign citizens cannot claim the equation with the beneficiary class governed by the object and purpose of the Article. 6. In view of the stand taken by respondent No.2-Karnataka Examination Authority in its affidavit-cum-reply and more particularly in light of what is laid down in the judgment of the Supreme Court in Anushka Rengunthwar (supra), the eligibility contemplated for consideration of the petitioner for admission to professional courses in Clause 6 of the Notification dated 9th January 2024 and Clause 6.1 of the Information Bulletin shall not apply, excepting for category under Article 371J of the Constitution as held above.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.1 Notwithstanding that the petitioner is not a citizen of India, she shall be treated for the purpose of admission to the professional courses in accordance with the law laid down in Anushka Rengunthwar (supra) by the Apex Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.2 In that view, the condition that &lsquo;no candidate shall be eligible for admission to government seats unless he is citizen of India&rsquo; will not attach debility for the petitioner as stated in para 6.1 above for the reason that the rights conferred under Notification dated 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; March 2021 and the decision in that regard in Anushka Rengunthwar (supra), would govern.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.3 The relief to the aforesaid extent is allowed to the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6.4 In light of the foregoing reasons and discussion, following is held and declared,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The rights of the petitioner as OCI Cardholder registered under Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, shall be governed, for the purpose of admission to the professional courses, in accordance with Notifications of the Central Government issued under Section 7B(1) of the 1955 Act, and as per the interpretation attached thereto it by the Supreme Court in Anushka Rengunthwar (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Neither the aforesaid Notification dated 4th March 2021, nor the decision of the Supreme Court in Anushka Rengunthwar (supra), deal with the entitlement of the persons such as petitioner who is OCI Cardholder, to be extended the benefit under Article 371J of the Constitution and for that purpose, Karnataka Educational Institutions (Regulation of Admission in Hyderabad-Karnataka Region) Order, 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) As per the reasons supplied in the present judgment, the category of beneficiaries under Article 371J and for that purpose Karnataka Educational Institutions (Regulation of Admission in Hyderabad-Karnataka Region) Order, 2013, are distinct and separate class, when juxtaposed with the class of persons who have the status of OCI Cardholders under Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) Both the above classes are distinct classes with distinct characteristics in facts and in law, not comparable, nor liable to be grouped together for the purpose of admissions under the Hyderabad-Karnataka or Kalyana Karnataka quota under Article 371J of the Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(v) Article 371J contemplates and provides for reservation. It is a special provision to be applied to the specified category, which is again a special category to be extended the benefit of reservation, and in whom the petitioner and like persons would not include. For the several reasons enumerated, the petitioner does not have the homogeneity to be treated alike under Article 371J of the Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(vi) The definition of &lsquo;local person&rsquo; conceptualized in Clause 4 of the Karnataka Educational Institutions (Regulation of Admission in Hyderabad-Karnataka Region) Order, 2013, could be said to be delimited with reference to the category of the persons-students for the benefit of reservation under Article 371J of the Constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(vii) The provision of Article 371J of the Constitution does not cover the class of OCI Cardholders and to such class the Article shall not have the application. Article 371J shall not be available to the petitioner-OCI Cardholder. The prayer of the petitioner to be included for the benefit under Article 371J of the Constitution is declined.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The present petition stands declared and disposed of as above.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2276e5aa926b46fb5e178be23ee9e955.jpg', '8353af5bc1a96a3757935eb4e0189b06.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-11 18:11:34', '2024-09-12 03:27:56');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(436, 'X2WDLQdBxwrkjZZ3IIY5SqYCz', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Land acquisition Act of 2013. When the landowner does not participate in the award, time for seeking a reference under Section 64 commences only from the date of knowledge. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pushpa Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 216421 of 2020 decided on 12 June 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner has challenged an endorsement dated 08.01.2019 issued by the respondent No.2 refusing to entertain a reference under Section 64 of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (henceforth referred to as &lsquo;Act of 2013&rsquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioner claims that her husband had purchased Sy.No.99/3 of Manvi Taluk, Raichur District from the respondent No.4 in terms of a sale deed dated 06.04.2015. The name of her husband was entered in the revenue records. After his death, the name of the petitioner was entered in the revenue records. The petitioner contends that a notification dated 16.06.2015 was issued by the respondent No.1 proposing to acquire property of the petitioner along with other properties for the purposes of formation of house sites. The name of the respondent No.4 appeared in the notification as the occupant of the land. The respondent No.2 thereafter passed an award determining the compensation at a sum of Rs.18,01,462/- and issued a notice of the award on 03.04.2017 to the respondent No.4. The respondent No.2 found that though the name of the respondent No.4 was mentioned in the notification, the revenue records as on that date stood in the name of the petitioner. The respondent No.3 therefore, initiated proceedings under Section 77(1) of the Act of 2013 before the I Additional District Judge, Raichur, in Misc.No.873/2018 to determine the person to whom the amount was payable. In the said proceedings, the respondent No.3 filed a memo on 19.11.2018 depositing the award amount of Rs.18,01,462/-. The petitioner contends that notice of Misc.No.873/2018 was served on her on 16.12.2018 and that she entered appearance and filed an application under Section 151 of CPC to release the amount deposited. Likewise, the respondent No.4 appeared and also filed an application for release of the deposited amount. The District Court after conducting a summary trial, allowed the application filed by the petitioner and directed a sum of Rs.18,01,462/- to be released in favour of the petitioner. The petitioner who came to know of the award passed by the respondent No.2 on 16.12.2018, filed an application before the respondent No.2 on 26.12.2018 under Section 64 of the Act of 2013 seeking proper adjudication and ascertaining correct market value of the land acquired in view of its non-agricultural potential. This application was rejected by the respondent No.2 in terms of an endorsement dated 08.01.2019 on the ground that the petitioner did not seek for a reference within the time specified under Section 64 of the Act 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It is not in dispute that the husband of the petitioner had purchased the land in question from the respondent No.4. It is also not in dispute that the name of the respondent No.4 was mentioned as an occupant in the notification issued by the respondent No.1 for acquisition of the land. It is also not in dispute that the petitioner was not heard before passing the award and she did not participate in the proceedings. It is also not in dispute that after the award was finalized, a notice of the award was issued to the respondent No.4 and not to the petitioner. When the respondent No.2 was under a doubt as to who was entitled for the compensation, the respondent No.2 ought to have resorted to the remedy provided under Section 77(2) of the Act of 2013 which reads as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;77. Payment of compensation or deposit of same in Authority.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) If the person entitled to compensation shall not consent to receive it, or if there be no person competent to alienate the land, or if there be any dispute as to the title to receive the compensation or as to the apportionment of it, the Collector shall deposit the amount of the compensation in the Authority to which a reference under Section 64 would be submitted:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that any person admitted to be interested may receive such payment under protest as to the sufficiency of the amount:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided further that no person who has received the amount otherwise than under protest shall be entitled to make any application under subsection (1) of Section 64:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided also that nothing herein contained shall affect the liability of any person, who may receive the whole or any part of any compensation awarded under this Act, to pay the same to the person lawfully entitled thereto.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Once respondent No.3 deposits the award amount under Section 77(2) of the Act of 2013, then it is invariable that a reference under Section 64 of the Act of 2013 also would be submitted by respondent No.2. In that event, the authority would have taken out the proceedings as provided under Section 64 of the Act of 2013. However, respondent No.2 did not resort to the remedy under Section 77(2) of the Act of 2013, but resorted to the procedure contemplated under Section 77(1) of the Act of 2013. The petitioner has nowhere contended that she was aware of the award proceedings or that she participated in the award proceedings and that notice of the award was issued to her.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. A perusal of Section 64 of the Act of 2013 shows that a person who was interested in the acquired land and who had not accepted the award may require the acquiring agency to refer to the authority any objections regarding measurement or the amount of the compensation or the person to whom it is payable. In case the acquiring agency fails to refer the application to the authority within a period thirty days, the person affected is entitled to request the acquiring authority to make a reference to it within a period of thirty days thereafter. If the person interested was present or represented before the acquiring agency when he made the award, then such reference shall be made within six weeks from the date of award and in other cases, within six weeks from the date of receipt of a notice of the award under Section 21 of the Act of 2013, or within six months from the date of collector&rsquo;s award, whichever expires first. De hors this, the acquiring authority may entertain the application after the expiry of the said period, within a further period of one year, if he is satisfied that there was sufficient cause for not filing it within the period specified.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In the case on hand, the award was passed on 31.03.2017 and the petitioner did not participate in the award nor did she receive a notice of the award under Section 12(2) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Therefore, the time for seeking a reference under Section 64 of the Act of 2013 did not commence insofar as the petitioner was concerned. The time commenced only when she was served with the notice in Civil Miscellaneous No.873/2018 i.e., on 16.12.2018 and therefore, the application filed by the petitioner under Section 64 of the Act of 2013 was well within the time.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. In that view of the matter, the endorsement issued by respondent No.2 rejecting the application filed by the petitioner seeking for reference under Section 64 of the Act of 2013 deserves to be interfered with. Consequently, the petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2472bbdf4c9acd94d3c5b94844ec1d86.JPG', '1c7555eb58386bba3b9a1e6a25812170.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 12:34:27', '2024-09-12 08:15:56'),
(433, 'drLX9osYqVTqmJ9QtFyJKlGRf', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Plaint can be rejected at any stage of the suit either suo motu or on the application filed by party. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M.S. Jagadeesh and others Vs B.J. Jayasanthosh and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 460 of 2017 decided on 14 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Sreenivas Harish Kumar and Justice Umesh M Adiga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Shorn of details, the case of the plaintiffs is like this:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;One Chikkayallappa was the propositus of the joint family. He had three sons and a daughter by name M.C .Somakka. The plaintif fs are the legal heirs of M.C .Somakka. Chikkayallappa died in the year 1915 and M.C .Somakka died on 24.09.1990, at the age of 77 years. The defendants are the legal heirs of the sons of Chikkayallappa. The plaintiffs claimed partition in the plaint schedule property bearing Municipal Door Nos.222, 223, 224, 232 and 592 situate at Mandi Mohalla, Sayyaji Road, Mysuru, stating that the said property belonged to the joint family and they too have a legitimate share in it. Defendants No .23 to 25 are the persons in whose name the suit property stood at the time when the suit was filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The defendants No.24 and 25 filed written statement denying the right of Somakka to inherit the property and thereby the right of the plaintiffs to claim the property. They also pleaded that the suit was time barred.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Having heard both sides, it can be stated at the outset that there is no legal infirmity in the order impugned in this appeal. Order VII Rule 11 is a provision in CPC which empowers the court to reject the plaint at any stage of the proceeding for various reasons enumerated in clauses (a) to (f). Very often clauses (a) and (d) are invoked for rejection of plaint. It is not incorrect to state that it is the duty of the court to reject the plaint the moment it finds that the plaint does not disclose cause of action, or from a statement made in the plaint, the suit is barred by law. Clauses (b), (c), (e) and (f) or Order VII Rule 11 empower the court to reject the plaint, but such a power cannot be exercised at once, for the attention of the plaintiff must be drawn for correcting the valuation or to supply requisite stamp or to file the plaint in duplicate or to comply with the provisions of Rule 9 of Order VII CPC as the case may be. If the plaintiff fails to comply within the time prescribed, the court may proceed to reject the plaint. But the same is not the position if the plaint does not disclose cause of action or the suit appears to be barred by any law. There are plethora of decisions on this point and to maintain the conciseness, it is not necessary to refer to the decided cases on this point. It may also be stated that the moment the court finds that the plaint does not disclose cause of action or suit is barred by law, it can reject the plaint without expecting an application to be filed by the defendant, of course only after hearing the plaintiff. In this case the trial court has suo-moto exercised the power under Order VII Rule 11(a) CPC finding that the plaintiffs had no right to sue.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The Division Bench judgment of this court in Jagadish Poonja mainly discusses the question as to how an issue relating to limitation is to be decided. The observation of this court are found in Para-29, which is extracted below.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. When in the plaint the plaintiff specifically avers that the suit is filed within the time of limitation and hence the sui t is in time, the Court cannot embark upon an enquiry on an application filed by the defendant under Order 7 Rule 11(d) to find out whether the statement is correct or not and then decide the said issue . The plaint to be rejected on the ground of bar of limitation under Section 3 what has to be seen is only the plaint averments. If the plaint averments do not disclose that the suit is barred by limitation , then the question of rejecting the plaint under Order 7 Rule 11(d) would not arise. When the defendant raises the plea of bar of limitation, the Court is bound to frame an issue regarding limitation. As the issue regarding limitation cannot be tried as a preliminary issue , the said issue has to be decided after recording of evidence upon all the issues framed in the suit including the issue regarding limitation . It is only thereafter the Court could decide the question whether the sui t is barred by the law of limitation . Therefore , the question of the Court going into the question of bar of limitation on an application filed under Order 7 Rule 11(d) CPC would not arise. Rejection of the plaint on the ground that the suit is barred by limitation is ex facie illegal and cannot be sustained. In that view of the matter, the order passed by the Trial Court cannot be sustained .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. In the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in Raghwendra Sharan Singh, cited by the learned counsel for respondents, the question of rejection of plaint on the ground of limitation arose, and having regard to the plaint averments which appeared to have been drafted cleverly to save limitation, the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court held that the plaint should have been rejected under Order VII Rule 11(d) of CPC&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. In the case on hand, the rejection of plaint was not on the point of limitation, the trial court has held that the plaintiffs do not have right to sue. The question begging is if the plaintiffs do not have right to sue at all, can the plaint be rejected under Order VII Rule 11(a) of CPC. The answer must be in affirmative. The cause of action indicated in the plaint must be real in the sense on the day when the suit was filed the right to claim relief on the basis of bundle of facts pleaded must be available and must continue to be available to the plaintiffs till the suit is decided on merits. If the plaint averments clearly disclose that right to claim relief is not at all available , the invariable conclusion has to be that plaint does not disclose cause of action which attracts exercise of power under Order VII Rule 11(a) of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. It is true that the trial court commenced recording of evidence and even without an application from the defendants, the trial court rejected the plaint while deciding an application filed under Section 151 CPC. This exercise of power by the trial court cannot be said to be illegal. As has been clearly enunciated in the classical judgment of the Supreme Court in the case of Arivandandam vs. T.V.Satyapal and another5 , &ldquo;Nip at the bud&rdquo; is the rule. In the case on hand meaningful reading of the plaint discloses very clearly that the plaintiffs do not have right to sue which answers the requirement that the plaint does not disclose cause of action. Even though some cause of action is shown in para 23 of the plaint it is not real. Hence for all these reasons, the appeal is dismissed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e0ec45a69b5c1ca8f768a7947a303d9d.jpg', 'd21467c867bf4d05997f88b78e82ca55.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 12:23:14', '2024-09-12 12:30:42'),
(438, 'H4LHBwqAs4PY78QkNspvRrFA7', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Compassionate appointment. Court has no power to expand the definition of ‘family’ to include daughter-in-law. Doctrine of reading down may be invoked and applied only when the statute is silent, ambiguous or admits more than one interpretation. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Priyanka Halamani Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 105264 of 2024 decided on 9 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S Dixit and Justice Vijaykumar A. Patil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This petition seeks to call in question the Service Tribunal&rsquo;s order dated 04.01.2024 whereby petitioner&rsquo;s Application No.10005/2024 has been negatived. The grievance of the petitioner before the Tribunal was the non-consideration of her candidature for compassionate appointment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Having heard the learned counsel for the parties and having perused the petition papers, we decline indulgence in the matter broadly agreeing with the submission of learned Government Advocate. The stand of the Official Respondents is adumbrated by the observations in Pallavi supra wherein paragraph No.4 reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;4. It hardly needs to be stated that the appointment on compassionate ground is an exception to the general rule of equality in public employment enacted in Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution vide THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL VS. DEBABRATA TIWARI AND OTHERS, 2023 SCC OnLine SC 219 and therefore, the Rules providing for such appointment need to be construed strictly. Courts through the process of interpretation cannot expand the contours of a statutory definition. When the Rule Maker in so many words has specified the persons as being the members of family of an employee, we cannot add one to or delete one from the definition of family. An argument to the contrary if accepted, would amount to rewriting the Rule, and therefore, cannot be countenanced.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The Alhabad High Court decision in U.P.Power Corporation Ltd., (supra) at paragraph No.8 reads as under;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Upon applicability of aforesaid judgment, it is apparent that petitioner&rsquo;s application for compassionate appointment of the fair price shop in question has been rejected only on the ground that she does not come come within the definition of &lsquo;family as per paragraph IV(X) of the government order dated 5th August, 2019 this aspect of the matter having already been covered by the judgment of this Court indicated herein above, the ground for rejection of petitioner&rsquo;s application for compassionate appointment is clearly unsustainable.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;We are in respectful difference with the above decision which has not adverted to the doctrine of separation powers, which is treated as a basic feature of the Constitution vide Indira Nehru Gandhi supra. The law maker as a matter of policy has framed the definition of &lsquo;family&rsquo; to include specific relatives of the employee dying in harness and the daughter-in-law is not one of them. It is not within the domain of Courts to expand or constrict a statutory definition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The submission of the learned counsel for the petitioner that the court should invoke the doctrine of reading down and thereby add daughter-in-law to the definition of family for the purpose of staking claim for compassionate appointment, does not merit acceptance and reasons for this are not for to seek. Ordinarily this doctrine is invoked to trim the contours of law which otherwise suffers from the vice of over inclusiveness or such other infirmity and therefore is falling foul of a higher legal norm such as the parent statute, the constitution, etc. The Courts do not readily resort to this doctrine in the absence of challenge to the legal provision on some constitutional/statutory grounds. Admittedly, there is no challenge to the definition clause which gives the meaning of family for the purpose of extant Rules. No Rule or Ruling nor opinio juris is cited at the Bar to support the preposition that by the process of reading down, the scope of an instrument of law can be expanded.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The doctrine of reading down may be invoked and applied if the statute is silent, ambiguous or admits more than one interpretation. But where it is express, and clearly mandates to take certain action or to mean certain things, the function of the Court is to interpret it plainly. In the absence of challenge, ordinarily courts do not permit the invocation of this doctrine to alter the policy content of a statute. It is relevant to see what the Apex Court observed in Minerva Mills Vs. UOI&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;65. &hellip; If the Parliament has manifested a clear intention to exercise an unlimited power, it is impermissible to read down the amplitude of that power so as to make it limited. The principle of reading down cannot be invoked or applied in opposition to the clear intention of the legislature &hellip;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The above observations broadly support our view that the doctrine is not invocable in the case at hand. 8. For the purpose of compassionate appointment, who all can lay a claim, is a matter of public policy that falls within the domain of law-maker, and the Courts being his coordinate branch, cannot run a race of opinions with him. A greater wisdom lies in confining to the conventional limits of judicial process, leaving the legislative one to the other coordinate branch, than otherwise. More is not necessary to specify.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the above circumstance, this writ petition is liable to be rejected and accordingly it is, costs having been made easy.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f22fa6ddefb97c6f8c440c463804f64a.png', '22047c2cf024d5c83ca814421650bac6.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 13:19:10', '2024-09-13 03:10:26'),
(439, 'XNP4EoG3cRpnhcf0b4yjZNUct', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Railways Act. Creating online platform to accelerate railway ticket booking does not amount to unauthorised carrying on of business of procuring and supplying of railway tickets under Section 143. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Gaurav Dahake Vs The Union of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 2926 of 2024 decided on 3 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Facts, in Brief, germane are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioner claims to be an IIT Graduate from IIT Kharagpur with a deep passion for entrepreneurship. The petitioner begins a start up called &lsquo;buyhatke.com&rsquo; to help consumers save money during online transaction by serving as a product price comparison online browser extension. The petitioner subsequently in the month of August 2017 develops a software tool called &lsquo;Tatkalforsure&rsquo; which auto fills the details of travellers intending to book Tatkal tickets on official IRCTC website. The Indian Railways had just then developed and promoted the concept of IRCTC Tatkal tickets which are limited tickets reserved solely for last minute ticket bookings and change of plans of travellers hoping to utilize the services of the Indian Railways. Tatkal ticket booking would open at 10 a.m. for AC class and at 11 a.m. for non-AC class one day in advance from the actual date of start of the train.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The petitioner claims that in order to allay the concern of a potential traveller, he developed a web extension/app that would auto-fill details of a potential traveller on the IRCTC website to expedite the process of booking a Tatkal ticket. The Tatkal website of Railways used to take 5 to 7 minutes, but in the tool developed by the petitioner the ticket would get generated in 45 seconds. This became very popular. Initially the petitioner was doing it for free. In the month of February 2020, the petitioner would do two acts &ndash; one, limit the bookings that would be booked through his extension to 10 and charge `30/- per booking. This caught the eye of the Railways as he was allegedly charging `30/- per ticket. Though the petitioner claimed that he was paying relevant taxes and GST on all the transactions done, a notice was issued to him on 29-09-2020, the petitioner was summoned and enquiry against him was made for offences punishable under Section 143 of the Act and the laptop through which the petitioner was doing his extension work comes to be seized and on the alleged confession of the petitioner, the respondent registered a crime. Long thereafter, a final report after 3 years of registration of crime comes to be filed before the concerned Court and the concerned Court takes cognizance of the offence against the petitioner for offences punishable under Section 143 of the Act. Taking of cognizance has driven the petitioner to this Court in the subject petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8&hellip; The averment is that the potential traveller to get a confirmed ticket from Railways would take 8 minutes and through the webextension of the petitioner it would take 40 &ndash; 45 seconds. All was well for three years when the petitioner was doing it for free. It appears that to prevent misuse of the software tool by unauthorized persons as bulk tickets were booked, he would restrict them to ten tickets in a month and built a security system that would block those accounts which would indulge in bulk ticketing points and to provide any authenticity he began to charge `30/- per ticket from February 2020 and claims to have paid all the taxes. Charging `30/- catches the eye of the Railways. He was summoned and a statement of his was recorded. The petitioner confessed that he is charging `30/- and claiming that he has caused loss to the Railways, crime for offences punishable under Section 143 of the Act is initiated. Since the offence alleged is Section 143 of the Act, I deem it appropriate to notice Section 143 of the Act. It reads as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;143. Penalty for unauthorised carrying on of business of procuring and supplying of railway tickets.&mdash; (1) If any person, not being a railway servant or an agent authorised in this behalf,&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) carries on the business of procuring and supplying tickets for travel on a railway or for reserved accommodation for journey in a train; or&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) purchases or sells or attempts to purchase or sell tickets with a view to carrying on any such business either by himself or by any other person,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees, or with both, and shall also forfeit the tickets which he so procures, supplies, purchases, sells or attempts to purchase or sell:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Section 143 of the Act prohibits unauthorized carrying on of business of procuring and supplying railway tickets. If any person who is not a Railway servant or agent carrying on the business of procuring and supplying the tickets without permission it would become an offence punishable under Section 143 of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. The issue now would be whether, the petitioner has either procured or supplied railway tickets. The answer would be unequivocal and an emphatic &lsquo;no&rsquo;. The petitioner has neither procured nor supplied tickets. All that the petitioner has done was creation of an extension to the IRCTC website. That extension would speed up the process of securing Tatkal confirmation of those potential traveller and the period of 7 minutes is said to have been reduced to 40 seconds. It would undoubtedly benefit all the public. Unless the ingredients of Section 143 are met, the crime itself could not have been registered. The Railway Police did not file their final report despite passage of 3 years. Repeated show cause notices were issued by the concerned Court. It is only then a final report is placed before the Court on 30-10-2023 upon which the impugned order of cognizance emerges. The petitioner neither purchases, sells or attempts to purchase tickets of the railways. It is only those persons who unauthorisedly carry on the business of procuring and supplying tickets for travel on a railway would become open to punishment for offence punishable under Section 143 of the Act. The petitioner has not indulged in unauthorized carrying on of business of procuring and supplying of railway tickets. Finding no ingredient of offence under Section 143 of the Act, permitting further proceedings would run counter to law. This view of mine, in this regard, is fortified by the judgment rendered by the Kerala High Court reported in MATHEW K.CHERIAN v. STATE OF KERALA1 . The challenge therein was also to an offence under Section 143 of the Act. The Kerala high Court answers the issue as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The case of the Railway is that since the petitioner is not Railway&#039;s agent and authorised to supply the railway tickets, an offence under Section 143 of the Act is made out. It is appropriate to refer Section 143 of the Act which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;143. Penalty for unauthorised carrying on of business of procuring and supplying of railway tickets.- (1) If any person, not being a railway servant or an agent authorised in this behalf,&hellip;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The Act was enacted much before the advent of e-ticket system. The object of Section 143 is to prevent procurement of ticket for travelling on railway or in a reserved compartment or journey in a train by any person with the ticket not being issued by railway servant or by an authorised agent. It appears that Railway wants to ensure the authenticity of the tickets issued to the travellers on a travel in a railway. It appears that many travellers were travelling on railway in a ticket not being issued to them and issued in the name of third parties. The Railway Act wants to ensure that the ticket is issued by railway servant or agent authorised on this behalf as the case may be to a genuine travellers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The facts obtaining before the High Court of Kerala were similar to the one that are obtaining in the case at hand. I am in complete agreement with what is held by the Kerala High Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Therefore, finding no warrant to permit continuance of the proceedings against the petitioner, I deem it appropriate to exercise my jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C., and obliterate the crime against the petitioner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Criminal Petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4cc71ed6f5e5c0fa1786d87733c070eb.jpeg', '2332d484b4591ad82a51ae40f6cf9b74.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 13:54:05', '2024-09-13 11:25:52');
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(440, 'gkAFNNCx7BtCoPc3BM41bGOH2', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' After the commencement of the Hindu Succession Act 1956, undivided interest of a Hindu in a joint family property can be disposed of by Will as per Section 30 of the Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dulalchandra Malakar Vs Ranjith Khabiraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 7098 of 2013 decided on 3 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. This Court, while admitting the appeal on 03.11.2020, has framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;1) Whether first appellate court finding that, the testator has no capacity as required under law to dispose off the suit property by way of will is illegal, capricious and needs interference?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) Whether the finding of the first appellate court that, the defendant is the grand son of the deceased testator based on the documentary evidence Ex.D.1 and Ex.D.3 is contrary to the evidence on record.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Suit seeking declaration of title to declare that the plaintiff is the absolute owner and possessor of the suit &lsquo;A &amp; B&rsquo; schedule properties and for permanent injunction and in the alternative sought for prayer of possession, in the event, the defendant is found to be in possession of the suit property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Plaintiff claims title over the suit property on the basis of the registered Will dated 30.10.1989 executed by Pagal Biswas and registered Will dated 18.12.2000 executed by Pachi Biswas W/o Pagal Biswas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Prior to the Act, a Hindu could execute the Will bequeathing his separate and self acquired property, as regards his authority to execute a Will concerning his interest in the property of the joint family of which he is a coparcener, the law did not permit such an exercise. The Apex Court in the case of V. Kalyanaswamy (D) by Lrs. &amp; Anr. vs L. Bakthavatsalam (D) by Lrs. &amp; Ors. in Civil Appeal Nos.1021-1026 of 2013 and connected matters dated 17.07.2020, noted four situations before commencement of the Act, where a Hindu was granted a power and at the same time restrictions were imposed on his power pertaining to bequeathing his property by way of a Will. The said situations read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;1. A member of a Joint Hindu family who also has his separate property, then the member had a right to bequeath his separate property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In the next situation, the family remains joint and the member or the coparcener would have an interest. In this case, the interest in such joint family property cannot form a part of the will prior to the concerned Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The next situation pertains to the disruption in the title or a division in status. This severance means the separation in the joint family status caused due to unequivocal declaration by a coparcener which is in turn, communicated to the joint family. Such communication can be by way of words or by way of conduct including the filing of a suit by the concerned coparcener. Now, when such disruption in the status takes place, the share of the coparcener in the joint family property becomes a reality and takes concrete shape and thus, the share of the members of the joint family becomes definite in nature. This may or may not be accompanied by the metes and bounds partition. Under this scenario, the right based on the principle of survivorship perishes and the share of a coparcener becomes undeniable. This would indicate to a situation that after the death of the coparcener the share of the Joint family property would devolve to the legal heirs of the deceased and not to other coparceners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The last situation pertains to the partition of property by metes and bounds along with the severance of the status and title in the family according to the share. The property obtained as a share on a partition by a coparcener who has no male issues is treated as his separate property. This has persisted even prior to the enactment of the Hindu Succession Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Therefore, prior to the Act being in force, the concept of Will prevailed, if a person has a separate property he could bequeath the same. As far as the Joint Hindu family property is concerned, without there being a severance in the status regarding the share of the property to be held or partition by metes and bounds, a coparcener was not permitted to bequeath his undivided share by way of a Will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the case of Valliammai Achi v. Nagappa Chettiar and another , the Apex Court held that the property of a joint family is not entitled to be given away by way of a Will and by merely devolving a Mitakshara coparcenary property through a Will no difference to the title of the property will be changed. It was further observed that no coparcener can turn a joint family property into an absolute property as it is well settled that the share which a co-sharer obtains on partition of an ancestral property is ancestral property as regards his male issues.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In another case of Sundara Adapa v. Girija , the Apex Court recognized the practice of not devolving the property through a Will when the status of the Mitakshara property has not been severed. The Court stated reasons that by the time the Will of the coparcener took effect his interest in the undivided family would have been taken by survivorship by the other coparceners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Further, in the case of M.N. Aryamurthy v. M.D. Subbaraya Setty the Court reiterated the principle that a coparcener cannot dispose of a Joint Hindu family property or any part thereof, by way of a Will. The Court further stated, &ldquo;a coparcener cannot devise joint family property by will, because, on the date of his death when the will takes effect, there is nothing for the will to operate on, as, at the moment of his death, his interest passes by survivorship to the other coparceners.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The statutory recognition to bequeathing a property through a Will came in the year 1956 with the enactment of the Act. Section 30 of the Act deals with the position of testamentary succession, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;30. Testamentary succession.&mdash; Any Hindu may dispose of by will or other testamentary disposition any property, which is capable of being so disposed of by him or by her, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925), or any other law for the time being in force and applicable to Hindus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash;The interest of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property or the interest of a member of a tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru in the property of the tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru shall notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force, be deemed to be property capable of being disposed of by him or by her within the meaning of this section.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The Section empowers any Hindu may dispose of any property capable of being disposed of by him, by way of a Will or through testamentary disposition in accordance with the Indian Succession Act. Further, as per the Explanation stipulated under the concerned Section, the interest of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property or the interest of a member of a tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru in the property of the tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru shall be deemed to be property capable of being disposed of by them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. After interpreting this Section it is certain even without any partition or for that matter without any severance of status in the sense of a declaration to be made by a coparcener to other coparceners, it is open to a Hindu to bequeath his interest in the Joint Hindu family property. Thus, the words, &ldquo;interest in coparcenary property&rdquo;, can be interpreted to mean the interest of a coparcener while the joint family is indeed intact in status and not when there is a partition in the sense of there being a disruption in status in the family. Thus, the interest of a coparcener in the joint Hindu family property remains in place and after the division of status, it takes the form of a definite share. Later, through the partition by metes and bounds the share translates into absolute rights qua specific properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In a recent decision in the case of Radhamma and others v. H.N. Muddukrishna &amp; others, the Apex Court observed that the undivided interest of a Hindu in a joint family property can be disposed of by Will as per Section 30 of the Act. The Court observed that when a Hindu dies after the commencement of the Act, leaving behind the interest in the Mitakshara coparcenary property, that interest will devolve according to the rules governed by survivorship upon the surviving coparceners. However, there is an exception to this rule stipulated under the Explanation under Section 30, which clarifies that the interest of a male Hindu in Mitakshara coparcenary property can be disposed of by him by Will or any other testamentary disposition. This means that the law makers intended that for all intents and purposes, the interest of a male Hindu in Mitakshara coparcenary was to be virtually like his self acquired property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The two situations, that is, before and after the enactment of the Act, can be contrasted on solely one ground. Before the commencement of the Act, without the division of the status in the sense of there being a disruption in the share of the coparceners, the coparcener was not allowed to devolve the property by way of a will or testament. However, after the initiation of the Act and the inclusion of Section 30 within its provisions, even without there being a partition by way of a declaration being communicated by one coparcener to another to bring about the division, it is open to a Hindu to bequeath his interest in the joint family. The first appellate Court fell in error in holding that the testator had no capacity to dispose of the suit property by way of Will. The substantial question of law No.(1) framed by this Court is answered in favour of the appellant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Insofar as second substantial question of law, Exs.D-1 and D-3 indicate that the defendant is the grandson of deceased testator and to establish contrary, no material is forthcoming. The interference by this Court is only to the capacity of the testator to dispose of his interest over the suit property. The findings regarding the defendant being the grandson is not interfered. Accordingly, substantial question of law No.(2) is answered against the appellant and this Court pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Regular Second Appeal is hereby allowed in part.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fa1bbe14b33da212417d0ea03a614374.JPG', '28c6a8329a6892f70233d3e18fd0716b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-12', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 14:56:01', '2024-09-15 13:51:07'),
(441, 'dw52NENu5CrHRvNCMy3JEtehW', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '  In a suit for partition, it is sufficient for the plaintiff to ask for his share and a declaration that he is not bound by any alienation. No need to seek cancellation of any alienation. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shanthamma Vs Ramawwa and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 200005 of 2018 decided on 15 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K.S. Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. This Court while admitting the appeal on 08.01.2024 framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) &ldquo;Whether the First Appellate Court is justified in interfering with the finding recorded by the Trial Court relating to Issue No.3 in O.S.No.102/2011?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) Whether the finding recorded by the First Appellate Court that the plaintiff had not challenged the sale-deed said to have been executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant Nos.2 and 3 within three years from her knowledge?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Suit was for partition and separate possession of half share in the agriculture land bearing Sy. No.60/3 measuring 17 acres 25 guntas, situated at Halchair Village, Chincholi Taluk, Gulbarga District (Hereinafter referred to the &lsquo;suit land&rsquo; for short). Plaintiff and defendant No.1 are the sisters. Defendant No.5 is the son and defendant No.4 is the daughter-in-law of defendant No.1. Defendant Nos.2 and 3 are the purchasers of the portion of the suit land, defendant No.2 purchased 4 acres towards Western portion and defendant No.3 purchased 4 acres in between the land of defendant Nos.2, 4 and 5. The sale deed in favour of defendant 2 and 3 is not binding upon the plaintiff&rsquo;s share.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. On notice, defendant Nos.1, 4 and 5 appeared and filed their written statement, interalia admitting the relationship between the parties and contending that defendant Nos.2 and 3 have purchased portion of the suit land. The case made out by the defendants is that after the death of their father Ghalappa, there was family necessity and due to the family necessity an extent of 4 acres in Sy.No.60/3 was sold in favour of defendant in favour of defendant Nos.2 and 3 was for the legal necessity.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Defendant Nos.2 and 3 appeared and filed their written statement interalia contending that defendant No.1 has sold the property for their family necessity and that the plaintiff has no right to file the suit against defendants, as defendant Nos.1, 4 and 5 have ousted the plaintiff and since 1975 the plaintiff is not in possession of the suit land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The plaintiff is seeking for declaration of her half share in the suit land. The averments made in the plaint are that the sale deed executed by defendant No.1 in favour of defendant Nos.2 and 3 is not binding upon the plaintiff as she is not a party to the deed and in the suit land the plaintiff has got half share and if the Courts below come to the conclusion that the sale is bonafide then deduct the share of defendant No.1 and hold that the sale deed is not binding upon the plaintiff&rsquo;s share. The law is well settled that in a suit for partition in relation to a alleged joint family properties which has been alienated by the defendants prior to the suit, in addition to the prayer for partition and it is necessary for the plaintiffs who are not parties to the alienation to seek declaration that the alienations are not binding upon them or their alleged share in the properties. In this regard the Apex Court&rsquo;s judgment in the case of SUHRID SINGH ALIAS SARDOOL SINGH Versus RANDHIR SINGH AND OTHERS1 , Para No.7 needs to be culled out as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;7. Where the executant of a deed wants it to be annulled, he has to seek cancellation of the deed. But if a non-executant seeks annulment of a deed, he has to seek a declaration that the deed is invalid, or nonest, or illegal or that it is not binding on him. The difference between a prayer for cancellation and declaration in regard to a deed of transfer/conveyance, can be brought out by the following illustration relating to `A&#039; and `B&#039;, two brothers. `A&#039; executes a sale deed in favour of `C&#039;. Subsequently `A&#039; wants to avoid the sale. `A&#039; has to sue for cancellation of the deed. On the other hand, if `B&#039;, who is not the executant of the deed, wants to avoid it, he has to sue for a declaration that the deed executed by `A&#039; is invalid/void and nonest/illegal and he is not bound by it. In essence both may be suing to have the deed set aside or declared as non-binding. But the form is different and court fee is also different. If `A&#039;, the executant of the deed, seeks cancellation of the deed, he has to pay ad-valorem court fee on the consideration stated in the sale deed. If `B&#039;, who is a non-executant, is in possession and sues for a declaration that the deed is null or void and does not bind him or his share, he has to merely pay a fixed court fee of Rs.19.50 under Article 17(iii) of Second Schedule of the Act. But if `B&#039;, a nonexecutant, is not in possession, and he seeks not only a declaration that the sale deed is invalid, but also the consequential relief of possession, he has to pay an advalorem court fee as provided under Section 7(iv)(c) of the Act. Section 7(iv)(c) provides that in suits for a declaratory decree with consequential relief, the court fee shall be computed according to the amount at which the relief sought is valued in the plaint. The proviso thereto makes it clear that where the suit for declaratory decree with consequential relief is with reference to any property, such valuation shall not be less than the value of the property calculated in the manner provided for by clause (v) of Section 7.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. The Division Bench of this Court in the case of Ganapati Santaram Bhosale and Ors. Vs. Ramachandra Subbarao Kulkarni and Ors., in RFA Nos.87 and 90 of 1975 DD 12.02.1985, at Para No.18 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;18. Mr. Krishnappa appearing for the plaintiff has, on the other hand, contended that the sales in favour of defendants 5 and 6 were sales of joint family property and the same being treated as minor&#039;s property would not arise and therefore question of applying the period of limitation prescribed under Art. 60 of the Limitation Act would also not arise. However, Sri Desai relied upon a decision of this Court in the case of Dodda Thimma Naika v. Lakshmaiah, in which it was held that a de facto guardian is as much a guardian as a natural guardian and the powers of the de facto guardian also include the power to sell a minor&#039;s property for legal necessity and therefore Art. 44 (corresponding to Art. 60 of the present Limitation Act) 1908 would apply to set aside the sale by a de facto guardian. Undoubtedly, that decision was rendered by a learned single Judge of this Court following the decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, in the case of Kasturi Lakshmibayamma v. Sabnivis Venkoba Rao. The decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was approved by the learned single Judge in preference to the decision per contra, rendered by the Travancore-Cochin High Court in the case of Thomman Parakkal v. Madhavan Arakaparambal, AIR 1955 Trav Co 197. We have been taken through both the decisions rendered by this Court as well as the decision rendered by the Andhra Pradesh High Court. As a proposition of law we do not find anything strange in &#039;the view taken by the learned single Judge&#039; of this Court and the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. It is well settled law that guardian has power to make an alienation for the benefit of the minor or minor&#039;s estate but when guardian so alienates he is not alienating his property but the property which has vested in the minor. If that fact is borne in mind the alienation by karta or a guardian or a de facto guardian as claimed by the learned counsel will not be an alienation, of property belonging to minor but alienation, of joint family property in which the ward who is a minor has only an interest. There is, therefore, a difference in the alienation of joint family property by karta and alienation. If minor&#039;s property by guardian. If this distinction is borne in mind then on facts of the case the decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court or this Court in Dodda Thimma Naika&#039;s case is not of any assistance to the base of defendants 5 and 6. The trial court has correctly held that the suit was within time having regard to the specific provision made, Art. 109 of the Limitation Act which concerns the alienations made of joint Hindu family properties. Therefore, we have necessarily to reject the first contention advanced for defendants 5and 6.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Another Division Bench of this Court in the case of Bhimasi Fakirappa Bijjur in R.F.A. No.23/2002 c/w R.F.A. No.1012/2001 at paragraph Nos.13.5 and 13.6 has held as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;13.5 A perusal of the impugned judgment and decree will also indicate that the trial Court has failed to consider and appreciate the well settled position of law that in a suit for partition in relation to alleged joint family properties, which have been alienated by the defendant(s) prior to the suit, in addition to the prayer for partition, it is necessary for the plaintiffs, who are not parties to the alienation to seek a declaration that the alienations are not binding upon them or their alleged share in the properties. In this regard, it is necessary to refer to the judgment of the Apex Court in Suhrid Singh&rsquo;s case (supra), wherein it was held as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Leave granted. The appellant filed a suit (Case No. 381 of 2007) on the file of the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Chandigarh for several reliefs. The plaint contains several elaborate prayers, summarised below:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) for a declaration that two houses and certain agricultural lands purchased by his father, S. Rajinder Singh were coparcenary properties as they were purchased from the sale proceeds of ancestral properties, and that he was entitled to joint possession thereof;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) for a declaration that the will dated 14-7-1985 with the codicil dated 17-8-1988 made in favour of the third defendant, and gift deed dated 10-9-2003 made in favour of the fourth defendant were void and non est &ldquo;qua the coparcenary&rdquo;;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) for a declaration that the sale deeds dated 20-4- 2001, 24-4-2001 and 6-7-2001 executed by his father, S. Rajinder Singh in favour of the first defendant and sale deed dated 27-9-2003 executed by the alleged power-of-attorney holder of S.Rajinder Singh in favour of the second defendant, in regard to certain agricultural lands (described in the prayer), are null and void qua the rights of the &ldquo;coparcenary&rdquo;, as they were not for legal necessity or for benefit of the family; and&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) for consequential injunctions restraining Defendants 1 to 4 from alienating the suit properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The second proviso to Section 7(iv) of the Act will apply in this case and the valuation shall not be less than the value of the property calculated in the manner provided for by clause (v) of the said section. Clause (v) provides that where the relief is in regard to agricultural lands, court fee should be reckoned with reference to the revenue payable under sub-clauses (a) to (d) thereof; and where the relief is in regard to the houses, court fee shall be on the market value of the houses, under sub-clause (e) thereof.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. Where the executant of a deed wants it to be annulled, he has to seek cancellation of the deed. But if a non-executant seeks annulment of a deed, he has to seek a declaration that the deed is invalid, or non est, or illegal or that it is not binding on him. The difference between a prayer for cancellation and declaration in regard to a deed of transfer/conveyance, can be brought out by the following illustration relating to A and B, two brothers. A executes a sale deed in favour of C. Subsequently A wants to avoid the sale. A has to sue for cancellation of the deed. On the other hand, if B, who is not the executant of the deed, wants to avoid it, he has to sue for a declaration that the deed executed by A is invalid/void and non est/illegal and he is not bound by it. In essence both may be suing to have the deed set aside or declared as nonbinding. But the form is different and court fee is also different. If A, the executant of the deed, seeks cancellation of the deed, he has to pay ad valorem court fee on the consideration stated in the sale deed. If B, who is a non-executant, is in possession and sues for a declaration that the deed is null or void and does not bind him or his share, he has to merely pay a fixed Court fee of Rs. 19.50 under Article 17(iii) of the Second Schedule of the Act. But if B, a non-executant, is not in possession, and he seeks not only a declaration that the sale deed is invalid, but also the consequential relief of possession, he has to pay an ad valorem Court fee as provided under Section 7(iv)(c) of the Act.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13.6 A similar view was taken in Ganapati Santaram Bhosale&rsquo;s case (supra), by the Division Bench of this Court, wherein it was held as under:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;19. The second contention that the suit should have failed for lack of specific relief in regard to the setting aside of the sales is also devoid of merit. It is now well settled that in a suit for partition by Hindu coparcener it is not necessary for him to seek the setting aside of the sale. It is sufficient if he asks for his share in the joint family properties and he be put in possession thereof and for a declaration that he is not bound by any alienations or interest of others created in such properties which, fall to his share:&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. A perusal of the impugned judgment and decree of the first appellate Court indicate that the first appellate Court has failed to consider and appreciate the settled proposition of law that in a suit for partition, if a coparcener is not a party, it is sufficient for the coparcener to seek for share in the joint family properties and declaration that the coparcener is not bound by any alienation. Perusal of the plaint averments clearly indicate that the plaintiff is seeking for a share in the joint family property and for declaration that the sale is not binding upon the plaintiff. The substantial question of law framed by this Court is answered in favour of the plaintiff appellant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Regular Second Appeal is hereby allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5daf6a2601891bb6918aa9e345481dc1.JPG', '14a1df5d6bec619abfc6f40e10541ef7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 15:30:19', '2024-09-13 08:14:48'),
(442, 'GQoX6GVUCMFlbJA9hm18tVD1Y', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sale of company property after passing the winding up order is void. High Court can order cancellation of the sale deed. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Official Liquidator of M/S Victory Glass and Industries LTD Vs Rakesh Kumar Agarwal and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Company Petition 272 of 2022 decided on 17 November 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The relevant facts necessary for consideration of the present petition is that respondent-company was ordered to be wound up vide order dated 13.06.2003 passed in Company Petition No.272/2002. That the Company in liquidation had purchased a property bearing site No.452 measuring 6460 Sq. ft (600 sq.meters) (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;said property&rsquo;) in the private layout known as &ldquo;JADE GARDEN ANNEX&rdquo; situated at Sadahalli Village, Devanahalli Taluk, Bengaluru North vide registered Sale Deed dated 07.05.1997. That the company in liquidation entered into a loan Agreement dated 31.03.2000 with M/s KSIIDC and mortgaged the said property and a charge was created in favour of Respondent No.3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It is the matter of record, the company in liquidation has been ordered to be wound up on 13.06.2003. It is a matter of record that the property i.e., site No.452 that the said property has been acquired by the company in liquidation by virtue of the registered Sale Deed 07.05.1997 i.e., prior to the order of winding up.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. It is forthcoming from a copy of Sale Deed dated 26.09.2009, which is executed after the winding up order is passed, that the vendor under the said sale Deed had sought to convey the said property by virtue of an agreement of sale and GPA allegedly executed in his favour by the company in liquidation. It is clear that as on of the said Sale Deed dated 26.09.2009, the vendor under the said sale deed himself did not have title to the property since there is no reference to any registered deed of conveyance in the said Sale Deed to demonstrate that he is the absolute owner in possession and enjoyment of the said property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Be that as it may, Section 536(2) of the Companies Act state as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) In the case of a winding up by [the Tribunal], any disposition of the property (including actionable claims) of the company, and any transfer of shares in the company or alteration in the status of its members, made after the commencement of the winding up, shall, unless the [Tribunal] otherwise orders, be void.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Having regard to the clear stipulation as contained having to the fact that the Sale Deed dated 26.09.2009 has been executed in respect of the property of the Company, after the winding up order has been passed, under Section 536(2) of the Companies Act, the relief sought for in the present application is liable to be granted. Hence, the following order is passed:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The application is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '042d5e36ee684808c2426a362a620bcc.JPG', '42193e6ec0b7135de4fb7d37b0092d54.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-13', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-12 15:56:13', '2024-09-13 06:41:37');
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(448, '73KvSFAU3BxoiyQlOAZWSfPcS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' After the commencement of the Hindu Succession Act 1956, undivided interest of a Hindu in a joint family property can be disposed of by Will as per Section 30 of the Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dulalchandra Malakar Vs Ranjith Khabiraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 7098 of 2013 decided on 3 July 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K S Hemalekha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. This Court, while admitting the appeal on 03.11.2020, has framed the following substantial questions of law:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;1) Whether first appellate court finding that, the testator has no capacity as required under law to dispose off the suit property by way of will is illegal, capricious and needs interference?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) Whether the finding of the first appellate court that, the defendant is the grand son of the deceased testator based on the documentary evidence Ex.D.1 and Ex.D.3 is contrary to the evidence on record.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Suit seeking declaration of title to declare that the plaintiff is the absolute owner and possessor of the suit &lsquo;A &amp;amp; B&rsquo; schedule properties and for permanent injunction and in the alternative sought for prayer of possession, in the event, the defendant is found to be in possession of the suit property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Plaintiff claims title over the suit property on the basis of the registered Will dated 30.10.1989 executed by Pagal Biswas and registered Will dated 18.12.2000 executed by Pachi Biswas W/o Pagal Biswas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Prior to the Act, a Hindu could execute the Will bequeathing his separate and self acquired property, as regards his authority to execute a Will concerning his interest in the property of the joint family of which he is a coparcener, the law did not permit such an exercise. The Apex Court in the case of V. Kalyanaswamy (D) by Lrs. &amp;amp; Anr. vs L. Bakthavatsalam (D) by Lrs. &amp;amp; Ors. in Civil Appeal Nos.1021-1026 of 2013 and connected matters dated 17.07.2020, noted four situations before commencement of the Act, where a Hindu was granted a power and at the same time restrictions were imposed on his power pertaining to bequeathing his property by way of a Will. The said situations read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;1. A member of a Joint Hindu family who also has his separate property, then the member had a right to bequeath his separate property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. In the next situation, the family remains joint and the member or the coparcener would have an interest. In this case, the interest in such joint family property cannot form a part of the will prior to the concerned Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The next situation pertains to the disruption in the title or a division in status. This severance means the separation in the joint family status caused due to unequivocal declaration by a coparcener which is in turn, communicated to the joint family. Such communication can be by way of words or by way of conduct including the filing of a suit by the concerned coparcener. Now, when such disruption in the status takes place, the share of the coparcener in the joint family property becomes a reality and takes concrete shape and thus, the share of the members of the joint family becomes definite in nature. This may or may not be accompanied by the metes and bounds partition. Under this scenario, the right based on the principle of survivorship perishes and the share of a coparcener becomes undeniable. This would indicate to a situation that after the death of the coparcener the share of the Joint family property would devolve to the legal heirs of the deceased and not to other coparceners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The last situation pertains to the partition of property by metes and bounds along with the severance of the status and title in the family according to the share. The property obtained as a share on a partition by a coparcener who has no male issues is treated as his separate property. This has persisted even prior to the enactment of the Hindu Succession Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Therefore, prior to the Act being in force, the concept of Will prevailed, if a person has a separate property he could bequeath the same. As far as the Joint Hindu family property is concerned, without there being a severance in the status regarding the share of the property to be held or partition by metes and bounds, a coparcener was not permitted to bequeath his undivided share by way of a Will.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the case of Valliammai Achi v. Nagappa Chettiar and another , the Apex Court held that the property of a joint family is not entitled to be given away by way of a Will and by merely devolving a Mitakshara coparcenary property through a Will no difference to the title of the property will be changed. It was further observed that no coparcener can turn a joint family property into an absolute property as it is well settled that the share which a co-sharer obtains on partition of an ancestral property is ancestral property as regards his male issues.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. In another case of Sundara Adapa v. Girija , the Apex Court recognized the practice of not devolving the property through a Will when the status of the Mitakshara property has not been severed. The Court stated reasons that by the time the Will of the coparcener took effect his interest in the undivided family would have been taken by survivorship by the other coparceners.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Further, in the case of M.N. Aryamurthy v. M.D. Subbaraya Setty the Court reiterated the principle that a coparcener cannot dispose of a Joint Hindu family property or any part thereof, by way of a Will. The Court further stated, &ldquo;a coparcener cannot devise joint family property by will, because, on the date of his death when the will takes effect, there is nothing for the will to operate on, as, at the moment of his death, his interest passes by survivorship to the other coparceners.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. The statutory recognition to bequeathing a property through a Will came in the year 1956 with the enactment of the Act. Section 30 of the Act deals with the position of testamentary succession, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;30. Testamentary succession.&mdash; Any Hindu may dispose of by will or other testamentary disposition any property, which is capable of being so disposed of by him or by her, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925), or any other law for the time being in force and applicable to Hindus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash;The interest of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property or the interest of a member of a tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru in the property of the tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru shall notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in any other law for the time being in force, be deemed to be property capable of being disposed of by him or by her within the meaning of this section.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. The Section empowers any Hindu may dispose of any property capable of being disposed of by him, by way of a Will or through testamentary disposition in accordance with the Indian Succession Act. Further, as per the Explanation stipulated under the concerned Section, the interest of a male Hindu in a Mitakshara coparcenary property or the interest of a member of a tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru in the property of the tarwad, tavazhi, illom, kutumba or kavaru shall be deemed to be property capable of being disposed of by them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. After interpreting this Section it is certain even without any partition or for that matter without any severance of status in the sense of a declaration to be made by a coparcener to other coparceners, it is open to a Hindu to bequeath his interest in the Joint Hindu family property. Thus, the words, &ldquo;interest in coparcenary property&rdquo;, can be interpreted to mean the interest of a coparcener while the joint family is indeed intact in status and not when there is a partition in the sense of there being a disruption in status in the family. Thus, the interest of a coparcener in the joint Hindu family property remains in place and after the division of status, it takes the form of a definite share. Later, through the partition by metes and bounds the share translates into absolute rights qua specific properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. In a recent decision in the case of Radhamma and others v. H.N. Muddukrishna &amp;amp; others, the Apex Court observed that the undivided interest of a Hindu in a joint family property can be disposed of by Will as per Section 30 of the Act. The Court observed that when a Hindu dies after the commencement of the Act, leaving behind the interest in the Mitakshara coparcenary property, that interest will devolve according to the rules governed by survivorship upon the surviving coparceners. However, there is an exception to this rule stipulated under the Explanation under Section 30, which clarifies that the interest of a male Hindu in Mitakshara coparcenary property can be disposed of by him by Will or any other testamentary disposition. This means that the law makers intended that for all intents and purposes, the interest of a male Hindu in Mitakshara coparcenary was to be virtually like his self acquired property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The two situations, that is, before and after the enactment of the Act, can be contrasted on solely one ground. Before the commencement of the Act, without the division of the status in the sense of there being a disruption in the share of the coparceners, the coparcener was not allowed to devolve the property by way of a will or testament. However, after the initiation of the Act and the inclusion of Section 30 within its provisions, even without there being a partition by way of a declaration being communicated by one coparcener to another to bring about the division, it is open to a Hindu to bequeath his interest in the joint family. The first appellate Court fell in error in holding that the testator had no capacity to dispose of the suit property by way of Will. The substantial question of law No.(1) framed by this Court is answered in favour of the appellant.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. Insofar as second substantial question of law, Exs.D-1 and D-3 indicate that the defendant is the grandson of deceased testator and to establish contrary, no material is forthcoming. The interference by this Court is only to the capacity of the testator to dispose of his interest over the suit property. The findings regarding the defendant being the grandson is not interfered. Accordingly, substantial question of law No.(2) is answered against the appellant and this Court pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Regular Second Appeal is hereby allowed in part.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '1bfb8cff493385a40f80220956da756c.jpeg', '7edbf8ce46023d56414b45f768a90f4c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-14', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-14 09:03:03', '2024-09-16 18:10:40'),
(451, 'oN3uCNOdsWZEoigg7ycHzTyxp', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Mere designation of land for road widening in the Master Plan does not confer authority on Municipal or Planning Authorities to forcibly use the land without following due process of acquisition and paying compensation to the owner. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Thyagaraj Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 17302 of 2023 decided on 31 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The petitioner claims to be the absolute owner of the land in Sy.No.162/2 measuring 2 acres 15 guntas situated at Byrathi village, Bidarahalli Hobli, Bangalore East taluk, which has been converted from agricultural to non-agricultural commercial purposes. The petitioner having paid betterment charges/ improvement charges and katha in the name of the petitioner. The petitioner intending to lease the property and construction put up had applied for sanction of plan for which respondent had called upon the petitioner to relinquish 267.51 sq. mtr for widening the road on western side of the property. Petitioner having no option had relinquished the same vide registered relinquishment deed dated&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;26.07.2021 since if the same were not to be done, the plan would not be sanctioned in favour of the petitioner. Petitioner had done so under protest since there could be no relinquishment free of cost, as such the petitioner is before this Court seeking for the aforesaid reliefs contending that,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.1. the demand made by the respondents was in violation of Article 300-A of the Constitution of India.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.2. There could be no relinquishment sought for by the respondents for widening of a road in terms of the revised Master Plan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3.3. If at all respondents wants to widen the road, it is the provision of Section 69 of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1963 [&lsquo;KTCP Act&rsquo; for short] which should have to be invoked and the land of the petitioner acquired under the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. &amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The issue raised by the petitioner and the respondents is no longer res integra since this Court in the case of Srivatsa Developers and others -v- The Bangalore Development Authority and others and has come to a categorical conclusion that if a Municipal Authority or a Planning Authority were to require any land for purpose of widening in terms of the reservation made in RMP, the same can only be acquired under Section 69 of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1969 and there cannot be duress or coercive employed by the Authorities on the person seeking for plan sanction to execute a relinquishment deed and a threat that without such execution a plan sanction will not be granted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The writ petition is allowed, the relinquishment deed executed by the petitioner in respect of schedule-B property in favour of respondent No.3 is declared as illegal.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '8e85c83ba6f804f0cbae61c0f7ab435c.JPG', '106aee6810106917db5de1596f64759f.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 11:04:50', '2024-09-17 10:34:04'),
(450, 'a7PVr6abawuAr0F9NmmdV6GX4', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' Karnataka Stamp Act. If suit is withdrawn after impounding of document, the Court cannot proceed with the matter to send the document to the Deputy Commissioner for collection of duty and penalty. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Y.R. Kumar and others Vs Madesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 35647 of 2017 decided on 2 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B M Shyam Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The question for consideration in this writ petition is whether a civil Court could have, when the plaintiff proposed to withdraw the suit after there is an order of impounding, referred a document for proceedings under the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 [for short, Stamp Act] for recovery of alleged deficit stamp duty with penalty and insisted upon the payment of such stamp duty. This question arises for consideration in the light of the impugned order dated 25.07.2016 in O.S.No.104/2015 on the file of the Civil Judge and JMFC, Holenarasipura [for short, the civil Court].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners, who are the sons of the respondent, have filed the afore suit for specific performance of the Sale Agreement dated 29.03.2012 [Sale Agreement]. The civil Court by its order dated 25.07.2016 has opined that this document is insufficiently stamped and therefore there must be impounding under the provisions of the Stamp Act with appropriate direction to the petitioner to pay deficit stamp duty as also the penalty. Subsequently, the petitioners have, a fact which is not disputed, filed a memo for withdrawal of the suit and with this memo, they have also requested for necessary order dissolving the orders for impounding and payment of penalty.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;When a similar question has come up for consideration before this Court in W.P.No.81778/2010, which stands disposed of by the order dated 30.01.2013, this Court has observed as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;3. Under Section 33 of Karnataka Stamp Act, an obligation is cast on the Court to impound the document when it is tendered in evidence, if it is not duly stamped and pass order for payment of duty and penalty However, after such impounding of the document and direction to pay duty and penalty, if the plaintiff withdraws the suit, then the question of the said document being looked into by the Court for any purpose would not arise in the said proceedings. Therefore, the question of sending the document to the Deputy Commissioner for collection of duty and penalty also would not arise. If and when the said document is again tendered in evidence in a suit to be filed by the plaintiff, if that objection is again taken then appropriate orders could be passed. In that view of the matter, order passed directing the document to be sent to the Deputy Commissioner for collection of duty and penalty is erroneous and requires to be set aside.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the light of this decision, the impugned order cannot be sustained, and the petition must succeed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '99155ee0c4e5e7f27b88d22fc3e3bd42.jpg', '022f1e35c197fe0d449d6008cbf77865.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 11:04:00', '2024-09-17 06:42:12'),
(452, 'nIDYV34O9kC3ekxSYMCOzZybh', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'When a suit is filed before a Court which lacks pecuniary jurisdiction, the Court can order return of the plaint even while considering another application. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R Srinivas Vs R Jagadeesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 47859 of 2017 decided on 10 October 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B M Shyam Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This petition is by the defendant in O.S.No.113/2010 on the file of the II Additional Civil Judge and JMFC, Magadi [for short, &lsquo;the civil Court&rsquo;]. The civil Court by its order dated 13.08.2015 has allowed the defendant&rsquo;s application [IA No.6] under Order VII Rule 11(b) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 [CPC] directing return of the plaint to the respondent to be presented before the proper court with further directions as to the papers that are to be returned to the parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The plaintiff has filed this suit in O.S.No.113/2010 for declaration that he is the absolute owner of the land measuring 5 acres in Sy.No.14/2 of Channenahalli village, Tavarekere Hobli, Bengaluru South Taluk [the subject property]. The plaintiff, in addition to seeking declaration of title to the subject property, has sought for permanent injunction against the defendant from interfering with his possession thereof.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is undisputed that the plaintiff is the owner of the subject property having obtained title thereto under the Sale Deed dated 22.04.1993. The plaintiff contends that the defendant, acting in collusion with his father [Sri H. V. Rangappa], has fabricated a general power of attorney and such power of attorney is used to cause Sale Deed dated 18.04.2005 in favour of the defendant. The power of attorney in favour of the plaintiff&rsquo;s father, Sri. H. V. Rangappa, is dated 20.08.2000 and the Sale Deed dated 18.04.2005 is executed for consideration of Rs.9,00,000/- as mentioned therein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The defendant, upon service of suit summons, has filed an application under Order VII Rule 11 (b) of CPC contending that the plaintiff, because the subject property is assessed for revenue as an agricultural land, has valued the suit with the aid of the provisions of Section 7(2) of the Karnataka Court Fee and Suit Valuation Act, 1958 [for short, the &lsquo;Court Fee Act&rsquo;], but contending that the value of the subject property would not be less than Rs.30,00,000/-, and as such, the court fee paid is insufficient. The plaintiff has resisted this application justifying the valuation and payment of Court fee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. At the outset, this Court must record that the plaintiff seeks declaration of title to the subject property in the face of the Sale Deed dated 18.04.2005 executed by his father as his power of attorney in favour of the defendant. The plaintiff does not dispute that the sale deed is executed for consideration of Rs.9,00,000/- declaring the market value of the property, as of the date of the Sale Deed, as Rs.13,75,000/-.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The provisions of Section 50(1) of the Court Fee Act and the proviso thereto would be crucial, and these provisions read as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;50. Suit not otherwise provided for: (1) In a suit as to whose value for the purpose of determining the jurisdiction of courts, specific provision is not otherwise made in this Act or in any other law, value for that purpose and value for the purpose of computing the fee payable under this Act shall be the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Provided that notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2) of Section 7, the value of land specified in clause (a), (b) or (c) of the said sub-section shall, for purposes of determining the jurisdiction of courts, be the market value of such land.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;If the valuation for the purposes of determining the jurisdiction of the Court is not specifically provided for either under the Court Fee Act or any other Act, the valuation would be under the former Act, but proviso to Section 50(1) of this Act is categorical that the value for the purposes of determining the jurisdiction of Courts shall be the market value and notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7(2) thereof. In the light of these provisions, the Division Bench in Bilianeppa &amp;amp; another v. Danappa and another supra has opined that the value of the subject matter for determining the pecuniary jurisdiction of a Court need not be the valuation for the purposes of computing Court fee.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. It is obvious from the indisputable facts of this case that the plaintiff has instituted the suit for declaration of title to the property for consideration of Rs.9,00,000/- [declaring the market value thereof as Rs.13,50,000/-] before the Court which does not have pecuniary jurisdiction to entertain suits where the valuation of the subject matter exceeds Rs.5,00,000/ Further, to answer the question whether the civil Court could have examined the question of valuation for the purposes of determining its pecuniary jurisdiction when it was considering an application under Order VII Rule 11 of CPC, this Court must observe that the provisions of Order VII Rule 10 of CPC, which contemplate return of the plaint, envisage that the plaint could be returned to be presented before the Court in which the suit ought to have been instituted, and this Court is not persuaded to opine, in the light of the plain language of this provision, that the courts must exercise its jurisdiction under Order VII Rule 10 of CPC only when a specific application is filed under such provision.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. When the admitted facts redoubtably establish that the suit is filed before a court which has no pecuniary jurisdiction, the concerned court, with due opportunity to the concerned, even if it is while considering another application, can consider the question whether the plaint must be returned to be presented with the court of proper pecuniary jurisdiction, and to hold otherwise would be to insist on a particular procedure despite the settled law that the procedural prescriptions are handmaiden and not the mistress. In the light of the afore, this Court must interfere with the civil Court&rsquo;s order but with liberty to the plaintiff to file an application under Order VII Rule 10A of the CPC with the civil Court for necessary order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petition is allowed,&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'f33d9bf1f5d0baf819a8512f033060b0.jpg', 'ced57f9229e2f4605e6e8e6a7ed58fff.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 11:05:45', '2024-09-17 12:33:59');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(453, 'F7o3EP0QLahiCw23d5LryaMVZ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A person out of possession cannot seek the relief of injunction simpliciter without claiming the relief of possession though his title to the property is not disputed. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;N Janardhana Vs Rajamma and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 984 of 2018 decided on 31 October 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K. Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The case of plaintiff before the trial Court is that she filed a suit for permanent injunction restraining the defendants or their agents from interfering with the property bearing Sy. No.66/1 situated at Jalahalli village Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, measuring 101 /2 guntas bounded on East by government drainage, west by apportion of sy. No.66/1 (sold to defendant No.1), North by Gangadhar, Nagesh, Savitha Ramamurthy and Gangandhara&#039;s property (encroached in the plaintiff) and South by road (hereinafter referred to as &#039;suit schedule property&#039;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The plaintiff alleged in the plaint that the suit schedule property measuring 1 acre 24 guntas was originally owned by Hanumakka, who had two sons namely, Mallappa and Subbanna. Mallappa got two sons, Chandrappa and Nagaraja. Hanumakka executed gift deed in favour of Chandrappa and Nagaraja vide registered document No.7529/1953-54 before the Sub-Registrar in respect of Sy. No.68/4 and 66/1 of Jalahalli village. Chandrappa expired leaving behind plaintiff and her children. The said property has been partitioned between the plaintiff and her brother-in-law Nagaraja on 30.09.2004 which was registered before the Sub-Registrar, Bangalore North. It is further contended that in the said partition, &#039;A&#039; schedule property measuring 1 acre 131 /2 guntas in Sy. No.66/1 was fallen to the share of the plaintiff including the karab land and &#039;B&#039; schedule property fallen to the share of Nagaraja, i.e. brother-in-law of plaintiff. RTC were mutated in their respective names. It is further contended that the plaintiff and her children had jointly sold 1 acre in Sy. No.66/1 and retained 131 /2 guntas, which is demarcated as &#039;A&#039;, &#039;B&#039;, &#039;C&#039; and &#039;D&#039; in the suit sketch.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. It is further contended that after the partition, the plaintiff came to know that there was encroachment to the extent of 1.25 guntas in Sy. No.66/1 retained by the plaintiff on the northern side of the property. The plaintiff made an application before the surveyor to survey the land. The encroachment was detected, a notice was issued by the surveyor and the plaintiff reserves her right to file a separate suit for encroachment of her property. She further contended that the plaintiff retained 131 /2 guntas in Sy. No.66/1. The said land now comes under the purview of Bangalore City Corporation, it losts the agricultural characteristics. The said 131 /2 guntas is situated on the north side of encroached portion which is referred in the schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. It is further alleged that the defendant No.1, being a developer and doing real estate agency business, purchased 1 acre of land from the plaintiff and formed a layout and taking advantage of her ignorance that she is widow, tried to interfere in the schedule property on 03.04.2008 at 11.00 a.m. On the guise that vendor defendant No.2, K.S. Anandan and Syzu had purchased the property from defendant No.1 including the 3rd defendant. But the plaintiff has not sold the property to defendant Nos.1 to 3 prescribed in the schedule. The defendants are trying to interfere, they do not have any authority over the schedule property. It is further alleged by the plaintiff that the defendants appeared on 03.04.2008 and tried to trespass the vacant land of the schedule property. Hence, the plaintiff approached the police, but they have not taken ay action, hence she has filed the suit and prayed for granting injunction. She further alleged that she also filed O.S. No.25223/2008 against one Gajendra, Gangadhar and Nagesh for injunction. Hence prayed for decreeing the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The points that arise for consideration in these appeals are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Whether the plaintiff proves that she is in possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule property as on the date of filing the suit ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Whether the plaintiff proves that the defendant trying to interfere over the suit schedule property on 03.04.2008 ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iii) Whether the suit for bare injunction is not maintainable as contended by the defendants&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(iv) Whether judgment and decree passed by the trial Court calls for interference?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;27&hellip;.. Therefore, I am of the view, the plaintiff failed to prove the plaintiff was in lawful possession of entire 10.5 guntas of land in Sy.No.66/1, as on the date of filing of the suit and that the defendant is trying to interfere over the schedule property. Hence, I hold the point Nos.1 &amp;amp; 2, in the negative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. As regards to the above findings, when the defendant claiming the right over the property under the sale deed executed by the defendant No.1, in favour of the vendors of the defendant No.2 and subsequently defendant no.2 purchasing site Nos.2 and 3 and defendant No.3 purchased site No.1 from the defendant No.1, in the year 2005 itself, and got mutated their names in the khatha, as well as they paid taxes. Such being the case, once defendants are in possession of property. The plaintiff was not in possession of property, the question of filing bare injunction suit is not correct. The plaintiff required to file the suit for seeking possession and even otherwise the plaintiff also stated there was some encroachment at northern side from Gajendraa, there are not made as parties. The vendor of the defendant no.1, Anandan and Shyzu also are not parities in the suit. Therefore, the suit for bear injunction is not maintainable. In view of the judgment of Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court reported in ANATHULA SUDHAKAR VS. P.BUCHI REDDY (DEAD) BY L.RS &amp;amp; ORS reported in 2008 AIR SCW 2692 at wherein at para 11 of the judgment, the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court reads thus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;11) The general principles as to when a mere suit for permanent injunction will lie, and when it is necessary to file a suit for declaration and / or possession with injunction as a consequential relief, are well settled. We may refer them briefly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11.1) Where a plaintiff is in lawful or peaceful possession of the property and such possession is interfered or threatened by the defendant, a suit for an injunction simpliciter will lie. A person has a right to protect his possession against any person who does not prove a better title by seeking a prohibitory injunction. But a person in wrongful possession is not entitled to an injunction against the rightful owner.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11.2) Where the title of the plaintiff is not disputed, but he is not in possession, his remedy is to file a suit for possession and seek in addition, if necessary, an injunction. A person out of possession, cannot seek the relief of injunction simpliciter, without claiming the relief of possession.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11.3) Where the plaintiff is in possession, but his title to the property is in dispute, or under a cloud, or where the defendant asserts title thereto and there is also a threat of dispossession from defendant, the plaintiff will have to sue for declaration of title and the consequential relief of injunction. Where the title of plaintiff is under a cloud or in dispute and he is not in possession or not able to establish possession, necessarily the plaintiff will have to file a suit for declaration, possession and injunction.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. On careful reading of the 11.2 para, it is applicable to case on hand, where the plaintiff title was not disputed, but the plaintiff was not in possession of the property. &quot;Where the title of the plaintiff is not disputed, but he is not in possession, his remedy is to file a suit for possession and seek in addition, if necessary, an injunction. A person out of possession, cannot seek the relief of injunction simpliciter, without claiming the relief of possession&quot;. That apart, when the defendant already having title of the property in the portion of the schedule property and without seeking relief of declaration to cancel their title deeds, the question of even filing suit for possession without suit for injunction is not maintainable. The bare injunction is not maintainable. Therefore, I hold the defendant was successful in proving that the suit for bare injunction, is not maintainable. The Trial Court without considering the proper appreciation of the evidence on record, and evidence of DW1 to DW3, and the title deeds. Merely the averments of the plaint that the plaintiff is in possession and retained the property and granting injunction, is not correct. The finding of the Trial Court, is perverse and against the evidence on record. The suit for bare injunction is not maintainable and when the plaintiff was not in possession and defendants are in possession claiming right through the title deeds or sale deeds, the Trial Court ought to have dismissed the suit. Therefore, the judgment and decree passed by the Trial Court is liable to be set aside. Accordingly answered the Point Nos.3 and 4 in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. All the three appeals are allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4d910e68a3c47dbe94af322df1537852.jpeg', '6d840e3db081f5eafbf30d039d7f1fb9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-17', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 11:06:51', '2024-09-17 08:07:00'),
(454, 'LeW4cAExlYGdQvf1aEKQnTN6E', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'NDPS Act. “The charge sheet is deliberately filed by the Police with mala fide intention.” Karnataka High Court quashes criminal proceedings against students booked under the Act, without any evidence. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hanumantha and others Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 11994 of 2023 decided on 10 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners/accused 1 and 2 are knocking at the doors of this Court in the subject petition calling in question proceedings in C.C.No.8250 of 2021 pending before the II Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bengaluru Rural District, Bengaluru arising out of crime No.227 of 2019 registered for offences punishable under Section 27 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (&lsquo;the Act&rsquo; for short).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Facts, in brief, adumbrated are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The 2nd respondent is the complainant, a police officer who was on probation at the relevant point in time and had not yet been confirmed in service. A complaint comes to be registered by the 2nd respondent against the petitioners. The gist of the complaint is that the complainant receives information through a credible informant that few persons are consuming ganja near Krupanidhi College within the jurisdiction of Varthur Police Station. The complainant is said to have informed the higher officials and is said to have caught the petitioners consuming ganja by exchanging chimneys. Therefore, a complaint comes to be registered for offence punishable under Section 27 of the Act. As necessary in law, blood samples of these petitioners were drawn, as the fulcrum of the complaint was consumption of ganja. It is opined by the Forensic Science Laboratory (&lsquo;FSL&rsquo;) on testing of blood sample that the blood did not contain any contraband substance &ndash; ganja. After receipt of FSL report, the 2nd respondent files the charge sheet against these petitioners for offence punishable under Section 27 of the Act. Filing of the charge sheet, cognizance being taken and issuance of summons to these petitioners is what has driven them to this Court in the subject petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. After the search what should be done is mandated under Section 52A of the Act. Section 52A of the Act reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;52-A. Disposal of seized narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.&mdash;(1) The Central Government may, having regard to the hazardous nature, vulnerability to theft, substitution, constraint of proper storage space or any other relevant consideration, in respect of any narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, controlled substances or conveyances, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify such narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, controlled substances or conveyance or class of narcotic drugs, class of psychotropic substances, class of controlled substances or conveyances, which shall, as soon as may be after their seizure, be disposed of by such officer and in such manner as that Government may, from time to time, determine after following the procedure hereinafter specified.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This section mandates certain procedural seizure of contraband substance. The procedural mandate stipulated bears consideration at the hands of the Apex Court in the case of YUSUF v. STATE , wherein the Apex Court holds as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. We have heard learned Senior counsel for the appellant. The main plank of his argument is that the entire action of seizure and sampling is wholly illegal. It was done in violation of the mandatory provisions of Section 52A (2) of the NDPS Act as the procedure prescribed therein was not followed in drawing the samples and seizing the alleged narcotic substance. Further, there is a serious doubt about the correctness of samples sent for analysis as to whether they were actually the samples of the seized contraband.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. In order to test the above submissions, it would be relevant to refer to the provisions of Section 52A (2), (3) and (4) of the NDPS Act. The aforesaid provisions provide for the procedure and manner of seizing, preparing the inventory of the seized material, forwarding the seized material and getting inventory certified by the Magistrate concerned. It is further provided that the inventory or the photographs of the seized substance and any list of the samples in connection thereof on being certified by the Magistrate shall be recognized as the primary evidence in connection with the offences alleged under the NDPS Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. A simple reading of the aforesaid provisions, as also stated earlier, reveals that when any contraband/narcotic substance is seized and forwarded to the police or to the officer so mentioned under Section 53, the officer so referred to in sub-section (1) shall prepare its inventory with details and the description of the seized substance like quality, quantity, mode of packing, numbering and identifying marks and then make an application to any Magistrate for the purposes of certifying its correctness and for allowing to draw representative samples of such substances in the presence of the Magistrate and to certify the correctness of the list of samples so drawn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Notwithstanding the defence set up from the side of the respondent in the instant case, no evidence has been brought on record to the effect that the procedure prescribed under sub-sections (2), (3) and (4) of Section 52A of the NDPS Act was followed while making the seizure and drawing sample such as preparing the inventory and getting it certified by the Magistrate. No evidence has also been brought on record that the samples were drawn in the presence of the Magistrate and the list of the samples so drawn were certified by the Magistrate. The mere fact that the samples were drawn in the presence of a gazetted officer is not sufficient compliance of the mandate of sub-section (2) of Section 52A of the NDPS Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. It is an admitted position on record that the samples from the seized substance were drawn by the police in the presence of the gazetted officer and not in the presence of the Magistrate. There is no material on record to prove that the Magistrate had certified the inventory of the substance seized or of the list of samples so drawn.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. In Mohanlal&#039;s case, the apex court while dealing with Section 52A of the NDPS Act clearly laid down that it is manifest from the said provision that upon seizure of the contraband, it has to be forwarded either to the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station or to the officer empowered under Section 53 who is obliged to prepare an inventory of the seized contraband and then to make an application to the Magistrate for the purposes of getting its correctness certified. It has been further laid down that the samples drawn in the presence of the Magistrate and the list thereof on being certified alone would constitute primary evidence for the purposes of the trial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Apex Court was considering the importance of Section 52A which deals with disposal of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It deals with the manner of seizing, preparing of inventory of the seized material and forwarding of the seized material and getting the inventory certified by the Magistrate concerned. It is further observed by the Apex Court that the inventory or the photographs or the seized substance in connection with the samples shall be recognized as primary evidence in connection with the offence under the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. In the case at hand, as observed, the learned Additional State Public Prosecutor projects a bleak contention of 15 grams of ganja being seized from the body of the petitioners. Where is the sample is a mystery. What happened to 15 grams of ganja is nowhere indicated. After the seizure, it is neither reported nor an inventory is drawn nor the sample is sent to FSL. 15 grams of ganja is not that of a high quantity for it not to be sent to FSL. Therefore, the presence of 15 grams of ganja as drawn in the panchanama is a canard and shrouded with improbability and to be disbelieved. It is, therefore a clear case where there is blatant violation of Sections 50 and 52A of the Act, which are mandatory to be followed, if there is an allegation of the offence punishable under the Act. The submission of the learned Additional State Public Prosecutor that it was a case of Section 20 of the Act is again unsustainable, as the provisions of law i.e., Section 50 and 52A of the Act are given a go-by while drawing these petitioners into the web of the crime. It is not the allegation, it cannot become the allegation. Thus, all the submissions of the learned Additional State Public Prosecutor are repelled.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Sections 50 and 52A apart, as observed hereinabove, it is the deliberate act on the part of both the Investigating Officer and the Empowered Officer who have filed the charge sheet before the concerned Court to face the wrath of criminal justice system for maliciously prosecuting these petitioners. The maliciousness is apparent on the face of the record. The report of FSL in unequivocal terms indicates that blood samples did not contain any contraband substance or even its derivatives, but the Police filed the charge sheet recording that FSL report has confirmed presence of contraband substance. The Station House Officer/Empowered Officer or the Investigating Officer/2nd respondent-complainant and the officer who drew mahazar cannot be left off the hook for having played with the lives of these young students. Therefore, I deem it appropriate to direct the Disciplinary Authority of these petitioners to initiate departmental enquiry for having filed false charge sheet, against these petitioners. The departmental inquiry shall be conducted in complete consonance with the principles of natural justice by affording all reasonable opportunities to the complainant and the Station House Officer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. This Court is coming across plethora of cases where there is complete violation of Sections 50 and 52A of the Act, despite the law being very clear that it should be mandatorily followed. Therefore, the competent authority &ndash; DG &amp; IG or the Secretary of the Home Department shall forthwith issue a circular notifying all the Empowered Officers who are empowered to conduct search and seize contraband substances to mandatorily follow Sections 50 and 52A of the Act and their interpretation by the Apex Court in RANJAN KUMAR CHADHA supra in letter and spirit, failing which, it should be indicated that those officers would become open to disciplinary proceedings against them. While it is important that menace of either narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances be curbed by dealing them with iron hand, it is equally important that curbing shall be in accordance with law, by following the procedure established by law, as any violation of procedure would lead to obliteration of proceedings that would be initiated against the accused who would get away of loopholes left in law by the Empowered Officers. In view of the preceding analysis, I deem it appropriate to exercise my jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. and obliterate the criminal case against the petitioners, failing which, it would become an abuse of the process of the law and result in patent injustice.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Criminal petition is allowed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'ad80f88997a7fd4e93b1c5112c87c136.jpeg', '0f0c08f85062ac89ebfb9b46a2693bc9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 11:13:43', '2024-09-18 12:34:44'),
(449, '9VTIoPfapfzb0Tk1QeB1FIXu7', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Specific Relief Act. Section 41(h). Agreement holder cannot file a suit for bare injunction without suing for specific performance. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;R. Krishnamachari Vs T.N. Thimmarajachar and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 1489 of 2017 decided o 18 August 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K. Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. The case of the plaintiff before the trial Court is that, he filed a suit for permanent injunction against the defendant not to alienate the suit schedule property. It is contended that the plaintiff and the defendant entered into an agreement of sale of the property in survey No.28/5, measuring 0.21.5 guntas of land inclusive of 0.5 guntas Kharab land situated at Doddakallasandra village, Uttarahalli Hobli, Bengaluru South Taluk, Bengaluru, through a General Power of Attorney holder &ndash; Lakshminarayana on 25.01.2005, for a sale consideration of Rs.22,55,000/- of schedule &lsquo;A&rsquo; property. The land originally belongs to one late Sadashiva Rao. On the strength of the said agreement dated 25.01.2005, the defendant offered to sell the land under an agreement dated 24.03.2005, to the plaintiff to an extent of 0.9 guntas or 10,000 sq.ft. of land, out of the land measuring 0.21.5 guntas of land inclusive of 0.5 guntas Kharab land situated at Doddakallasadra Village, for an amount of Rs.25/- lakhs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. The defendant offered to sell additional land to the plaintiff to an extent of 0.5 guntas or 5445 sq. ft., under an endorsement to the said agreement on 12.06.2005 and received an amount of Rs.10,89,000/- in all for 0.14 guntas of land or 15445 sq. ft. of land, for a total sum of Rs.35,89,000/-, in respect of &lsquo;B&rsquo; schedule property. The plaintiff paid further amount of Rs.5/- lakhs on 28.08.2005. Thus, in all, the plaintiff paid a total amount of Rs.30/- lakhs to get registered &lsquo;B&rsquo; schedule property. The plaintiff thereafter demanded the defendant to execute the sale deed by registering the same. When the defendant failed to execute the same, the plaintiff filed a suit seeking permanent injunction and restraining the defendant from alienating the suit schedule properties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. After considering the rival contentions of the parties and the documents available on record, the point that falls for my consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Whether the judgment and decree passed by the trial Court granting relief to the plaintiff restraining the defendant not to alienate the properties is barred under Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The very relief sought by the plaintiff &ndash; respondent before the trial Court clearly indicate that the suit is filed on the strength of the agreements of sale, which is contrary to Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;41. Injunction when refused.&mdash;An injunction cannot be granted&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(h) when equally efficacious relief can certainly be obtained by any other usual mode of proceeding except in case of breach of trust;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In terms of the above provision of law, the relief sought by the plaintiff &ndash; respondent cannot be granted when there is equally efficacious relief is available to the aggrieved party by any other usual mode of proceeding except in case of breach of trust&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. Learned counsel for the appellant would rely on a judgment of a co-ordinate Bench of this Court in the case of IRSHAD BAIG VS. SMT. CHOWRAMMA AND OTHERS reported in 2019 (1) Kar. L.R.420, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9. In the light of these principles, if the plaint in O.S.No.27217/2011 is read, what becomes clear is that the plaintiff has not yet become the owner of the property. He claims to be in possession of the suit property only on the basis of the agreement of sale dated 08.12.1993 and a registered Power of Attorney. Defendant No.7 purchased the property through registered sale deed dated 14.03.2008. Undoubtedly, the agreement in favour of the plaintiff is earlier in point of time. Therefore, the remedy available to the plaintiff was to file a suit for specific performance. The declaratory relief that the plaintiff has sought, firstly, cannot be granted for, the plaintiff has no right to claim such a declaration as he has not yet acquired title over schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The plaintiff cannot also claim decree of permanent injunction to restrain defendant no. 7 from alienating or encumbering the suit property. Defendant No.7 has acquired ownership over property; he is the absolute owner. Right to own property includes right to sell or create encumbrance. When a property is transferred absolutely, it must be transferred with all its legal incidents which include right to dispose of. Section 10 of the Transfer of Property Act prohibits restraint on transfer. Therefore if decree of permanent injunction in the nature of prohibiting or restraining alienation is granted, it is against rigor of Section 10 of Transfer of Property Act. But granting an order of temporary injunction prohibiting alienation pending disposal of suit can be said to be an exception as such an order is required some times to avoid multiplicity of proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Therefore given a meaningful reading to the plaint, the plaintiff gets no right to claim the reliefs that he has sought for in the plaint. Holding of trial is a futile exercise. Looked from this angle it can very well be said that the plaint does not disclose cause of action; suit is not maintainable even if limitation point is ignored.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;On a bare reading of Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act and the judgment of the co-ordinate Bench of this Court (supra), the relief sought by the respondent - plaintiff is contrary to law. Though the plaintiff had efficacious remedy by filing a suit for specific performance, has filed the suit for permanent injunction and to restrain the appellant - defendant from alienating the properties. Learned counsel for the appellant has submitted that the plaintiff &ndash; respondent has already filed a comprehensive suit seeking declaration and for specific performance of the agreements, in O.S.No.1449/2019, which is pending before the concerned civil Court. In the light of Section 41(h) of the Specific Relief Act and the afore-quoted judgment of the co-ordinate Bench, the appeal deserves to be allowed and the issue is answered in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. The appeal is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '4afd43a775b5ad4f101c599ce2fd57b8.jpeg', 'e7d704a1385c9d2eb3e18557343cd76c.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-16', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-16 23:45:01', '2024-09-17 03:17:40'),
(455, 'uoyVFcV9LnYLpXH37UuMo9wJM', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Sub-Registrar cannot be criminally liable for registration of a document, the genuineness of which is questioned by the objectors. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vijayamahantesh Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 202875 of 2022 decided on 6 July 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The registration of FIR for the offences punishable under Sections 416, 419, 464, 468, 420 of IPC is impugned in this petition by the accused No.7.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The summary of the charge sheet is that, the subject land belongs to the 2nd respondent, and the accused No.2, by impersonating the complainant, agreed to convey the subject land in favour of the accused No.1 by receiving an advance sale consideration of Rs.19,100/-, and the same was registered in the office of which the accused is the SubRegistrar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Perusal of the FIR lodged by the respondent No.2 indicates that the only allegation against the petitioner is that he has registered the sale deed by colluding with the other accused. The petitioner while discharging his duty as Senior Sub-Registrar is required to look only into as to whether the documents produced are in order, and he is not under an obligation to verify the genuineness of the documents produced for registration. Rule 73 of The Karnataka Registration Rules, 1965 specifies that, the duty of registering officer is not to enquire into the validity of a document brought to him for registration, or to attend to any written or verbal protest against the registration of a document. The co-ordinate Bench of this court in Sulochanamma 4 vs. H.Nanjundaswamy and others reported in 2001(1) KLJ 215 has held that Sub-Registrar is entrusted with the duty of registering the documents in accordance with the provisions of the Act and he is not authorized to go into the genuineness or otherwise of the document. Even otherwise, at the utmost, it may amount to dereliction of duty, and does not constitute an offence punishable as alleged against the petitioner. Hence, the impugned FIR is not sustainable in law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i) Writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'cb1dc9a1a31e70221b1c4d982f49905e.jpeg', '2b841fabf957d2b04115afefc127afe9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 16:03:20', '2024-09-18 03:23:49');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(456, 'BgnfDPjLtnoIFc7GhvWXSvrf5', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Unregistered general power of attorney which does not contain clause to sell the property can be admitted in evidence without insisting ad valorem stamp duty. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;A. Madhu Vs R Vishwanath and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 4829 of 2023 decided on 23 June 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S.R. Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The material on record discloses that the petitioner - plaintiff instituted the aforesaid against the respondents - defendants for specific performance and other releifs in relation to suit schedule immovable properties. The said suit is being contested by the respondents-defendants. During the course of the evidence, the petitioner-plaintiff produced unregistered general power of attorney (GPA) dated 12.09.2007 and sought to mark it in evidence. At that stage, the respondents - defendants opposed the same inter alia contending that the said document which was executed on Rs.200/- was insufficiently stamped and proper stamp duty was liable to be paid in terms of Section 41(e) of the Karnataka Stamp Act, 1957 (for short, the &#039;Act&#039;). The said contention urged by the respondents was opposed by the petitioner who contended that GPA was duly stamped. After hearing the parties, the Trial Court proceeded to pass the impugned order upholding the contention of the respondents and thereby calling upon the petitioner to pay duty and penalty in a sum of Rs.37,39,800/- on the said document.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Aggrieved by the said impugned order dated 05.12.2022 in so far as it relate to imposing stamp duty and penalty on GPA dated 12.09.2007 was concerned, the petitioner filed an application for review invoking Section 114 R/w Order XLVII Rule 1 of CPC on the basis of liberty reserved in favour of the petitioner in W.P.No.22764/2022 dated 22.11.2022. The said review application was also dismissed by the Trial Court vide subsequent impugned order dated 19.01.2023. Aggrieved by the impugned orders dated 05.12.2022 and 19.01.2023 whereby the petitioner has been directed to pay duty and penalty in the aforesaid sum of Rs.37,39,800/-, the petitioner is before this Court by way of the present petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. A perusal of the material on record including the impugned order as well as the aforesaid GPA will indicate that in order to attract Section 41(e) of the Act, two conditions have to be satisfied viz., firstly, the power of attorney should be given for consideration, secondly, the power of attorney should specifically authorize the agent/power of attorney holder to sell the immovable property which is subject matter of the power of attorney. In this context, a perusal of aforesaid GPA dated 12.09.2007 will clearly indicate that there is no recital/covenant/clause as regards passing of consideration for the purpose of execution of the power of attorney; so also except a general/residuary covenant/recital/clause which empowers the agent/power of attorney holder to sign all deeds, documents, applications, affidavit etc., and submit the same to the concerned Sub Registrar, specific/definite/clear power to sell or execute a sale deed has not been conferred in favour of GPA holder under the said power of attorney. It is well settled that power of attorneys have to be construed strictly and if a power of attorney is given for a particular purpose, the powers should be construed as restricted to the purpose and cannot exceed the purpose or grant powers in excess of the purpose. The preamble to the GPA will indicate that the purpose of execution of power of attorney was to look after the property which is subject matter of the power of attorney and the power of attorney was not intended to be executed for the purpose of sale or executing a sale deed since there was no recital in this regard in the GPA. Under these circumstances, I am of the considered opinion that in the absence of any recital/covenant/clause conferring power to sell the immovable property and without there being any recital/covenant/clause regarding passing of consideration for the purpose of the power of attorney, it cannot be said that Section 41(e) of the Act was applicable to the aforesaid GPA dated 12.09.2007. It is therefore clear that the Trial Court completely misdirected itself in coming to the erroneous conclusion that the power of attorney was insufficiently stamped and that the petitioner was liable to pay duty and penalty on the said document and consequently, the impugned order being illegal, arbitrary and having occasioned failure of justice deserves to be set-aside.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;I. The petition is hereby allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2cef4a336749bbafbfd4613ab2c97202.JPG', '6bbd93dd0c922daa70d5b2131bcab925.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 16:27:50', '2024-09-18 06:22:23'),
(457, 'iNi5zAZK3EWz5Unt3Znye69jX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Specific Relief Act. The relief of possession is ancillary to the decree for specific performance and the said relief need not specifically be claiming in a suit for specific performance of the contract. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vinayak Thr LRS and others Vs Ushadevi and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 3111 of 2011 decided on 26 June 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M.G. Uma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Brief facts of the case are that the plaintiff filed the suit for specific performance of the contract i.e., agreement for sale dated 14.07.2003, said to have been executed by the father of defendant Nos.1 to 4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is the contention of the plaintiff that the father of defendant Nos.1 to 4 agreed to sell the schedule property for a total consideration of Rs.12,00,000/-. On the date of the agreement i.e., on 14.07.2003, he received Rs.4,00,000/- in advance and executed the registered agreement for sale as per Ex.P1. Subsequently on 22.09.2003, the father of defendant Nos.1 to 4 requested for additional amount of consideration and accordingly the supplementary agreement as per Ex.P.10 was executed. Where under, the plaintiff paid further consideration amount of Rs.7,00,000/-. It is contended that only Rs.1,00,000/- was due to be paid by the plaintiff towards purchase of the schedule property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In view of the above the point that would arise for my consideration is; &quot;Whether the impugned judgment and decree passed by the Trial Court requires interference of this Court?&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. My answer to the above point is in the &#039;affirmative&#039; for the following;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;30. Learned counsel for respondents has placed reliance on the decision of the Apex Court in Adcon Electronics Pvt. Ltd., (supra), to contend that in view of Sec. 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act, the plaintiff is not entitled for any relief since he had not sought for possession of the schedule property. The Apex Court referring to Section 22 of the Specific Relief Act considered the contention taken by the learned Senior Advocate appearing for the defendants/appellants and categorically held in paragraph nos.17 and 18 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;17. It may be seen that sub-section (1) is an enabling provision. A plaintiff in a suit of specific performance may ask for further reliefs mentioned in clauses (a) and (b) thereof. Clause (a) contains reliefs of possession and partition and separate possession of the property, in addition to specific performance. The mandate of sub-section (2) of Section 22 is that no relief under clauses (a) and (b) of sub-section (1) shall be granted by the court unless it has been specifically claimed. Thus it follows that no court can grant the relief of possession of land or other immovable property, subject matter of the agreement for sale in regard to which specific performance is claimed, unless the possession of the immovable property is specifically prayed for.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. In the instant case the suit is for specific performance of the agreement for sale of the suit property wherein relief of delivery of the suit property has not been specifically claimed, as such it cannot be treated as a &quot;suit for land&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;31. Further, the Apex court while rejecting the contention taken by the learned Senior Advocate for the defendants, recorded its finding at para no. 19 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;19. We cannot also accept the contention of Mr. Chitale that the suit is for acquisition of title to the land and is a &quot;suit for land&quot;. In its true sense, a suit simpliciter for specific performance of contract for sale of land is a suit for enforcement of terms of contract. The title to the land as such is not the subject matter of the suit.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Learned counsel for the appellant placed reliance on the decision of the Supreme Court in Manickam (supra) in support of his contention. The Apex Court considering a similar situation held in para nos.25 and 26 as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. A perusal of the aforesaid judgments would show that relief of possession is ancillary to the decree for specific performance and need not be specifically claimed&hellip;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26&hellip;. Therefore, sub-section (2) of Section 22 is a rule of prudence to ask for possession &quot;in an appropriate case&quot;. The appropriate case would not include a suit for specific performance simpliciter but may include a suit for partition or a suit when the decree is to be executed against a transferee. Subsection (2) cannot be said to be a mandatory provision as the power to claim relief at any stage of the proceeding makes sub-section (2) directory. Subsection (2) is a matter of procedure to avoid multiplicity of proceedings. The procedural laws are handmaid of justice and cannot defeat the substantive rights.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. Thus the position of law is very well settled. The relief of possession is ancillary to the decree for specific performance and the said relief need not specifically be claiming in a suit for specific performance of the contract. Therefore the contention of the learned counsel for the appellants that the suit of the plaintiff for specific performance of the contract can not be decreed in view of the bar under Section 22(2) of the Specific Relief Act, cannot be accepted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. From the materials on record I do not find any reason to reject the claim of the plaintiff regarding execution of the supplementary agreement dated 22.09.2003 by the father of defendant nos.1 to 4 and also by defendant no.4, by accepting the additional consideration of Rs. 7 lakhs and by taking possession of the property. If at all there was no agreement that was entered into, the defendants could have accepted the notice-Ex.P4 and could have replied to the same. The conduct of defendant nos.1 to 4 discloses that only to regull out of the situation they have not claimed the notice and thereafter ventured to sell the suit property in favour of defendant No.5. It is pertinent to note that defendant No.4 is also one of the signatories to Ex.P.10, but he never contested the matter. He has not filed the written statement denying the execution of the agreement in question, nor he stepped into the witness box to support the contention of the defendant Nos.1 and 2. There is no bonafides in the conduct of the defendants. Therefore, I am of the opinion that plaintiff is entitled for the relief of specific performance of contract from defendant nos.1 to 5 and that the sale deed dated 07.12.2004-Ex.D.8 is not binding on the plaintiff. Accordingly, I answer the above point in the affirmative and proceed to pass the following order.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) The appeal is allowed with costs.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '3a21a7be0b51a8da5ab911b884055ee6.JPG', '16f516ec4719b0180ebf45974265ad4e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 17:12:33', '2024-09-18 10:13:04'),
(459, 'kxjTrnnfOgVmLnBaZ1J6w8QfV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', '“Bagair Hukum Committee has acted Bagair Kanoon”. Karnataka High Court refuses to quash criminal proceedings against persons who illegally bartered away Government lands.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lingesh K.S. and others Vs State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 5030 of 2023 decided on 13 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice M. Nagaprasanna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners/accused Nos. 1 to 9 are knocking at the doors of this Court calling in question registration of a crime in Crime No.98 of 2023 for offences punishable under Sections 468, 464, 465, 468, 471, 409, 420 and 120B of the IPC, pending before the XLII Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Bengaluru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Facts, in brief, adumbrated are as follows:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners at the relevant point in time i.e., between 2016 and 2023 were in the Council, all of them being political entities appointed as Chairman and Members of a particular Committee; the Committee known as Bagair Hukum Saguvali Samithi (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;the Samithi&rsquo; for short). Accused No.1 / 1st petitioner was at the relevant point in time a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Belur constituency. He was the Chairman of the Samithi. Accused Nos.2 to 4 were its members and accused Nos.5 to 10 were the erstwhile members. Accused Nos.11 to 14 are the Tahsildars who were functioning at the relevant point in time at the said place and were Secretaries of the Samithi. The allegation revolves around the functioning of the said Samithi. It is alleged that the Samithi has created records and bartered away Government lands to an extent of 2750 acres to 1430 bogus beneficiaries, which are valued at more than `750/- crores in the constituency of accused No.1, who was the Chairman of the Samithi. Based upon this allegation, the 2nd respondent/complainant seeks to knock at the doors of the jurisdictional Police to register the complaint. No action was taken. He knocks at the doors of the learned Magistrate invoking Section 200 of the Cr.P.C. seeking a reference for conduct of investigation into the allegations so made. The complaint is referred for investigation to the jurisdictional Police under Section 156(3) of the Cr.P.C., after which a crime comes to be registered in Crime No.98 of 2023 for the afore-quoted offences. This Court by its order dated 16.06.2023 directed that no precipitate action be taken against the petitioners and the same is subsisting even as on date.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. If what is noticed/quoted hereinabove is considered, what would unmistakably emerge is, that persons who were not even from Belur Taluk and who had produced fake and bogus certificates, the Samithi has granted the lands or regularized those lands as the case would be. The report of the Tahsildar forwarded to the Assistant Commissioner and the detailed report of the Assistant Commissioner to the Deputy Commissioner all of which would unmistakably, albeit prima facie, lead to a conclusion that Government lands are illegally bartered away, as if they are the personal properties of members of the Samithi and the office is treated as their personal fiefdom. It is not one, 10 or 100 acres; the lands that are bartered away are 2750 acres which then valued at `750/- crores. If the petition is entertained and proceedings are closed against the petitioners, it would be putting a premium on the illegality committed by the Chairman and Members of the Samithi and accepting bartering away of Government lands as if they are self-acquired private properties of the Chairman and members of the Samithi. This is sans countenance, by any canon of law. This matter would require investigation in the least, as it involves maze of facts. The issue regarding sanction of public servants need not be gone into, as no public servant is before the Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. It becomes apposite to refer to the judgment of the Apex Court in the case of KAPTAN SINGH v. STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH , wherein, it has been held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;9.1&hellip;.. If the petition under Section 482 CrPC was at the stage of FIR in that case the allegations in the FIR/complaint only are required to be considered and whether a cognizable offence is disclosed or not is required to be considered. However, thereafter when the statements are recorded, evidence is collected and the charge-sheet is filed after conclusion of the investigation/inquiry the matter stands on different footing and the Court is required to consider the material/evidence collected during the investigation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;At such stage, the High Court cannot appreciate evidence nor can it draw its own inferences from contents of FIR and material relied on. It is further observed it is more so, when the material relied on is disputed. It is further observed that in such a situation, it becomes the job of the investigating authority at such stage to probe and then of the court to examine questions once the charge-sheet is filed along with such material as to how far and to what extent reliance can be placed on such material.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9.2&hellip;. It is further observed that inherent jurisdiction under Section 482 CrPC though wide is to be exercised sparingly, carefully and with caution, only when such exercise is justified by tests specifically laid down in the section itself. It is further observed that appreciation of evidence is not permissible at the stage of quashing of proceedings in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Therefore, the High Court has grossly erred in quashing the criminal proceedings by entering into the merits of the allegations as if the High Court was exercising the appellate jurisdiction and/or conducting the trial. The High Court has exceeded its jurisdiction in quashing the criminal proceedings in exercise of powers under Section 482 CrPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In view of the preceding analysis, I hold that Bagair Hukum Committee has acted Bagair Kanoon, albeit, prima facie.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. Finding no merit in the petition, the petition stands rejected.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e0c31e44e6e76db9b4634aa87a6e5671.jpeg', '5c0762b92e051b44efec7788d5598016.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-18', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-17 17:30:20', '2024-09-18 08:18:31');
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(467, 'vBsNpTOA7jIwxk5z8EYB5m3xy', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Trademarks Act. Pendency of an application for rectification is not a condition precedent to exercise the power to stay the proceedings under Section 124 when the defendant has raised such an issue in the written statement. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S. Sri Laxmi Balaji Industries and others Vs M/S. Lakshmi Venkateshwar Rice Industries.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 77807 of 2013 decided on 13 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The petitioners while seeking a writ of certiorari contended that few partners of the petitioners began the business of manufacturing and supplying rice produces in the year 1993 under the name and style of &lsquo;M/s. Sri Raghavendra Agro Agencies&rsquo;, under the brand name &lsquo;R Gold&rsquo;. Thereafter, in the year 1998, &lsquo;M/s. Sri Raghavendra Agro Agencies&rsquo;, introduced a new product &lsquo;Sortex Silky Rice&rsquo; under the brand name &lsquo;Swamy Ayyappa Gold&rsquo;. Two different partnership firms were formed namely &lsquo;Sri Laxmi Balaji Industries&rsquo; and &lsquo;Sri Laxmi Vinayaka Rice Industries&rsquo; in the year 1998. Application was filed by the petitioner for registration of trademark &lsquo;Swamy Ayyappa Gold&rsquo; and &lsquo;Image/Device of Lord Ayyappa&rsquo; before the Registrar of Trademarks, Chennai in Application No.1973803 and No.1474317 in the year 2010.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. It is contended that the respondent herein filed suit in O.S.No.3/2012 before Principal District Judge at Ballari seeking an order of permanent injunction restraining the petitioners herein from using the brand name &lsquo;Swamy Ayyappa Gold&rsquo;. Respondent herein filed Application under Order XXXIX Rule 1 &amp; 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure (hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;CPC&rsquo; for brevity) for an order of interim injunction restraining the petitioners herein from marketing its products under the name and style of &lsquo;Swamy Ayyappa Gold&rsquo;&quot; on 27.02.2012 and the application filed by the respondent herein for temporary injunction is allowed by Principal District Judge at Ballari on 01.03.2012. It is also the contention of the petitioners herein that they have filed written statement to the suit on 12.04.2012 after the disposal of the interim application filed under Order XXXIX Rule 1 and 2 of CPC. Petitioners herein filed objections to the application filed by the respondent herein under Order XXXIX Rule 1 &amp; 2 of CPC on 12.04.2012 and interim order granted on 01.03.2012 was modified by the Principal District Judge Ballari on 19.04.2012.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. Having heard the learned counsel for the petitioners and the learned counsel for the respondent and also considering the principles laid down in the judgments referred by the respective counsels, the following point would arise for consideration of this Court:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. Whether the Trial Court has committed an error in dismissing the application filed under Section 124 of the Act filed praying stay of further proceedings in the suit?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;18. Having considered the material on record particularly the pleadings of plaintiff as well as defendants and so also the grounds which have been urged in the application and statement of objections, it is opt for this Court to extract Section 124 of the Act, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;124. Stay of proceedings where the validity of registration of the trade mark is questioned, etc.- (1) Where in any suit for infringement of a trade mark-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) the defendant pleads that registration of the plaintiff&#039;s trade mark is invalid; or (&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b) the defendant raises a defence under clause (e) of sub-section (2) of section 30 and the plaintiff pleads the invalidity of registration of the defendant&rsquo;s trade mark,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;the court trying the suit (hereinafter referred to as the court), shall,-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) if any proceedings for rectification of the register in relation to the plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s trade mark are pending before the Registrar or the Appellate Board, stay the suit pending the final disposal of such proceedings;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) if no such proceedings are pending and the court is satisfied that the plea regarding the invalidity of the registration of the plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s trade mark is prima facie tenable, raise an issue regarding the same and adjourn the case for a period of three months from the date of the framing of the issue in order to enable the party concerned to apply to the Appellate Board for rectification of the register.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) If the party concerned proves to the court that he has made any such application as is referred to in clause (b) (ii) of sub-section (1) within the time specified therein or within such extended time as the court may for sufficient cause allow, the trial of the suit shall stand stayed until the final disposal of the rectification proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3) If no such application as aforesaid has been made within the time so specified or within such extended time as the court may allow, the issue as to the validity of the registration of the trade mark concerned shall be deemed to have been abandoned and the court shall proceed with the suit in regard to the other issues in the case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(4) The final order made in any rectification proceedings referred to in sub-section (1) or subsection (2) shall be binding upon the parties and the court shall dispose of the suit conformably to such order in so far as it relates to the issue as to the validity of the registration of the trade mark.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(5) The stay of a suit for the infringement of a trade mark under this section shall not preclude the court from making any interlocutory order (including any order granting an injunction, directing account to be kept, appointing a receiver or attaching any property), during the period of the stay of the suit.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. Having read the above said proviso, it deals with stay of proceedings where the validity of registration of the trademark is questioned. The aforesaid provision specifically provides that if a proceeding for rectification of the register in relation to the trademark of either the plaintiff or defendant is pending before Registrar or the High Court, as the case may be, and a suit for infringement, is filed wherein the aforesaid plea is raised either by the defendant or by the plaintiff, the suit shall remain stayed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. Section 124 of the Act further provides that if no proceedings for rectification are pending on the date of filing of the suit and the issue of validity of registration of the plaintiff&rsquo;s or the defendant&rsquo;s trademark is raised/arises subsequently and the same is prima facie found to be tenable, an issue to the aforesaid effect shall be framed by the Civil Court and the suit will remain stayed for a period of three months from the date of framing of the issue so as to enable the party concerned to apply to the High Court for rectification of the Register. Section 124(2) of the Act provides that in case an application for rectification is filed within the time allowed, the trial of the suit shall remain stayed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. Section 124(3) of the Act provides that in the event no such application for rectification is filed despite the order passed by the Civil Court, the plea with regard to validity of the registration of the trademark in question shall be deemed to have been abandoned and the suit shall proceed in respect of any other issue that may have been raised therein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. Section 124(4) of the Act provides that the final order as may be passed in the rectification proceeding shall bind the parties and the Civil Court will dispose of the suit in conformity with such order insofar as the issue with regard to validity of the registration of the trademark is concerned. The Court has to see the true purport, intent and effect of the provisions contained therein so as to understand the said Section to be contemplating only stay of proceedings of the suit where validity of the registration of the trademark is questioned. Naturally, the whole of the provisions of the Section will have to be read and so read the same would clearly show lack of any legislative intent to limit/confine the operation of the section to what its title may convey. The intention of the legislature is clear that all issues relating to and connected with the validity of registration has to be dealt with by the Tribunal and not by the Civil Court. However, in the event the Civil Court is approached, inter alia, raising the issue of invalidity of the trademark, such plea will be decided not by the Civil Court but by the Tribunal under the 1958 Act. The Tribunal will however come into seisin of the matter only if the Civil Court is satisfied that an issue with regard to invalidity ought to be framed in the suit. Once an issue to the said effect is framed, the matter will have to go to the Tribunal and the decision of the Tribunal will thereafter bind the Civil Court. If despite the order of the Civil Court the parties do not approach the Tribunal for rectification, the plea with regard to rectification will no longer survive.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In this judgment, the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in detail discussed with regard to scope and ambit of Section 124 of the Act. This Court also would like to refer para Nos.26 and 34 of the judgment in the case of Patel Field Marshal Agencies, supra which read as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;26. Insofar as its earlier view in AstraZeneca UK Ltd. (supra) is concerned, the Full Bench was of the opinion that the appellate jurisdiction of the High Court would only be confined to a consideration of the question of the prima facie assessment of tenability which would not touch upon the question of invalidity of the trade mark on merits. The view expressed in AstraZeneca UK Ltd. (supra) was held to be unacceptable on that basis. Insofar as the abandonment of the plea of invalidity is concerned, the Full Bench was of the opinion that Section 124(3) merely contemplates abandonment of the plea/defence of invalidity in the suit and not an abandonment to claim rectification under Sections 47/57 of the 1999 Act. 34. The intention of the legislature is clear. All issues relating to and connected with the validity of registration has to be dealt with by the Tribunal and not by the civil court. In cases where the parties have not approached the civil court, Sections 46 and 56 provide an independent statutory right to an aggrieved party to seek rectification of a trade mark. However, in the event the Civil Court is approached, inter alia, raising the issue of invalidity of the trade mark such plea will be decided not by the civil court but by the Tribunal under the 1958 Act. The Tribunal will however come into seisin of the matter only if the Civil Court is satisfied that an issue with regard to invalidity ought to be framed in the suit. Once an issue to the said effect is framed, the matter will have to go to the Tribunal and the decision of the Tribunal will thereafter bind the Civil Court. If despite the order of the civil court the parties do not approach the Tribunal for rectification, the plea with regard to rectification will no longer survive.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Having considered the principles laid down in the aforesaid judgment, it is clear that Section 124 of the Act nowhere contemplates any grant of permission by the Civil Court to move to the High Court or IPAB, as may be, for rectification. The true purport and effect of Sections 111/124 (of the old and new Act) has been dealt with in detail and would not require any further discussion or enumeration. The requirement of satisfaction of the Civil Court regarding the existence of a prima facie case of invalidity and the framing of an issue to that effect before the law operates to vest jurisdiction in the statutory authority to deal with the issue of invalidity by no means, tantamount to permission or leave of the civil court, as has been contended. It is a basic requirement to further the cause of justice by elimination of false, frivolous and untenable claims of invalidity that may be raised in the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25. The principles laid down in the case of Patel Field Marshal Agencies, supra are aptly applicable to the facts of the case on hand since though an application is filed subsequent to filing of the suit by the respondent herein but the same is pending for adjudication and since in case where an issue of invalidity is raised or arises, independent of a suit, the prescribed statutory authority will be the sole authority to deal with the matter and hence in a suit where inter alia, raising the issue of invalidity of the trademark is pending and also when the suit is filed for the relief of permanent injunction, the same should be stayed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;26. In the case on hand, exercising of jurisdiction by the prescribed statutory authority is contingent on a finding of the Civil Court as regards the prima facie tenability of the plea of invalidity is questioned by the petitioner herein and the finding of the Tribunal/High Court is binding on the Trial Court in considering the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;28. The Apex Court also in the judgment in the case of Whirpool Corporation, supra discussed in para No.61 with regard to old provisions of Section 111, which reads as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;61&hellip; that any rectification proceedings relating to plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s trade Mark are pending either before the Registrar or the High Court, the proceedings in the suit shall be stayed pending final decision of the High Court or the Registrar. Even if such proceedings are not pending either before the Registrar or the High Court, the trial court, if prima facie satisfied that the plea regarding invalidity of plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s Trade Mark is tenable, may frame an issue and adjourn the case for three months to enable the party concerned to apply to the High Court for rectification of the Register&hellip;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;29. Having read the aforesaid, the Apex Court categorically held that in a pending suit relating to infringement of a trademark, if it is brought to the notice of the Court that any rectification proceedings relating to plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s trademark are pending either before the Registrar or the High Court, the proceedings in the suit shall be stayed pending final decision of the High Court or the Registrar. Even if such proceedings are not pending either before the Registrar or the High Court, the Trial Court, if prima facie satisfied that the plea regarding invalidity of plaintiff&#039;s or defendant&#039;s trademark is tenable, may frame an issue and adjourn the case for three months to enable the party concerned to apply to the High Court for rectification of the Register.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Apart from that, having considered and discussed the material available on record, particularly Section 124 in toto, the very Act is very clear that if any application for rectification is pending and the same has to be adjudicated and till then the matter has to be stayed. Hence, the Trial Court has committed an error in considering the very proviso under Section 124(1)(a) and as contended by the petitioners&rsquo; counsel it ought to have considered Section 124(1)(b) and misdirected itself and passed the impugned order. Hence, it requires interference of this Court. Hence, I answer the above point framed for consideration in &lsquo;Affirmative&rsquo;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The writ petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '94157be3530b5fb129a2ff594f0e2e61.jpg', '4458ff6a9d1621587833332b5a11a2a9.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 11:34:02', '2024-09-20 03:23:16'),
(460, 'jMzk83ta4hUyo8gXLvqpkscuR', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Purchaser pendente lite cannot obstruct execution proceedings. Executing Court cannot close the matter merely on the basis that the possession is with a third party/encroacher. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Raoji Vs K.M. Savithridevi Thr LRS and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 108019 of 2023 decided on 13 September 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice H.P. Sandesh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The factual matrix of the case of the petitioner is that he had filed a suit bearing O.S.No.91/2000 for the relief of specific performance and the said suit was decreed vide Annexure-A on 21.12.2000. The respondents herein had filed a Miscellaneous Appeal No.21554/2008 as against the orders passed in Miscellaneous Appeal and also for the limitation and this Court had allowed the appeal and remanded the matter on 25.07.2014 vide Annexure-B. The respondents herein had filed Execution Petition No.196/2002 which is produced as Annexure-C. The petitioner had filed obstructer application under Order XXI Rule 97 read with 101 of CPC and prayed the Trial Court to determine the rights of the applicant and the application in I.A.No.V is also produced as Annexure-D. The respondents had filed objections to I.A.No.V vide Annexure-E. The Trial Court had dismissed the said application filed by the petitioner in terms of Annexure-F vide order dated 23.11.2023 and hence, the petitioner has filed this Writ Petition having no alternative remedy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The main ground urged in the petition that the Trial Court ought to have allowed the application and impugned order is not sustainable in the eye of law. The Trial Court had failed to take note of the intention of the legislation of Order XXI Rule 97 and 101 of CPC and erroneously dismissed the same in spite of this Court had allowed M.F.A.No.21554/2008 and the respondents are parties to the proceedings and the subject matter of the said suit and the present suit are one and the same. It is contended that once the rights of the parties have already been confirmed by this Court and further after the order of remand, they have not taken any steps for reopen the matter so the defence taken by the judgment debtor in respect of collusion will not hold good so rights of the plaintiff in O.S.No.91/2000 are to be decided in accordance with law and the Trial Court fails to adjudicate the claim of the petitioner and in spite of adjudicating the same, without recording the evidence, dismissed the application. Hence, it requires interference.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. Having heard the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel and also the counsel for respondent and also the principles of law laid down in the judgments referred supra, the point that would arise for consideration is:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) Whether the Trial Court has committed an error in dismissing the application filed by the petitioner filed under Order 21 Rule 97 and 101 of CPC and whether the same requires interference?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. Having considered the factual aspects, it is admitted fact that the respondents have filed a suit for relief of partition in the year 1992 and the same also came to be decreed in 1995 wherein 1/3rd share has been granted in favour of the respondent. It is not in dispute that FDP is also filed and the same is allowed. Consequently execution petition is filed before the Trial Court to execute the rights conferred upon the respondents. It is also not in dispute that application is filed by the petitioner invoking Order 21 Rule 97 and 101 of CPC and other allied provisions. The factual aspect is also very clear that the petitioner also filed a suit for the relief of specific performance based on the sale agreement executed on 22.01.1996. Hence, it is clear that the vendor of the petitioner who had suffered the judgment and decree of the partition had entered into an agreement of sale with the present petitioner. It is also not in dispute that the said suit was decreed exparte and miscellaneous petition was filed and the same was dismissed on the ground of delay and the same has been challenged before this Court in MFA No.21554/2008 as per Annexure-B and the matter has been remitted back to the Trial Court to dispose of the same on merits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;19. The judgment relied on by the respondent in Usha Sinha (supra) it is very clear that Order 21 Rules 102, 97, 98 and 100 regarding obstruction by purchaser pendente lite and the scope is also discussed and held that it is based on justice, equity and good conscience and a transferee from a judgment debtor is presumed to be aware of the proceedings before a court of law and it recognizes the doctrine of lis pendens Section 52 of the TP Act and held that if unfair, inequitable or underserved protection is afforded to a transferee pendente lite, a decree holder will never be able to realize the fruits of his decree.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. In the case on hand, it is also very clear that after the judgment and decree the petitioner entered into an agreement in the year 1996 and the decree was passed in the year 1995 itself in favour of respondent and his vendor has suffered a decree and in spite of it, this petitioner has entered into an agreement and also taking note of the fact that the suit is filed against the judgment debtor and exparte decree was obtained based on the sale agreement which came into effect after the decree. It is also brought to the notice of this Court that though the decree was passed in the year 2000, objector application is filed in 2022 almost after 22 years. It is important to note that in view of the principles laid down in the judgments referred supra, it is held that this obstruction by purchaser pendente lite, the doctrine of lis pendens Section 52 of TP Act is applicable to the facts on hand. No doubt, the counsel also relied upon the judgment in Ved Kumari (supra) wherein also the judgment in Jini Dhanrajgir&rsquo;s case is discussed. In Jini Dhanrajgir&rsquo;s case at paragraph 22 discussion was made referring the judgment in Silverline Forum Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rajiv Trust and another. It is very clear that the executing Court can decide whether the resistor or obstructer is a person bound by the decree and he refuses to vacate the property. That question also squarely falls within the adjudicatory process contemplated in Order 21, Rule 97(2) of the Code. The adjudication mentioned therein need not necessarily involve a detailed enquiry or collection of evidence. Court can make the adjudication on admitted facts or even on the averments made by the resistor. This discussion goes against the petitioner. In view of the factual aspects of the case that the petitioner has entered into sale agreement subsequent to the decree with one of the defendants who had suffered the decree. In Ved Kumari&rsquo;s case in paragraph 15 discussion made with regard to Rule 97 to 101 of Order 21 of CPC wherein held that the Executing Court could not have dismissed the execution petition by treating the decree to be inexecutable merely on the basis that the decree-holder has lost possession to a third party/encroacher. If this is allowed to happen, every judgment-debtor who is in possession of the immoveable property till the decree is passed, shall hand over possession to a third party to defeat the decree-holder&rsquo;s right and entitlement to enjoy the fruits of litigation and this may continue indefinitely and no decree for immovable property can be executed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;21. In the case on hand, the judgment and decree was passed before entering into the sale of agreement and if the same is resisted by the subsequent purchaser who is the obstructer lis pendens Section 52 applies. The said judgment also not comes to the aid of the petitioner. No doubt, the Trial Court has not adjudicated the same by conducting any enquiry and no need of enquiry also in the present case required and there is no dispute with regard to the fact that earlier there was a decree in favour of respondents and subsequently he entered into an agreement of sale and doctrine of lis pendens under Section 52 of TP Act applies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;22. In Usha Sinha&rsquo;s case, the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court has clearly held that the Court has to take note of the very object and scope of objection by purchaser pendente lite and a transferee from a judgment debtor is presumed to be aware of the proceedings before a court of law. When such being the case, the Apex Court held that if unfair, inequitable or underserved protection is afforded to a transferee pendente lite, a decree holder will never be able to realize the fruits of his decree. This decision is aptly applicable to the case when the petitioner is given protection under Order 21 Rule 97, 98 and 100. It is nothing but scuttling of proceedings in terms of judgment and decree which was passed in the year 1995 itself. A subsequent purchaser when his vendor was not having any right and had suffered a decree, if he conveys any right interest in favour of the present petitioner and the same is also subject to lis pendens Section 52 of TP Act and hence, I do not find any error committed by the Trial Court in dismissing the application and no need of adjudicatory process in view of factual admitted facts available on record.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. Though the Writ Petition is maintainable to consider the factual aspects are concerned, lis pendens under Section 52 of TP Act is applicable to the case on hand. If adjudicatory process by entertaining the same when there is no factual dispute, it will curtail the right of the respondent and the judgments which have been relied upon by the petitioner&rsquo;s counsel will not come to the aid of the petitioner. Hence, I do not find any merit in the petition to quash the order as sought in the petition and there is no any merit in the writ petition and the same is devoid of merits.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24. Apart from, Section 102 of CPC is also very clear that bars the person who comes before the court for the adjudicatory process when there was a decree and proviso is also very clear that no need of adjudication of process and the Hon&rsquo;ble Apex Court in the case of Usha Sinha and Servinder Singh held that for invoking Rule 102, it is enough for the decree holder to show that the person resisting the possession or offering obstruction is claiming his title to the property after the institution of the suit in which decree was passed and sought to be executed against the judgment debtor. If the said condition is fulfilled, the case falls within the mischief of Rule 102 and such applicant cannot place reliance either on Rule 98 or Rule 100 of Order XXI. Hence, categorical ratio is laid down in the judgments referred supra and proviso (1) and (2) of Order 21 is also clear that rules not applicable to transferee pendente lite and specifically held that nothing in Rules 98 and 100 shall apply to resistance or obstruction in execution of a decree for the possession of immovable property by a person to whom the judgment-debtor has transferred the property after the institution of the suit in which the decree was passed or to the dispossession of any such person. When the said proviso is clear and when Rule 98 and 100 not comes to the aid of the petitioner, question of determination does not arise though counsel would contend that Rule 101 comes to the aid of the petitioner, the same will also not come to the aid of the petitioner in view of Rule 102 and there is no any independent right in favour of the petitioner as claimed. The petitioner purchased the right through the defendant but he had suffered the decree in the earlier judgment and doctrine of lis pendens Section 52 applies. Hence, the Writ Petition deserves to be dismissed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition is dismissed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '82f12c9419b256301da8afcf37e0a4ca.jpg', 'd929c4b858e6fde90448bb99d53792d7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-18 13:15:15', '2024-09-19 03:30:51');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(461, '54OlbMrCWlCUI6aH6xOBycMNi', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Land acquisition. Landowners who got benefit of settlement award under the 1894 Act cannot attack the award by invoking 2013 Act. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Maqsood Ali Soharwardy Thr LRS and others Vs The State of Karnataka and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 204295 of 2018 decided on 5 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice R. Nataraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petitioners have sought for a declaration that the acquisition proceedings initiated by the Kalaburagi Urban Development Authority under the preliminary notification dated 28.11.1977 in respect of Sy.No.126/A of Badepur, Kalaburagi taluk and district measuring 12 acres 11 guntas has lapsed under Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (henceforth referred to as the &#039;Act, 2013&#039; for short). The petitioner have also sought for a direction to re-determine the compensation as per the Act, 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The petitioners contend that they were the owners of the land bearing Sy.No.126/A measuring 24 acres 23 guntas situated at Badepur, Kalaburagi taluk and district, which was proposed for acquisition in terms of a preliminary notification under Section 15 of the City Improvement Trust Board Act and published in the official gazette on 02.12.1976. Later, the respondent No.4 issued a notification under Section 4(1) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (henceforth referred to as &#039;Act, 1984&#039; for short) on 28.11.1977 for the purpose of a housing and development scheme, followed by a notification under Section 6 of the Act, 1894. The State Government by an order dated 18.04.1980 appointed respondent No.3 to perform the duties of a collector under the Act, 1894 which was published in official gazette on 21.04.1980, and an award was passed on 27.11.1992. The Urban Development Authority in terms of its letter dated 29/21-051997 requested the Government to approve the enhanced market value of Rs.75,000/- per acre, in view of the Urban Development Authority fixing the value of the adjacent land at Rs.75,000/- per acre. The possession of the property was taken over on 01.12.1992 which was evidenced by a notification under Section 16(2) of the Act, 1894. The petitioner contends that the notice under Section 12(2) of the Act, 1894 was served on 30.12.1992. The petitioners had filed a Reference Application under Section 18(2) of the Act, 1894 on 15.02.1993 seeking enhancement of compensation which was referred to the Reference Court and numbered as LAC Nos.1503/1996, 1044/97 and 1045/1997. The State Government later de-notified 12 acres 12 guntas of land out of 24 acres 23 guntas land in Sy.No.126/A in terms of a notification dated 05.06.1999. The petitioners contend that the Urban Development Authority therefore, acquired only 12 acres 11 guntas in Sy.No.126/A. The petitioners claimed that they filed an affidavit dated 03.07.1999 before the Urban Development Authority undertaking to withdraw all the cases filed by them against the authority releasing 12 acres 12 guntas of land. Accordingly the reference applications were withdrawn. The petitioners contend that by representations dated 22.02.2001 and 27.06.2001, they requested the authority to pay the compensation. Later by a letter dated 09.06.2003 they submitted several documents to claim the compensation. The petitioners contend that they were not paid the compensation till they filed the present writ petition. Therefore, they contend that the acquisition has lapsed in view of Section 24(2) of Act, 2013. They contend that the authority in its resolution dated 28.10.2017 had admitted that the compensation was not paid to the petitioners. Therefore, the petitioners have filed this writ petition for the aforementioned reliefs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. I have considered the submissions made by the learned counsel for the petitioners as well as the learned Senior counsel for the respondent Nos.2 and 3. I have also perused the material placed on record which has thrown up two questions for consideration namely;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) Whether the acquisition has lapsed under Section 24(2) of Act, 2013 for not passing the award?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(ii) Whether fresh award had to be passed in the light of denotification of 12 acres 12 guntas of land after award was passed?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The facts that are not in dispute are that the land belonging to the petitioner in Sy.No.126/A measuring 24 acres 23 guntas situate at Badepur, was acquired by the State Government for the purpose of a housing development scheme. It is not in dispute that after such acquisition, an award was passed on 27.11.1992 determining the compensation payable to the petitioners. It is also not in dispute that the petitioners have sought for reference to determine the market value of the acquired land. It is also not in dispute that after the award was passed, the possession of the land was taken over by the authority on 01.12.1992 which was evidenced by a notification under Section 16(2) of the Act, 1894. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of Indore Development Authority referred supra, has considered the said question in extenso and held that;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;366.3. The word &quot;or&quot; used in Section 24(2) between possession and compensation has to be read as &quot;nor&quot; or as &quot;and&quot;. The deemed lapse of land acquisition proceedings under Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act takes place where due to inaction of authorities for five years or more prior to commencement of the said Act, the possession of land has not been taken nor compensation has been paid. In other words, in case possession has been taken, compensation has not been paid then there is no lapse. Similarly, if compensation has been paid, possession has not been taken then there is no lapse.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. In view of the undisputed fact that the award was passed on 27.11.1992 and an award notice was served on petitioners on 30.12.1992 and the possession of the land was taken over on 01.12.1992, the question No.(i) has to be answered against the petitioners. In so far question No. (ii) is concerned, the answer lies in the facts of the case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. It is admitted that the award notice under Section 12(2) of Act, 1894 was served on the petitioners on 30.12.1992. It is also not in dispute that later a settlement was arrived at between the authority and the petitioners, in terms of which, 12 acres 12 guntas of land was de-notified from acquisition, in terms of a notification dated 05.06.1999. It is also not in dispute that the petitioners had declared in terms of their joint affidavit dated 03.07.1999 that they would receive the compensation in respect of the acquired land as per the award dated 27.11.1992. The de-notified land measuring 12 acres 12 guntas was handed over to the petitioners on 05.07.1999 and the petitioners had thereafter withdrawn the applications filed by them for reference under Section 18(1) of Act, 1894. Therefore, it is clear that the petitioners had agreed to receive the compensation at the rate already determined as per the award dated 27.11.1992 and therefore, they cannot now contend that the award dated 27.11.1992 was unenforceable. It is the first principal of law that the petitioner cannot approbate or reprobate and cannot attack the award after drawing the benefit from the settlement entered into with the authority. The contention that the acquisition should lapse for not passing a fresh award, is liable to be rejected. In so far as the contention that the compensation is not paid till date, in the judgment of Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the case of Indore Development referred supra, it was held that;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;366.4. The expression &quot;paid&quot; in the main part of Section 24(2) of the 2013 Act does not include a deposit of compensation in court. The consequence of non-deposit is provided in the proviso to Section 24(2) in case it has not been deposited with respect to majority of landholdings then all beneficiaries (landowners) as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the provisions of the 2013 Act. In case the obligation under Section 31 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 has not been fulfilled, interest under Section 34 of the said Act can be granted. Non-deposit of compensation (in court) does not result in the lapse of land acquisition proceedings. In case of non-deposit with respect to the majority of holdings for five years or more, compensation under the 2013 Act has to be paid to the &quot;landowners&quot; as on the date of notification for land acquisition under Section 4 of the 1894 Act. &quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. In that view of the matter, the petitioners are not entitled to seek for a declaration that the acquisition has lapsed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. However, it is the case of the authority that the petitioners are entitled to compensation as per the award dated 27.11.1992. The letter submitted by petitioners on 22.02.2001 and 27.06.2001 shows that the compensation is not paid till date. In that view of the matter, the respondents are bound to pay compensation as determined by the award dated 27.11.1992.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The Writ petition is allowed in part.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '06ba4bbbfeb25fc487879e1b5c2b7091.JPG', '3bfb546b7d03102765027222d142a80b.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-18 13:37:21', '2024-09-19 12:30:38'),
(463, 'fUMsPdFXYDQa6Gw6McoBVnLzX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Karnataka Land Revenue Act. Deputy Commissioner must ensure that the access to all roads marked in village maps and otherwise are maintained free of any obstruction and to look into the complaints of obstructions. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bassamma Vs The Deputy Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 201843 of 2024 decided on 5 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Suraj Govindaraj.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The grievance of the petitioner is that the petitioner&rsquo;s right to access the property in Sy.No.108 Hissa 1 situated at Hattigudur village of Shahapur Taluk, Yadgir District, has been obstructed by the owner of Sy.No.107 and as such, the petitioner had submitted a representation/complaint to respondent No.1- Deputy Commissioner who has not taken any action thereon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. In terms of sub-section (2) of Section 103 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, it is required of the Deputy Commissioner to ensure that the access to all roads marked in village maps and otherwise are maintained free of any obstruction and if any complaint as regards obstruction is received, to initiate summary inquiry and act into the same.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Both the above not having been done, I pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2ec735ee26732a783b92bef16e56cca7.JPG', '787700e0b43187d1d2277cdc17d53ba7.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-18 13:43:06', '2024-09-19 06:41:00'),
(465, 'MkECrgXcssdmuAjzlENmgC6iS', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Independent suit challenging compromise decree is not maintainable even by persons who were not parties to the suit. Such plaint is liable to be rejected. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Malliha Fatima and others Vs Mohammed Mustafa and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Civil Revision Petition 200014 of 2022 decided on 9 February 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The petitioners, who are arrayed as defendant Nos.2 to 18, entered appearance in the said suit. Defendant No.17 filed his written statement. Subsequently, defendant No.17 filed I.A.XIII under Order 7 Rule 11(d) read with Section 151 of CPC, to reject the plaint as being barred by law i.e., under Order 23 Rule 3A of CPC. The plaintiffs have filed objections to I.A.XIII. The Trial Court by its order dated 17.02.2022, dismissed I.A.XIII. Being aggrieved, the present petition is filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. It is the case of the petitioners, who are the applicants in I.A.XIII that the suit property in Survey No.401/2, measuring 18 acres 37 guntas, situated at Aland was owned by one Abdul Reheman Lunje and he expired leaving behind defendant Nos.2 to 19 as his legal heirs. Defendant No.19 &ndash; Tayyab Ali, taking advantage of the fact that he was eldest son of said Abdul Reheman Lunje, gifted the suit property to his wife Zareena Begum i.e., defendant No.1. Thereafter, the said Zareena Begum filed a suit in O.S.No.74/1987 against defendant No.19 and a compromise decree was passed in the said suit, on the basis of which, the name of defendant No.1 was entered in the records of the suit land.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. I have considered the submissions made by both the learned counsel and perused the material available on record. The questions that arise for consideration are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Whether the order dated 17.02.2022, dismissing I.A.XIII passed by the Trial Court is liable to be interfered with?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Whether the relief sought for in I.A.XIII filed in O.S.No.24/2015 is liable to be granted?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. Order 23 Rule 3A of CPC states as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;3. Compromise of suit.- Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the court that a suit has been adjusted wholly or in part by any lawful agreement or compromise in writing and signed by the parties, or where the defendant satisfies the plaintiff in respect of the whole or any part of the subject matter of the suit, the court shall order such agreement, compromise or satisfaction to be recorded, and shall pass a decree in accordance therewith so far as it relates to the parties to the suit, whether or not the subject matter of the agreement, compromise or satisfaction is the same as the subject matter of the suit: -&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[Provided that where it is alleged by one party and denied by the other than an adjustment or satisfaction has been arrived at, the court shall decide the question; but no adjournment shall be granted for the purpose of deciding the question, unless the court, for reasons to be recorded, thinks fit to grant such adjournment.]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3-A. Bar to suit. &ndash; No suit shall lie to set aside a decree on the ground that the compromise on which the decree is based was not lawful.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. It is sought to be contended by the contesting respondents/plaintiffs that they were not the parties to the said proceedings in R.A.No.135/2010 and hence, Order 23 Rule 3A of CPC will not be applicable. The said aspect was fell for consideration before Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of Triloki Nath Singh (supra). Considering the said question, the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;23. &hellip;&hellip;Merely because the appellant was not party to the compromise decree in the facts of the present case, will be of no avail to the appellant, much less give him a cause of action to question the validity of the compromise decree passed by the High Court by way of a substantive suit before the civil Court to declare it as fraudulent, illegal and not binding on him. Assuming, he could agitate about the validity of the compromise entered into by the parties to the partition suit, it is only the High Court, who had accepted the compromise and passed decree on that basis, could examine the same and no other Court under proviso to Rule 3 of Order 23 CPC. It must, therefore, follow that the suit instituted before the civil Court by the appellant was not maintainable in view of specific bar under Rule 3A of Order 23 CPC as held in the impugned judgment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. It is clear from the aforementioned that the plaintiffs in O.S.No.24/2015 have asked for specific relief that the compromise decree passed in R.A.No135/2010 on 12.06.2015 was not binding on the plaintiffs. By virtue of the settled propositions of law as noticed above, this situation is specifically barred by Order 23 Rule 3A of CPC.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;17. The Trial Court while considering I.A.XIII, only considered the fact that all the suits have been clubbed and are pending from the year 2015 and evidence also having been led and documents having been marked, dismissed the said application, which is not tenable in the eye of law. The said finding recorded by the Trial Court in dismissing I.A.XIII is clearly erroneous as being contrary to the settled proposition of law as noticed above. The relief that the plaintiffs have sought in O.S.No.24/2015 and any claim vis-a-vis the compromise decree passed in R.A.No.135/2010, is to be sought only in the said proceedings, having regard to the clear language as stipulated in the proviso to Order 23 Rule 3 of CPC as well as the bar contained in Rule 3A of CPC and as interpreted by the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of Triloki Nath Singh (supra).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The above revision petition is allowed;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '00848ac21e4f2ac730f502784cfc78e7.JPG', '4ccb77dd55e705bac77cfaef796646ab.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-18 15:42:05', '2024-09-19 10:33:26'),
(473, 'n3qViBrDj0Atvt69z1a7x5vsF', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hindu Succession Ac. Section 22. Right of pre-emption is a weak right and if the same is not exercised when it was available once, the said right cannot be exercised after multiple sales. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shankar Bhimappa Salagar and others Vs Bhimappa Siddappa Kallolli and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular Second Appeal 2656 of 2006 decided on 9 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice C.M. Poonacha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. It is the case of the plaintiff that himself and defendant Nos.2 and 3 are brothers. That the suit property was inherited by the plaintiff and defendant Nos.2 and 3 after the demise of their father. That the plaintiff and defendant Nos.2 and 3 who succeeded to the suit property after the demise of their father were governed by the provisions of the Hindu law prevalent in the region of the State where the Hindus could exercise the right of pre-emption and the said right of preemption was available to the plaintiff against the defendants.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. That when defendant Nos.2 and 3 proposed to sell and alienate their respective share in the suit property to defendant No.1 who was a stranger, the plaintiff volunteered and expressed his willingness to purchase the same at the rate agreed between the plaintiff and defendant Nos.2 and 3 on one hand and defendant No.1 on the other. The plaintiff having expressed that he was bonafidely intending to purchase and had the capacity to purchase the share of defendant Nos.2 and 3 and being their brother he had a preferential right to purchase the same in the event of transfer by way of sale. That the plaintiff even sent a registered notice to both defendant Nos.2 and 3 as well as defendant No.1 placing on record his intention to purchase the shares of defendant Nos.2 and 3 and all of them received the said notices. That despite the said notice, the Sale Deed dated 28.9.1992 has been executed in favour of defendant No.1 for a total sale consideration of `58,000/- whereunder defendant Nos.2 and 3 transferred their 2/3rd share in the property inherited. Hence, the plaintiff filed a suit for a declaration that he had a preferential right to purchase 2/3rd of the suit property belonging to defendant Nos.2 and 3 and for a mandatory injunction to order defendant No.1 to execute the Sale Deed in favour of the plaintiff selling the property purchased under the registered Sale Deed dated 28.9.1992 and for the other reliefs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Defendant Nos.1 and 4 entered appearance through their counsel and filed separate written statements. Defendant No.1 denied the case of the plaintiff and further stated that he was a bona fide purchaser for value and he purchased the same after exercising due diligence and that the plaintiff never revealed his intention at that time. That after the Sale Deed was executed, the plaintiff issued a notice, but the transaction was over and the name of the said defendants was appearing in the revenue records. Hence, he sought for dismissal of the suit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The appellants filed a memo dated 25.9.2023 seeking to frame two additional substantial questions of law. The respondents filed objections to the same. This Court, noticing the additional substantial questions of law sought to be urged by the appellants vide memo dated 25.9.2023 and the objections to the same has, vide order dated 2.11.2023 framed the substantial questions of law as sought for reserving liberty to the respondents to point out that the present appeal does not involve such question and hence, vide the said order, in addition to the substantial questions of law framed on 26.9.2008, the following additional substantial question of law was framed:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;Whether the trial Court and the first appellate Court erred in not appreciating the aspect as to whether the plaintiff has waived the right of preemption by his conduct and was not entitled to the relief sought in the plaint?&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;20. The right of pre-emption is claimed by the plaintiff by virtue of Section 22 of the Act of 1956, which reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo; 22. Preferential right to acquire property in certain cases.&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(1)Where, after the commencement of this Act, an interest in any immovable property of an intestate, or in any business carried on by him or her, whether solely or in conjunction with others, devolves upon two or more heirs specified in class I of the Schedule, and any one of such heirs proposes to transfer his or her interest in the property or business, the other heirs shall have a preferential right to acquire the interest proposed to be transferred.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2)The consideration for which any interest in the property of the deceased may be transferred under this section shall, in the absence of any agreement between the parties, be determined by the court on application being made to it in this behalf, and if any person proposing to acquire the interest is not willing to acquire it for the consideration so determined, such person shall be liable to pay all costs of or incident to the application.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(3)If there are two or more heirs specified in class I of the Schedule proposing to acquire any interest under this section, that heir who offers the highest consideration for the transfer shall be preferred.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Explanation.&mdash;In this section, &ldquo;court&rdquo; means the court within the limits of whose jurisdiction the immovable property is situate or the business is carried on, and includes any other court which the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;32. Learned counsel for the appellant relies on the judgment of the Hon&rsquo;ble Supreme Court in the case of Raghunath (Dead) by Legal representatives Vs. Radha Mohan (Dead) through Legal Representatives and others , wherein the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court has held as follows:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;14&hellip;.. The pre-emptor has been held by the judicial pronouncements to have two rights. Firstly, the inherent or primary right, which is the right to the offer of a thing about to be sold and the secondary or remedial right to follow the thing sold. It is a secondary right, which is simply a right of substitution in place of the original vendee. The preemptor is bound to show that he not only has a right as good as that of the vendee, but it is superior to that of the vendee; and that too at the time when the pre-emptor exercises his right. In our view, it is relevant to note this observation and we once again emphasise that the right is a &ldquo;very weak right&rdquo; and is, thus, capable of being defeated by all legitimate methods including the claim of superior or equal right.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15&hellip; in Ghanshyam case [Ghanshyam v. Chand Bihari, 2008 SCC OnLine Raj 826 : (2008) 2 RLW (Rev) 1011] which deals with the scenario where at the first instance the right was not exercised apparently on account of lack of financial means and that was held to be no ground to permit exercise of that right at the second stage. The consistent view,,,, has been that the right of substitution is capable of being invoked only at the first instance and does not continue to permeate for an indefinite period of time for each sale transaction.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;23. In our view, it would not be appropriate or permissible to adopt legal reasoning making such a weak right, some kind of a right in perpetuity arising to a plaintiff every time there is a subsequent transaction or sale once the plaintiff has waived his right or pre-emption over the subject immovable property. To do so would mean that a person, whether not having the means or for any other reason, does not exercise the right of preemption and yet he, even after decades, can exercise such a right. This would create, if one may say, some sort of a cloud on a title and uncertainty as a subsequent purchaser would not know, when he wants to sell the property, whether he can complete the transaction or not or whether a co-sharer will jump into the scene.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;24&hellip;.. We are of the opinion that such a right is available once &mdash; whether to take it or leave it to a person having a right of pre-emption. If such person finds it is not worth once, it is not an open right available for all times to come to that person.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;25&hellip;.. The question is whether this right of substitution can be exercised recurringly or only once. Our answer to the query is &ldquo;only once&rdquo;.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;33. However, the judgment of the Hon&#039;ble Supreme Court in the case of Raghunath6 is sought to be distinguished by the learned counsel for respondent/plaintiff by contending that the said case arose out of a fact situation wherein the original plaintiff sought to enforce the right of pre-emption after three sale transactions had taken place in respect of the property in question.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. In this context, it is relevant to note the settled proposition of law as held in the case of Raghunath6 that the right of pre-emption is a weak right and if the same is not exercised when it was available once, the question of permitting the said right to be exercised repeatedly does not arise. Although, learned counsel for respondent/plaintiff seeks to distinguish the case of Raghunath6 from the facts of the said case by contending that in the said case the right of pre-emption was sought to be enforced after three sale transactions, the principle of law as held in the case of Raghunath6 is squarely applicable to the facts of the present case.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;42. In view of the discussion made above, the additional substantial question of law framed by this Court on 2.11.2023 is answered in the affirmative. Since the said additional substantial question of law has been answered in the affirmative, the question of answering the substantial question of law framed vide order dated 26.9.2008 does not arise.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;i. The above appeal is allowed;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'e0ca90b6af888bf9e6390e5bd4fb91ba.JPG', 'a7b33ac221fea093d33f64edd20f0613.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 0, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-20 13:45:34', '2024-09-20 22:00:49');
INSERT INTO `article` (`article_id`, `article_key`, `category_key`, `article_title`, `article_description`, `article_image`, `article_attachment`, `article_author`, `article_date`, `article_status`, `article_bookmark`, `article_like`, `article_date_added`, `article_date_updated`) VALUES
(466, 'zEl9fyzn4gyy4rl8pdgKhLjBJ', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Pendente lite purchaser is entitled to be substituted and impleaded in a suit for specific performance by virtue of the provisions contained in Order XXII Rule 10 Civil Procedure Code. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;G D Muniraju and others Vs C T Siddalingachari and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 7562 of 2023 decided on 8 June 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S R Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This petition is directed against the impugned order dated 04.02.2023 passed on I.A.No.5 in O.S.No.139/2021 by the Principal Senior Civil Judge and CJM, Chikkaballapura (for short, &#039;the trial Court&#039;) whereby, the said application filed by the petitioners-impleading applicants to implead themselves as additional defendant Nos.2 and 3 in the suit was rejected by the trial Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The material on record discloses that the respondent No.1-plaintiff instituted the aforesaid suit against the respondent No.2-defendant for specific performance and other reliefs in relation to the suit schedule immovable property. During the pendency of the suit, the petitioners filed the instant application (I.A.No.5) seeking impleadment on the ground that they are necessary and proper parties to the suit and that during the pendency of the suit, a registered sale deed dated 12.08.2022 had been executed by the respondent No.2- defendant in their favour. The said application having been opposed by the respondent No.1, the trial Court proceeded to pass the impugned order rejecting I.A.No.5, aggrieved by which, the petitioners are before this Court by way of the present petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. A perusal of the impugned order passed by the trial Court will indicate that the trial Court has failed to consider and appreciate the provisions contained in Order XXII Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short, &#039;CPC&#039;) as enunciated by the Apex Court in the case of Thomson Press (India) Ltd Vs. Nanak Builders and Investors Pvt. Ltd. and Ors1 wherein it is held that a lis pendens/pendente lite purchaser was entitled to be substituted and impleaded in a suit for specific performance by virtue of the provisions contained in Order XXII Rule 10 of CPC and consequently, the impugned order passed by the trial Court being contrary to law and facts and having occasioned failure of justice, the same warrants interference by this Court in the present petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a) The petition is hereby allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '84058b1fcf4c082cf9430ab3727d5083.JPG', 'a368d0e97108d71983ff484b17026aac.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 11:21:45', '2024-09-19 08:21:02'),
(468, 'pvQHQk8cB35VFkNxN9f2UPgSs', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Matka/gambling. Police officer shall obtain search warrant/permission before going to search and seize. Obtaining subsequent permission does not cure the illegality. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shivaraja Vs The State of Karnataka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Criminal Petition 201020 of 2024 decided on 22 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice K Natarajan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This petition is filed by the petitioner-accused under Section 528 of BNSS/Section 482 of Cr.P.C. for quashing the criminal proceedings in C.C. No.820/2023 pending on the file of the Senior Civil Judge And JMFC, Devadurga, arising out of Crime No.145/2023 registered by Gabbur Police and charge sheeted for the offence punishable under Section 78(3) of Karnataka Police Act (hereinafter referred to as &#039;K.P. Act&#039;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The case of the petitioner is that the Gabbur police registered a suo moto FIR in Crime No.145/2023 for the alleged offence contending that they received credible information on 21.10.2023 that some persons playing matka/gambling. Immediately, the police taken the witnesses, raid the spot and seized the cash and then came back to police station and sent a&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;report to Head Constable for obtaining permission and then, registered FIR and filed the charge sheet, which is under challenge.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner has contended that without seeking permission, the police conducted investigation, the statement was recorded and thereafter, FIR was registered, which is against Section 161 of Cr.P.C. hit by Section 154 of Cr.P.C. The warrant also was not obtained by the police while raiding the spot. Hence, conducting the proceedings against the petitioner is abuse of process of law. Hence, prayed for quashing the proceedings.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The records further reveal that the police though need not obtain permission for the purpose of raid and searching the premises of gambling, but before going to the spot or a place, they have to obtain the search warrant from the higher authorities as per section 81 of the K.P. Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Section 81 of K.P. Act reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It shall be lawful for a Police Officer,&mdash;(i)in the City of Bangalore not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector and either empowered by general order in writing or authorised in each case by special warrant issued by the District Magistrate or Sub-Divisional Magistrate, or Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police; or Deputy Commissioner of Police, Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police or Assistant Commissioner of Police, and (ii) elsewhere not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector of Police and either empowered by general order in writing or authorised in each case by special warrant issued by a District Magistrate or Sub-Divisional Magistrate, or by a Magistrate specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf or by a Superintendent of Police or by an Assistant or Deputy Superintendent of Police,&mdash;(a)to enter, with the assistance of such persons as may be found necessary, by night or by day, and by force, if necessary, any building, room, tent, enclosure, vehicle, vessel or place, which he has reason to suspect is used as a common gaming-house or for the purpose of gaming on any of the objects referred to in sub-section (1) of section 78;(b)to search all parts of the building, room, tent, enclosure, vehicle, vessel or place which he shall have so entered, when he shall have reason to suspect that any instruments of gaming are concealed therein, and also the persons whom he shall find therein, whether such persons are then actually gaming or not;(c)to take into custody and bring before a Magistrate all such persons;(d)to seize all instruments of gaming and all moneys and securities for money and articles of value which are reasonably suspected to have been used or intended to be used for the purpose of gaming, and which are found therein: Provided that no officer shall be authorised by special warrant unless the Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner of Police or Magistrate or Superintendent, Assistant or Deputy Superintendent of Police concerned is satisfied, upon a written complaint or report made to him and upon making such inquiry as he may think necessary, that there are good grounds to suspect the said building, room, tent, enclosure, vehicle, vessel, or place to be used as a common gaming house.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. It is clear from the provision of Section 81 of the K.P. Act that before going to search and seize, the police officer shall obtain a search warrant under Section 81 of the K.P. Act and without obtaining the search warrant, going to the spot and seizing the cash and thereafter, obtaining permission under Section 155 of Cr.P.C. is an illegal search, which is not sustainable in law.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. Apart from that, it is seen from the statement of the witnesses recorded by the police on 21.10.2023, the witnesses were also acted under panchanama. The statement of witnesses under Section 161 of Cr.P.C. shall have to be recorded only after registering FIR under Section 154 of Cr.P.C. Therefore, investigation also commenced prior to registering the FIR. Hence, Section 161 of Cr.P.C. is hit by Section 154 of Cr.P.C. Therefore, the proceedings against the petitioner is not sustainable in law. Accordingly, continuation of proceedings against the petitioner is abuse of process of law and they are liable to be quashed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. Accordingly, the petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '853436ea01bd9d7c55b9f07a4a1e6ca0.jpeg', 'eb5ba9274b42bb1cf6a2b33d3cbf8489.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 12:36:31', '2024-09-20 06:33:15'),
(469, 'DogzZl5HC8tCCvFV4RQrv5tBL', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A purchaser acquiring right through a sale deed or valid transfer can apply for change of khata. The Tahsildar cannot insist on online report from the Sub-Registrar for khata transfer. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nivedita and others Vs The Tashildar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 104223 of 2022 decided on 8 December 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Hemant Chandangoudar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The plot bearing No.33 (R.S.No.92K) situated at Sulga, Belagavi was conveyed to the petitioner through a registered sale deed dated 29.07.2022. The petitioner submitted an application to the respondent to mutate his name in respect of the subject plot. However, the said application was rejected stating that the application was not forwarded through online by the Sub-Registrar. Hence, this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Section 128 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act, 1964 specifies that, if any person acquires a right over a immoveable property the same shall be reported to the revenue authority, and Section 129 of the Act specifies that upon the report submitted by the person acquiring title, the Tahasildar to mutate the name of the purchaser subject to objections to be filed by any person. Section 128 does not mandatorily specify that the acquisition of title should be reported only by the Sub-Registrar. Hence, the petitioner, who has acquired title, can also report such acquisition, and upon receiving the said information, the Tahasildar is under an obligation to mutate the name of the petitioner as specified under Section 129 of the Karnataka Land Revenue Act. Hence, the impugned endorsement issued by the respondent is not sustainable in law. Accordingly, I pass the following:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The petition is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fc550e9bb9a1f4a4fe5e46c70da703c6.jpeg', '1d355490187c6e11dea4909d3c4c4879.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-19', 0, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 16:44:22', '2024-09-19 21:50:21'),
(470, 'nUXf3iU89AM6RL4pZ7dDdGdg0', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Compromise decree which provides for payment of money and does not comprise immovable property does not require registration or payment of stamp duty. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Jayamma and others Vs M V Malini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 21404 of 2021 decided on 5 April 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice E.S. Indiresh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The relevant facts, for adjudication of this writ petition are that the respondent herein has filed Original Suit No.1 of 2021 on the file of the trial Court seeking relief of declaration, title and consequential relief. During the pendency of the proceedings, the parties arrived at a compromise and accordingly the matter was referred to Lok Adalat on 30th September, 2021 and the same was settled between the parties by way of compromise petition before the Lok Adalat, as the legal representatives of the defendant agreed to pay the consideration amount of Rs.19,00,000/- to the plaintiff. The trial Court, after disposal of the suit in terms of compromise petition, directed the defendant to pay stamp duty on the sum of Rs.19,00,000/- said to have been shown in the compromise petition. Feeling aggrieved by the same, legal representatives of the defendants have presented this writ petition.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;6. Referring the submission made by learned counsel appearing for the parties, it is not in dispute that the suit is filed by the plaintiff seeking declaration with consequential relief of possession in respect of the suit schedule property. It is also not in dispute that the suit came to be disposed of in terms of the compromise petition filed before the trial Court under Order XXIII Rule 3 of Code of Civil Procedure as per order dated 30th September, 2021. I have also examined the finding recorded by the trial Court directing the parties to register the compromise petition and pay stamp duty on the amount of Rs.19,00,000/- mentioned in the compromise petition wherein the suit has been disposed of in terms of compromise and therefore, the said compromise petition will not create any right of interest over the parties to the compromise petition in terms of Section 17 and 17(1)(a) of the Registration Act, 1908 (for short, hereinafter referred to as &lsquo;Act&rsquo;). In this connection, I have carefully considered Section 17(2)(vi) of the Act. The same reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;17. Documents of which registration is compulsory:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(2) Nothing in clauses (b) and (c) of sub-section (l) applies to&mdash;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(vi) any decree or order of a Court except a decree or order expressed to be made on a compromise and comprising immovable property other than that which is the subject-matter of the suit or proceeding;&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Perusal of the language employed in the aforementioned provision would enure to the benefit of the parties to the compromise petition since the payment of Rs.19,00,000/- by the defendant to the plaintiff cannot be construed as consideration in any way of conveyance made between the parties. The Hon&#039;ble Apex Court in the aforementioned case, at paragraph 14 of the judgment, has observed thus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;14. In facts of the present case, the decree dated 04.10.1985 was with regard to property, which was subject matter of the suit, hence not covered by exclusionary clause of Section 17(2)(vi) and present case is covered by the main exception crafted in Section 17(2)(vi), i.e., &ldquo;any decree or order of a Court&rdquo;. When registration of an instrument as required by Section 17(1()(b) is specifically excluded by Section 17(2)(vi) by providing that nothing in clause (b) and (c) of sub-section (1) applies to any decree or order of the Court, we are of the view that the compromise decree dated 04.10.1985 did not require registration and learned Civil Judge as well as the High Court erred in holding otherwise. We, thus, set aside the order of the Civil Judge dated 07.01.2015 as well as the judgment of the High Court dated 13.02.2017. The compromise decree dated 04.10.1985 is directed to be exhibited by the trial court. The appeal is allowed accordingly.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. In that view of the matter, I am of the view that the direction issued by the trial Court to register the compromise petition and to pay stamp duty on the amount mentioned in the compromise petition, does not arise in the circumstance of the case. Accordingly, writ petition is allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'dd7810427bf4719c94effee39b10d6af.JPG', '9a1a61c4ce9aee1382ad91af9b209d9a.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 17:36:58', '2024-09-20 10:21:19'),
(471, 'S3Pp3tbRH5c1vghooXmHKzWlX', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Order XXXVIII Rule 5 CPC. Unless it is established that the defendant is attempting to remove or dispose of the assets with the intention of defeating the decree, there cannot be an attachment before judgment. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Shanthilal Vs Vinod Kumar Jain and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 9050 of 2022 decided on 7 December 2022.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice B.M. Shyam Prasad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. The respondents have filed this suit in O.S.No.160/2021 for recovery of Rs.2,41,74,838/- along with the interest at the rate of 16% per annum. The respondents have pleaded that they are the legal heirs of Sri Mohan Lal Jain, and the first respondent is his son. Both Sri Mohan Lal Jain and the first respondent have entered into the Agreement of Sale dated 13.01.2014 with the petitioner. The first respondent and Sri Mohan Lal Jain have commenced suit for specific performance in O.S.No.47/2014 because the petitioner failed to perform his part of the assurances under this agreement. This suit is dismissed as not pressed because of an out of Court settlement.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. The first respondent and Sri Mohan Lal Jain and the petitioner have signed Memorandum of Understanding dated 02.12.2018 [MOU]. The petitioner has agreed to pay a sum of Rs.1,84,51,000/- in three installments according to an agreed schedule. The petitioner on different dates between 16.09.2019 and 07.09.2020 has paid a total sum of Rs.35,00,000/- but has thereafter defaulted. The respondents have made multiple entreaties with the petitioner, but he has not taken any measure to repay the amount. The petitioner is liable to pay the suit claim which would be inclusive of interest at the rate of 16% per annum on Rs.1,49,51,000/- and damages in a sum of Rs.25,00,000/-..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The respondents, insofar their application for attachment of the subject property before judgment under the provisions of Order XXXVIII Rule 5 of CPC, have asserted that the petitioner to defeat the possible decree is about to dispose of his undivided share in the subject property and is also about to leave the civil Court&rsquo;s jurisdiction. The respondents have also stated that they have ascertained from Sri Dinesh Kumar S/o. Hindumalji that the petitioner&#039;s co-owner has already sold a portion of the subject property to a certain Sri Praveen Kumar G.P., and Sri Dinesh Kumar S/o. Hindumalji has also informed them that the petitioner too had approached him to sell his share in the subject property.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;12. The controversy as it emerges from the afore rival submissions is examined in the light of the recent decision of a Division Bench of this Court in Ashish Krishnaswamy v. Money Focus Infrastructure Products Private Limited, Bangalore and Others. The Division Bench, after referring to the provisions Order XXXVIII Rule 5 of CPC, has reiterated that any order of attachment before judgment without compliance with the requirements of Rule 1 shall be void. The relevant paragraph of the Division Bench&#039;s decision reads thus:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;11. Sub-Rule (1) of Rule 5 of Order XXXVIII of CPC lays down the procedure for attachment of property. By virtue of Act No.104 of 1976, sub-Rule (4) of Rule 5 of CPC was substituted and now the substituted rule lays down that if an order of attachment is made without complying with the provisions of sub-Rule (1), such attachment shall be void. Sub-Rule (1) of Rule 5 of Order XXXVIII of CPC lays down that if the Court is satisfied that the defendant with the intent to obstruct or delay the execution of any decree that may be passed against him is about to dispose of the whole or any part of his property or is about the remove the whole or any part of his property from the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, it may direct the defendant, within the time to be fixed by it, either to furnish security, in such sum as may be specified in the order to produce and place at the disposal of the Court, when required, the said property or the value of the same. Sub-Rule (2) of Rule 5 requires the plaintiff to specify the property required to be attached and the estimated value thereof. In this case, admittedly, an order in accordance with subRule (1) of Rule 5 of Order XXXVIII of CPC was not passed by the Trial Court.&quot;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;It would be necessary to observe, on perusal of the civil Court&rsquo;s order, that while considering an application filed under Order XXXVIII Rule 5 of CPC the Courts must bear in mind that unless it is established that the defendant is attempting to remove or dispose of the assets with the intention of defeating the decree there cannot be an attachment before judgment. The plaintiff seeking attachment before judgment must necessarily establish this condition and the other conditions as reiterated by the Division Bench before proceeding to pass an order for attachment before judgment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. There is nothing on record to indicate that the civil Court has offered an opportunity to the petitioner to offer security in a fixed timeframe before proceeding to pass an order of attachment recording its satisfaction that the petitioner could dispose of the subject property with the intent either to obstruct or delay the decree that may be passed against him. In fact, as is obvious from the extracted operative portion of the impugned order, the civil Court has firstly, directed attachment of the subject property; secondly, without any time limit, as called upon the petitioner to furnish security observing that if there is failure to offer security, the property shall stand attached.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;14. In this Court&rsquo;s opinion it is obvious that there is no compliance with the requirement of Rule 5 of Order XXXVIII of CPC. The civil Court could not have assumed jurisdiction, without first complying with the requirements of the aforesaid provisions, to direct attachment of the subject property before judgment. The impugned order is void in the light of the provisions of Order XXXVIII Rule 5(4) of CPC. Hence, the next question is whether this Court must relegate the parties to the appellate jurisdiction, or in the circumstances discussed, to restore the application for reconsideration by the civil Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;15. The impugned order could be construed as an order under Order XXXVIII Rule 5 of CPC, which must necessarily precede an order under Order XXXVIII Rule 6 of CPC, and against such order, appeal is not contemplated for under XLII Rule 1 of CPC. The question whether the parties must be relegated to the appellate jurisdiction or to the civil Court is considered in the light of the afore as also the other circumstances discussed. This question is also considered in the light of the fact that this Court has directed the parties [the respondents] not to be precipitous and that the petitioner has offered agricultural lands measuring 4 acres 33 Guntas in survey No. 27/7 of Doddabukkasagara Village, Birur Hobli, Kadur Taluk as security.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16. This Court is of the considered view that in the circumstances case, and not as a precedent, this Court must intervene under Article 227 of the Constitution of India to quash the impugned order and restore the respondents&rsquo; application [IA No. 1] for reconsideration by the civil Court on terms. However, in the interest of justice and equity, there must be some interim arrangement to protect mutual interests so that there is no precipitation when the civil Court is seized of the application. This court is of the opinion that the petitioner must not create a third party interest in the subject property until the application is reconsidered by the civil Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(a) The petition is allowed in part,&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '58300528391bd5eb34826ecefec92d71.jpg', 'cbda4683030d447d8140f8bf2682f1f1.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-19 18:17:22', '2024-09-20 12:06:21');
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(472, 'U8pdUBueclXTRF0SpcLb9CAnx', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act. Section 12.  Adoption of a son after the death of her husband does not extinguish a widow\'s rights to her husband’s properties she has succeeded to. Karnataka High Court.', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Veerappa Vs Danappa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Regular First Appeal 100261 of 2016 decided on 12 July 2023.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Ashok S. Kinagi and Justice Venkatesh Naik T.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. The brief fact of the plaintiffs case as under;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The plaintiff filed a suit for declaration and consequential relief of permanent injunction and alternative relief of partition and separate possession. The suit schedule properties are agriculture land bearing R.S No.36/2 measuring 2 acre 15 guntas, RS No.19, measuring 30 guntas and R.S No.37/1 measuring 2 acres 16 guntas situated at Mallur village of Byadagi taluka. The suit schedule properties originally belongs to the ancestors of the plaintiff. The plaintiff is adoptive son of Ningavva W/o. Fakirappa Budapanahalli of Mallur village. Smt. Ningavva had taken the plaintiff in adoption as per the Hindu customs and rights prevailing in their community on 14.01.1981. Since, the date of adoption, he was residing with his adoptive-mother-Ningavva and adoption deed was registered on 29.06.1992 before Sub-Registrar Byadagi. Ningavva died on 17.01.2011, leaving behind plaintiff as only her legal heir. Prior to death of Ningavva, plaintiff and Ningavva was in joint possession of the suit schedule properties, after the death of Ningavva, plaintiff, alone is in actual possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule properties. It is contended that, during the, lifetime of Ningavva the father of defendant Channabasappa had created a Will alleged to have been executed by Ningavva. Hence, Ningavva had filed suit in OS No.179/1974 and the same was decreed on 28.06.1980 wherein, the Civil Court declared that, will in favour of Channabasappa was declared as illegal, null and void.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;13. The points that would arise for our consideration are as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;POINTS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1) Whether plaintiff proves that, he is adopted son of Smt. Ningavva W/o. Fakirappa, as such, she had no absolute right to alienate the suit schedule property ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) Whether plaintiff proves that, sale deed dated 26.03.2010 executed infavour of defendant is null, void and same was obtained by fraud, hence, it is not binding on the plaintiffs ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Whether defendant proves that, he purchased suit schedule property under registered sale deed dated 26.03.2010 from Smt. Ningavva, hence, he became the absolute owner of suit schedule property ?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4) Whether the defendant proves that the judgment and decree passed by the trial Court is perverse and arbitrary?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;5) What order or decree?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Point No.1:-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;34. Upon appreciation of the evidence, it was found by the trial Court that the adoption was valid because that was by virtue of the registered adoption deed and the said deed had been duly proved. In the circumstances, we do not think it necessary to discuss the said evidence again. We confirm the view of the trial Court that the adopted son i.e. the plaintiff would not divest any person in whom the property had been vested prior to adoption. Section 12 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#039;&#039;12. Effects of adoption.- An adopted child shall be deemed to be the child of his or her adoptive father or mother for all purposes with effect from the date of the adoption and from such date all the ties of the child in the family of his or her birth shall be deemed to be served and replaced by those created by the adoption in the adoptive family: Provided that- (a) the child cannot marry any person whom he or she could not have married if he or she had continued in the family of his or her birth;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(b) any property which vested in the adopted child before the adoption shall continue to vest in such person subject to the obligations, if any, attaching to the ownership of such property, including the obligation to maintain relatives in the family of his or her birth;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) the adopted child shall not divest any person of any estate which vested in him or her before the adoption.&#039;&#039;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;35. Looking at the aforesaid provision of Section 12 of the Act, it is crystal clear that the properties which had been vested in the widow of late Fakkirappa would not be disturbed because of the adoption of the plaintiff which had taken place on 14.01.1981 which was subsequently registered on 29.06.1992. Thus, Smt. Ningavva became the absolute owner of the suit schedule properties belonging to late Fakkirappa. Therefore, the plaintiff being the adopted son, would not divest his adoptive mother Smt.Ningavva of her estate which was vested in her before adoption. It is clear that Smt. Ningavva, who was the limited owner of the suit schedule properties, after the death of her husband-Fakkirappa and after the Hindu Succession Act came into force, she became absolute owner and therefore, the properties of her husband vested in her and therefore, merely by adopting the plaintiff, she could not be deprived of any right in the properties. The adoption would come into play and the adopted child could get the rights for which he is entitled after her death, as is clear from Section 12(c) of the Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;36. Therefore, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the plaintiff cannot challenge the registered sale deed executed by deceased Ningavva in favour of the defendant and the plaintiff has no locus standi to challenge the said sale deed. The trial Court has not at all considered this factual and legal aspect and proceeded to decree the suit of the plaintiff and granted half share in favour of the plaintiff, which requires interference by this Court.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;38. To substantiate this contention, the plaintiff has not pleaded the manner of fraud committed by defendant on Ningawwa, as required under Order VI Rule 4 of the Code of Civil Procedure and there is no material to that effect. Therefore, the contention of the plaintiff is a self serving statement. Hence, this contention cannot be considered at any point of time. Further more, the sale deed was executed by Smt. Ningavva in favour of defendant on 26.03.2010 and she was alive for almost 9 months but she did not lodge any complaint against the defendant alleging that the sale deed was got executed in favour of defendant by fraud or by undue influence and she has not taken any contention that she did not get any sale consideration under Ex.D-1 sale deed dated 26.03.2010. Thus, the plaintiff cannot contend all these aspects as he has no locus standi to challenge the said sale deed. Hence, we find no merit in the contentions of the plaintiffs. Accordingly, we answer point No.1 in the partly affirmative, holding that, plaintiff is the adopted son of Smt. Ningawwa, but plaintiff failed to prove that, Smt. Ningawwa had no absolute right to alienate the suit schedule properties. We also answer point No.2 in the negative and Point No.3 in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;39. Point No.4:- In view of the facts, circumstance and provisions of law, judgment and decree passed by the trial court is perverse and it requires interference by this court. Hence we answer point No.4 in the affirmative.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;40. Point No.5:- In view of the aforesaid observations on point No.1 to 4, the appeal filed by the appellant deserved to be alienate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The appeal filed by the defendant is allowed.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '32b81a41ea8e4d1e2873b840fae0c9c5.jpg', 'fbbf99b07c8ebe3526e2d097715905d2.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-20 13:00:19', '2024-09-20 08:15:51'),
(474, 'QSiQ1vLe2oTG6LTKhIhfoMCBH', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'A religious Mutt has a fundamental right to own and manage its property. Unless there is determination of excess land holding by appropriate authority, property of Mutt cannot be appropriated. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Uttaradi Math Vs The Deputy Commissioner and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 100171 of 2023 decided on 31 August 2024.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S Dixit and Justice Vijaykumar A Patil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;This intra-Court appeal calls in question a learned Single Judge&rsquo;s judgment dated 14.9.2022, whereby appellant&rsquo;s WP No.64155/2011 (LR) has been negatived. In the said petition, what was challenged was Deputy Commissioner&rsquo;s order dated 26.12.2008, by which pursuant to some observations made in Land Tribunal&rsquo;s order dated 26.7.2002, he has transferred the subject land in favour of respondent &ndash; City Corporation. He acts under a premise that the appellant holds land in excess of ceiling limit prescribed under the provisions of the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 (for short &ldquo;1961 Act&rdquo;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having perused the appeal papers, we are inclined to grant indulgence in the matter, for the following reasons:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.2. The submission of learned counsel for the appellant that the appellant &ndash; Mutt is religious denomination in the light of Shirur Mutt supra, and therefore it has a fundamental right to own and manage its property merits acceptance. Mutt of the kind has already been held by the Apex Court in the said case as religious denomination. Article 26(c) of the Constitution of India reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;26. Freedom to manage religious affairs subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right.&mdash; (a) &amp; (b) XXXXX&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;That being the position the Deputy Commissioner could not have taken the subject property unceremoniously there being no finding by the Tribunal as to the subject land being in excess of ceiling limit. The Tribunal&rsquo;s one line observation at the fag end of its order dated 26.07.2002 that the Tahsildar should proceed with the matter under Section 77 of 1961 Act cannot be construed as the Tribunal determining the holding to be in excess of ceiling limit. The contention of the learned HCGP that the said order has not been challenged therefore pales into insignificance.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.3. It has now been well settled that unless determination of land holding in excess of prescribed limit takes place at the hands of appropriate authority, one cannot assume that the land held is in excess of ceiling limit. Schedule-I of 1961 Act classifies lands in four groups such as Class-A, Class-B, Class-C &amp; Class-D. The appellant &ndash; Mutt is holding about 84 acres of land. Section 63(7)(a) of the Act prescribes a ceiling limit of 20 units which works out to 108 acres. The same reads as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&ldquo;63. Ceiling on land.-&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(7) (a) No educational, religious or charitable institution or society or trust, of a public nature, capable of holding property, formed for an educational, religious or charitable purpose shall hold land except where the income from the land is appropriated solely for the institution or the society or the trust concerned. Where the land is so held by such institution, society or trust, the ceiling area shall be twenty units.&rdquo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.4. Thus, by any stretch of imagination, one cannot assume that the appellant &ndash; Mutt holds the land in excess of the ceiling limit, in the absence of other land held by it being prima facie shown.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4.5. The subject land was a matter of claim for the grant of occupancy by the tenants; the Tribunal negatived the claim on the specific ground that there was no landlord tenant relationship between the parties. The same was put in challenge by tenants in W.P. No.46596/2002 and a learned Single Judge of this Court vide order dated 16.01.2008 dismissed the same. Matter did not end here, it was taken in appeal in W.A. No.795/2008 and even that came to be dismissed vide order dated 26.06.2008 There was absolutely no question of vesting of the untenanted land in the State unless the triple test is satisfied vide a Coordinate Bench decision of this Court in Neria Estates Rural Industries Vs. The State of Karnataka2 W.A. No.4312/2017, disposed off on 05.07.2024. We failed to understand as to how the Deputy Commissioner on his own granted the subject land in the favour of the City Corporation there being no determination of ceiling limit and excess holding by any authority.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the above circumstances, this writ appeal succeeds&hellip;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '5ad7180b352527181de7b655f3ce709c.png', '3416642eef374a3c2c76736cdf2b353e.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 0, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-20 14:28:43', '2024-09-20 20:55:51'),
(475, 'ARUfHR3NgEM43bKoMkxuIVvSV', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', 'Registration Act. Decree of amalgamation of companies passed under the Companies Act is optional and not compulsorily registrable. When submitted for registration, period of limitation does not apply.  Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;M/S. Preston India Private Limited Vs Office of Sub Registrar and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Company Application 65 of 2016 decided on 17 December 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice S.R. Krishna Kumar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In this application filed under Rule 9 of the Companies (Court) Rules, 1959, the applicant seeks a direction to the respondents to register the decree passed by this Court in Company Petition Nos.101-103/2005 dated 06.01.2006 and for other reliefs.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. In addition to reiterating the various contentions urged in the application and referring to the documents produced by the applicant, learned Senior Counsel for the applicant invited my attention to the application in order to point out that the applicant has averred that the scheme of amalgamation as sought for in the aforesaid petitions was approved by this Court vide Order dated 06.01.2006 pursuant to which the applicant has paid the requisite stamp duty of Rs.2,81,540/- for the purpose of drawing up a decree in form No.42 in terms of the said order of this Court. The order dated 06.01.2006 passed by this Court and the decree drawn up in pursuance thereof indicating that the applicant has paid the requisite stamp duty of Rs.2,81,540/- are produced as Annexures-A and B along with the application.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7. The material on record indicates that it is an undisputed fact that the decree for amalgamation was passed on 06.01.2006 by this Court. Pursuant thereto, the applicant has paid the stamp duty of Rs.2,81,540/- by depositing the same in State Bank of Mysore, Treasury Branch of this Court vide Challan bearing No.23141/1 dated 16.02.2005 and 21.02.2006 as required under the Stamp Act.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. It is relevant to state that Section 17(2) (vi) of the Registration Act makes it clear that any decree other than the Compromise Decree, which encompasses the properties other than that which is the subject matter of the proceedings need not be registered. The instant decree for amalgamation is neither a Compromise Decree nor does it include properties, which are not the subject matter of the proceedings. Consequently, the present decree is not a compulsorily registrable decree and registration of the said decree is optional in view of Section 17(2)(vi) r/w Section 18 of the Registration Act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Under identical circumstances, the Madras High Court in the decisions referred to supra has come to the conclusion that since registration of the said decree is only optional, time limit of four months prescribed under Section 23 is only optional and not mandatory. As held by the Madras High Court, the period of limitation prescribed under Section 23 is not applicable to the subject decree particularly when registration of the same is optional and not compulsory and accordingly, there is no bar for this Court to direct registration of the said decree. Further, in view of the explanation offered by the applicant as to why he could not get the decree registered earlier, I am of the considered opinion that in the interest of justice, the application filed by the applicant seeking directions to the respondents to register the decree dated 06.01.2006 deserves to be allowed, particularly when the entire stamp duty payable on the decree has already been paid by the applicant as stated supra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. As rightly contended by the learned Senior counsel for the applicant, in addition to issuing directions to the respondents to register the decree dated 06.01.2006 passed by this Court, it is also necessary to issue appropriate directions to the Registry of this Court to issue a covering letter and necessary Exemption Certificate in favour of the applicant under Section 88 of the Registration Act for the purpose of enabling the applicant to get the decree registered by the respondents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;ORDER&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(i) The application in C.A.No.65/2016 is hereby allowed.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', '2d7d7be2409cc9e164d3e4fe7287cc4e.JPG', '2721cd76900c8024afeb58de3138cbbc.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-20', 0, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-20 15:19:52', '2024-09-20 20:41:55'),
(476, 'TdcnXXinnf6NQD6SuXUikdQEE', 'TSUhvAg9KIuGOC5DrA7yLvekJ', ' Act. Auction Sale Certificate is not compulsorily registrable document except the entry in Book-I. Transfer of title is not vitiated by non-registration of the Certificate. Karnataka High Court. ', '&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K S Jayaram Vs The Sub Registrar and others.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Writ Petition 4347 of 2021 decided on 26 November 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Justice Krishna S. Dixit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1&hellip;&hellip;. &lt;/span&gt;By the said endorsement, the Sub-registrar has refused to make entry of the Sale Certificates in Book I maintained under the extant law on the ground that the same is presented after the expiry of four months prescribed u/s 23 and another period of four months prescribed u/s 24 of Registration Act, 1908.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Learned HCGP appearing for the Sub-registrar opposes the Writ Petitions contending that the impugned endorsements are perfectly in accordance with law and therefore, cannot be faltered; so contending, he seeks dismissal of the writ petitions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Having heard the learned counsel for the petitioner HCGP and the learned Panel Counsel for the bank, this court is inclined to grant indulgence in the matter inasmuch as whether the question as to sale certificate of the kind can be refused to be entered in the Book I Register, is no longer res integra; the said question has been answered by a Coordinate Bench of this court in the case of M/s MGM Pooja Buildtech Private Limited Vs. The Chief Manager, Punjab National Bank, ILR 2013 KAR 5339.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Learned Judge at paras 8 to 11 has observed as under:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;8. Section-17 of the Act specifies the documents which are compulsorily registrable. Sub-section (2) of Section-17 excludes certain documents from registration. It is relevant to note that Section 17(2)(xii) of the Act exempts the certificate of sale granted to the purchaser of any property sold by public auction by a civil or Revenue Officer, from registration. Hence it is clear that the sale certificate in question is not compulsorily registrable document. The petitioner need not be present personally for getting the sale certificate filed in Book No.I under Section-89(4) of the Act. As aforementioned, what is required to be done is only to send copy of the sale certificate by the Revenue Officer to the Sub-Registrar Office for getting it filed in Book No.I maintained by Sub- Registrar. Such a procedure is done in the matter on hand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;9. Even assuming that the said certificate is not sent by the Revenue Officer till this date to the SubRegistrar for getting it filed in Book No.I as contemplated under Section- 89(4) of the Act, there is no bar for the bank to send one more copy of the sale certificate to the Sub-Registrar for the purpose of filing in Book No.I now. Section-23 of the Act does not debar the first respondent for sending the sale certificate for getting it filed in Book No.I maintained by the first respondent. Section-23 of the Act is applicable to the documents which are presented for registration. Here is a case wherein the sale certificate is not being registered. On the contrary, the sale certificate is being presented under Section-89(4) of the Act for filing in Book NO.I of the Registering Authority. Therefore Section-23 of the Act may not be applicable to the matter on hand.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;10. The procedure for registration is different from procedure for filing of documents under Section89(4) of the Act. For the purpose of registration, the original of the document is presented for registration and the same is to be registered, whereas the copy of the sale certificate is filed under Section-89(4) of the Act. The original of the sale certificate need not be sent by the Revenue Officer to the Sub-Registrar for getting it filed under Section-89(4) of the Act. The executants of the document, which is required to be registered shall be present for registration and he will have to undergo certain procedures for getting the deed registered as contemplated under the provisions of the Registration Act and the rules framed thereunder. Whereas under Section-89(4) of the Act, only a copy to be filed is to be transmitted to the concerned Sub-Registrar for being filed. The procedure of presentation in person is dispensed with regard to the sale certificate under Section89(4) of the Act because sale certificate is issued by the public authority discharging his official duties. When document is registered, the entirety of the document shall be copied out into the relevant book and the original document would be returned to the person who presents the document with necessary endorsement. Such requirement is dispensed in case of copy of sale certificate, which is simply filed.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;11. The certificate of sale itself being not compulsorily registrable document as is clear from Section 17(2)(xii) of the Act, the transfer of title in his favour is not vitiated by non-registration of the certificate. The copy of the certificate filed in Book No.I contains all the relevant details. The index has to be maintained under Section-55 of the Act. It would be open to inspection for all persons. Looking to the relevant provisions of the Act, it would be sufficient to say for the purpose of this case that all that the Sub-Registrar is required to do is to file copy of the sale certificate in Book No.I and no more.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;In the above circumstances, these Writ Petitions succeed; impugned endorsements are set at naught; a Writ of Manadmus issues to the Sub-registrars to enter the Sale Certificate in Book I keeping in view the observations of the Coordinate Bench.&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;', 'fbd406a66c630a2ca1647c99ba454efb.JPG', '81b7220cf4c0523854f4bb24ab208848.pdf', 'QhH4KbT5VxN5Saz2nC3NuAtQG', '2024-09-21', 1, NULL, NULL, '2024-09-20 15:31:51', '2024-10-07 11:50:05');
